[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
www education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-...
|
From: |
GNUN |
|
Subject: |
www education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-... |
|
Date: |
Mon, 20 Sep 2021 06:32:33 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/09/20 06:32:33
Modified files:
education :
how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html
philosophy : limit-patent-effect.es.html mcvoy.es.html
network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html
nonfree-games.es.html
patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html
pirate-party.es.html
public-domain-manifesto.es.html
reevaluating-copyright.es.html
philosophy/po : copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html
copyright-and-globalization.es.po
free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html
free-software-even-more-important.es.po
limit-patent-effect.es-en.html
limit-patent-effect.es.po mcvoy.es-en.html
mcvoy.es.po
network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html
network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po
nonfree-games.es-en.html nonfree-games.es.po
patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html
patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po
pirate-party.es-en.html pirate-party.es.po
public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html
public-domain-manifesto.es.po
reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html
reevaluating-copyright.es.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/mcvoy.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/nonfree-games.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pirate-party.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.41&r2=1.42
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.90&r2=1.91
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/mcvoy.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/mcvoy.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
Patches:
Index:
education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html
20 Sep 2021 09:02:18 -0000 1.8
+++ education/how-i-fought-to-graduate-without-using-non-free-software.fr.html
20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.9
@@ -308,12 +308,12 @@
du matériel électronique à mon professeur, comme si la dispute n'avait
jamais eu lieu.</p>
-<p>Plus tard, un professeur qui refusait de me laisser suivre un cours sans
-utiliser Teams voulait me refuser l'examen pour mes «â¯absencesâ¯Â», bien
que
-j'aie envoyé mes devoirs pendant tout le semestre. Après un long débat, il
-m'a offert de le rencontrer en ligne le 8 janvier… sur Teamsâ¯! J'ai
-refusé poliment une fois de plus et répété mes arguments. Le professeur a
-finalement mis le doyen associé en copie dans un message. Entre-temps, la
+<p>Plus tard, un professeur qui n'était pas d'accord pour que je suive un
cours
+sans utiliser Teams voulait me coller à l'examen pour mes «â¯absencesâ¯Â»,
bien
+que j'aie envoyé les devoirs pendant tout le semestre. Après un long débat,
+il m'a offert de le rencontrer en ligne le 8 janvier… sur Teamsâ¯!
+J'ai refusé poliment une fois de plus et répété mes arguments. Le
professeur
+a finalement mis le doyen associé en copie dans un message. Entre-temps, la
date limite pour déposer ma thèse en vue d'une soutenance en janvier avait
expiré. Après de nombreux courriels de rappel, une réponse est finalement
arrivée, et grâce à l'intercession du doyen j'ai obtenu une note, terminé
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/09/20 09:02:18 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:10 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/limit-patent-effect.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.4
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Cómo proteger el software frente a las patentes - Proyecto GNU - Free
@@ -9,13 +12,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Cómo proteger el software frente a las patentes</h2>
-<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
-
-<p><em>Una versión de este artÃculo se publicó inicialmente en <a
-href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";><cite>Wired</cite></a>
-en noviembre de 2012.</em></p>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
<p>Las patentes son una amenaza para todo desarrollador de software, y las
guerras de patentes que durante tanto tiempo hemos temido ya han
@@ -67,10 +70,10 @@
cien mil o cincuenta mil, el desastre es el mismo. Por eso es un error
reducir nuestra crÃtica del sistema de patentes a los «<cite>trolls</cite>»
de patentes o a las patentes de «mala calidad». Apple, que no es un «troll»
-según la definición común del término, en
-la actualidad es la empresa más agresiva cuando se sirve de sus patentes
-para atacar. No sé si las patentes de Apple son de «buena calidad», pero
-cuanto mejor sea su «calidad», más peligrosas serán.</p>
+según la definición común del término, en la actualidad es la empresa más
+agresiva cuando se sirve de sus patentes para atacar. No sé si las patentes
+de Apple son de «buena calidad», pero cuanto mejor sea su «calidad», más
+peligrosas serán.</p>
<p>Hemos de resolver todo el problema, no solo una parte.</p>
@@ -129,8 +132,19 @@
protección completa para todos. Entonces podrÃamos volver a competir y
cooperar sin miedo a que nadie echara por tierra nuestro trabajo.</p>
+<div class="comment" role="complementary">
<p><em>Véase también: <a
href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">La
reforma de las patentes no es suficiente</a></em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>Una versión de este artÃculo se publicó inicialmente en <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";><cite>Wired</cite></a>
+en noviembre de 2012.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -140,7 +154,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -161,7 +175,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -191,7 +205,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -207,11 +221,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:10 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/mcvoy.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/mcvoy.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- philosophy/mcvoy.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:10 -0000 1.20
+++ philosophy/mcvoy.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.21
@@ -1,16 +1,23 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/mcvoy.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Gracias, Larry McVoy - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/mcvoy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Gracias, Larry McVoy</h2>
-<p>por <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
+<address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
<p>
Por primera vez en mi vida, quisiera agradecer a Larry McVoy por haber
@@ -131,6 +138,7 @@
no son libres son peligrosos para usted y para su comunidad. No les conceda
un espacio en su vida.
</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -140,7 +148,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -177,7 +185,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -191,11 +199,11 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2005 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es_ES";>Creative
-Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
+Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.es.html" -->
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -207,11 +215,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:10 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html 30 Apr 2021
09:12:11 -0000 1.35
+++ philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.html 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.36
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Los servicios de red no son ni libres ni privativos. Plantean otros
@@ -9,14 +12,20 @@
<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Los servicios de red no son ni libres ni privativos. Plantean otros
problemas</h2>
-<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<p><strong>Los programas y los servicios son dos cosas diferentes. Un programa
-es un tipo de obra que se puede ejecutar; un servicio es una actividad con
-la cual se puede interactuar.</strong></p>
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><em>Los programas y los servicios son dos cosas diferentes. Un programa es
+un tipo de obra que se puede ejecutar; un servicio es una actividad con la
+cual se puede interactuar.</em></p>
+</div>
<p>Hacemos una distinción entre programas libres y programas que no son libres
(privativos). Más precisamente, esta distinción se aplica a un programa del
@@ -161,6 +170,7 @@
requieren necesariamente un nodo centralizado, es también bueno favorecer
las comunicaciones entre pares (<abbr title="peer-to-peer">P2P</abbr>) en
lugar de la comunicación centralizada basada en servidores.</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -170,7 +180,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -191,7 +201,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -221,7 +231,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -237,7 +247,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/nonfree-games.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/nonfree-games.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- philosophy/nonfree-games.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:11 -0000 1.32
+++ philosophy/nonfree-games.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.33
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/nonfree-games.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Juegos privativos con DRM en GNU/Linux: ¿Para bien o para mal? -
Proyecto
@@ -9,9 +12,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Juegos privativos con DRM en GNU/Linux: ¿Para bien o para mal?</h2>
-<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
<p>Valve, una conocida empresa que distribuye videojuegos para ordenador
—privativos y con gestión digital de restricciones (<abbr
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@
<p>No obstante, si va a hacer uso de estos juegos, es mucho mejor que lo haga
en GNU/Linux y no en Microsoft Windows. Asà al menos evitará <a
-href="http://upgradefromwindows8.org/";>el daño que Windows causarÃa a su
+href="https://www.fsf.org/windows";>el daño que Windows causarÃa a su
libertad</a>.</p>
<p>AsÃ, en términos prácticos directos, este procedimiento puede hacer tanto
@@ -85,18 +92,19 @@
disponibilidad de dichos juegos para GNU/Linux. En su lugar usted podrÃa
hablar acerca de la <a href="https://libregamewiki.org/Main_Page";>wiki de
juegos libres</a>, que se encarga de catalogar juegos libres, del <a
-href="http://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php";>foro de desarrolladores de
+href="https://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php";>foro de desarrolladores de
juegos libres</a> y del Grupo de Jugadores de LibrePlanet <a
-href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective";>noche
+href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective";>noche
de juego libre</a>. </p>
-<h3>Notas</h3>
+<h3>Nota</h3>
<p>
<a
-href="http://web-old.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html";>Esté
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html";>Esté
alerta ante los «datos de juegos privativos» que en realidad contienen
software.</a></p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -108,7 +116,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -129,7 +137,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -159,7 +167,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -175,7 +183,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:11
-0000 1.21
+++ philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.22
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="esays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>La reforma de las patentes no es suficiente - Proyecto GNU - Free
Software
@@ -9,7 +12,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>La reforma de las patentes no es suficiente</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>
Cuando la gente oye hablar por primera vez del problema de las patentes de
@@ -108,8 +116,9 @@
this
petition</a> for a Europe free of software patents, and -->
Se está realizando un esfuerzo masivo en Europa para detener las patentes de
-software. Consulte la <a href="http://www.ffii.org";>página web de la
-FFII</a> para saber cómo puede ayudar.</p>
+software. Consulte la <a href="https://ffii.org/";>página web de la FFII</a>
+para saber cómo puede ayudar.</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -119,7 +128,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -140,7 +149,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -154,8 +163,23 @@
el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2019 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -171,11 +195,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/pirate-party.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/pirate-party.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.41
retrieving revision 1.42
diff -u -b -r1.41 -r1.42
--- philosophy/pirate-party.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:11 -0000 1.41
+++ philosophy/pirate-party.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.42
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/pirate-party.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Las propuestas del Partido Pirata sueco y el software libre: el tiro
por la
@@ -9,19 +12,23 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/pirate-party.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Las propuestas del Partido Pirata sueco y el software libre: el tiro por la
culata</h2>
-<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<blockquote>
+<div class="introduction">
<p>
Nota: cada Partido Pirata tiene su propia plataforma. Todos solicitan la
reducción de los poderes del copyright, pero cambian los detalles. Las
cuestiones que aquà se discuten podrÃan no aplicarse a la posición de otros
partidos pirata.
