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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.it.htm... |
Date: |
Thu, 2 Aug 2018 08:28:45 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 18/08/02 08:28:45
Modified files:
philosophy : android-and-users-freedom.it.html
thankgnus/po : 2018supporters.de-diff.html
2018supporters.de.po 2018supporters.pot
Added files:
philosophy/po : android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/thankgnus/po/2018supporters.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
Patches:
Index: philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.it.html
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--- philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.it.html 21 Apr 2018 17:31:08
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.it.html 2 Aug 2018 12:28:44
-0000 1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2018-06-03" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.it.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.it.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.it.html" -->
<h2>Android e la libertà degli utenti</h2>
<p>di Richard Stallman<br />Originariamente pubblicato sul sito <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman">
@@ -350,7 +356,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2018/04/21 17:31:08 $
+$Date: 2018/08/02 12:28:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de-diff.html
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retrieving revision 1.19
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--- thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de-diff.html 1 Aug 2018 22:59:14 -0000
1.19
+++ thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de-diff.html 2 Aug 2018 12:28:45 -0000
1.20
@@ -94,7 +94,8 @@
<li>Inouye Satoru</li>
<li>James Wilson</li>
<li>Luis Rodriguez</li>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em><li>Martin
Krafft</li></em></ins></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em><li>Marinos Yannikos</li>
+ <li>Martin Krafft</li></em></ins></span>
<li>Paul Allen</li>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li>René
Genz</li></em></ins></span>
<li>Richard Harlow</li>
@@ -230,7 +231,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/08/01 22:59:14 $
+$Date: 2018/08/02 12:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de.po
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retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de.po 1 Aug 2018 22:59:14 -0000 1.33
+++ thankgnus/po/2018supporters.de.po 2 Aug 2018 12:28:45 -0000 1.34
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: 2018supporters.html\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: <address@hidden>\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-08-01 22:56+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-08-02 12:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-03-19 22:00+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Jоегg Kоhпе <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -186,6 +186,10 @@
msgstr "Luis Rodriguez"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Marinos Yannikos"
+msgstr "Marinos Yannikos"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "Martin Krafft"
msgstr "Martin Krafft"
@@ -592,9 +596,6 @@
#~ msgid "Jeffrey Cliff"
#~ msgstr "Jeffrey Cliff"
-#~ msgid "Marinos Yannikos"
-#~ msgstr "Marinos Yannikos"
-
#~ msgid "Marcus Pemer"
#~ msgstr "Marcus Pemer"
Index: thankgnus/po/2018supporters.pot
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--- thankgnus/po/2018supporters.pot 1 Aug 2018 22:59:14 -0000 1.31
+++ thankgnus/po/2018supporters.pot 2 Aug 2018 12:28:45 -0000 1.32
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: 2018supporters.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-08-01 22:56+0000\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2018-08-02 12:25+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -150,6 +150,10 @@
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "Marinos Yannikos"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid "Martin Krafft"
msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html
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RCS file: philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.it-diff.html 2 Aug 2018
12:28:44 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/android-and-users-freedom.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<title>Android and Users' Freedom
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/android-and-users-freedom.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Android and Users' Freedom</h2>
+<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <span
class="removed"><del><strong><a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><em><a</em></ins></span>
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/sep/19/android-free-software-stallman">
+The <span class="removed"><del><strong>Guardian</a></p>
+
+<h3 class="center">Support the <a
href="http://FreeYourAndroid.org/">
+Free Your Android</a> campaign.</h3>
+
+<p>To</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Guardian</a></em></p>
+
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p class="comment">
+To</em></ins></span> what extent does Android respect the freedom of its
users? For a
+computer user that values freedom, that is the most important question
+to ask about any software system.</p>
+
+<p>In the <a href="http://fsf.org">free/libre software
movement</a>, we
+develop software that respects users' freedom, so we and you can escape
+from software that doesn't. By contrast, the idea of “open
+source” focuses on how to develop code; it is a different current
+of thought whose principal value is <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">code
+quality rather than freedom</a>. Thus, the concern here is not whether
+Android is “<a
href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">open</a>”,
+but whether it allows users to be free.</p>
+
+<p>Android is an operating system primarily for mobile phones and
+other devices, which
+consists of Linux (Torvalds' kernel), some libraries, a Java platform
+and some applications. Linux aside, the software of Android versions
+1 and 2 was mostly developed by Google; Google released it under the
+Apache 2.0 license, which is a lax free software license without
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>The version of Linux included in Android is not entirely free
+software, since it contains nonfree “binary blobs” (just
+like Torvalds' version of Linux), some of which are really used in some
+Android devices. Android platforms use other nonfree firmware, too,
+and nonfree libraries. Aside from those, the source code of Android
+versions 1 and 2, as released by Google, is free software—but this
+code is insufficient to run the device. Some of the applications that
+generally come with Android are nonfree, too.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="announcement comment">
+<p><em>Support the <a
href="http://FreeYourAndroid.org/">Free Your
+Android</a> campaign.</em></p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Android is very different from the <a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">GNU/Linux operating
+system</a> because it contains very little of GNU. Indeed, just about
+the only component in common between Android and GNU/Linux is Linux, the
+kernel. People who erroneously think “Linux” refers to the
+entire GNU/Linux combination get tied in knots by these facts, and make
+paradoxical statements such as “Android contains Linux, but it
+isn't Linux.”(<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#linuxnote">*</a>)</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#linuxnote">1</a>)</em></ins></span>
Absent this confusion,
+the situation is simple: Android contains Linux, but not GNU; thus,
+Android and GNU/Linux are mostly different, because all they have in
+common is Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Within Android, Linux the kernel remains a separate program, with its
+source code under <a href="/licenses/gpl-2.0.html">GNU GPL
+version 2</a>. To combine Linux with code under the Apache 2.0 license
+would be copyright infringement, since GPL version 2 and Apache 2.0 are
+<a href="/licenses/license-list.html#apache2">incompatible</a>.
