www/gnu gnu-history.tr.html po/initial-announce...

[GNUN]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     20/01/30 14:02:32

Modified files:
        gnu            : gnu-history.tr.html 
        gnu/po         : initial-announcement.translist 
Added files:
        gnu            : initial-announcement.tr.html 
        gnu/po         : initial-announcement.tr-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.tr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.tr.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.tr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: gnu-history.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.tr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu-history.tr.html 26 Jan 2020 10:01:32 -0000      1.1
+++ gnu-history.tr.html 30 Jan 2020 19:02:31 -0000      1.2
@@ -33,15 +33,15 @@
 <p>
 &ldquo;Free software&rdquo;deki &ldquo;free&rdquo; kelimesi fiyatla değil,
 <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">özgürlükle</a> ilgilidir <a
-href="#translation-note">[1]</a>. GNU yazılımı almak için ücret 
ödeyebilir
-veya ödemezsiniz. Her iki durumda da yazılıma sahip olduğunuzda bunu
-kullanmak için dört belirli özgürlüğünüz vardır. Programı 
dilediğiniz gibi
-çalıştırma özgürlüğü; programı kopyalama ve arkadaşlarınıza ve iş
-arkadaşlarınıza verme özgürlüğü; kaynak koduna tam erişim sağlayarak
-programı istediğiniz gibi değiştirme özgürlüğü; geliştirilmiş bir 
sürümü
-dağıtma ve böylece topluluğun oluşturulmasına yardım etme 
özgürlüğü. (GNU
-yazılımını yeniden dağıtırsanız bir kopyayı aktarmanın fiziksel 
eylemi için
-bir ücret talep edebilir veya kopyaları ücretsiz verebilirsiniz.)</p>
+href="#tn-1">(1)</a>. GNU yazılımı almak için ücret ödeyebilir veya
+ödemezsiniz. Her iki durumda da yazılıma sahip olduğunuzda bunu kullanmak
+için dört belirli özgürlüğünüz vardır. Programı dilediğiniz gibi 
çalıştırma
+özgürlüğü; programı kopyalama ve arkadaşlarınıza ve iş 
arkadaşlarınıza verme
+özgürlüğü; kaynak koduna tam erişim sağlayarak programı istediğiniz 
gibi
+değiştirme özgürlüğü; geliştirilmiş bir sürümü dağıtma ve 
böylece topluluğun
+oluşturulmasına yardım etme özgürlüğü. (GNU yazılımını yeniden 
dağıtırsanız
+bir kopyayı aktarmanın fiziksel eylemi için bir ücret talep edebilir veya
+kopyaları ücretsiz verebilirsiniz.)</p>
 
 <p>
 GNU sistemini geliştirme projesine &ldquo;GNU Projesi&rdquo; denir. GNU
@@ -124,10 +124,10 @@
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
-<p id="translation-note-1">[1] Türkçe'de Özgür Yazılım çevirisiyle, 
fiyat ve
-özgürlük karmaşasını yaşamamış oluyoruz. Terimin Türkçesi doğrudan 
özgürlüğe
-atıfta bulunuyor, dolayısıyla İngilizce'de açıklama gerektiren
-ücret-özgürlük ikiliğini Türkçede açıklamaya gerek 
kalmıyor.</p></div>
+<p id="tn-1">(1) Türkçe'de Özgür Yazılım çevirisiyle, fiyat ve 
özgürlük
+karmaşasını yaşamamış oluyoruz. Terimin Türkçesi doğrudan 
özgürlüğe atıfta
+bulunuyor, dolayısıyla İngilizce'de açıklama gerektiren ücret-özgürlük
+ikiliğini Türkçede açıklamaya gerek kalmıyor.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Son Güncelleme:
 
-$Date: 2020/01/26 10:01:32 $
+$Date: 2020/01/30 19:02:31 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

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diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- po/initial-announcement.translist   17 Jun 2018 12:04:46 -0000      1.18
+++ po/initial-announcement.translist   30 Jan 2020 19:02:32 -0000      1.19
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html">русский</a>&nbsp;[ru]</span> 
&nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="sq" hreflang="sq" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sq.html">Shqip</a>&nbsp;[sq]</span> &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html">svenska</a>&nbsp;[sv]</span> &nbsp;
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.tr.html">Türkçe</a>&nbsp;[tr]</span> &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html">українська</a>&nbsp;[uk]</span>
 &nbsp;
 <span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a>&nbsp;[zh-cn]</span>
 &nbsp;
 </p>
@@ -43,6 +44,7 @@