</p>
-</blockquote>
+</div>
<p>El comportamiento abusivo de la industria del copyright en Suecia inspiró
el
lanzamiento del primer partido polÃtico cuyo ideario es la reducción de las
@@ -127,6 +134,7 @@
para el software libre. Puede haber también otras soluciones. De una forma u
otra, el Partido Pirata sueco deberÃa evitar poner en desventaja a un
movimiento que defiende al público de los gigantes que le acechan.</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -141,7 +149,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -162,7 +170,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -178,7 +186,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -192,11 +200,11 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2009, 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es_ES";>Creative
-Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Estados Unidos de América</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
+Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.es.html" -->
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -207,11 +215,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:11 -0000
1.20
+++ philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.21
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Por qué no firmaré el Manifiesto del Dominio Público - Proyecto GNU
- Free
@@ -10,34 +13,37 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Por qué no firmaré el Manifiesto del Dominio Público</h2>
-<p>Por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<p>El Manifiesto del Dominio Público (<a
-href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/";>https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/</a>)
-es en esencia correcto, ya que se opone a algunas de las injustas
-extensiones de poder del copyright, por lo que desearÃa poder apoyarlo. Sin
-embargo, dista mucho de lo que se necesita.</p>
+<p>El <a href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/";>Manifiesto del
+Dominio Público</a> es en esencia correcto, ya que se opone a algunas de las
+injustas extensiones de poder del copyright, por lo que desearÃa poder
+apoyarlo. Sin embargo, dista mucho de lo que se necesita.</p>
<p>Algunos defectos consisten en suposiciones implÃcitas. El manifiesto
utiliza
con frecuencia <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">términos de
propaganda</a> de la industria del copyright tales como <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">«protección del
-copyright»</a>. Estos términos fueron escogiods para inducir a la gente a
+copyright»</a>. Estos términos fueron escogidos para inducir a la gente a
simpatizar con la industria del copyright y sus ansias de poder.</p>
<p>El manifiesto y sus signatarios usan la expresión «propiedad
intelectual»,
que confunde el asunto del copyright porque lo entremezcla con varias otras
leyes que no tienen nada importante en común (para más detalles, véase
-nuestro <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">artÃculo sobre este
-tema</a>). Irónicamente, en el documento se utiliza la expresión por primera
-vez en una frase que señala que el manifiesto se refiere únicamente a la ley
-de copyright, no a esas otras leyes. Y eso es asà por una buena razón: las
-demás leyes son irrelevantes en lo que se refiere a la copia y al uso de las
-obras publicadas. Si queremos enseñar al público a distinguir una ley de
-otra, tenemos que evitar establecer un ejemplo que incorrectamente las
-agrupa.</p>
+nuestro artÃculo: <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">¿Ha dicho «propiedad
+intelectual»? Es solo un espejismo seductor</a>). Irónicamente, en el
+documento se utiliza la expresión por primera vez en una frase que señala
+que el manifiesto se refiere únicamente a la ley de copyright, no a esas
+otras leyes. Y eso es asà por una buena razón: las demás leyes son
+irrelevantes en lo que se refiere a la copia y al uso de las obras
+publicadas. Si queremos enseñar al público a distinguir una ley de otra,
+tenemos que evitar establecer un ejemplo que incorrectamente las agrupa.</p>
<p>El principio general 2 repite el error común de que el copyright existe
para
establecer un equilibrio entre el interés público y «la protección y la
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@
que se autorice la «copia personal» de obras sujetas a copyright. Debido a
que omite la cuestión de la libertad de compartir copias de obras publicadas
con los demás, no hace frente al peor aspecto del copyright: la feroz <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>guerra
+href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>guerra
contra la práctica de compartir</a> que las compañÃas del entretenimiento
están librando en estos momentos.</p>
@@ -91,10 +97,10 @@
<p>Pido a los autores del Manifiesto del Dominio Público, y al público en
general, que se unan a mà para exigir la libertad de compartir copias de
cualquier obra publicada, sin interés comercial. Los invito también a unirse
-a la campaña. <a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> para ayudarnos
-en nuestra lucha contra el DRM dondequiera que se encuentren tales
-restricciones.</p>
+a la campaña <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org";><cite>Defective by
+Design</cite></a> para ayudarnos en nuestra lucha contra el DRM dondequiera
+que se encuentren tales restricciones.</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -104,7 +110,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -125,7 +131,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -171,11 +177,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.es.html 30 Apr 2021 09:12:11 -0000
1.32
+++ philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.es.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.33
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.en.html"
-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Reevaluación del copyright: lo público debe prevalecer - Proyecto GNU
- Free
@@ -9,14 +12,14 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Reevaluación del copyright: lo público debe prevalecer </h2>
-<pre>
- Reevaluación del copyright: lo público debe prevalecer
- [Publicado en <em>Oregon Law Review</em>, primavera de 1996]
-
- Richard Stallman
-</pre>
+<address class="byline">por <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a> <a
+href="#ft1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></address>
<p>El mundo jurÃdico es consciente de que las tecnologÃas de la información
digital plantean «problemas de derechos de autor», pero no se han analizado
@@ -25,36 +28,37 @@
obras. Los editores, teniendo en cuenta su propio interés, han presentado
una propuesta a través de la Administración Clinton para solucionar los
«problemas» resolviendo el conflicto en su favor. Esta propuesta, el Libro
-Blanco de Lehman <a href="#ft2">[2]</a>, fue el tema principal de la
-conferencia «Innovación y TecnologÃas de la Información» en la Universidad
-de Oregón (noviembre de 1995).</p>
-
-<p>John Perry Barlow <a href="#ft3">[3]</a>, el orador principal, comenzó la
-conferencia con el relato de un episodio en el que los integrantes del grupo
-musical Grateful Dead reconocieron y resolvieron ese conflicto. Decidieron
-que serÃa incorrecto interferir con la copia de sus canciones en cintas o
-con la distribución en Internet, pero no vieron nada malo en hacer cumplir
-los derechos de autor cuando las grabaciones de sus obras musicales se hacen
-en CD.</p>
+Blanco de Lehman <a href="#ft2"><sup>[2]</sup></a>, fue el tema principal de
+la conferencia «Innovación y TecnologÃas de la Información» en la
+Universidad de Oregón (noviembre de 1995).</p>
+
+<p>John Perry Barlow <a href="#ft3"><sup>[3]</sup></a>, el orador principal,
+comenzó la conferencia con el relato de un episodio en el que los
+integrantes del grupo musical Grateful Dead reconocieron y resolvieron ese
+conflicto. Decidieron que serÃa incorrecto interferir con la copia de sus
+canciones en cintas o con la distribución en Internet, pero no vieron nada
+malo en hacer cumplir los derechos de autor cuando las grabaciones de sus
+obras musicales se hacen en CD.</p>
<p>Barlow no analizó las razones por las que esos medios de soporte se
trataron
-de manera diferente, y más tarde Gary Glisson <a href="#ft4">[4]</a>criticó
-la idea de Barlow referente a que Internet es inexplicablemente única y
-diferente a cualquier otra cosa en el mundo. Sostuvo que deberÃamos poder
-determinar las implicaciones de Internet para la polÃtica de derechos de
-autor mediante el mismo método de análisis que se aplica a otras
-tecnologÃas. Este artÃculo intenta hacer justamente eso.</p>
+de manera diferente, y más tarde Gary Glisson <a
+href="#ft4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>criticó la idea de Barlow referente a que
+Internet es inexplicablemente única y diferente a cualquier otra cosa en el
+mundo. Sostuvo que deberÃamos poder determinar las implicaciones de Internet
+para la polÃtica de derechos de autor mediante el mismo método de análisis
+que se aplica a otras tecnologÃas. Este artÃculo intenta hacer justamente
+eso.</p>
<p>Barlow sugiere que nuestras nociones, basadas en el concepto de objetos
fÃsicos como propiedad, no se pueden transferir a la información como
propiedad porque la información es «abstracta». Como subrayó Steven Winter
-<a href="#ft5">[5]</a>, la propiedad abstracta existe desde hace siglos. Las
-acciones de una empresa, los productos futuros, e incluso el papel moneda,
-son formas de propiedad más o menos abstractas. Barlow y otros que sostienen
-que la información debe ser libre, no rechazan estos otros tipos de
-propiedad abstracta. Claramente, la diferencia crucial entre la información
-y los tipos aceptables de propiedad no radica en la abstracción per
-se. Entonces, ¿en qué consiste la direfencia? Propongo una explicación
+<a href="#ft5"><sup>[5]</sup></a>, la propiedad abstracta existe desde hace
+siglos. Las acciones de una empresa, los productos futuros, e incluso el
+papel moneda, son formas de propiedad más o menos abstractas. Barlow y otros
+que sostienen que la información debe ser libre, no rechazan estos otros
+tipos de propiedad abstracta. Claramente, la diferencia crucial entre la
+información y los tipos aceptables de propiedad no radica en la abstracción
+per se. Entonces, ¿en qué consiste la direfencia? Propongo una explicación
sencilla y práctica.</p>
<p>En los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica la legislación sobre los derechos de
@@ -77,10 +81,10 @@
sobre la propiedad intelectual</a> por analogÃa con los objetos fÃsicos de
propiedad o con las polÃticas de la propiedad intelectual. Winter sostiene
de manera persuasiva que es posible hacer tales analogÃas, extender nuestros
-viejos conceptos y aplicarlos a las nuevas decisiones <a href=
-"#ft6">[6]</a>. Seguramente esto dará como resultado alguna respuesta, pero
-incorrecta. La analogÃa no es una manera útil de decidir qué comprar o a
qué
-precio.</p>
+viejos conceptos y aplicarlos a las nuevas decisiones <a
+href="#ft6"><sup>[6]</sup></a>. Seguramente esto dará como resultado alguna
+respuesta, pero incorrecta. La analogÃa no es una manera útil de decidir qué
+comprar o a qué precio.</p>
<p>Por ejemplo, no tomamos decisiones sobre la construcción de una carretera
en
la ciudad de Nueva York por analogÃa con una decisión anterior sobre un
@@ -98,11 +102,12 @@
<p>Esto también explica por qué el principio de Laurence Tribe, que establece
que los derechos sobre el discurso no deben depender de la elección del
-soporte<a href="#ft7">[7]</a>, no es aplicable a las decisiones sobre los
-derechos de autor. Los derechos de autor son una negociación con el público,
-no un derecho natural. Las cuestiones de polÃtica sobre los derechos de
-autor se refieren a qué tipo de negociaciones son beneficiosas para el
-público, no a los derechos que pudieran tener los editores o los lectores.</p>
+soporte<a href="#ft7"><sup>[7]</sup></a>, no es aplicable a las decisiones
+sobre los derechos de autor. Los derechos de autor son una negociación con
+el público, no un derecho natural. Las cuestiones de polÃtica sobre los
+derechos de autor se refieren a qué tipo de negociaciones son beneficiosas
+para el público, no a los derechos que pudieran tener los editores o los
+lectores.</p>
<p>El sistema de derechos de autor se desarrolló junto con la imprenta. En la
era de la imprenta era inviable para un lector común copiar un libro. La
@@ -217,32 +222,33 @@
que quien posee un ordenador debe supervisar y controlar las actividades de
todos los usuarios, so pena de ser castigado por acciones en las que no ha
participado, solo porque no ha impedido de forma activa la ejecución de
-dicha acción. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8">[8]</a> señala que esto ofrece a los
-titulares de derechos de autor un estatus privilegiado que no se concede a
-ninguna otra persona que pudiera encontrarse en la misma situación de tener
-que reclamar un perjudicio causado por un usuario de ordenador. Por ejemplo,
-nadie propone sancionar al dueño de un ordenador por no haber evitado
-activamente que otro usuario difame a alguien. Naturalmente, los gobiernos
-recurren a la responsabilidad colectiva para hacer cumplir una ley que
-muchos ciudadanos no aceptan. Cuanto más evolucionen las tecnologÃas
-digitales para facilitar el compartir información, mayor será la necesidad
-de los gobiernos de implementar métodos draconianos para imponer los
-derechos de autor en perjuicio de los ciudadanos.</p>
+dicha acción. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> señala que esto
+ofrece a los titulares de derechos de autor un estatus privilegiado que no
+se concede a ninguna otra persona que pudiera encontrarse en la misma
+situación de tener que reclamar un perjudicio causado por un usuario de
+ordenador. Por ejemplo, nadie propone sancionar al dueño de un ordenador por
+no haber evitado activamente que otro usuario difame a
+alguien. Naturalmente, los gobiernos recurren a la responsabilidad colectiva
+para hacer cumplir una ley que muchos ciudadanos no aceptan. Cuanto más
+evolucionen las tecnologÃas digitales para facilitar el compartir
+información, mayor será la necesidad de los gobiernos de implementar métodos
+draconianos para imponer los derechos de autor en perjuicio de los
+ciudadanos.</p>
<p>Cuando se redactó la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica,
se
propuso la idea de que los autores tienen derecho al monopolio de sus
derechos de autor, pero la propuesta fue rechazada <a
-href="#ft9">[9]</a>. Los fundadores de nuestro paÃs adoptaron una idea
-diferente sobre los derechos de autor, que sitúa lo público en primer lugar
-<a href="#ft10">[10] </a>. Supuestamente los derechos de autor en los
-Estados Unidos de Norteamérica deberÃan existir para el bien de los
-usuarios; la concesión de beneficios a los editores, e incluso a los
+href="#ft9"><sup>[9]</sup></a>. Los fundadores de nuestro paÃs adoptaron una
+idea diferente sobre los derechos de autor, que sitúa lo público en primer
+lugar <a href="#ft10"><sup>[10]</sup> </a>. Supuestamente los derechos de
+autor en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica deberÃan existir para el bien de
+los usuarios; la concesión de beneficios a los editores, e incluso a los
autores, no se hace para provecho de ellos sino únicamente como aliciente
-para cambiar su comportamiento. Como manifestó la Corte Suprema en Fox Film