+Rumors that Google has somehow converted Linux to the Apache license are
+erroneous; Google has no power to change the license on the code of
+Linux, and did not try. If the authors of Linux allowed its use under <a
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">GPL version 3</a>,
+then that code could be combined with Apache-licensed code, and the
+combination could be released under GPL version 3. But Linux has not
+been released that way.</p>
+
+<p>Google has complied with the requirements of the GNU General Public
+License for Linux, but the Apache license on the rest of Android does
+not require source release. Google said it would never publish the
+source code of Android 3.0 (aside from Linux). Android 3.1 source code
+was also withheld, making Android 3, apart from Linux, nonfree
+software pure and simple.</p>
+
+<p>Google said it withheld the 3.0 source code because it was buggy, and
+that people should wait for the next release. That may be good advice
+for people who simply want to run the Android system, but the users
+should be the ones to decide this. Anyway, developers and tinkerers
+who want to include some of the changes in their own versions could
+use that code just fine.</p>
+
+<p>Fortunately, Google later released the source code for Android 3.*
+when it released version 4 (also with source code). The problem above
+turned out to be a temporary aberration rather than a policy shift.
+However, what happens once may happen again.</p>
+
+<p>In any case, most of the source code of various versions of Android
+has been released as free software. Does that mean that products using
+those Android versions respect users' freedom? No, for several
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>First of all, most of them contain nonfree Google applications for
+talking to services such as YouTube and Google Maps. These are
+officially not part of Android, but that doesn't make the product ok.
+Many of the free applications available for earlier versions of
+Android have
+been <a
href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/">
+replaced by nonfree applications</a>; in 2013 Android devices appeared
+which <a
href="http://www.androidbeat.com/2013/12/new-google-play-edition-devices-lack-photo-gallery-app-use-google/">
+provided no way to view photos except through a nonfree Google+
+app</a>. In 2014 Google announced
+that <a
href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/android-wear-auto-and-tv-save-you-from-skins-and-oems-from-themselves/">Android
+versions for TVs, watches and cars would be largely nonfree.</a>
+</p>
+
+<p>Most Android devices come with the nonfree Google Play software
+(formerly “Android Market”). This software invites users
+with a Google account to install nonfree apps. It also has a back
+door with which Google can forcibly install or deinstall apps. (This
+probably makes it a universal back door, though that is not proved.)
+Google Play is officially not part of Android, but that doesn't make
+it any less bad.
+</p>
+
+<p>Google has moved many basic general facilities into the
+nonfree <a
href="https://blog.grobox.de/2016/the-proprietarization-of-android-google-play-services-and-apps/">Google
+Play Services library</a>. If an app's own code is free software but
+it depends on Google Play Services, that app as a whole is effectively
+nonfree; it can't run on a free version of Android, such as Replicant.