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.ru.html" title="русский" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sq.html" title="Shqip" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.sv.html" title="svenska" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.tr.html" title="Türkçe" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.uk.html" title="українська" />
 <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn" 
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html" title="简体中文" />
 <!-- end translist file -->

Index: initial-announcement.tr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: initial-announcement.tr.html
diff -N initial-announcement.tr.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ initial-announcement.tr.html        30 Jan 2020 19:02:31 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.tr.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>İlk Duyuru - GNU Projesi - Özgür Yazılım Vakfı</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.tr.html" -->
+<h2>Ä°lk Duyuru</h2>
+
+<p> Bu, 27 Eylül 1983'te <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard 
Stallman</a>
+tarafından yayınlanan GNU Projesi'nin özgün duyurusu.</p>
+
+<p> GNU Projesi'nin gerçek tarihi bu ilk plandan, birçok yönden
+farklıdır. Örneğin; başlangıç Ocak 1984'e kadar ertelendi. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Özgür yazılımın</a> felsefi 
kavramlarının
+birçoğu, birkaç yıl sonrasına kadar açıklığa kavuşmadı.</p>
+
+<h3>Özgür Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Bu Şükran Günü'nü başlatarak GNU (Gnu's Not Unix [GNU, Unix 
Değildir] için)
+adlı eksiksiz bir Unix uyumlu yazılım sistemi yazacağım ve onu 
kullanabilen
+herkese bedava<a href="#f1">(1)</a> olarak vereceğim. Zaman, para, program
+ve gereçlerin katkıları büyük ölçüde gereklidir.</p>
+
+<p>Başlangıç olarak GNU; bir çekirdek artı C programları yazmak ve 
çalıştırmak
+için gereken tüm yardımcı programlar olacaktır: Düzenleyici, kabuk, C
+derleyicisi, bağlayıcı, çevirici ve diğer birkaç şey. Bundan sonra bir 
metin
+biçimlendiricisi, bir YACC, bir Empire oyunu, bir hesap tablosu programı ve
+yüzlerce başka şey ekleyeceğiz. Sonunda normalde bir Unix sistemi ile
+birlikte gelen her şeyi ve çevrim içi ve basılı kâğıt dokümantasyonu 
da
+dâhil olmak üzere faydalı her şeyi sağlamayı umuyoruz.</p>
+
+<p>GNU, Unix programlarını çalıştırabilecek ancak Unix ile aynı
+olmayacaktır. Diğer işletim sistemleri konusundaki deneyimlerimize dayanarak
+uygun olan tüm iyileştirmeleri yapacağız. Özellikle daha uzun dosya
+adlarına, dosya sürüm numaralarına, parçalanma veya bozulmaya dayanıklı 
bir
+dosya sistemine, belki dosya adı tamamlamaya, uçbirimden bağımsız ekran
+desteğine ve sonunda birkaç Lisp programının ve sıradan Unix 
programlarının
+bir ekranı paylaşabileceği Lisp tabanlı bir pencere sistemine sahip olmayı
+planlıyoruz. Hem C hem de Lisp, sistem programlama dilleri olarak
+kullanılabilir. MIT'nin UUCP'den çok daha üstün olan chaosnet protokolüne
+dayanan ağ yazılımımız olacak. Ayrıca UUCP ile uyumlu bir şeyimiz 
olabilir.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Ben Kimim?</h3>
+
+<p>Ben çok örnek alınan orijinal EMACS düzenleyicisinin yaratıcısı 
Richard
+Stallman, şimdi MIT'deki Yapay Zekâ Laboratuvarındayım. Derleyiciler,
+düzenleyiciler, hata ayıklayıcılar, komut yorumlayıcıları, Incompatible
+Timesharing System [Uyumsuz Zaman Paylaşımı Sistemi] ve Lisp Machine 
işletim
+sistemi üzerinde yoğun bir şekilde çalıştım. ITS'de uçbirimden 
bağımsız
+ekran desteğine öncülük ettim. Buna ek olarak Lisp makineleri için
+parçalanmaya veya bozulmaya dayanıklı bir dosya sistemi ve iki pencere
+sistemi uyguladım.</p>
+
+<h3>Neden GNU'yu Yazmalıyım</h3>
+
+<p>Altın kuralın bir programı beğendiğimde, programı beğenen diğer 
insanlarla
+paylaşmam gerektirdiğini düşünüyorum. Ben vicdanı rahat biçimde bir 
gizlilik
+sözleşmesi veya bir yazılım lisans sözleşmesi imzalayamıyorum.</p>
+
+<p>İlkeleri ihlal etmeden bilgisayarları kullanmaya devam edebilmem için, 
özgür
+olmayan herhangi bir yazılım olmadan idare edebilmem için yeterli bir 
özgür
+yazılım gövdesi oluşturmaya karar verdim.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Nasıl Katkıda Bulunabilirsiniz</h3>
+
+<p>Bilgisayar üreticilerinden makine ve para bağışları istiyorum. 