-Corp. v. Doyal: «El único interés de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica y
el
-objetivo principal al otorgar el monopolio [de los derechos de autor] radica
-en los beneficios generales que obtiene el público a partir de las obras de
-los autores.»<a href="#ft11">[11]</a></p>
+para cambiar su comportamiento. Como manifestó la Corte Suprema en <cite>Fox
+Film Corp. v. Doyal</cite>: «El único interés de los Estados Unidos de
+Norteamérica y el objetivo principal al otorgar el monopolio [de los
+derechos de autor] radica en los beneficios generales que obtiene el público
+a partir de las obras de los autores.»<a href="#ft11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>
<p>Según el punto de vista de la Constitución sobre los derechos de autor, si
los ciudadanos en algunos casos prefieren tener la posibilidad de hacer
@@ -262,15 +268,15 @@
<p>Este error está tan arraigado hoy que las personas que se oponen a los
nuevos poderes de los derechos de autor sienten la necesidad de hacerlo con
el argumento de que incluso los autores y editores pueden resultar
-perjudicados. AsÃ, James Boyle <a href="#ft12">[12]</a> explica que un <a
-href="#later-2">sistema de propiedad intelectual</a> estricto puede
-interferir con la publicación de nuevas obras. Jessica Litman <a
-href="#ft13">[13]</a> cita las excenciones de los derechos de autor que
-históricamente han hecho posible la difusión masiva de muchos de los nuevos
-medios. Pamela Samuelson <a href="#ft14">[14]</a> advierte que el Libro
-Blanco puede impedir el desarrollo de las industrias de la información de la
-«tercera ola», bloqueando el mundo en un modelo económico de «segunda ola»
-que mejor se adapta a la era de la imprenta.</p>
+perjudicados. AsÃ, James Boyle <a href="#ft12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> explica
+que un <a href="#later-2">sistema de propiedad intelectual</a> estricto
+puede interferir con la publicación de nuevas obras. Jessica Litman <a
+href="#ft13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> cita las excenciones de los derechos de
+autor que históricamente han hecho posible la difusión masiva de muchos de
+los nuevos medios. Pamela Samuelson <a href="#ft14"><sup>[14]</sup></a>
+advierte que el Libro Blanco puede impedir el desarrollo de las industrias
+de la información de la «tercera ola», bloqueando el mundo en un modelo
+económico de «segunda ola» que mejor se adapta a la era de la imprenta.</p>
<p>Estos argumentos pueden ser muy eficaces en las cuestiones en que se pueden
aplicar, especialmente en un Congreso y una Administración dominados por la
@@ -288,12 +294,12 @@
las bibliotecas, de la educación, de los estadounidenses pobres, del
progreso de la tecnologÃa, de la flexibilidad económica, y por cuestiones de
privacidad; todos argumentos válidos, pero que tratan cuestiones marginales
-<a href="#ft15">[15]</a>. Brilla por su ausencia la razón más importante:
-que muchos norteamericanos (tal vez la mayorÃa) quieren seguir haciendo
-copias. La DFC no critica el objetivo primordial del Libro Blanco, que es
-otorgar más poder a los editores, ni su decisión principal de rechazar la
-Constitución y situar a los editores por encima de los usuarios. Este
-silencio puede ser interpretado como consentimiento.</p>
+<a href="#ft15"><sup>[15]</sup></a>. Brilla por su ausencia la razón más
+importante: que muchos norteamericanos (tal vez la mayorÃa) quieren seguir
+haciendo copias. La DFC no critica el objetivo primordial del Libro Blanco,
+que es otorgar más poder a los editores, ni su decisión principal de
+rechazar la Constitución y situar a los editores por encima de los
+usuarios. Este silencio puede ser interpretado como consentimiento.</p>
<p>Resistir a la presión que ejercen los editores al reclamar más poder para
sÃ
mismos depende de una toma de conciencia generalizada sobre el hecho de que
@@ -305,84 +311,90 @@
de autor y la oportunidad de liberar el flujo de la información, podremos
lograr que prevalgan los derechos de los ciudadanos.</p>
-<h3>NOTAS</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Notas posteriores</h3>
-<p id="ft2">[2] <em>Informational Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual
Property and
-the National Information Infrastructure:</em> Informe del grupo de trabajo
-sobre la propiedad intelectual (1995).</p>
+<p id="later-1"><em>Propiedad intelectual</em>: Este artÃculo forma parte del
camino que me
+llevó a reconocer el <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">prejuicio y la
+confusión en la expresión «propiedad intelectual»</a>. Hoy en dÃa creo que
+ese término no debe ser utilizado bajo ninguna circunstancia.</p>
+
+<p id="later-2"><em>Sistema de propiedad intelectual:</em> Aquà cometà el
error de moda de
+escribir «propiedad intelectual», cuando lo que querÃa decir era «derechos
+de autor». Esto es como escribir «Europa» cuando quiere decir «Francia»,
+causa una confusión fácilmente evitable.</p>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="ft1">Publicado en <cite>Oregon Law Review</cite>, primavera de
1996.</li>
+
+<li id="ft2"><cite>Informational Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual
Property and the
+National Information Infrastructure:</cite> <em>Informe del grupo de trabajo
+sobre la propiedad intelectual</em> (1995).</li>
-<p id="ft3">[3] John Perry Barlow, comentarios durante la conferencia
«Innovación y
+<li id="ft3">John Perry Barlow, comentarios durante la conferencia
«Innovación y
TecnologÃas de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Barlow es uno de los
fundadores de la <em>Electronic Frontier Foundation</em>, una organización
que promueve la libertad de expresión en los medios digitales; también es ex
-letrista del grupo musical <em>Grateful Dead</em>.</p>
+letrista del grupo musical <em>Grateful Dead</em>.</li>
-<p id="ft4">[4] Gary Glisson, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación
y
-TecnologÃas de la Información» (Nov. 1995); véase también Gary Glisson,
-<em>A Practitioner's Defense of the NII White Paper</em>, 75
-Or. L. Rev. (1996) (a favor del Libro Blanco). El Sr. Glisson es socio y
-jefe del <em>Intellectual Property Group</em> de Lane Powell Spears Lubersky
-en Portland, Oregón.</p>
-
-<p id="ft5">[5] Steven Winter, comentarios durante la conferencia
«Innovación y
-TecnologÃas de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Winter es profesor en la
-Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad de Miami.</p>
-
-<p id="ft6">[6] Winter, supra nota 5.</p>
-
-<p id="ft7">[7] Véase Laurence H. Tribe, <em>The Constitution in Cyberspace:
Law and
-Liberty Beyond the Electronic Frontier</em>, Humanist, Set.-Oct. 1991, 15.</p>
-
-<p id="ft8">[8] Tim Sloan, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación y
TecnologÃas
-de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Sloan es miembro de la <em>National
-Telecommunication and Information Administration</em> (Administración
-Nacional de Telecomunicaciones e Información).</p>
-
-<p id="ft9">[9] Véase Jane C. Ginsburg, <em>A Tale of Two Copyrights:
Liberary Property
-in Revolutionary France and America</em>, in, <em>Of Authors and Origins:
-Essays on Copyright Law</em> 131, 137-38 (Brad Sherman & Alain Strowel,
-eds., 1994) (que establece que los redactores de la Constitución tuvieron la
-intención de «subordinar[] los intereses del autor en beneficio público» o
-«tratar los intereses privados y públicos…de forma equitativa»).</p>
-
-<p id="ft10">[10] Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, art.
I, p. 8,
-cl. 8: «El Congreso tendrá el poder… para promover el progreso de la
-ciencia y las artes útiles, asegurando por tiempo limitado a los autores e
-inventores el derecho exclusivo sobre sus respectivos escritos y
-descubrimientos»).</p>
-
-<p id="ft11">[11] 286 U.S. 123, 127 (1932).</p>
-
-<p id="ft12">[12] James Boyle, comentarios durante la conferencia
«Innovación y
-TecnologÃas de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Boyle es profesor de
-leyes en la <em>American University</em> (Universidad Americana) en
-Washington, D.C.</p>
-
-<p id="ft13">[13] Jessica Litman, comentarios durante la conferencia
«Innovación y
-TecnologÃas de la Información» (Nov. 1995). Jessica Litman es profesora en
-la <em>Wayne State University Law School</em> (Escuela de Derecho de la
-Universidad Estatal de Wayne) en Detroit, Michigan.</p>
+<li id="ft4">Gary Glisson, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación y
TecnologÃas
+de la Información» (Nov. 1995); véase también Gary Glisson, <em>A
+Practitioner's Defense of the NII White Paper</em>, 75 Or. L. Rev. (1996) (a
+favor del Libro Blanco). El Sr. Glisson es socio y jefe del <em>Intellectual
+Property Group</em> de Lane Powell Spears Lubersky en Portland, Oregón.</li>
+
+<li id="ft5">Steven Winter, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación y
TecnologÃas
+de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Winter es profesor en la Escuela de
+Derecho de la Universidad de Miami.</li>
+
+<li id="ft6">Winter, supra nota 5.</li>
+
+<li id="ft7">Véase Laurence H. Tribe, <cite>The Constitution in Cyberspace:
Law and
+Liberty Beyond the Electronic Frontier</cite>, Humanist, Set.-Oct. 1991,
15.</li>
+
+<li id="ft8">Tim Sloan, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación y
TecnologÃas de
+la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Sloan es miembro de la <cite>National
+Telecommunication and Information Administration</cite> (Administración
+Nacional de Telecomunicaciones e Información).</li>
+
+<li id="ft9">Véase Jane C. Ginsburg, <cite>A Tale of Two Copyrights: Liberary
Property in
+Revolutionary France and America</cite>, in, <cite>Of Authors and Origins:
+Essays on Copyright Law</cite> 131, 137-38 (Brad Sherman & Alain
+Strowel, eds., 1994) (que establece que los redactores de la Constitución
+tuvieron la intención de «subordinar[] los intereses del autor en beneficio
+público» o «tratar los intereses privados y públicos…de forma
+equitativa»).</li>
+
+<li id="ft10">Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, art. I, p.
8, cl. 8: «El
+Congreso tendrá el poder… para promover el progreso de la ciencia y
+las artes útiles, asegurando por tiempo limitado a los autores e inventores
+el derecho exclusivo sobre sus respectivos escritos y descubrimientos»).</li>
+
+<li id="ft11"><cite>286 U.S. 123</cite>, 127 (1932).</li>
+
+<li id="ft12">James Boyle, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación y
TecnologÃas de
+la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Boyle es profesor de leyes en la
+<em>American University</em> (Universidad Americana) en Washington, D.C.</li>
+
+<li id="ft13">Jessica Litman, comentarios durante la conferencia «Innovación
y TecnologÃas
+de la Información» (Nov. 1995). Jessica Litman es profesora en la <em>Wayne
+State University Law School</em> (Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad
+Estatal de Wayne) en Detroit, Michigan.</li>
-<p id="ft14">[14] Pamela Samuelson, <em>The Copyright Grab</em>, Wired, Jan.
1996. Pamela
+<li id="ft14">Pamela Samuelson, <cite>The Copyright Grab</cite>, Wired, Jan.
1996. Pamela
Samuelson es profesora en la <em>Cornell Law School</em> (Escuela de Derecho
-de Cornell).</p>
+de Cornell).</li>
+
+<li id="ft15"><!-- (available at URL:
+home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>
+)-->
+<cite>Digital Future Coalition, Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern Over
+Intellectual Property Proposals</cite>, Nov. 15, 1995.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
-<p id="ft15"><!-- (available at URL:
-<a href="http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html";>
-http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>)-->
-[15] <em>Digital Future Coalition, Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern
-Over Intellectual Property Proposals</em>, Nov. 15, 1995.</p>
-
-<h3>NOTAS POSTERIORES</h3>
-
-<p id="later-1">[1] Este artÃculo forma parte del camino que me llevó a
reconocer el <a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">prejuicio y la confusión en la expresión
-«propiedad intelectual»</a>. Hoy en dÃa creo que ese término no debe ser
-utilizado bajo ninguna circunstancia.</p>
-
-<p id="later-2">[2] Aquà cometà el error de moda de escribir «propiedad
intelectual», cuando
-lo que querÃa decir era «derechos de autor». Esto es como escribir
«Europa»
-cuando quiere decir «Francia», causa una confusión fácilmente evitable.</p>
<div class="translators-notes">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -391,7 +403,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -412,7 +424,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -426,7 +438,23 @@
el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2016 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -442,11 +470,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:11 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html 12 Sep 2021
10:34:33 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.17
@@ -201,8 +201,8 @@
<p>
Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public
can't make copies because they can only be efficiently made on
-printing presses—and most people don't own printing presses
-— the result is that the general public is trading away a
+printing presses—and most people don't own printing presses—the
+result is that the general public is trading away a
freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom that is of no practical
value. So if you have something that is a byproduct of your life and
it's useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it for something
@@ -238,8 +238,8 @@
priority. Copyright was easy to enforce because it was a restriction
only on publishers who were easy to find and what they published was
easy to see. Now the copyright is a restriction on each and everyone
-of you. To enforce it requires surveillance—an intrusion
-— and harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted
+of you. To enforce it requires surveillance—an intrusion—and
+harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted
into law in the U.S. and other countries.</p>
<p>
And copyright used to be, arguably, an advantageous trade for the
@@ -559,8 +559,8 @@
Well, it might be a good compromise policy to have copyright cover
commercial verbatim copying but allow everyone the right to do
non-commercial verbatim copying. This way, the copyright on the
-commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified versions
-— only the author could approve a modified version—would
+commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified versions—only
+the author could approve a modified version—would
still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the
writing of these works, to whatever extent it does.</p>
<p>
@@ -862,9 +862,9 @@
Well, clearly, that's not the way to make the public feel like sending
you money. You've got to make them love you, not fear you.</p>
<p>
-<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage
-— I don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct
-— of people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe,
+<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage—I
+don't know the exact percentage, around 90% sounds correct—of
+people to send a certain amount of money, which, I believe,
was a dollar or two dollars, or somewhere in that order of magnitude.