+</p>
+
+<p>If you value freedom, you don't want the nonfree apps that Google
+Play offers. To install free Android apps, you don't need Google
+Play, because you can get them
+from <a href="http://f-droid.org">f-droid.org</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Android products also come with nonfree libraries. These are
+officially not part of Android, but since various Android
+functionalities depend on them, they are part of any real Android
+installation.</p>
+
+<p>Even the programs that are officially part of Android may not
+correspond to the source code Google releases. Manufacturers may
+change this code, and often they don't release the source code for
+their versions. The GNU GPL requires them to distribute the code for
+their versions of Linux, assuming they comply. The rest of the code,
+under the lax Apache license, does not require them to release the
+source version that they really use.</p>
+
+<p>One user discovered that many of the programs in the Android system
+that came with his phone
+were <a
href="http://www.beneaththewaves.net/Projects/Motorola_Is_Listening.html">modified
+to send personal data to Motorola.</a> Some manufacturers add
+a <a
href="http://androidsecuritytest.com/features/logs-and-services/loggers/carrieriq/">
+hidden general surveillance package such as Carrier IQ.</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="http://replicant.us">Replicant</a> is the free
version of
+Android. The Replicant developers have replaced many nonfree
+libraries, for certain device models. The nonfree apps are excluded,
+but you certainly don't want to use those. By contrast, CyanogenMod
+(another modified version of Android) is nonfree, as it contains some
+nonfree programs.</p>
+
+<p>Some Android devices are “tyrants”: they are designed so
users
+cannot install and run their own modified software, only the versions
+approved by some company. In that situation, the executables are not
+free even if they were made from sources that are free and available
+to you. However, some Android devices can be “rooted” so
+users can install different software.</p>
+
+<p>Important firmware or drivers are generally proprietary also. These
+handle the phone network radio, WiFi, bluetooth, GPS, 3D graphics, the
+camera, the speaker, and in some cases the microphone too. On some
+models, a few of these drivers are free, and there are some that you
+can do without—but you can't do without the microphone or the
+phone network radio.</p>
+
+<p>The phone network firmware comes preinstalled. If all it did was
+sit there and talk to the phone network when you wish, we could regard
+it as equivalent to a circuit. When we insist that the software in a
+computing device must be free, we can overlook preinstalled firmware
+that will never be upgraded, because it makes no difference to the
+user that it's a program rather than a circuit.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, in this case it would be a malicious circuit.
+Malicious features are unacceptable no matter how they are
+implemented.</p>
+
+<p>On most Android devices, this firmware has so much control that it
+could turn the product into a listening device. On some, it controls
+the microphone. On some, it can take full control of the main
+computer, through shared memory, and can thus override or replace
+whatever free software you have installed. With some, perhaps all,
+models it is possible to exercise remote control of this firmware to
+overwrite the rest of the software in the device. The point of free
+software is that we have control of our software and our computing;
+a system with a back door doesn't qualify. While any computing system
+might <em>have</em> bugs, these devices can
<em>be</em> bugs. (Craig
+Murray,
+in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2006/aug/12/politics">Murder
+in Samarkand</a>, relates his involvement in an intelligence operation
+that remotely converted an unsuspecting target's non-Android portable
+phone into a listening device.)</p>
+
+<p>In any case, the phone network firmware in an Android phone is not
+equivalent to a circuit, because the hardware allows installation of
+new versions and this is actually done. Since it is proprietary
+firmware, in practice only the manufacturer can make new
+versions—users can't.</p>
+
+<p>Putting these points together, we can tolerate nonfree phone
+network firmware provided new versions of it won't be loaded, it can't
+take control of the main computer, and it can only communicate when
+and as the free operating system chooses to let it communicate. In
+other words, it has to be equivalent to circuitry, and that circuitry
+must not be malicious. There is no technical obstacle to building an
+Android phone which has these characteristics, but we don't know of
+any.</p>
+
+<p>Android is not a self-hosting system; development for Android needs
+to be done on some other system. The tools in Google's
+“software development kit” (SDK) appear to be free,
+but it is hard work to check this. The definition files for certain
+Google APIs are nonfree. Installing the SDK requires signing a
+proprietary software license, which you should refuse to sign.
+<a
href="http://redmine.replicant.us/projects/replicant/wiki/ReplicantSDK">
+Replicant's SDK</a> is a free replacement.</p>
+
+<p>Recent press coverage of Android focuses on the patent wars. During
+20 years of campaigning for the abolition of software patents, we have
+warned such wars could happen. Software patents could force
+elimination of features from Android, or even make it unavailable.
+See <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">endsoftpatents.org</a> for
more
+information about why software patents must be abolished.</p>
+
+<p>However, the patent attacks and Google's responses are not directly
+relevant to the topic of this article: how Android products partly
+approach an ethically system of distribution, and how they fall
+short. This issue merits the attention of the press too.</p>
+
+<p>Android is a major step towards an ethical, user-controlled, free
+software portable phone, but there is a long way to go, and Google is
+taking it in the wrong direction. Hackers are working
+on <a href="http://replicant.us">Replicant</a>, but it's a big job
to
+support a new device model, and there remains the problem of the
+firmware. Even though the Android phones of today are considerably
+less bad than Apple or Windows phones, they cannot be said to
+respect your freedom.</p>
+
+<hr <span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="thin"</em></ins></span> />
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><ul>
+<li><a id="linuxnote"></a>The</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><ol>
+<li id="linuxnote">The</em></ins></span> extreme example of this
confusion appears in
+the site <span
class="removed"><del><strong>linuxonandroid.org,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>linuxonandroid.com,</em></ins></span> which offers
help to “install Linux
+[sic] on your Android devices.” This is entirely false: what
+they are installing is a version of the GNU system,
<em>excluding</em>
+Linux, which is already present as part of Android. Since that site
+supports only <a href="/distros/distros.html">nonfree GNU/Linux
+distros</a>, we do not recommend it.
+</li>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></ul></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></ol></em></ins></span>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012, 2014, 2015, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2018</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/08/02 12:28:44 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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