Bireylerden
+program ve çalışma bağışları bekliyorum.</p>
+
+<p>Bir bilgisayar üreticisi zaten bir makine sağlamayı teklif etti. Ama daha
+fazlasını kullanabiliriz. Makineler bağışlarsanız bekleyebileceğiniz
+sonuçlardan biri, GNU'nun o makinelerde erken bir tarihte
+çalışacağıdır. Makine bir yerleşim bölgesinde çalışırsa ve 
karmaşık soğutma
+veya güç gerektirmezse iyi olur.</p>
+
+<p>Bireysel programcılar, bazı Unix yardımcı programlarının uyumlu bir
+kopyasını yazıp bana vererek katkıda bulunabilir. Çoğu proje için bu 
tür
+yarı zamanlı dağıtılmış çalışmanın koordinasyonu çok zor 
olacaktır; bağımsız
+olarak yazılan bölümler birlikte çalışmaz. Ancak belirli Unix'i 
değiştirme
+görevi için bu sorun yoktur. Çoğu arabirim belirtimi, Unix uyumluluğu ile
+belirlenmiştir. Her katkı Unix'in geri kalanıyla çalışıyorsa muhtemelen
+GNU'nun geri kalanıyla birlikte de çalışacaktır.</p>
+
+<p>Para bağışı alırsam tam veya yarı zamanlı olarak birkaç kişiyi işe
+alabilirim. Maaş yüksek olmayacak ama insanlığa yardım etmenin para kadar
+önemli olduğunu bilen insanları arıyorum. Bunu kendini adamış insanların
+başka bir şekilde geçimlerini sağlama ihtiyacını göz önünde 
bulundurarak tüm
+enerjilerini GNU üzerinde çalışmaya adamalarını sağlamanın bir yolu 
olarak
+görüyorum.</p>
+
+
+<p>Daha fazla bilgi için benimle iletişime geçin.</p>
+
+<p>Arpanet postası:<br />
+  address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+  ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>Birleşik Devletler Posta Adresi:<br />
+  Richard Stallman<br />
+  166 Prospect St<br />
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">&ldquo;free&rdquo; <a href="#tn-1">(2)</a> çevresinde çaresiz 
sözcük seçimi</h4>
+
+<p>Buradaki sözcük kullanımı dikkatsizdi. Amaç, hiç kimsenin GNU 
sistemini
+kullanma <b>izni</b> için ödeme yapmak zorunda olmamasıydı. Ancak 
sözcükler
+bunu netleştirmiyor ve insanlar bunları genellikle GNU kopyalarının her
+zaman az veya hiçbir ücret ödemeden dağıtılması gerektiğini söyleyerek
+yorumluyorlar. Asla niyet bu değildi.</p>
+
+<h3>Orijinal ileti</h3>
+
+<p>Tamlık için orijinal e-posta burada özgün biçiminde yeniden 
gösterilir.</p>
+
+<div dir="ltr">
+<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
+
+From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
+we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+  address@hidden
+
+Usenet:
+  ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+  Richard Stallman
+  166 Prospect St
+  Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<p id="tn-1">(2) Türkçe'de Özgür Yazılım çevirisiyle, fiyat ve 
özgürlük
+karmaşasını yaşamamış oluyoruz. Terimin Türkçesi doğrudan 
özgürlüğe atıfta
+bulunuyor, dolayısıyla İngilizce'de açıklama gerektiren ücret-özgürlük
+ikiliğini Türkçede açıklamaya gerek kalmıyor.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.tr.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Lütfen FSF ve GNU ile ilgili sorularınızı <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> adresine iletin. FSF 
ile
+iletişim kurmanın <a href="/contact/">başka yolları</a> da vardır. Lütfen
+çalışmayan bağlantıları ve başka düzeltmeleri veya önerilerinizi <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a> adresine
+gönderin.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Çevirilerimizde bulmuş olabileceğiniz hataları, aklınızdaki soru ve
+önerilerinizi lütfen <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>bize&nbsp;bildirin</a>.</p><p>Bu
+yazının çeviri düzenlemesi ve sunuşu ile ilgili bilgi için lütfen <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Çeviriler BENİOKU</a>
+sayfasına bakın. Bu sayfanın ve diğer tüm sayfaların Türkçe çevirileri
+gönüllüler tarafından yapılmaktadır; Türkçe niteliği yüksek bir <a
+href="/home.html">www.gnu.org</a> için bize yardımcı olmak istiyorsanız, <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-tr";>çalışma&nbsp;sayfamızı</a>
+ziyaret edebilirsiniz.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Bu sayfa <a rel="lisans"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Birleşik Devletler Lisansı</a> altında
+lisanslanmıştır.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.tr.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<p><strong>Çeviriye katkıda bulunanlar:</strong></p>
+<ul>
+<li>The FLOSS Information <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>,
+2020</li>
+</ul></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Son Güncelleme:
+
+$Date: 2020/01/30 19:02:31 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: po/initial-announcement.tr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/initial-announcement.tr-en.html
diff -N po/initial-announcement.tr-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+
+<p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
+27, 1983.</p>
+
+<p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
+this initial plan. For example, the beginning was delayed until
+January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
+of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
+clarified until a few years later.</p>
+
+<h3>Free Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.</p>
+
+<p>To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed
+to write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.</p>
+
+<p>GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems.  In particular, we plan to
+have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several Lisp
+programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.  Both C and
+Lisp will be available as system programming languages.  We will have
+network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol, far superior to
+UUCP.  We may also have something compatible with UUCP.</p>