You had to type in your name and your e-mail address and some other
information to get to download it and if that percentage of people was
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/12 10:34:33 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:08:59
-0000 1.34
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.35
@@ -423,15 +423,6 @@
"autores. El público cede algunos de sus derechos naturales y a cambio se "
"beneficia con la escritura y la publicación de una mayor cantidad de libros."
-# | Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't
-# | make copies because they can only be efficiently made on printing
-# | presses—and most people don't own printing [-presses — the-]
-# | {+presses—the+} result is that the general public is trading away a
-# | freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom that is of no practical value.
-# | So if you have something that is a byproduct of your life and it's
-# | useless and you have the opportunity to exchange it for something else of
-# | any value, you're gaining. So that's why copyright may have been an
-# | advantageous trade for the public in that time.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public can't make "
@@ -493,20 +484,6 @@
"centralización y la economÃa de escala introducidas por la imprenta y "
"tecnologÃas similares están desapareciendo."
-# | And this changing context changes the way copyright law works. You see,
-# | copyright law no longer acts as an industrial regulation; it is now a
-# | Draconian restriction on a general public. It used to be a restriction on
-# | publishers for the sake of authors. Now, for practical purposes, it's a
-# | restriction on a public for the sake of publishers. Copyright used to be
-# | fairly painless and uncontroversial. It didn't restrict the general
-# | public. Now that's not true. If you have a computer, the publishers
-# | consider restricting you to be their highest priority. Copyright was easy
-# | to enforce because it was a restriction only on publishers who were easy
-# | to find and what they published was easy to see. Now the copyright is a
-# | restriction on each and everyone of you. To enforce it requires
-# | surveillance—an [-intrusion — and-] {+intrusion—and+}
-# | harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted into law in the
-# | U.S. and other countries.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"And this changing context changes the way copyright law works. You see, "
@@ -1208,18 +1185,6 @@
"hacer copias textuales."
# FALTA REVISAR
-# | The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial
-# | verbatim copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are two
-# | different activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider the
-# | questions separately—the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying
-# | and the right to do commercial verbatim copying. Well, it might be a good
-# | compromise policy to have copyright cover commercial verbatim copying but
-# | allow everyone the right to do non-commercial verbatim copying. This way,
-# | the copyright on the commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all
-# | modified [-versions — only-] {+versions—only+} the author
-# | could approve a modified version—would still provide the same
-# | revenue stream that it provides now to fund the writing of these works, to
-# | whatever extent it does.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial verbatim "
@@ -1899,15 +1864,6 @@
"Bien, claramente, no es esa la manera de hacer que el público sienta ganas "
"de enviarte dinero. Tienes que hacer que te amen, no que te teman."
-# | <b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain [-percentage
-# | — I-] {+percentage—I+} don't know the exact percentage, around
-# | 90% sounds [-correct — of-] {+correct—of+} people to send a
-# | certain amount of money, which, I believe, was a dollar or two dollars, or
-# | somewhere in that order of magnitude. You had to type in your name and
-# | your e-mail address and some other information to get to download it and
-# | if that percentage of people was not reached after the first chapter, he
-# | said that he would not release another chapter. It was very antagonistic
-# | to the public downloading it.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"<b>SPEAKER</b>: The details were that he required a certain percentage—"
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html 10 Sep 2021
12:37:03 -0000 1.31
+++ philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.32
@@ -230,8 +230,8 @@
service programmed and run by an entity other than the state, since
this would be SaaSS.</p>
-<p>Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial case
-— against its developer. And the developer may help others attack.
+<p>Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial
+case—against its developer. And the developer may help others attack.
<a
href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/06/nsa-gets-early-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/";>
Microsoft shows Windows bugs to the NSA</a> (the US government digital
spying agency) before fixing them. We do not know whether Apple does
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/10 12:37:03 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.90
retrieving revision 1.91
diff -u -b -r1.90 -r1.91
--- philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es.po 20 Sep 2021
10:09:00 -0000 1.90
+++ philosophy/po/free-software-even-more-important.es.po 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.91
@@ -58,12 +58,11 @@
"have."
msgstr ""
"A veces también lo llamamos «libre» para enfatizar que nos referimos a la "
-"libertad, y no al precio <a href=\"#TransNote1\" id=\"TransNote1-rev"
-"\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>. Algunos programas privativos, como Photoshop, son muy "
-"caros; otros, como la aplicación de Uber, son gratuitos, pero eso es un "
-"detalle sin importancia. En ambos casos esos programas someten a los "
-"usuarios al poder del desarrollador del programa, poder que nadie deberÃa "
-"tener."
+"libertad, y no al precio <a href=\"#TransNote1\" id=\"TransNote1-rev\"><sup>"
+"[1]</sup></a>. Algunos programas privativos, como Photoshop, son muy caros; "
+"otros, como la aplicación de Uber, son gratuitos, pero eso es un detalle sin
"
+"importancia. En ambos casos esos programas someten a los usuarios al poder "
+"del desarrollador del programa, poder que nadie deberÃa tener."
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -491,18 +490,6 @@
"Tampoco deben delegar la realización de esas tareas a un servicio programado
"
"y ejecutado por un ente distinto del Estado, porque eso serÃa un SaaSS."
-# | Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial [-case —
-# | against-] {+case—against+} its developer. And the developer may
-# | help others attack. <a
-# |
href=\"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/06/nsa-gets-early-access-to-zero-day-data-from-microsoft-others/\";>
-# | Microsoft shows Windows bugs to the NSA</a> (the US government digital
-# | spying agency) before fixing them. We do not know whether Apple does
-# | likewise, but it is under the same government pressure as Microsoft. If
-# | the government of any other country uses such software, it endangers
-# | national security. Do you want the NSA to break into your government's
-# | computers? See our <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/government-free-software.html\">suggested policies for
-# | governments to promote free software</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Proprietary software has no security at all in one crucial case—"
Index: philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es-en.html 2 Jun 2020 09:00:53
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.2
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Giving the Software Field Protection from Patents</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
-Stallman</strong></a></p>
-
-<p><em>A version of this article was first published at
-<a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";>Wired</a>
-in November 2012.</em></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
<p>Patents threaten every software developer, and the patent wars we have
long feared have broken out. Software developers and software
@@ -19,11 +22,11 @@
to be free of patents.</p>
<p>The patents that threaten us are often called “software
-patents”, but that term is misleading. Such patents are not
+patents,” but that term is misleading. Such patents are not
about any specific program. Rather, each patent describes some
practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be
sued. So it is clearer to call them “computational idea
-patents”.</p>
+patents.”</p>
<p>The US patent system doesn't label patents to say this one's a
“software patent” and that one isn't. Software developers
@@ -64,7 +67,7 @@
trolls” or “bad quality” patents. The worst patent
aggressor today is Apple, which isn't a “troll” by the
usual definition; I don't know whether Apple's patents are “good
-quality”, but the better the patent's “quality” the
+quality,” but the better the patent's “quality” the
more dangerous its threat.</p>
<p>We need to fix the whole problem, not just part of it.</p>
@@ -103,7 +106,7 @@
<ul>
<li>It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as
-“software” or “not software”.</li>
+“software” or “not software.”</li>
<li>It provides developers and users with protection from both existing
and potential future computational idea patents.</li>
<li>Patent lawyers cannot defeat the intended effect by writing
@@ -124,13 +127,24 @@
cooperating… without the fear that some stranger will wipe away
our work.</p>
+<div class="comment" role="complementary">
<p><em>See also:
<a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">
Patent Reform Is Not Enough</a></em></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>A version of this article was first published at
+<a
href="https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/";>
+<cite>Wired</cite></a> in November 2012.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -148,13 +162,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -174,7 +188,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -184,10 +198,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/06/02 09:00:53 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:00 -0000
1.6
+++ philosophy/po/limit-patent-effect.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.7
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@
msgstr "Cómo proteger el software frente a las patentes"
# type: Content of: <p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
msgstr "por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
@@ -46,12 +45,6 @@
"Los desarrolladores y los usuarios de software, que en nuestra sociedad "
"constituyen la mayorÃa, necesitan que el software esté libre de patentes."
-# | The patents that threaten us are often called “software
-# | [-patents”,-] {+patents,”+} but that term is misleading. Such
-# | patents are not about any specific program. Rather, each patent describes
-# | some practical idea, and says that anyone carrying out the idea can be
-# | sued. So it is clearer to call them “computational idea
-# | [-patents”.-] {+patents.”+}
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The patents that threaten us are often called “software patents,"
@@ -136,16 +129,6 @@
"por 400, el orden de magnitud del resultado indica que el sistema en su "
"conjunto se encontraba <em>amenazado por alrededor de cien mil patentes</em>."
-# | If half of those patents were eliminated as “bad
-# | quality”—mistakes of the patent system, that is—it would
-# | not really change things. Whether 100,000 patents or 50,000, it's the
-# | same disaster. This is why it's a mistake to limit our criticism of
-# | software patents to just “patent trolls” or “bad
-# | quality” patents. The worst patent aggressor today is Apple, which
-# | isn't a “troll” by the usual definition; I don't know whether
-# | Apple's patents are “good [-quality”,-] {+quality,”+}
-# | but the better the patent's “quality” the more dangerous its
-# | threat.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"If half of those patents were eliminated as “bad quality”—"
@@ -246,9 +229,6 @@
"programa no constituyan infracción de patentes. Esta solución tiene varias "
"ventajas:"
-# | It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as
-# | “software” or “not [-software”.-]
-# | {+software.”+}
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"It does not require classifying patents or patent applications as “"
@@ -310,10 +290,6 @@
"<em>Véase también: <a href=\"/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html"
"\">La reforma de las patentes no es suficiente</a></em>"
-# | [-<em>A-]{+A+} version of this article was first published at <a
-# |
[-href=\"http://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/\";>Wired</a>-]
-# |
{+href=\"https://www.wired.com/opinion/2012/11/richard-stallman-software-patents/\";>
-# | <cite>Wired</cite></a>+} in November [-2012.</em>-] {+2012.+}
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"A version of this article was first published at <a href=\"https://www.wired.";
@@ -369,11 +345,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © 2012, 2013, [-2015, 2016-] {+2021+} Free Software
-# | Foundation, Inc.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
Index: philosophy/po/mcvoy.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/mcvoy.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/po/mcvoy.es-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:06 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/po/mcvoy.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-nonfree" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Thank You, Larry McVoy
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/mcvoy.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Thank You, Larry McVoy</h2>
-<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
<p>
For the first time in my life, I want to thank Larry McVoy. He
@@ -124,10 +131,11 @@
programs are dangerous to you and to your community. Don't let them
get a place in your life.
</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -145,19 +153,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -172,20 +180,20 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2005 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:06 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/mcvoy.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/mcvoy.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/po/mcvoy.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:00 -0000 1.15
+++ philosophy/po/mcvoy.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.16
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@
msgid "Thank You, Larry McVoy"
msgstr "Gracias, Larry McVoy"
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by Richard Stallman"
msgstr "por Richard Stallman"
@@ -281,9 +280,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard [-M.-] Stallman
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard M. Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2005, 2021 Richard Stallman"
Index: philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html 18 Dec
2020 12:06:25 -0000 1.24
+++ philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es-en.html 20 Sep
2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.25
@@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural ns" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Network Services Aren't Free or Nonfree; They Raise Other Issues</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
-<p><strong>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><em>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A
program is a work that you can execute; a service is an activity that
-you might interact with.</strong></p>
+you might interact with.</em></p>
+</div>
<p>For programs, we make a distinction between free and nonfree
(proprietary). More precisely, this distinction applies to a program
@@ -151,10 +160,11 @@
free software, and good to favor peer-to-peer communication over
server-based centralized communication, for activities that don't
inherently require a central hub.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -172,13 +182,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -199,7 +209,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -209,7 +219,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/12/18 12:06:25 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po 20 Sep 2021
10:09:01 -0000 1.39
+++ philosophy/po/network-services-arent-free-or-nonfree.es.po 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.40
@@ -33,14 +33,10 @@
"Los servicios de red no son ni libres ni privativos. Plantean otros problemas"
# type: Content of: <p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
msgstr "por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
-# | [-<strong>Programs-]{+<em>Programs+} and services are different kinds of
-# | entities. A program is a work that you can execute; a service is an
-# | activity that you might interact [-with.</strong>-] {+with.</em>+}
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Programs and services are different kinds of entities. A program is a "
@@ -402,10 +398,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © [-2014, 2015, 2016-] {+2012-2014, 2020, 2021+} Free
-# | Software Foundation, Inc.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2012-2014, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
Index: philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es-en.html 3 Jun 2020 03:29:00 -0000
1.22
+++ philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.23
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays cultural drm" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Nonfree DRM'd Games on GNU/Linux: Good or Bad?</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
<p>A well known company, Valve, that distributes nonfree computer games
with Digital Restrictions Management, recently announced it would
@@ -39,7 +47,7 @@
<p>However, if you're going to use these games, you're better off using
them on GNU/Linux rather than on Microsoft Windows. At least you avoid
-<a href="http://upgradefromwindows8.org/";>the harm to your freedom that Windows
+<a href="https://www.fsf.org/windows";>the harm to your freedom that Windows
would do</a>.</p>
<p>Thus, in direct practical terms, this development can do both harm
@@ -59,14 +67,14 @@
not be gratis. It is feasible to develop free games commercially,
while respecting your freedom to change the software you use. Since
the art in the game is not software, it is not ethically imperative to
-make the art free — though free art is an additional
+make the art free—though free art is an additional
contribution. There is in fact free game software developed by
companies, as well as free games developed noncommercially by
volunteers. Crowdfunding development will only get easier.</p>
<p>But if we suppose that it is <em>not feasible</em> in the current
situation to develop a certain
-kind of free game — what would follow then? There's no good in
+kind of free game—what would follow then? There's no good in
writing it as a nonfree game. To have freedom in your computing,
requires rejecting nonfree software, pure and simple.
You as a freedom-lover won't use the nonfree game if it exists, so
@@ -77,21 +85,22 @@
GNU/Linux as support for our cause. Instead you could tell people
about the <a href="https://libregamewiki.org/Main_Page";>libre games
wiki</a> that attempts to catalog free
-games, <a href="http://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php";> the Free Game
+games, <a href="https://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php";> the Free Game
Dev Forum</a>, and the LibrePlanet Gaming
-Collective's <a
href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective";>
+Collective's <a
href="https://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective";>
free gaming night.</a> </p>
-<h3>Notes</h3>
+<h3>Note</h3>
<p>
-<a
href="http://web-old.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html";>
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html";>
Watch out for
“nonfree game data” that actually contains software.</a></p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -109,13 +118,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -136,7 +145,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -146,7 +155,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/06/03 03:29:00 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:01 -0000 1.37
+++ philosophy/po/nonfree-games.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.38
@@ -33,7 +33,6 @@
msgstr "Juegos privativos con DRM en GNU/Linux: ¿Para bien o para mal?"
# type: Content of: <p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
msgstr "por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
@@ -97,11 +96,6 @@
"que está claro es que si desea tener libertad, un requisito para lograrla es
"
"no tener ni ejecutar en su ordenador programas que no sean libres."
-# | However, if you're going to use these games, you're better off using them
-# | on GNU/Linux rather than on Microsoft Windows. At least you avoid <a
-# | [-href=\"http://upgradefromwindows8.org/\";>the-]
-# | {+href=\"https://www.fsf.org/windows\";>the+} harm to your freedom that
-# | Windows would do</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"However, if you're going to use these games, you're better off using them on "
@@ -145,14 +139,6 @@
"incluyen software privativo</a> ya actúan en contra del objetivo de la "
"libertad. Añadir estos juegos a una distro aumentarÃa ese efecto."
-# | Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. A free game need not be
-# | gratis. It is feasible to develop free games commercially, while
-# | respecting your freedom to change the software you use. Since the art in
-# | the game is not software, it is not ethically imperative to make the art
-# | [-free — though-] {+free—though+} free art is an additional
-# | contribution. There is in fact free game software developed by companies,
-# | as well as free games developed noncommercially by volunteers.
-# | Crowdfunding development will only get easier.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. A free game need not be "
@@ -175,12 +161,6 @@
"desarrollados por voluntarios. El desarrollo mediante financiación colectiva
"
"se tornará cada vez más fácil."
-# | But if we suppose that it is <em>not feasible</em> in the current
-# | situation to develop a certain kind of free [-game — what-]
-# | {+game—what+} would follow then? There's no good in writing it as a
-# | nonfree game. To have freedom in your computing, requires rejecting
-# | nonfree software, pure and simple. You as a freedom-lover won't use the
-# | nonfree game if it exists, so you won't lose anything if it does not exist.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"But if we suppose that it is <em>not feasible</em> in the current situation "
@@ -198,15 +178,6 @@
"videojuego privativo aun si existiera; de manera que si no existe, no "
"perderá nada."
-# | If you want to promote the cause of freedom in computing, please take care
-# | not to talk about the availability of these games on GNU/Linux as support
-# | for our cause. Instead you could tell people about the <a
-# | href=\"https://libregamewiki.org/Main_Page\";>libre games wiki</a> that
-# | attempts to catalog free games, <a
-# | href=\"http{+s+}://forum.freegamedev.net/index.php\"> the Free Game Dev
-# | Forum</a>, and the LibrePlanet Gaming Collective's <a
-# |
href=\"http{+s+}://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective\">
-# | free gaming night.</a>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"If you want to promote the cause of freedom in computing, please take care "
@@ -228,16 +199,10 @@
"libreplanet.org/wiki/Group:LibrePlanet_Gaming_Collective\">noche de juego "
"libre</a>."
-# | Note[-s-]
#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Note"
msgstr "Nota"
-# | <a
-# |
[-href=\"http://web-old.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html\";>-]
-# |
{+href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/articles/gaming-trap.html\";>+}
-# | Watch out for “nonfree game data” that actually contains
-# | software.</a>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"<a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20191125215630/http://onpon4.github.io/";
@@ -296,12 +261,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © {+2012,+} 2013, 2015, 2016, [-2018, 2020-] {+2021+} Free
-# | Software Foundation, Inc.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2018, 2020 Free Software Foundation, "
-#| "Inc."
msgid ""
"Copyright © 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html 26 Mar 2019
12:33:09 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021
10:32:32 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,12 +1,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="esays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Patent Reform Is Not Enough - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Patent Reform Is Not Enough</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>
When people first learn about the problem of software patents, their
@@ -100,13 +107,14 @@
There is a massive effort in Europe to stop software patents. Please
<!-- [Dead as of 2019-03-23] support <a
href="http://stopsoftwarepatents.eu/";>this
petition</a> for a Europe free of software patents, and --> see <a
-href="http://www.ffii.org";> the FFII web site</a> for full details of
+href="https://ffii.org/";> the FFII web site</a> for full details of
how you can help.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -124,18 +132,34 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2019 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -145,10 +169,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/03/26 12:33:09 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:01
-0000 1.15
+++ philosophy/po/patent-reform-is-not-enough.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.16
@@ -205,9 +205,6 @@
msgid "What you can do to help"
msgstr "¿Qué se puede hacer para ayudar?"
-# | There is a massive effort in Europe to stop software patents. Please see
-# | <a [-href=\"http://www.ffii.org\";>-] {+href=\"https://ffii.org/\";>+} the
-# | FFII web site</a> for full details of how you can help.
#. [Dead as of 2019-03-23] support <a href="http://stopsoftwarepatents.eu/";>
#. this
#. petition</a> for a Europe free of software patents, and
@@ -266,12 +263,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © [-1996, 1997, 1998,-] {+1996-1998,+} 2001, [-2008, 2019-]
-# | {+2021+} Free Software Foundation, Inc.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2008, 2019 Free Software "
-#| "Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
Index: philosophy/po/pirate-party.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/po/pirate-party.es-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:30 -0000
1.23
+++ philosophy/po/pirate-party.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.24
@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/pirate-party.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>How the Swedish Pirate Party Platform Backfires on Free Software</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
-<blockquote>
+<div class="introduction">
<p>
Note: each Pirate Party has its own platform. They all call for
reducing copyright power, but the specifics vary. This issue may
not apply to the other parties' positions.
</p>
-</blockquote>
+</div>
<p>The bullying of the copyright industry in Sweden inspired the
launch of the first political party whose platform is to reduce
@@ -63,12 +71,12 @@
the bad, but not the good. The difference between source code and
object code and the practice of using EULAs would give proprietary
software an effective exception from the general rule of 5-year
-copyright — one that free software does not share.</p>
+copyright—one that free software does not share.</p>
<p>We also use copyright to partially deflect the danger of software
-patents. We cannot make our programs safe from them — no
+patents. We cannot make our programs safe from them—no
program is ever safe from software patents in a country which allows
-them — but at least we prevent them from being used to make the
+them—but at least we prevent them from being used to make the
program effectively nonfree. The Swedish Pirate Party proposes to
abolish software patents, and if that is done, this issue would go
away. But until that is achieved, we must not lose our only defense
@@ -109,10 +117,11 @@
may be other solutions that would also do the job. One way or
another, the Pirate Party of Sweden should avoid placing a handicap on
a movement to defend the public from marauding giants.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -130,19 +139,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -157,20 +166,20 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2009, 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:30 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/pirate-party.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/pirate-party.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- philosophy/po/pirate-party.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:01 -0000 1.27
+++ philosophy/po/pirate-party.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000 1.28
@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@
"culata"
# type: Content of: <p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
msgstr "por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
@@ -155,14 +154,6 @@
"público» no funcionarÃan."
# type: Content of: <p>
-# | Thus, the Pirate Party's proposal would give proprietary software
-# | developers the use of GPL-covered source code after 5 years, but it would
-# | not give free software developers the use of proprietary source code, not
-# | after 5 years or even 50 years. The Free World would get the bad, but not
-# | the good. The difference between source code and object code and the
-# | practice of using EULAs would give proprietary software an effective
-# | exception from the general rule of 5-year [-copyright — one-]
-# | {+copyright—one+} that free software does not share.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Thus, the Pirate Party's proposal would give proprietary software developers "
@@ -184,14 +175,6 @@
"excepción no compartida por el software libre."
# type: Content of: <p>
-# | We also use copyright to partially deflect the danger of software patents.
-# | We cannot make our programs safe from [-them — no-]
-# | {+them—no+} program is ever safe from software patents in a country
-# | which allows [-them — but-] {+them—but+} at least we prevent
-# | them from being used to make the program effectively nonfree. The Swedish
-# | Pirate Party proposes to abolish software patents, and if that is done,
-# | this issue would go away. But until that is achieved, we must not lose
-# | our only defense for protection from patents.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"We also use copyright to partially deflect the danger of software patents. "
@@ -353,9 +336,7 @@
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © 2009, {+2012,+} 2021 Richard Stallman
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2009, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2009, 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2009, 2012, 2021 Richard Stallman"
Index: philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html 7 Jul 2020 09:59:54
-0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.11
@@ -1,16 +1,24 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<link rel="canonical"
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/rms/public-domain-manifesto"; />
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Why I Will Not Sign the Public Domain Manifesto</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
-<p>The Public Domain Manifesto
-(<a
href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/";>https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/</a>)
+<p>The <a
+href="https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/";>Public Domain Manifesto</a>
has its heart in the right place as it objects to some of the unjust
extensions of copyright power, so I wish I could support it. However,
it falls far short of what is needed.</p>
@@ -18,15 +26,16 @@
<p>Some flaws are at the level of implicit assumptions. The manifesto
frequently uses <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">propaganda
terms</a> of the copyright industry, such as
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">“copyright
-protection”</a>. These terms were chosen to lead people to
+“<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">copyright
+protection</a>.” These terms were chosen to lead people to
sympathize with the copyright industry and its demands for power.</p>
<p>The manifesto and its signatories use the term “intellectual
-property”, which confuses the issue of copyright by lumping it
+property,” which confuses the issue of copyright by lumping it
together with a dozen other laws that have nothing significant in
common.
-(See <a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a>
+(See “<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say
+‘Intellectual Property’? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>”
for more explanation about this point.) Ironically it uses the term
first in a sentence which points out that this manifesto is concerned
only with copyright law, not with those other laws. That is with good
@@ -37,10 +46,11 @@
<p>General Principle 2 repeats the common error that copyright should
balance the public interest with “protecting and rewarding the
-author”. This error interferes with proper judgment of any
+author.” This error interferes with proper judgment of any
copyright policy question, since that should be based on the public
-interest.