+
+
+<h3>Who Am I?</h3>
+
+<p>I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters,
+the Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating
+system.  I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In
+addition I have implemented one crashproof file system and two window
+systems for Lisp machines.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>So that I can continue to use computers without violating my
+principles, I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free
+software so that I will be able to get along without any software that
+is not free.</p>
+
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<p>I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money.  I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
+we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+
+<p>For more information, contact me.</p>
+
+<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
+  address@hidden</p>
+
+<p>Usenet:<br />
+  ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+
+<p>US Snail:<br />
+  Richard Stallman<br />
+  166 Prospect St<br />
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
+
+
+<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around &ldquo;free&rdquo;</h4>
+
+<p>The wording here was careless.  The intention was that nobody would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge.  That was never the intent.</p>
+
+<h3>Original message</h3>
+
+<p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
+original form.</p>
+
+<div dir="ltr">
+<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
+From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
+Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
+Subject: new Unix implementation
+Date: Tue, 27-Sep-83 12:35:59 EST
+Organization: MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA
+
+Free Unix!
+
+Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
+Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
+give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
+needed.
+
+To begin with, GNU will be a kernel plus all the utilities needed to
+write and run C programs: editor, shell, C compiler, linker,
+assembler, and a few other things.  After this we will add a text
+formatter, a YACC, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of
+other things.  We hope to supply, eventually, everything useful that
+normally comes with a Unix system, and anything else useful, including
+on-line and hardcopy documentation.
+
+GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical
+to Unix.  We will make all improvements that are convenient, based
+on our experience with other operating systems.  In particular,
+we plan to have longer filenames, file version numbers, a crashproof
+file system, filename completion perhaps, terminal-independent
+display support, and eventually a Lisp-based window system through
+which several Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen.
+Both C and Lisp will be available as system programming languages.
+We will have network software based on MIT's chaosnet protocol,
+far superior to UUCP.  We may also have something compatible
+with UUCP.
+
+
+Who Am I?
+
+I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS
+editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT.  I have worked
+extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers, command interpreters, the
+Incompatible Timesharing System and the Lisp Machine operating system.
+I pioneered terminal-independent display support in ITS.  In addition I
+have implemented one crashproof file system and two window systems for
+Lisp machines.
+
+
+Why I Must Write GNU
+
+I consider that the golden rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it.  I cannot in good
+conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a software license
+agreement.
+
+So that I can continue to use computers without violating my principles,
+I have decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that
+I will be able to get along without any software that is not free.
+
+
+How You Can Contribute
+
+I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and money.
+I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.
+
+One computer manufacturer has already offered to provide a machine.  But
+we could use more.  One consequence you can expect if you donate
+machines is that GNU will run on them at an early date.  The machine had
+better be able to operate in a residential area, and not require
+sophisticated cooling or power.
+
+Individual programmers can contribute by writing a compatible duplicate
+of some Unix utility and giving it to me.  For most projects, such
+part-time distributed work would be very hard to coordinate; the
+independently-written parts would not work together.  But for the
+particular task of replacing Unix, this problem is absent.  Most
+interface specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility.  If each
+contribution works with the rest of Unix, it will probably work
+with the rest of GNU.
+
+If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full or
+part time.  The salary won't be high, but I'm looking for people for
+whom knowing they are helping humanity is as important as money.  I view
+this as a way of enabling dedicated people to devote their full energies to
+working on GNU by sparing them the need to make a living in another way.
+
+
+For more information, contact me.
+Arpanet mail:
+  address@hidden
+
+Usenet:
+  ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ
+
+US Snail:
+  Richard Stallman
+  166 Prospect St
+  Cambridge, MA 02139
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2020/01/30 19:02:32 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>