-<a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html</a>
+interest. “<a
+href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
+Copyright—A Series of Errors</a>”
explains this error and how to avoid it.</p>
<p>It would be difficult to stand aside from a campaign for the right
@@ -69,8 +79,8 @@
calls for allowing “personal copying” of copyrighted
works. Since it omits the issue of the freedom to share copies of
published works with others, it fails to address the nastiest aspect
-of copyright: the
-vicious <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>War
+of copyright: the vicious <a
+href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits";>War
on Sharing</a> that the entertainment companies are now waging.</p>
<p>The demands and recommendations of the Public Domain Manifesto
@@ -86,12 +96,13 @@
<p>I ask the authors of the Public Domain Manifesto, and the public,
to please join me in demanding the freedom to noncommercially share
copies of all published works. Also please
-join <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>
+join <a href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org";>Defective by Design</a>
and help our fight against DRM wherever it may be found.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -109,13 +120,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -136,7 +147,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -146,10 +157,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/07/07 09:59:54 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:01 -0000
1.20
+++ philosophy/po/public-domain-manifesto.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.21
@@ -33,18 +33,10 @@
msgstr "Por qué no firmaré el Manifiesto del Dominio Público"
# type: Content of: <p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid "by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
msgstr "por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a>"
-# | The [-Public-] {+<a
-# | href=\"https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/\";>Public+} Domain
-# | [-Manifesto (<a
-# |
href=\"https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/\";>https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/</a>)-]
-# | {+Manifesto</a>+} has its heart in the right place as it objects to some
-# | of the unjust extensions of copyright power, so I wish I could support it.
-# | However, it falls far short of what is needed.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The <a href=\"https://publicdomainmanifesto.org/manifesto/\";>Public Domain "
@@ -57,14 +49,6 @@
"injustas extensiones de poder del copyright, por lo que desearÃa poder "
"apoyarlo. Sin embargo, dista mucho de lo que se necesita."
-# | Some flaws are at the level of implicit assumptions. The manifesto
-# | frequently uses <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html\">propaganda
-# | terms</a> of the copyright industry, such as [-<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection\">“copyright
-# | protection”</a>.-] {+“<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection\">copyright
-# | protection</a>.”+} These terms were chosen to lead people to
-# | sympathize with the copyright industry and its demands for power.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Some flaws are at the level of implicit assumptions. The manifesto "
@@ -81,19 +65,6 @@
"Estos términos fueron escogidos para inducir a la gente a simpatizar con la "
"industria del copyright y sus ansias de poder."
-# | The manifesto and its signatories use the term “intellectual
-# | [-property”,-] {+property,”+} which confuses the issue of
-# | copyright by lumping it together with a dozen other laws that have nothing
-# | significant in common. (See [-<a
-# |
href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.html</a>-]
-# | {+“<a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">Did You Say
-# | ‘Intellectual Property’? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>”+}
-# | for more explanation about this point.) Ironically it uses the term first
-# | in a sentence which points out that this manifesto is concerned only with
-# | copyright law, not with those other laws. That is with good reason: the
-# | other laws are not relevant to copying and using published works. If we
-# | seek to teach the public to distinguish between these laws, we should
-# | avoid setting an example which spuriously lumps them together.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The manifesto and its signatories use the term “intellectual property,"
@@ -120,16 +91,6 @@
"publicadas. Si queremos enseñar al público a distinguir una ley de otra, "
"tenemos que evitar establecer un ejemplo que incorrectamente las agrupa."
-# | General Principle 2 repeats the common error that copyright should balance
-# | the public interest with “protecting and rewarding the
-# | [-author”.-] {+author.”+} This error interferes with proper
-# | judgment of any copyright policy question, since that should be based on
-# | the public interest. [-<a
-# |
href=\"/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html\">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html</a>-]
-# | {+“<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html\">Misinterpreting
-# | Copyright—A Series of Errors</a>”+} explains this error and
-# | how to avoid it.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"General Principle 2 repeats the common error that copyright should balance "
@@ -196,13 +157,6 @@
"aplica a una obra de dominio público. De hecho, al omitir la crÃtica, "
"legitima la mayorÃa de las implementaciones reales del DRM."
-# | I've saved the biggest omission for last. General Recommendation 9 calls
-# | for allowing “personal copying” of copyrighted works. Since
-# | it omits the issue of the freedom to share copies of published works with
-# | others, it fails to address the nastiest aspect of copyright: the vicious
-# | <a
-# |
href=\"http{+s+}://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/war-on-sharing-riaa-lawsuits\">War
-# | on Sharing</a> that the entertainment companies are now waging.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"I've saved the biggest omission for last. General Recommendation 9 calls "
@@ -244,12 +198,6 @@
"del jardÃn vallado del dominio público, pero abandona dicha libertad fuera "
"de él. Esto no es suficiente."
-# | I ask the authors of the Public Domain Manifesto, and the public, to
-# | please join me in demanding the freedom to noncommercially share copies of
-# | all published works. Also please join <a
-# | [-href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"https://www.defectivebydesign.org\";>Defective by Design</a>+} and
-# | help our fight against DRM wherever it may be found.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"I ask the authors of the Public Domain Manifesto, and the public, to please "
@@ -310,9 +258,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © 2010, [-2015, 2019, 2020-] {+2021+} Richard Stallman
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 2010, 2021 Richard Stallman"
Index: philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html 18 Nov 2016 07:33:01
-0000 1.21
+++ philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es-en.html 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32
-0000 1.22
@@ -1,17 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws copyright" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail</h2>
-<pre>
- Reevaluating Copyright: The Public Must Prevail
- [Published in Oregon Law Review, Spring 1996]
-
- Richard Stallman
-</pre>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a> <a href="#ft1"><sup>[1]</sup></a></address>
<p>The legal world is aware that digital information technology poses
“problems for copyright,” but has not traced these
@@ -20,12 +23,12 @@
publishers, understanding their own interest, have set forth a
proposal through the Clinton Administration to fix the
“problems” by deciding the conflict in their favor. This
-proposal, the Lehman White Paper <a href="#ft2">[2]</a>, was the
-principal focus of the “Innovation and the Information
-Environment” conference at the University of Oregon (November
+proposal, the Lehman White Paper,<a href="#ft2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> was the
+principal focus of the <cite>Innovation and the Information
+Environment</cite> conference at the University of Oregon (November
1995).</p>
-<p>John Perry Barlow <a href="#ft3">[3]</a>, the keynote speaker,
+<p>John Perry Barlow,<a href="#ft3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> the keynote speaker,
began the conference by telling us how the Greatful Dead recognized
and dealt with this conflict. They decided it would be wrong to
interfere with copying of their performances on tapes, or with
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@
copyright for CD recordings of their music.</p>
<p>Barlow did not analyze the reasons for treating these media
-differently, and later Gary Glisson <a href="#ft4">[4]</a> criticized
+differently, and later Gary Glisson <a href="#ft4"><sup>[4]</sup></a>
criticized
Barlow's idea that the Internet is inexplicably unique and unlike
anything else in the world. He argued that we should be able to
determine the implications of the Internet for copyright policy by the
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@
<p>Barlow suggested that our intuitions based on physical objects as
property do not transfer to information as property because
information is “abstract.” As Steven
-Winter <a href="#ft5">[5]</a> remarked, abstract property has existed
+Winter <a href="#ft5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> remarked, abstract property
has existed
for centuries. Shares in a company, commodity futures, and even paper
money, are forms of property that are more or less abstract. Barlow
and others who argue that information should be free do not reject
@@ -71,8 +74,8 @@
decisions</a> by analogy to physical object property, or even to older
intellectual property policies, is a mistake. Winter argued
persuasively that it is possible to make such analogies, to stretch
-our old concepts and apply them to new decisions <a href=
-"#ft6">[6]</a>. Surely this will reach some answer—but not a
+our old concepts and apply them to new decisions.<a href=
+"#ft6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> Surely this will reach some answer—but not a
good answer. Analogy is not a useful way of deciding what to buy or at
what price.</p>
@@ -89,7 +92,7 @@
<p>This also shows why Laurence Tribe's principle, that rights
concerning speech should not depend on the choice of
-medium<a href="#ft7">[7]</a>, is not applicable to copyright
+medium,<a href="#ft7"><sup>[7]</sup></a> is not applicable to copyright
decisions. Copyright is a bargain with the public, not a natural
right. Copyright policy issues are about which bargains benefit the
public, not about what rights publishers or readers are entitled
@@ -208,7 +211,7 @@
of collective responsibility, whereby a computer owner is required to
monitor and control the activities of all users, on pain of being
punished for actions in which he was not a participant but merely
-failed to actively prevent. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8">[8]</a> pointed
+failed to actively prevent. Tim Sloan <a href="#ft8"><sup>[8]</sup></a>
pointed
out that this gives copyright owners a privileged status not accorded
to anyone else who might claim to be damaged by a computer user; for
example, no one proposes to punish the computer owner if he fails
@@ -221,16 +224,16 @@
<p>When the United States Constitution was drafted, the idea that
authors were entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed—and
-rejected <a href="#ft9">[9]</a>. Instead, the founders of our country
+rejected.<a href="#ft9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Instead, the founders of our country
adopted a different idea of copyright, one which places the public
-first <a href="#ft10">[10]</a>. Copyright in the United States is
+first.<a href="#ft10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Copyright in the United States is
supposed to exist for the sake of users; benefits for publishers and
even for authors are not given for the sake of those parties, but only
as an inducement to change their behavior. As the Supreme Court said
-in Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal: “The sole interest of the United
+in <cite>Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal</cite>: “The sole interest of the United
States and the primary object in conferring the [copyright] monopoly
lie in the general benefits derived by the public from the labors of
-authors.” <a href="#ft11">[11]</a></p>
+authors.”<a href="#ft11"><sup>[11]</sup></a></p>
<p>Under the Constitution's view of copyright, if the public prefers
to be able to make copies in certain cases even if that means somewhat
@@ -250,12 +253,12 @@
<p>This error is so ingrained today that people who oppose new
copyright powers feel the need to do so by arguing that even authors
and publishers may be hurt by them. Thus, James
-Boyle <a href="#ft12">[12]</a> explains how a
+Boyle <a href="#ft12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> explains how a
strict <a href="#later-2">intellectual property system</a> can
interfere with writing new works. Jessica
-Litman <a href="#ft13">[13]</a> cites the copyright shelters which
+Litman <a href="#ft13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> cites the copyright shelters
which
historically allowed many new media to become popular. Pamela
-Samuelson <a href="#ft14">[14]</a> warns that the White Paper may
+Samuelson <a href="#ft14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> warns that the White
Paper may
block the development of “third-wave” information
industries by locking the world into the “second-wave”
economic model that fit the age of the printing press.</p>
@@ -275,7 +278,7 @@
to oppose the White Paper, for the sake of authors, libraries,
education, poor Americans, technological progress, economic
flexibility, and privacy concerns—all valid arguments, but
-concerned with side issues <a href="#ft15">[15]</a>. Conspicuously
+concerned with side issues.<a href="#ft15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> Conspicuously
absent from the list is the most important reason of all: that many
Americans (perhaps most) want to continue making copies. The DFC fails
to criticize the core goal of the White Paper, which is to give more
@@ -292,94 +295,103 @@
opportunity for the open flow of information can we ensure that the
public prevails.</p>
-<h3>ENDNOTES</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Later Notes</h3>
-<p id="ft2">[2] Informational Infrastructure Task
+<p id="later-1"><em>Intellectual property:</em>
+This article was part of the
+path that led me to recognize the <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
+bias and confusion in the term “intellectual
+property”</a>. Today I believe that term should never be used
+under any circumstances.</p>
+
+<p id="later-2"><em>Intellectual property system:</em>
+Here I fell into the
+fashionable error of writing “intellectual property” when
+what I meant was just “copyright.” This is like writing
+“Europe” when you mean “France”—it
+causes confusion that is easy to avoid.</p>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<ol>
+<li id="ft1">Published in <cite>Oregon Law Review</cite>, Spring 1996.</li>
+
+<li id="ft2">Informational Infrastructure Task
Force, Intellectual Property and the National Information
-Infrastructure: The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual
-Property Rights (1995).</p>
+Infrastructure: <cite>The Report of the Working Group on Intellectual
+Property Rights</cite> (1995).</li>
-<p id="ft3">[3] John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the
-Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov.
+<li id="ft3">John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the
+<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov.
1995). Mr. Barlow is one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier
Foundation, an organization which promotes freedom of expression in
digital media, and is also a former lyricist for the Grateful
-Dead.</p>
+Dead.</li>
-<p id="ft4">[4] Gary Glisson, Remarks at the
-Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. 1995);
+<li id="ft4">Gary Glisson, Remarks at the
+<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov.
1995);
see also Gary Glisson, A Practitioner's Defense of the NII White
Paper, 75 Or. L. Rev. (1996) (supporting the White Paper).
Mr. Glisson is a partner and chair of the Intellectual Property Group
-at Lane Powell Spears Lubersky in Portland, Oregon.</p>
+at Lane Powell Spears Lubersky in Portland, Oregon.</li>
-<p id="ft5">[5] Steven Winter, Remarks at the
-Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov.
+<li id="ft5">Steven Winter, Remarks at the
+<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov.
1995). Mr. Winter is a professor at the University of Miami School of
-Law.</p>
+Law.</li>
-<p id="ft6">[6] Winter, supra note 5.</p>
+<li id="ft6">Winter, supra note 5.</li>
-<p id="ft7">[7] See Laurence H. Tribe, The
+<li id="ft7">See Laurence H. Tribe, “The
Constitution in Cyberspace: Law and Liberty Beyond the Electronic
-Frontier, Humanist, Sept.-Oct. 1991, at 15.</p>
+Frontier,” <cite>Humanist</cite>, Sept.-Oct. 1991, at 15.</li>
-<p id="ft8">[8] Tim Sloan, Remarks at the Innovation
-and the Information Environment Conference (Nov. 1995). Mr. Sloan is
+<li id="ft8">Tim Sloan, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation
+and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov. 1995). Mr. Sloan is
a member of the National Telecommunication and Information
-Administration.</p>
+Administration.</li>
-<p id="ft9">[9] See Jane C. Ginsburg, A Tale of Two
-Copyrights: Liberary Property in Revolutionary France and America, in,
-Of Authors and Origins: Essays on Copyright Law 131, 137-38 (Brad
-Sherman & Alain Strowel, eds., 1994) (stating that the
+<li id="ft9">See Jane C. Ginsburg, “A Tale of Two
+Copyrights: Literary Property in Revolutionary France and America,” in
+<cite>Of Authors and Origins: Essays on Copyright Law</cite> 131, 137-38 (Brad
+Sherman & Alain Strowel, eds., 1994), stating that the
Constitution's framers either meant to “subordinate[] the
author's interests to the public benefit,” or to “treat
-the private and public interests…even-handedly.”).</p>
+the private and public interests … even-handedly.”</li>
-<p id="ft10">[10] U.S. Const., art. I, p. 8, cl. 8
+<li id="ft10"><cite>U.S. Const.</cite>, art. I, p. 8, cl. 8
(“Congress shall have Power…to promote the Progress of
Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and
Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
-Discoveries.”).</p>
+Discoveries.”)</li>
-<p id="ft11">[11] 286 U.S. 123, 127 (1932).</p>
+<li id="ft11"><cite>286 U.S. 123</cite>, 127 (1932).</li>
-<p id="ft12">[12] James Boyle, Remarks at the
-Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov.
+<li id="ft12">James Boyle, Remarks at the
+<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov.
1995). Mr. Boyle is a Professor of Law at American University in
-Washington, D.C.</p>
+Washington, D.C.</li>
-<p id="ft13">[13] Jessica Litman, Remarks at the
-Innovation and the Information Environment Conference (Nov.
+<li id="ft13">Jessica Litman, Remarks at the
+<cite>Innovation and the Information Environment Conference</cite> (Nov.
1995). Ms. Litman is a Professor at Wayne State University Law School
-in Detroit, Michigan.</p>
-
-<p id="ft14">[14] Pamela Samuelson, The Copyright
-Grab, Wired, Jan. 1996. Ms. Samuelson is a Professor at Cornell Law
-School.</p>
-
-<p id="ft15">[15] Digital Future Coalition,
-Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern Over Intellectual Property
-Proposals, Nov. 15, 1995<!-- (available at URL:
-<a
href="http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html";>http://home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>)-->.</p>
+in Detroit, Michigan.</li>
-<h3>LATER NOTES</h3>
-
-<p id="later-1">[1] This article was part of the
-path that led me to recognize the <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">
-bias and confusion in the term “intellectual
-property”</a>. Today I believe that term should never be used
-under any circumstances.</p>
+<li id="ft14">Pamela Samuelson, “The Copyright
+Grab,” <cite>Wired</cite>, Jan. 1996. Ms. Samuelson is a Professor at
Cornell Law
+School.</li>
+
+<li id="ft15">Digital Future Coalition,
+“Broad-Based Coalition Expresses Concern Over Intellectual Property
+Proposals,” Nov. 15, 1995<!-- (available at URL:
+home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>)-->.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+</div>
-<p id="later-2">[2] Here I fell into the
-fashionable error of writing “intellectual property” when
-what I meant was just “copyright”. This is like writing
-“Europe” when you mean “France”—it
-causes confusion that is easy to avoid.</p>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -397,16 +409,33 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2016 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -416,10 +445,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/11/18 07:33:01 $
+$Date: 2021/09/20 10:32:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:09:01 -0000
1.23
+++ philosophy/po/reevaluating-copyright.es.po 20 Sep 2021 10:32:32 -0000
1.24
@@ -34,8 +34,6 @@
msgstr "Reevaluación del copyright: lo público debe prevalecer "
# type: Content of: <p>
-# | by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard [-Stallman</a>-]
-# | {+Stallman</a> <a href=\"#ft1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>+}
#. type: Content of: <div><address>
msgid ""
"by <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a> <a href="
@@ -44,17 +42,6 @@
"por <a href=\"https://www.stallman.org/\";>Richard Stallman</a> <a "
"href=\"#ft1\"><sup>[1]</sup></a>"
-# | The legal world is aware that digital information technology poses
-# | “problems for copyright,” but has not traced these problems to
-# | their root cause: a fundamental conflict between publishers of copyrighted
-# | works and the users of these works. The publishers, understanding their
-# | own interest, have set forth a proposal through the Clinton Administration
-# | to fix the “problems” by deciding the conflict in their favor.
-# | This proposal, the Lehman White [-Paper <a href=\"#ft2\">[2]</a>,-]
-# | {+Paper,<a href=\"#ft2\"><sup>[2]</sup></a>+} was the principal focus of
-# | the [-“Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+} and the Information
-# | [-Environment”-] {+Environment</cite>+} conference at the University
-# | of Oregon (November 1995).
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The legal world is aware that digital information technology poses “"
@@ -78,12 +65,6 @@
"de la conferencia «Innovación y TecnologÃas de la Información» en la "
"Universidad de Oregón (noviembre de 1995)."
-# | John Perry [-Barlow <a href=\"#ft3\">[3]</a>,-] {+Barlow,<a
-# | href=\"#ft3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a>+} the keynote speaker, began the
-# | conference by telling us how the Greatful Dead recognized and dealt with
-# | this conflict. They decided it would be wrong to interfere with copying of
-# | their performances on tapes, or with distribution on the Internet, but saw
-# | nothing wrong in enforcing copyright for CD recordings of their music.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"John Perry Barlow,<a href=\"#ft3\"><sup>[3]</sup></a> the keynote speaker, "
@@ -101,13 +82,6 @@
"malo en hacer cumplir los derechos de autor cuando las grabaciones de sus "
"obras musicales se hacen en CD."
-# | Barlow did not analyze the reasons for treating these media differently,
-# | and later Gary [-Glisson <a href=\"#ft4\">[4]</a>-] {+Glisson <a
-# | href=\"#ft4\"><sup>[4]</sup></a>+} criticized Barlow's idea that the
-# | Internet is inexplicably unique and unlike anything else in the world. He
-# | argued that we should be able to determine the implications of the
-# | Internet for copyright policy by the same kind of analysis that we apply
-# | to other technologies. This paper attempts to do just that.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Barlow did not analyze the reasons for treating these media differently, and "
@@ -126,17 +100,6 @@
"la polÃtica de derechos de autor mediante el mismo método de análisis que
se "
"aplica a otras tecnologÃas. Este artÃculo intenta hacer justamente eso."
-# | Barlow suggested that our intuitions based on physical objects as property
-# | do not transfer to information as property because information is
-# | “abstract.” As Steven [-Winter <a href=\"#ft5\">[5]</a>-]
-# | {+Winter <a href=\"#ft5\"><sup>[5]</sup></a>+} remarked, abstract
-# | property has existed for centuries. Shares in a company, commodity
-# | futures, and even paper money, are forms of property that are more or less
-# | abstract. Barlow and others who argue that information should be free do
-# | not reject these other kinds of abstract property. Clearly, the crucial
-# | difference between information and acceptable kinds of property is not
-# | abstractness per se. So what is it? I propose a simple and practical
-# | explanation.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Barlow suggested that our intuitions based on physical objects as property "
@@ -193,14 +156,6 @@
"acceder cediendo una determinada libertad, y el grado de beneficio público "
"si se conserva esa libertad."
-# | This shows why making <a href=\"#later-1\">intellectual property
-# | decisions</a> by analogy to physical object property, or even to older
-# | intellectual property policies, is a mistake. Winter argued persuasively
-# | that it is possible to make such analogies, to stretch our old concepts
-# | and apply them to new decisions[- -]{+.+}<a href= [-\"#ft6\">[6]</a>.-]
-# | {+\"#ft6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>+} Surely this will reach some
-# | answer—but not a good answer. Analogy is not a useful way of
-# | deciding what to buy or at what price.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"This shows why making <a href=\"#later-1\">intellectual property decisions</"
@@ -215,10 +170,10 @@
"sobre la propiedad intelectual</a> por analogÃa con los objetos fÃsicos de "
"propiedad o con las polÃticas de la propiedad intelectual. Winter sostiene "
"de manera persuasiva que es posible hacer tales analogÃas, extender nuestros
"
-"viejos conceptos y aplicarlos a las nuevas decisiones <a href="
-"\"#ft6\"><sup>[6]</sup></a>. Seguramente esto dará como resultado alguna "
-"respuesta, pero incorrecta. La analogÃa no es una manera útil de decidir
qué "
-"comprar o a qué precio."
+"viejos conceptos y aplicarlos a las nuevas decisiones <a href=\"#ft6\"><sup>"
+"[6]</sup></a>. Seguramente esto dará como resultado alguna respuesta, pero "
+"incorrecta. La analogÃa no es una manera útil de decidir qué comprar o a
qué "
+"precio."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -246,13 +201,6 @@
"la situación actual y los medios de soporte que tenemos hoy, no como se han "
"aplicado a otros soportes en el pasado."
-# | This also shows why Laurence Tribe's principle, that rights concerning
-# | speech should not depend on the choice of [-medium<a
-# | href=\"#ft7\">[7]</a>,-] {+medium,<a href=\"#ft7\"><sup>[7]</sup></a>+} is
-# | not applicable to copyright decisions. Copyright is a bargain with the
-# | public, not a natural right. Copyright policy issues are about which
-# | bargains benefit the public, not about what rights publishers or readers
-# | are entitled to.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"This also shows why Laurence Tribe's principle, that rights concerning "
@@ -494,20 +442,6 @@
"En otras palabras, la «pérdida» viene del sistema de derechos de autor; no
"
"es una parte inherente al hecho de copiar. Copiando no se perjudica a nadie."
-# | The most widely opposed provision of the White Paper is the system of
-# | collective responsibility, whereby a computer owner is required to monitor
-# | and control the activities of all users, on pain of being punished for
-# | actions in which he was not a participant but merely failed to actively
-# | prevent. Tim [-Sloan <a href=\"#ft8\">[8]</a>-] {+Sloan <a
-# | href=\"#ft8\"><sup>[8]</sup></a>+} pointed out that this gives copyright
-# | owners a privileged status not accorded to anyone else who might claim to
-# | be damaged by a computer user; for example, no one proposes to punish the
-# | computer owner if he fails actively to prevent a user from defaming
-# | someone. It is natural for a government to turn to collective
-# | responsibility for enforcing a law that many citizens do not believe in
-# | obeying. The more digital technology helps citizens share information, the
-# | more the government will need draconian methods to enforce copyright
-# | against ordinary citizens.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The most widely opposed provision of the White Paper is the system of "
@@ -542,21 +476,6 @@
"draconianos para imponer los derechos de autor en perjuicio de los "
"ciudadanos."
-# | When the United States Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors
-# | were entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed—and [-rejected <a
-# | href=\"#ft9\">[9]</a>.-] {+rejected.<a href=\"#ft9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a>+}
-# | Instead, the founders of our country adopted a different idea of
-# | copyright, one which places the public [-first <a
-# | href=\"#ft10\">[10]</a>.-] {+first.<a href=\"#ft10\"><sup>[10]</sup></a>+}
-# | Copyright in the United States is supposed to exist for the sake of users;
-# | benefits for publishers and even for authors are not given for the sake of
-# | those parties, but only as an inducement to change their behavior. As the
-# | Supreme Court said in [-Fox-] {+<cite>Fox+} Film Corp. v. [-Doyal:-]
-# | {+Doyal</cite>:+} “The sole interest of the United States and the
-# | primary object in conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general
-# | benefits derived by the public from the labors of [-authors.” <a
-# | href=\"#ft11\">[11]</a>-] {+authors.”<a
-# | href=\"#ft11\"><sup>[11]</sup></a>+}
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"When the United States Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were "
@@ -574,12 +493,12 @@
msgstr ""
"Cuando se redactó la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica,
se "
"propuso la idea de que los autores tienen derecho al monopolio de sus "
-"derechos de autor, pero la propuesta fue rechazada <a href="
-"\"#ft9\"><sup>[9]</sup></a>. Los fundadores de nuestro paÃs adoptaron una "
-"idea diferente sobre los derechos de autor, que sitúa lo público en primer "
-"lugar <a href=\"#ft10\"><sup>[10]</sup> </a>. Supuestamente los derechos de "
-"autor en los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica deberÃan existir para el bien
de "
-"los usuarios; la concesión de beneficios a los editores, e incluso a los "
+"derechos de autor, pero la propuesta fue rechazada <a href=\"#ft9\"><sup>[9]"
+"</sup></a>. Los fundadores de nuestro paÃs adoptaron una idea diferente "
+"sobre los derechos de autor, que sitúa lo público en primer lugar <a href="
+"\"#ft10\"><sup>[10]</sup> </a>. Supuestamente los derechos de autor en los "
+"Estados Unidos de Norteamérica deberÃan existir para el bien de los "
+"usuarios; la concesión de beneficios a los editores, e incluso a los "
"autores, no se hace para provecho de ellos sino únicamente como aliciente "
"para cambiar su comportamiento. Como manifestó la Corte Suprema en <cite>Fox
"
"Film Corp. v. Doyal</cite>: «El único interés de los Estados Unidos de "
@@ -619,20 +538,6 @@
"concientes de que esa presuposición es contraria a las premisas básicas de "
"nuestro sistema legal."
-# | This error is so ingrained today that people who oppose new copyright
-# | powers feel the need to do so by arguing that even authors and publishers
-# | may be hurt by them. Thus, James [-Boyle <a href=\"#ft12\">[12]</a>-]
-# | {+Boyle <a href=\"#ft12\"><sup>[12]</sup></a>+} explains how a
-# | strict <a href=\"#later-2\">intellectual property system</a> can interfere
-# | with writing new works. Jessica [-Litman <a href=\"#ft13\">[13]</a>-]
-# | {+Litman <a href=\"#ft13\"><sup>[13]</sup></a>+} cites the
-# | copyright shelters which historically allowed many new media to become
-# | popular. Pamela [-Samuelson <a href=\"#ft14\">[14]</a>-]
-# | {+Samuelson <a href=\"#ft14\"><sup>[14]</sup></a>+} warns that the
-# | White Paper may block the development of “third-wave”
-# | information industries by locking the world into the
-# | “second-wave” economic model that fit the age of the printing
-# | press.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"This error is so ingrained today that people who oppose new copyright powers "
@@ -682,18 +587,6 @@
"frecuentemente estos argumentos, corremos el riesgo de permitir que los "
"editores reemplacen la Constitución sin oposición."
-# | For example, the recently published position statement of the Digital
-# | Future Coalition, an umbrella organization, lists many reasons to oppose
-# | the White Paper, for the sake of authors, libraries, education, poor
-# | Americans, technological progress, economic flexibility, and privacy
-# | concerns—all valid arguments, but concerned with side [-issues <a
-# | href=\"#ft15\">[15]</a>.-] {+issues.<a
-# | href=\"#ft15\"><sup>[15]</sup></a>+} Conspicuously absent from the list is
-# | the most important reason of all: that many Americans (perhaps most) want
-# | to continue making copies. The DFC fails to criticize the core goal of the
-# | White Paper, which is to give more power to publishers, and its central
-# | decision, to reject the Constitution and place the publishers above the
-# | users. This silence may be taken for consent.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"For example, the recently published position statement of the Digital Future "
@@ -745,11 +638,6 @@
msgid "Later Notes"
msgstr "Notas posteriores"
-# | [-[1]-]{+<em>Intellectual property:</em> +} This article was part of
-# | the path that led me to recognize the <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\"> bias and confusion in the term
-# | “intellectual property”</a>. Today I believe that term should
-# | never be used under any circumstances.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Intellectual property:</em> This article was part of the path that "
@@ -762,12 +650,6 @@
"confusión en la expresión «propiedad intelectual»</a>. Hoy en dÃa creo
que "
"ese término no debe ser utilizado bajo ninguna circunstancia."
-# | [-[2]-]{+<em>Intellectual property system:</em> +} Here I fell into
-# | the fashionable error of writing “intellectual property” when
-# | what I meant was just [-“copyright”.-]
-# | {+“copyright.”+} This is like writing “Europe”
-# | when you mean “France”—it causes confusion that is easy
-# | to avoid.
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"<em>Intellectual property system:</em> Here I fell into the "
@@ -785,10 +667,6 @@
msgid "Published in <cite>Oregon Law Review</cite>, Spring 1996."
msgstr "Publicado en <cite>Oregon Law Review</cite>, primavera de 1996."
-# | [-[2]-]Informational Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and
-# | the National Information Infrastructure: [-The-] {+<cite>The+} Report of
-# | the Working Group on Intellectual Property [-Rights-] {+Rights</cite>+}
-# | (1995).
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Informational Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property and the "
@@ -799,12 +677,6 @@
"National Information Infrastructure:</cite> <em>Informe del grupo de trabajo "
"sobre la propiedad intelectual</em> (1995)."
-# | [-[3]-]John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the [-Innovation-]
-# | {+<cite>Innovation+} and the Information Environment [-Conference-]
-# | {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov. 1995). Mr. Barlow is one of the founders of
-# | the Electronic Frontier Foundation, an organization which promotes freedom
-# | of expression in digital media, and is also a former lyricist for the
-# | Grateful Dead.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"John Perry Barlow, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information "
@@ -819,12 +691,6 @@
"que promueve la libertad de expresión en los medios digitales; también es
ex "
"letrista del grupo musical <em>Grateful Dead</em>."
-# | [-[4]-]Gary Glisson, Remarks at the [-Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+}
-# | and the Information Environment [-Conference-] {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov.
-# | 1995); see also Gary Glisson, A Practitioner's Defense of the NII White
-# | Paper, 75 Or. L. Rev. (1996) (supporting the White Paper). Mr. Glisson is
-# | a partner and chair of the Intellectual Property Group at Lane Powell
-# | Spears Lubersky in Portland, Oregon.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Gary Glisson, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information "
@@ -840,9 +706,6 @@
"favor del Libro Blanco). El Sr. Glisson es socio y jefe del <em>Intellectual "
"Property Group</em> de Lane Powell Spears Lubersky en Portland, Oregón."
-# | [-[5]-]Steven Winter, Remarks at the [-Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+}
-# | and the Information Environment [-Conference-] {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov.
-# | 1995). Mr. Winter is a professor at the University of Miami School of Law.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Steven Winter, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information "
@@ -853,14 +716,10 @@
"de la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Winter es profesor en la Escuela de "
"Derecho de la Universidad de Miami."
-# | [-[6]-]Winter, supra note 5.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid "Winter, supra note 5."
msgstr "Winter, supra nota 5."
-# | [-[7]-]See Laurence H. Tribe, [-The-] {+“The+} Constitution in
-# | Cyberspace: Law and Liberty Beyond the Electronic [-Frontier, Humanist,-]
-# | {+Frontier,” <cite>Humanist</cite>,+} Sept.-Oct. 1991, at 15.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"See Laurence H. Tribe, “The Constitution in Cyberspace: Law and "
@@ -870,10 +729,6 @@
"Véase Laurence H. Tribe, <cite>The Constitution in Cyberspace: Law and "
"Liberty Beyond the Electronic Frontier</cite>, Humanist, Set.-Oct. 1991, 15."
-# | [-[8]-]Tim Sloan, Remarks at the [-Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+} and
-# | the Information Environment [-Conference-] {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov.
-# | 1995). Mr. Sloan is a member of the National Telecommunication and
-# | Information Administration.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Tim Sloan, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information Environment "
@@ -885,15 +740,6 @@
"Telecommunication and Information Administration</cite> (Administración "
"Nacional de Telecomunicaciones e Información)."
-# | [-[9]-]See Jane C. Ginsburg, [-A-] {+“A+} Tale of Two Copyrights:
-# | Li[-b-]{+t+}erary Property in Revolutionary France and [-America, in, Of-]
-# | {+America,” in <cite>Of+} Authors and Origins: Essays on Copyright
-# | [-Law-] {+Law</cite>+} 131, 137-38 (Brad Sherman & Alain Strowel,
-# | eds., [-1994) (stating-] {+1994), stating+} that the Constitution's
-# | framers either meant to “subordinate[] the author's interests to the
-# | public benefit,” or to “treat the private and public
-# | [-interests…even-handedly.”).-] {+interests …
-# | even-handedly.”+}
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"See Jane C. Ginsburg, “A Tale of Two Copyrights: Literary Property in "
@@ -912,11 +758,6 @@
"público» o «tratar los intereses privados y públicos…de forma "
"equitativa»)."
-# | [-[10] U.S. Const.,-]{+<cite>U.S. Const.</cite>,+} art. I, p. 8, cl. 8
-# | (“Congress shall have Power…to promote the Progress of
-# | Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and
-# | Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
-# | Discoveries.”)[-.-]
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"<cite>U.S. Const.</cite>, art. I, p. 8, cl. 8 (“Congress shall have "
@@ -929,15 +770,10 @@
"las artes útiles, asegurando por tiempo limitado a los autores e inventores "
"el derecho exclusivo sobre sus respectivos escritos y descubrimientos»)."
-# | [-[11] 286-]{+<cite>286+} U.S. [-123,-] {+123</cite>,+} 127 (1932).
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid "<cite>286 U.S. 123</cite>, 127 (1932)."
msgstr "<cite>286 U.S. 123</cite>, 127 (1932)."
-# | [-[12]-]James Boyle, Remarks at the [-Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+}
-# | and the Information Environment [-Conference-] {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov.
-# | 1995). Mr. Boyle is a Professor of Law at American University in
-# | Washington, D.C.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"James Boyle, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information Environment "
@@ -948,10 +784,6 @@
"la Información» (Nov. 1995). El Sr. Boyle es profesor de leyes en la "
"<em>American University</em> (Universidad Americana) en Washington, D.C."
-# | [-[13]-]Jessica Litman, Remarks at the [-Innovation-] {+<cite>Innovation+}
-# | and the Information Environment [-Conference-] {+Conference</cite>+} (Nov.
-# | 1995). Ms. Litman is a Professor at Wayne State University Law School in
-# | Detroit, Michigan.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Jessica Litman, Remarks at the <cite>Innovation and the Information "
@@ -963,9 +795,6 @@
"State University Law School</em> (Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad "
"Estatal de Wayne) en Detroit, Michigan."
-# | [-[14]-]Pamela Samuelson, [-The-] {+“The+} Copyright [-Grab,
-# | Wired,-] {+Grab,” <cite>Wired</cite>,+} Jan. 1996. Ms. Samuelson is
-# | a Professor at Cornell Law School.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><ol><li>
msgid ""
"Pamela Samuelson, “The Copyright Grab,” <cite>Wired</cite>, Jan. "
@@ -975,9 +804,6 @@
"Samuelson es profesora en la <em>Cornell Law School</em> (Escuela de Derecho "
"de Cornell)."
-# | [-[15]-]Digital Future Coalition, [-Broad-Based-] {+“Broad-Based+}
-# | Coalition Expresses Concern Over Intellectual Property [-Proposals,-]
-# | {+Proposals,”+} Nov. 15, 1995.
#. (available at URL:
#. home.worldweb.net/dfc/press.html</a>
#. )
@@ -1034,10 +860,7 @@
"\">GuÃa para las traducciones</a> para obtener información sobre la "
"coordinación y el envÃo de traducciones de las páginas de este sitio web."
-# | Copyright © 1996, 1999, [-2016,-] {+2006, 2007,+} 2021 Richard [-M.-]
-# | Stallman
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2016, 2021 Richard M. Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr "Copyright © 1996, 1999, 2006, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman"