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Subject: |
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Date: |
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CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 18/05/26 06:00:56
Modified files:
philosophy/po : rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist
Added files:
philosophy : rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru.html
philosophy/po : rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
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Patches:
Index: po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist
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diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
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<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html" hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
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--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru.html 26 May 2018 10:00:56 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐнÑеÑвÑÑ Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑдом СÑолменом,
KernelTrap.org, 2005 - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐнÑеÑвÑÑ Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑдом СÑолменом, KernelTrap.org,
2005 год</h2>
+
+
+<p><em>ÐнÑеÑвÑÑ, взÑÑое ÐжеÑеми ÐндÑÑÑом Ñ Ð
иÑаÑда СÑолмена в
+2005 годÑ</em><br />
+<em>ÐÑÑоÑник:</em> <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484">
+http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a> [аÑÑ
ив]</p>
+<hr class="thin"/>
+
+<p>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен оÑновал в 1984 годÑ
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, а в 1985 —
+Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.
Ðн Ñакже ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвонаÑалÑнÑм
+авÑоÑом множеÑÑва ÑиÑоко извеÑÑнÑÑ
и
повÑемеÑÑно пÑименÑемÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑв
+ÑазÑабоÑки, в Ñом ÑиÑле ÐоллекÑии
компилÑÑоÑов GNU (GCC), ÑимволÑного
+оÑладÑика GNU (GDB) и GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑего Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена и
пÑоекÑа GNU Ñ ÑекомендÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ наÑаÑÑ
+Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð·Ð¾Ñа ÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑилоÑоÑии. Ðа ней вÑ
найдеÑе маÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½ÑÑ
Ñведений.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ñали ÑÑо инÑеÑвÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑлекÑÑонной
поÑÑе, но заÑем пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð½ÑиваÑÑ
+его по ÑелеÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле Ñого, как РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен Ñпал и Ñломал ÑÑкÑ. Ðн бÑл
+Ñак лÑбезен, ÑÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñил Ñо мной,
ÑаÑÑÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¾ Ñвоем пеÑвом конÑакÑе
+Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами, о вÑемени, пÑоведенном в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
+инÑеллекÑа, ÑекÑÑем ÑоÑÑоÑнии GNU Hurd, о
нÑнеÑнем меÑÑе РиÑаÑда в Фонде
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, о
пÑоблемаÑ
, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами и о многом дÑÑгом. СледÑÑÑие
Ñлова пÑоливаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑвеÑа на Ñо,
+как Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑигли Ñого, ÑÑо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÐ¼, и
какие ÑÑÑдноÑÑи вÑе еÑе ÑÑоÑÑ
+пеÑед нами.</p>
+
+<h3>Ðведение</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжеÑеми ÐндÑÑÑ</strong>. Ðогда вÑ
впеÑвÑе наÑали ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ
+компÑÑÑеÑами?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐпеÑвÑе Ñ ÑÑал
ÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÑководÑÑва и пиÑаÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° бÑмаге в 1962 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
около
+Ñого. Ð 1969 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑвÑе Ñвидел и
поÑабоÑал на наÑÑоÑÑем
+компÑÑÑеÑе.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðакого Ñода пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
пиÑали до Ñого, как Ñвидели и
+ÑÑали ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑÑоÑÑем компÑÑÑеÑе?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑо бÑли
доволÑно-Ñаки ÑлеменÑаÑнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, вÑоде ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑива ÑиÑел. Ð
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени, когда Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑалÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+наÑÑоÑÑего компÑÑÑеÑа, Ñ ÑоÑÑавил ÑзÑк
пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑнове
+подÑÑановки ÑÑÑок. Чем-Ñо ÑÑо бÑло поÑ
оже
на SNOBOL, Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не
+пÑогÑаммиÑовал на SNOBOL.</p>
+
+<p>РпоÑом, пеÑвое, ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал пиÑаÑÑ, когда
мне дали наÑÑоÑÑий
+компÑÑÑÐµÑ — Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ» ÑзÑк PL/I и воÑÑ
иÑалÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑвом его
+возможноÑÑей. Ðо одной возможноÑÑи в нем
не бÑло: в нем не бÑло вÑÑажениÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑммиÑованиÑ, пÑименÑемого в
ÑензоÑном анализе. Так ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑал пиÑаÑÑ
+пÑепÑоÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ PL/I, коÑоÑÑй Ñеализовал бÑ
вÑÑажение Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑммиÑованиÑ. Я
+его Ñак и не допиÑал, но кое-какие ÑаÑÑи Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑали. СнаÑала Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñал
+его на PL/I, а поÑом Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑнили, ÑÑо даже
один пÑоÑ
од не ÑмеÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+маÑине, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла (к ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени Ñ
Ñже напиÑал многие ÑаÑÑи на
+PL/I на бÑмаге). Тогда Ñ ÑÑал пеÑепиÑÑваÑÑ
его на ÑзÑке аÑÑемблеÑа, но на
+нем Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑепиÑал ÑолÑко неÑколÑко пÑоÑ
одов.
РпоÑом Ñ Ñзнал о ÑакиÑ
веÑаÑ
,
+как ÑпиÑки, о ÑзÑке Lisp и поÑеÑÑл инÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº
ÑзÑкам вÑоде PL/I.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð² 1974 годÑ
законÑили ÐаÑваÑд Ñо ÑÑепенÑÑ
+бакалавÑа по Ñизике, как Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑалиÑÑ
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑепенÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я дÑмал, ÑÑо
ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñизиком-ÑеоÑеÑиком,
+однако ÑдоволÑÑÑвие Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ,
когда можно ÑÑо-Ñо надÑÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð¸
+видеÑÑ, как ÑÑо ÑабоÑаеÑ, поÑÑепенно ÑоÑло
и пеÑевеÑило ÑдоволÑÑÑвие оÑ
+изÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñизики.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð² ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного
инÑеллекÑа</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðакие задаÑи заполнÑли
ваÑе вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÐабоÑаÑоÑии
+иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа в ÑемидеÑÑÑÑе
годÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðо болÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи ÑазÑабоÑка опеÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, но Ñ Ð¿Ñовел один
иÑÑледоваÑелÑÑкий пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾
иÑкÑÑÑÑвенномÑ
+инÑеллекÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑоÑом СаÑменом; мÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑвали обÑаÑнÑÑ ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
+завиÑимоÑÑÑм.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ð ÑÑо Ñакое обÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑвÑзÑ
по завиÑимоÑÑÑм?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
какие-Ñо допÑÑениÑ, иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·
+коÑоÑÑÑ
и какиÑ
-Ñо заданнÑÑ
ÑакÑов делаеÑе
вÑвод. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пÑийÑи к
+пÑоÑивоÑеÑиÑ; в ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае по кÑайней
меÑе одно из ваÑиÑ
допÑÑений, коÑоÑое
+пÑивело к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑивоÑеÑиÑ, должно бÑÑÑ
ложно. ÐÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваеÑе, какое
+ÑоÑеÑание допÑÑений ÑвÑзано Ñ
пÑоÑивоÑеÑием, Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑводиÑе из ÑÑого,
+ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑоÑеÑание допÑÑений не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
веÑнÑм. ÐаÑем Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñе обÑаÑнÑÑ
+ÑвÑзÑ, изменÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑениÑ, но Ñже не
пÑовеÑÑеÑе Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑений, ÑодеÑжаÑий
+ÑÑо заведомо пÑоÑивоÑеÑивое ÑоÑеÑание.
Так воÑ, ÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð»Ñди давно
+пÑименÑли в мÑÑлении. Ðе назÑваÑÑ Ñакже
анализом доказаÑелÑÑÑв. Ðо в
+компÑÑÑеÑизованнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑждениÑÑ
ее к ÑомÑ
вÑемени еÑе не пÑименÑли.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðаков бÑл ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑого
иÑÑледованиÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñбликовали
ÑÑаÑÑÑ. ÐÑой ÑеÑ
никой
+впоÑледÑÑвии ÑÑали полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие,
Ñак ÑÑо она ÑÑала, по-видимомÑ,
+ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоме Ñого, Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑилÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе понимаÑÑ
ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкие ÑÑ
емÑ. ÐÑогÑамма,
+коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали и в коÑоÑой
пÑименÑлаÑÑ ÑÑа ÑеÑ
ника, бÑла пÑогÑаммой
+ÑазбоÑа ÑлекÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑÑ
ем. ÐмиÑиÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ Ñмог понимаÑÑ ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑе,
+Ñем ÑанÑÑе.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU и Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого, как Ð²Ñ Ð²
наÑале воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑолкнÑлиÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑа, Ñ
оÑоÑо извеÑÑна. ÐÑоÑ
+ÑлÑÑай пÑивел в конÑе конÑов к оÑнованиÑ
вами в 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа
+GNU, а в 1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ð° Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ. С ÑеÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñегда акÑивно
ÑÑаÑÑвовали в ÑÑом движении в
+каÑеÑÑве пÑблиÑного оÑаÑоÑа и плодовиÑого
авÑоÑа ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðаким
+из ваÑиÑ
многоÑиÑленнÑÑ
доÑÑижений за
пÑоÑедÑие два деÑÑÑилеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑдиÑеÑÑ
+болÑÑе вÑего?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐолÑÑе вÑего Ñ
гоÑжÑÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо мÑ
+поÑÑÑоили ÑообÑеÑÑво, в коÑоÑом лÑди могÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами и
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе в ÑÑловиÑÑ
ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ЧÑо пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑдноÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве ÑиÑÑового ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ.
ШиÑоковеÑаÑелÑнÑй Ñлажок. ÐлаÑÑ Ñ
ÑекÑеÑнÑми
+ÑпеÑиÑикаÑиÑми. ÐеÑвободнÑе плаÑÑоÑмÑ
Java.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, ÑÑилиÑ, пÑедпÑинимаемÑе
влаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑими, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñей Ñвободе.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ план ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
пÑоблем?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ЧÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ
законов, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð½Ð¸Ñего
+конкÑеÑного. РдÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
, где пока
ÑÑиÑ
законов неÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑинÑÑие.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑо ÑÑÑаÑноваÑо.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>: Так оно и еÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>“СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммѓ и
“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðам поÑÑоÑнно пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
обÑÑÑнÑÑÑ ÑазниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
+“ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами” и
“пÑогÑаммами Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
+иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом”, а пÑеÑÑа вÑе Ñавно
пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑмеÑиваÑÑ ÑÑи
+понÑÑиÑ. Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑниÑÑ ÑазниÑÑ
наÑим ÑиÑаÑелÑм, коÑоÑÑе из-за
+ÑÑого Ñоже могÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, и ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ,
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ в ÑÑом ÑазбиÑаÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ — лозÑнги двÑÑ
ÑазнÑÑ
движений
Ñ ÑазнÑми ÑилоÑоÑиÑми. ЦелÑ
+наÑего Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — Ñвобода обмена и
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва. ÐÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим, ÑÑо
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð°Ð½ÑиÑоÑиалÑнÑ,
поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо они попиÑаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей, и
Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваем ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого.</p>
+
+<p>Ðвижение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо они ÑÑиÑаÑÑ
+пÑевоÑÑ
одной в ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком оÑноÑении ÑÑ
емой ÑазвиÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки пÑевоÑÑ
однÑм
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑам. ЦенноÑÑи, к коÑоÑÑм они
+обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑовпадаÑÑ Ñ ÑенноÑÑÑми, к
коÑоÑÑм апеллиÑÑÐµÑ Microsoft: ÑÑо
+ÑзкопÑакÑиÑеÑкие ÑенноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, и оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñакже кÑиÑеÑии
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензий пÑогÑамм. ÐÑи кÑиÑеÑии
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑазномÑ, но
+ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ поÑÑи одни и Ñе же
лиÑензии. Ðлавное ÑазлиÑие —
+ÑазлиÑие в ÑилоÑоÑии.</p>
+
+<p>Ðакое знаÑение Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑилоÑоÑиÑ? ÐÑди,
коÑоÑÑе не ÑенÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ,
+ÑÑÑаÑиваÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ñе лÑдÑм
ÑвободÑ, но не пÑиÑÑиÑе иÑ
ÑениÑÑ ÐµÐµ,
+надолго они ее не ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
попÑлÑÑизиÑоваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+доÑÑаÑоÑно. Ðам нÑжно ÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
ÑÑебоваÑÑ ÑвободÑ, боÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+ÑвободÑ. Тогда Ð¼Ñ Ñможем пÑеодолеÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑегоднÑ
+не вижÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>“GNU/Linux”</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ, в коÑоÑой
ÑаÑÑо пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ,—
+название “GNU/Linux”. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´
пÑоекÑа GNU наÑÑолÑко
+знаÑиÑелен, ÑÑо его ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑмеÑаÑÑ Ð²
названии опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ,
+оÑобенно в ÑопоÑÑавлении Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими
кÑÑпнÑми ÑаÑÑÑми лÑбой опеÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑеме на базе Linux, Ñакой как XFree86?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. То, ÑÑо
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали длÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÐºÑÑпнейÑий из
оÑделÑно взÑÑÑÑ
вкладов в
+ÑегоднÑÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux — не
ÑлÑÑайноÑÑÑ. ÐÑогÑаммÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме,
ÑазÑабаÑÑвали и многие дÑÑгие лÑди и
+пÑоекÑÑ; в каÑеÑÑве пÑимеÑов можно
пÑивеÑÑи TeX, пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ BSD, X11, Linux и
+Apache. Ðо именно пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU поÑÑавил ÑелÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ Ñвободной
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐомбиниÑованнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема, коÑоÑой Ð¼Ñ ÑегоднÑ
+полÑзÑемÑÑ, оÑнована на GNU.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐовоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU Linux...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я пÑедпоÑиÑаÑ
пÑоизноÑиÑÑ ÑÑо как
+“GNU дÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Linux” или “GNU плÑÑ Linux”.
Ðело в Ñом,
+ÑÑо когда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе “GNU Linux”, ÑÑо
легко Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+непÑавилÑно иÑÑолковано. ÐÐµÐ´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ GNU
Emacs, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑий веÑÑиÑ
+Emacs, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑазÑабоÑана Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU. ÐÑли вÑ
говоÑиÑе “GNU
+Linux”, лÑди подÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Linux, коÑоÑаÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑана Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU. Ð ÑÑо не Ñак.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
Ñо, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑоÑеÑание Ñого и
+дÑÑгого.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðменно. ÐÑо GNU
плÑÑ Linux, взÑÑÑе вмеÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðз коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑкладÑваеÑÑÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+GNU+Linux, коÑоÑой вÑе полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>: Ðменно.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Чего добилиÑÑ Ð»Ñди,
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑие вÑÑажение
+“GNU/Linux”?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðак извеÑÑно,
ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал ÑвоÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Linux Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазвлеÑениÑ. ÐзвеÑÑно
Ñакже, ÑÑо ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+говоÑил, ÑÑо не даваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм
обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
+коÑоÑÑми они полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, дÑÑно. ÐÑли они
дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо наÑа ÑиÑÑема наÑаÑа им
+и обÑзана Ñвоим ÑÑÑеÑÑвованием пÑежде
вÑего емÑ, они бÑдÑÑ ÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑледоваÑÑ
+его ÑилоÑоÑии, а ÑÑо оÑлаблÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñе
ÑообÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>Ðабавно дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÑденÑÑ
+пÑиÑло в головÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑдеÑ
ÑвлекаÑелÑнÑм пÑоекÑом. Ðо на Ñамом-Ñо деле
+ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм,
коÑоÑÑе ÑпоÑно боÑолиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸
+бÑли ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑдаÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑда, еÑли ÑÑо
поÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑа-Ñо иÑÑоÑиÑ
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑиÑелÑна.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда лÑди об ÑÑом забÑваÑÑ, они наÑинаÑÑ
ÑмеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
,
+но повеÑÑ
ноÑÑнÑÑ
ÑенноÑÑей, коÑоÑÑе
движение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ
+ÑазделÑÐµÑ Ñ Microsoft: ÑÑо мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо важно в ваÑиÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
— ÑÑо вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они
ваÑи задаÑи и ÑколÑко они
+ÑÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ð ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñалом оÑвеÑа
на мой ÑледÑÑÑий вопÑоÑ:
+ÑÑо ÑеÑÑеÑÑÑ, когда лÑди оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажение
+“GNU/Linux”?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ТеÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´
наÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей. ÐÑогÑаммÑ
+одинаково ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, как
Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ñ
назÑваеÑе — Ñо
+еÑÑÑ ÐµÑли диÑÑÑибÑÑив, коÑоÑÑм вÑ
полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ, Ñвободен. Ðо единÑÑвеннÑй
+извеÑÑнÑй мне ÑвободнÑй диÑÑÑибÑÑив
GNU/Linux —
+Ututo. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво веÑÑий ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux не
полноÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ. ÐÑе
+коммеÑÑеÑкие ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаниÑели вкладÑваÑÑ
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. РеÑе еÑÑÑ
+Debian, в коÑоÑом вÑе неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
оÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑко оÑделенÑ, но
+Debian иÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑ. Ð Ñе, кÑо пÑодаеÑ
Debian GNU/Linux, ÑаÑÑо
+добавлÑÑÑ ÑколÑко-Ñо неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
в каÑеÑÑва
+“пÑибавки”... Ðни пÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо когда ваÑа Ñвобода
+ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ð¹, ÑÑо пÑибавка.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли оказÑваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑабоÑаеÑе Ñ
веÑÑией GNU/Linux, в коÑоÑой неÑ
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñо ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ
маÑеÑиалÑно не менÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ,
+коÑоÑое Ð²Ñ ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑе. Ðо ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, в
коÑоÑой Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ оказаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ
+ÑпÑÑÑÑ, завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ ÑегоднÑ
ÑÑим дÑÑг дÑÑга.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак ÑÐ¾Ð·Ñ Ð½Ð¸ назови, ее аÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñак же
пÑиÑÑен, но еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ее
+лÑком, Ð²Ñ ÑилÑно запÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñов.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU/Hurd</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. GNU Hurd оÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑадии
ÑазÑабоÑки Ñже болÑÑе
+деÑÑÑка леÑ. Ðод назад поговаÑивали о
вÑпÑÑке 1.0, но он бÑл оÑложен из-за
+паÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑиÑ
возможноÑÑей. Ðаково
ÑекÑÑее положение ÑÑого пÑоекÑа?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Hurd ÑабоÑаеÑ, и
недоÑÑаÑÑие возможноÑÑи
+поÑÑепенно добавлÑÑÑÑÑ. Ðднако длÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкого пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñ
+вÑбÑали Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ GNU на базе Linux.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-нибÑдÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð³Ð½Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, когда вÑ
+ÑвидиÑе вÑпÑÑк 1.0?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо неÑ,
как ÑÑо ни пеÑалÑно. Ðногие
+ÑазÑабоÑÑики Hurd, по-видимомÑ, ÑеÑили, ÑÑо
надо пеÑепиÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ Ñ
+дÑÑгим микÑоÑдÑом (L4). Я Ñзнал об ÑÑом Ñ
огоÑÑением, но ÑепеÑÑ, навеÑное,
+пÑÐ¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ ÐµÑе неÑколÑко леÑ, пока ÑиÑÑемой
Hurd можно ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñвободное ÑдÑо, коÑоÑое
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñ GNU, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
конÑенÑÑиÑоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÑÑвенно на
+ÑиÑÑеме GNU, поÑÑÑоенной вокÑÑг GNU Hurd, когда
его вÑпÑÑÑÑÑ, или он бÑдеÑ
+пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑиÑÑÑегоÑÑ
диапазона ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑдеÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ Ð±Ñдем
пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑий
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU на базе Linux, пока они бÑдÑÑ
оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем назÑваÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° базе
+Hurd? ÐÑо GNU Hurd или GNU дÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Hurd?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑо
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU, а
+Hurd — ее ÑдÑо. Ðо поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди Ñак
пÑивÑкли полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+веÑÑией GNU, в коÑоÑой пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Linux в
каÑеÑÑве ÑдÑа, Ñо полезно
+пÑоводиÑÑ ÑазлиÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ и говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
GNU/Linux и GNU/Hurd,
+пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑими две ÑазлиÑнÑе веÑÑии
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ ÑазнÑми ÑдÑами.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð¿ÑеимÑÑеÑÑва
в полÑзовании ÑиÑÑемой
+GNU/Hurd пеÑед, Ñкажем, ÑиÑÑемой GNU/Linux?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐавеÑное, неÑ
огÑомного пÑеимÑÑеÑÑва,
+коÑоÑое ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð±ÑоÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² глаза
полÑзоваÑелÑ, когда Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пиÑеÑе инÑеÑеÑнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Hurd пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑнÑе,
моÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии. ÐапÑимеÑ, можно
+пиÑаÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе ÑайловÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеализоваÑÑ Ð»Ñбого Ñода
+нÑжное поведение и ÑпаковаÑÑ ÑÑо в Ñайл. Ðн
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+ÑеализаÑии пеÑоÑниÑ, где Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, но дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´-вÑвод,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñа не ÑÑанеÑ
+пиÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑайлÑ, в коÑоÑÑе не должна.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе ÑÑо, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, можно ÑделаÑÑ Ñ
ÑдÑом, в коÑоÑом Ð½ÐµÑ Ð°ÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ Hurd,
+но Ñ Hurd ÑÑо ÑлеменÑаÑно и в вÑÑÑей ÑÑепени
еÑÑеÑÑвенно.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐапиÑание пÑогÑамм и ÑÑководÑÑво</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. СколÑко Ð²Ñ Ð² наÑÑоÑÑее
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе пÑогÑамм?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я Ñам? ТолÑко
ÑÑÑÑ-ÑÑÑÑ, в Emacs. Я бÑл
+пÑинÑжден вÑдвинÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð² ÑÑководÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐнÑеÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑмÑлиÑовка.
Ðак ÑÑо ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. РабоÑа по
ÑÑководÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¸ обÑеÑÑвеннаÑ
+ÑабоÑа, коÑоÑÑми пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑÑ,
вÑе возÑаÑÑали и возÑаÑÑали, Ñак
+ÑÑо мне пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей,
коÑоÑÑе бÑали на ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²Ñе болÑÑе и
+болÑÑе моиÑ
обÑзанноÑÑей по
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑ ÑкÑÑаеÑе по
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>: Ðа. ÐÑо
ÑвлекаÑелÑно.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ
оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð² Ñоли
+ÑÑководиÑелÑ/акÑивиÑÑа?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я не Ñказал бÑ,
ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑого Ñ
оÑÑ, но
+необÑ
одимо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ ÑÑо делал. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²
движении Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾, кÑо мог Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+замениÑÑ. ÐообÑе-Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ñмаем над Ñем,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей,
+коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ
бÑл незаменимÑм.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðакова ваÑа нÑнеÑнÑÑ
ÑолÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ЧаÑÑиÑно она
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+ÑвеÑдÑм и ÑеÑиÑелÑнÑм лидеÑом.
ЧаÑÑиÑно — ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+оÑаÑоÑом. ЧаÑÑиÑно — ÑÑобÑ
конÑÑлÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ð°ÐºÑивиÑÑами или вноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Я наÑÑилÑÑ ÑомÑ,
+ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾ многим: бÑÑÑ ÐºÑайне
ÑпоÑнÑм и каждÑй Ñаз, когда одна
+доÑога оказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑÑа, наÑ
одиÑÑ
дÑÑгÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Я Ñакже Ñзнал, каково ÑÑо — боÑоÑÑÑÑ
за ÑвободÑ. ЧÑо Ñакое
+боÑÑба, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð±ÑоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ пÑи какиÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðногие из пÑогÑамм,
пеÑвонаÑалÑнÑм авÑоÑом коÑоÑÑÑ
вÑ
+ÑÑали, ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ многом
клÑÑевÑми ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑими ÑазÑабоÑки
+пÑогÑамм (как ÑвободнÑÑ
, Ñак и неÑвободнÑÑ
): ÑÑо ÐоллекÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑоÑов GNU
+(GCC), ÑимволÑнÑй оÑладÑик GNU (GDB), а Ñакже GNU
Emacs. ÐÑе ÑÑи пÑоекÑÑ Ð²
+ÑеÑение вÑеÑ
ÑÑиÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно
ÑазвивалиÑÑ. ÐаÑколÑко внимаÑелÑно вÑ
+Ñледили за ÑазвиÑием Ñого множеÑÑва
пÑоекÑов, коÑоÑÑм Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ наÑало, и ÑÑо
+Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе о напÑавлениÑÑ
, в коÑоÑÑÑ
они
движÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я болÑÑе не
ÑÐ»ÐµÐ¶Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкими
+оÑобенноÑÑÑми GCC и GDB — ÑепеÑÑ ÑÑо
делаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие. Я по-пÑежнемÑ
+наблÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑазÑабоÑкой Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. То еÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñе еÑе
ÑабоÑаеÑе над Emacs на ÑÑовне
+иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðа, Ñ
оÑÑ ÑейÑаÑ
Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹ Ñломанной ÑÑкой мне
+по ÑÑÑи некогда ÑÑо-Ñо пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ. Я
бÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, когда
+подлеÑÑ ÑÑÐºÑ Ð¸ Ñнова ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаÑÑ Ñам.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. РнелÑÐ·Ñ Ð»Ð¸ ÑзнаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ ÑÑкой?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я Ñпал, Ñломал
ÑÑкÑ, и мне пÑиÑлоÑÑ
+обÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº Ñ
иÑÑÑгÑ. Ðна болиÑ, и Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ,
полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° никогда не
+заживеÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо пеÑаÑаÑÑ Ñ ÑмогÑ.
(Ðозднее: она пÑекÑаÑно пеÑаÑаеÑ,
+но в ней вÑе вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð»ÑваеÑ.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðне оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑалÑно ÑÑо
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ; Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑкоÑейÑего
+вÑздоÑовлениÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðедавно Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑиÑÑвал “ЯйÑо
кÑкÑÑки” ÐлиÑÑа СÑолла. Ðам знакома
+ÑÑа книга?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ ней
ÑмÑÑнÑе воÑпоминаниÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. РдвÑÑ
ÑловаÑ
: он
ÑаÑÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ Ñпионе, коÑоÑÑй
+внедÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð² компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа, пеÑвонаÑалÑно
+воÑполÑзовавÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑ
ой в безопаÑноÑÑи
GNU Emacs...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ, ÑÑо еÑе
вопÑоÑ, бÑла ли Ñам наÑÑоÑÑаÑ
+пÑоÑеÑ
а в безопаÑноÑÑи или он оÑибÑÑ,
ÑÑÑановив опÑеделеннÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ
+setuid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðменно ÑÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸
инÑеÑеÑовало: как Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑнеÑлиÑÑ Ðº
+книге, когда она вÑÑла.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðо его книге вÑÑ
одиÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑл Emacs,
+ÑоÑнее, Movemail, по-моемÑ... Ðо его книге вÑÑ
одиÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ
+Movemail Ñ setuid ноÑмалÑно. ÐавеÑное, некоÑоÑÑе
иногда ÑÑо делали,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑо позволÑло избегаÑÑ
опÑеделенной пÑоблемÑ, но ÑÑо не
+ноÑмалÑно. Так ÑÑо на Ñамом деле Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо
ÑÑÑанавливал Emacs обÑÑнÑм
+обÑазом, ÑÑой пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло.</p>
+
+<p>С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, конеÑно, бÑло бÑ
полезно ÑделаÑÑ Emacs более
+пÑленепÑобиваемÑм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑа пÑоблема не
могла возникнÑÑÑ, даже когда
+ÑÑÑанавливаеÑÑ Movemail Ñ setuid.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо бÑло давнÑм-давно.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐеÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑеÑÑ Ðº ÑомÑ,
ÑÑо Ñакие инÑÑÑÑменÑÑ, как
+GCC, GDB и GNU Emacs пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑбаÑ
ÑазÑабоÑка неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+вÑедна и нежелаÑелÑна незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого,
пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑи ÑÑом
+инÑÑÑÑменÑаÑий GNU или дÑÑгие ÑÑедÑÑва.
ХоÑоÑо или плоÑ
о в долгоÑÑоÑной
+пеÑÑпекÑиве Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑего ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов, ÑÑо ÑÑи
ÑÑедÑÑва
+можно пÑименÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,— ÑÑо вопÑоÑ, об
+оÑвеÑе на коÑоÑÑй Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑолÑко
догадÑваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑноÑиÑеÑÑ Ðº мнениÑ,
ÑÑо неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+опÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑÑедÑÑво полÑÑениÑ
доллаÑов, коÑоÑÑе можно поÑом вложиÑÑ Ð²
+ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,—
ÑÑо денÑги, коÑоÑÑÑ
в пÑоÑивном
+ÑлÑÑае могло Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÑÑ,— и Ñаким
обÑазом ÑÑо ÑÑедÑÑво ÑозданиÑ
+пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не бÑÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑанÑ? </p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑо никакое не
опÑавдание. ÐеÑвободнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑеÑки оÑказÑваеÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм в Ñвободе ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва;
+ÑÑо оÑнование анÑиÑоÑиалÑной ÑÑ
емÑ
гоÑподÑÑва над лÑдÑми. ÐÑогÑамма по
+Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпна ÑолÑко Ñем, кÑо оÑÑÑÑпиÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ñвоей ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо не вклад в
+обÑеÑÑво, ÑÑо ÑоÑиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема. ÐÑÑÑе
не ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
пÑогÑамм,
+Ñем ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÑеÑÑ Ð² Ñакой
ÑиÑÑаÑии, пожалÑйÑÑа, не идиÑе по ÑÑомÑ
+пÑÑи. Ðе пиÑиÑе ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — займиÑеÑÑ Ñем-нибÑдÑ
+дÑÑгим. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ подождаÑÑ, пока Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо
еÑе поÑвиÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑиÑ
задаÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. РпÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ЧÑо —
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ?
+ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе пиÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ? Ðни делаÑÑ
+анÑиобÑеÑÑвенное дело. Ðм ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи
какÑÑ-Ñо дÑÑгÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐапÑимеÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. РобÑеÑÑве еÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑÑи ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
дел,
+коÑоÑÑми можно занимаÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑазÑабоÑки
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðожно даже
+оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑом. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво
оплаÑиваемÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð½Ñе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
ÑолÑко неболÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Той
неболÑÑой ÑаÑÑи, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑеÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
неÑÑÑдно избегаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Чем они ÑазлиÑаÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐеÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð² обÑеÑÑве. ÐаказнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
+клиенÑом. ÐаказнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкой пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑеÑ
поÑ,
+пока Ð²Ñ ÑважаеÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñвоего клиенÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðалее, пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ
кÑоÑеÑнÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ ÑÑеди ÑабоÑиÑ
меÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑной оÑÑаÑли. ÐÑедположим, кÑо-Ñо
ÑазÑабоÑал иÑкÑÑÑÑвеннÑй инÑеллекÑ
+и пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе не нÑжнÑ. ÐÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
каÑаÑÑÑоÑой? ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñе, кÑо
+ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑом, обÑеÑенÑ
на безÑабоÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ конÑа ÑвоиÑ
дней?
+ÐÑевидно, неÑ, но ÑÑо не меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
пÑеÑвелиÑиваÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑо, еÑли в СШРболÑÑе не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
ÑабоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов?</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑе в видÑ, ÑÑо вÑÑ
ÑабоÑа по пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·-за ÑÑбежа?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðа. ЧÑо, еÑли вÑÑ
она пÑопадеÑ? Такое можеÑ
+ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðогда задÑмÑваеÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñакие
ÑемÑ, как обÑий ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½ÑÑоÑÑи,
+нÑжно имеÑÑ Ð² Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑакÑоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе на
него влиÑÑÑ, а не валиÑÑ Ð²Ñе на
+один ÑакÑоÑ. ÐÑиÑина безÑабоÑиÑÑ Ð½Ðµ в Ñом,
ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо или обÑеÑÑво ÑеÑило,
+ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.
ÐÑоблема по болÑÑей ÑÑепени коÑениÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÑенденÑиÑÑ
Ñкономики, ÑложивÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ðº
вÑгоде одниÑ
богаÑÑÑ
. ÐапÑимеÑ, Ñнижение
+заÑабоÑной плаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑлÑÑайно вÑе ÑÑо
пеÑеводиÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑбеж. ÐÑо ÑÑаÑелÑно
+ÑпланиÑовано. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло, бÑли
ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑнаÑоднÑе договоÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей ÑнижалаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑнаÑ
плаÑа.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пÑивеÑÑи
конкÑеÑнÑе пÑимеÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. FTAA. ÐÑемиÑнаÑ
ÑоÑговаÑ
+оÑганизаÑиÑ. NAFTA. ÐÑи ÑоглаÑениÑ
ÑоÑÑавленÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑнижаÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑнÑÑ
+плаÑÑ, компании могÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ
ÑазлиÑнÑе ÑÑÑанÑ: “ÐÑо из ваÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ менÑÑе вÑего плаÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм?
ТÑда-Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ напÑавимÑÑ”. Ð
+еÑли в ÑÑÑане на ÑколÑко-Ñо повÑÑаеÑÑÑ
ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸, компании говоÑÑÑ:
+“Ð, здеÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
ой ÑабоÑий климаÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑоздаеÑе ÑÑловий длÑ
+бизнеÑа. ÐеÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑйдеÑ. Ðам
лÑÑÑе обеÑпеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ¸Ðµ заÑплаÑÑ. ÐÑ
+ÑоблÑдаеÑе дÑÑаÑкие пÑавила, по коÑоÑÑм
ÑабоÑники в ваÑей ÑÑÑане полÑÑаÑÑ
+болÑÑе. Ðам пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑпеÑиÑÑ ÑамÑй
низкий ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑÑда в миÑе,
+Ñогда Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÑнемÑÑ. РнеÑ, Ñак Ð¼Ñ Ñбежим и
накажем ває.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑаÑÑо Ñак делаÑÑ, они
вÑноÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑÑанÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ
+ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑанÑ. Рнедавно Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑел к
заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо неогÑаниÑеннаÑ
+междÑнаÑÐ¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑно
вÑедна, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо позволÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñм
+ÑлиÑком легко пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð²
ÑÑÑанÑ. ÐÑжно ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо доÑÑаÑоÑно
+ÑÑÑднÑм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло
пÑикÑепиÑÑ Ðº какой-Ñо ÑÑÑане,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑегÑлиÑоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ркниге “Ðез Ñмблемє обÑÑÑнÑеÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо в ФилиппинаÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ
+по оÑ
Ñане ÑÑÑда, но ÑÑи Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе
ниÑего не знаÑаÑ. Ðни ÑеÑили
+ÑÑÑановиÑÑ “зонÑ
пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва” — ÑÑо
ÑвÑемизм,
+коÑоÑÑм они обознаÑаÑÑ “зонÑ
поÑогонÑиков” — где
+компании оÑвобождаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пеÑвÑе два года
Ð¾Ñ ÑоблÑÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
ноÑм. Рв
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе двÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ живеÑ. Ðогда лÑгоÑнÑй пеÑиод
+иÑÑекаеÑ, владелÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ и
оÑкÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. СвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑеÑаÑÑ. СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑаÑÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑми
+компÑÑÑеÑов ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва и
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñвоими компÑÑÑеÑами. ÐÑо
+более кÑÑпнÑй вопÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй вÑÑаеÑ,
когда Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑинаеÑе обÑÑждаÑÑ Ñо, как
+лÑди бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
пÑилиÑно оплаÑиваеÑÑÑ. ÐÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ñаков: в
+миÑе договоÑов о низкой заÑабоÑной плаÑе
лÑди Ñакой ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ полÑÑаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑло Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾ÑледоваÑелÑно и беÑполезно
пÑиговаÑиваÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей к поÑеÑе
+ÑвободÑ, к коÑоÑой пÑиводÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
+кÑоÑеÑнÑй ÑÐµÐ³Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва полÑÑил лÑÑÑе
оплаÑиваемÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ, когда мÑ
+закÑÑваем глаза на оÑÑалÑное обÑеÑÑво Ñ
паÑÑивой ÑабоÑой.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе наÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, делайÑе ÑÑо на нÑжном
+ÑÑовне — на ÑÑовне баланÑа Ñил междÑ
коÑпоÑаÑиÑми и
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвами. ÐоÑпоÑаÑии ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑлиÑком
ÑилÑнÑ. ÐÑ
нÑжно ÑнÑÑÑ. Я пÑоÑив
+оÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва или Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ
коÑпоÑаÑий, но нÑжно гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑпоÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в ÑилаÑ
говоÑиÑÑ
вÑем гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвам миÑа: “Я
+Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ Ð»Ñбое гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво, коÑоÑое не
подÑиниÑÑÑ”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðменно Ñак ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð° и обÑÑоÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо
бÑло ÑÑÑÑоено наÑоÑно Ñакими лÑдÑми,
+как Рейган, ÐлинÑон, ÐÑÑ Ð¸ ÐÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ника</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Я ÑиÑал, ÑÑо моделÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, как пÑавило,
+имиÑиÑÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие пÑогÑаммÑ, а не
пÑокладÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе пÑÑи или ÑазвиваеÑ
+ÑовеÑÑенно новÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑли говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
“модели”
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñо ÑÑо неÑколÑко
запÑÑÑваеÑ. Ðвижение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ “модели
ÑазÑабоÑки”, а Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑимÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñвободе полÑзоваÑелÑ, а не о Ñом, как
пÑогÑамма ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑегда имиÑиÑÑÑÑ,
но ÑаÑÑо они делаÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðа ÑÑо
+еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑина: Ñвобода — Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑелÑ,
а инноваÑÐ¸Ñ —
+вÑоÑоÑÑепеннаÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑа ÑÐµÐ»Ñ — ÑазÑабоÑка ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
иÑклÑÑиÑелÑно ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. Ð 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали
пÑакÑиÑеÑки Ñ Ð½ÑÐ»Ñ (Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñл TeX
+и ниÑего болÑÑе). Ðам нÑжно бÑло многое
навеÑÑÑÑваÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑÑали
+ÑÑо. Ðаже еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð² GNU/Linux не бÑло никакиÑ
ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
новÑеÑÑв по
+ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Unix, она бÑла Ð±Ñ ÑовеÑÑенно
пÑевоÑÑ
одной, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо она
+ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободÑ, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Unix не
ÑважаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. СÑиÑаеÑе ли вÑ, ÑÑо
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñже
+поÑавнÑлиÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. РзнаÑиÑелÑной
ÑÑепени, но не полноÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐожеÑе ли Ð²Ñ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо мÑ
ÑкоÑо Ñвидим много
+ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
инноваÑий, пÑоиÑÑекаÑÑиÑ
из
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, по меÑе Ñого как
+ÑазÑÑв ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÑокÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ Ñже видим иÑ
.
ÐÑ Ñже наблÑдали
+ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие инноваÑии в ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
. Ðногие из ниÑ
помогаÑÑ
+вÑÑÑÑаиваÑÑ ÐÑемиÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑинÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐнÑеÑнеÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Так же ли важно пÑименÑÑÑ
ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
+в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я не понимаÑ
вопÑоÑа.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑолÑко на пеÑÑоналÑнÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
, но и на компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
,
ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑиÑ
ÐнÑеÑнеÑ...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑ. ÐÑли ваÑ
+компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð² ÐнÑеÑнеÑе, Ñо ÑÑо один из
компÑÑÑеÑов, о коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑо веÑно. РнаÑÑоÑÑÑÑ
минÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¹ компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐнÑеÑнеÑа. Рмой компÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑабоÑаеÑ
полноÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
. Ðднако в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе еÑÑÑ
множеÑÑво компÑÑÑеÑов, коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ
+не на ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐажеÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑказаÑÑ “ÑабоÑаÑÑ
+не полноÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
”.
Ð ÑеÑи много компÑÑÑеÑов,
+коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ на ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо лÑди, коÑоÑÑе
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ владеÑÑ ÑÑими компÑÑÑеÑами,
ÑÑÑаÑили ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ñвоей
+ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо пÑоблема.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. СÑиÑаеÑе ли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¾ÑмалÑнÑм
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñдей, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, иÑполÑзоваÑÑ...</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐодклÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ðº
ÑеÑвеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй ÑабоÑаеÑ
+под ÑпÑавлением неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм?</p>
+
+<p>Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо мне надо оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
подклÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑеÑвеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑпÑавлением неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли на Ñо поÑло, Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+оÑказÑваÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе,
коÑоÑÑй ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑпÑавлением
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñел к вам
домой, а Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñина Ñ
+Windows, Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзовалÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÐµÑ, еÑли Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾. Я не Ñ
оÑел
+бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Windows бÑла на компÑÑÑеÑе Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ, и
ее не должно бÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, но Ñ
+не Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого, оÑказÑваÑÑÑ
пÑикаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ваÑей маÑине.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐºÐ»ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ Ðº ÑеÑвеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑпÑавлением
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, вÑед наноÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
ваÑей Ñвободе. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑаÑил
+опеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑвеÑа — из-за огÑаниÑений
на пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми он
+ÑабоÑаеÑ. ÐÑо пеÑалÑно, и Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑÑ, ÑÑо он
пеÑÐµÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ;
+Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ
дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо нÑжно бойкоÑиÑоваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+ÑайÑ, пока он не пеÑÐµÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðн не заÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐозвÑаÑаÑÑÑ Ðº Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ, к пÑимеÑÑ,
+полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ð²Ñ Ñакими ÑÑедÑÑвами, как
Google, когда пÑÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи
+ÑÑо-Ñо в ÑеÑи?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я ниÑего не имеÑ
пÑоÑив ÑÐ¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
+ÑеÑевÑм ÑеÑвеÑом Google, но в инÑеÑеÑаÑ
Google Ñ
надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ
+Ñвобода изÑÑаÑÑ, пÑавиÑÑ Ð¸
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, пÑименÑемÑе
на иÑ
+ÑеÑвеÑе. Ðбладание Ñвободой не
подÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑзаÑелÑÑÑво делаÑÑ ÑÑо;
+Google не обÑзаÑелÑно должен изменÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ
+коÑоÑÑми ÑабоÑаеÑ. Ðо он должен бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½
делаÑÑ ÑÑо, ÑоÑно Ñак же, как Ñ
+должен бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½ делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами
на наÑиÑ
маÑинаÑ
.</p>
+
+<h3>Ðа ÑабоÑе</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ЧÑо, еÑли ваÑа ÑабоÑа
поÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзованиÑ
+неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я Ð±Ñ ÑволилÑÑ Ñ
Ñакой ÑабоÑÑ. СÑали Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+ÑÑаÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð² Ñем-Ñо анÑиобÑеÑÑвенном
ÑолÑко поÑомÑ, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо вам за ÑÑо
+плаÑиÑ? ЧÑо, еÑли в пÑоÑеÑÑе ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ñжно
на ÑлиÑе ÑÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм палкой по
+голове и оÑнимаÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
коÑелÑки? ЧÑо, еÑли
в пÑоÑеÑÑе ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ñжно
+пÑопагандиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑоÑонники
ÐемокÑаÑиÑеÑкой паÑÑии голоÑовали в
+ÑÑедÑ, а не во вÑоÑник? ÐекоÑоÑÑе вÑеÑÑез
заÑвлÑÑÑ, ÑÑо нелÑÐ·Ñ ÐºÑиÑиковаÑÑ
+Ñо, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ñвоей ÑабоÑе. С
моей ÑоÑки зÑениÑ, ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо
+комÑ-Ñо плаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
плоÑ
ое, не опÑавдÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑÑÑоеннÑе пÑиложениÑ</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑоеннÑе пÑиложениÑ
пÑеобладаÑÑ Ð² обÑеÑÑве вÑе
+болÑÑе и болÑÑе. Ðозможно ли полноÑÑÑÑ
избегаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
+оÑÑаваÑÑÑ Ð² Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² конÑакÑе Ñ
ÑовÑеменной ÑеÑ
никой?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я не знаÑ,
возможно ли ÑÑо, но еÑли неÑ, Ñо
+Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑо измениÑÑ. ÐÑли ÑолÑко
вÑÑÑÐ¾ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+ÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ полÑзоваÑели в поÑÑдке веÑей
загÑÑжаÑÑ Ð² нее пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ней Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ.
ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑли она полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвÑзи Ñ
ÑеÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе бÑÑÑ ÑвеÑенÑ, ÑÑо
+она за вами не ÑпиониÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>SCO</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑаеÑе на
поÑледние Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ SCO в адÑеÑ
+ÑдÑа Linux?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐеÑÑнÑй и
оÑÑоÑожнÑй Ñ
аÑакÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑвеÑждений в ÑоÑеÑании Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо вÑе
конкÑеÑнÑе ÑакÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе они
+пÑивели, оказалиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑнÑми, говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾
Ñом, ÑÑо по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ пÑедÑÑвиÑÑ
+неÑего.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ðак ÑÑо, по-ваÑемÑ, ÑкажеÑÑÑ
на ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑо как-Ñо ÑкажеÑÑÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, им неÑего пÑедÑÑвиÑÑ. Ðни
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ, возможно,
+они оÑпÑгнÑÑ ÑамÑÑ
ÑобкиÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐжидаеÑе ли вÑ, ÑÑо на ÑÑде
бÑдÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждаÑÑ GPL?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðе знаÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐеÑÐ¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑо?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. ÐÑ ÑÑиÑаем, ÑÑо
GPL вÑдеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑкÑ
+ÑÑдом, но никакой ÑазÑмнÑй Ñеловек не
ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»ÐµÐ·ÑÑ Ð² дÑакÑ, даже еÑли
+ÑÑиÑаеÑ, ÑÑо доÑÑаÑоÑно Ñ
оÑоÑо вооÑÑжен и
навеÑнÑка победиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑгÑменÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑиводилиÑÑ SCO,
наÑÑолÑко ÑмеÑ
оÑвоÑно абÑÑÑднÑ, ÑÑо они
+наводÑÑ Ð½Ð° мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо SCO по ÑÑÑи
неÑего пÑедÑÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо они пÑоÑÑо
+Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. Ð ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑо?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðни надеÑÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо какие-Ñо компании
+заплаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼, и Microsoft Ñже заплаÑила.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо поÑÑи ниÑего не Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, одинаково
+пÑавдоподобно звÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñе, ÑÑо Ñгодно.
Ðогда они ÑлÑÑаÑ, ÑÑо говоÑÐ¸Ñ SCO, они
+не знаÑÑ, наÑколÑко ÑÑо ÑмеÑно. Так ÑÑо они
дÑмаÑÑ: “SCO говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñо,
+IBM говоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑо, оÑкÑда Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, кÑо
пÑав?”</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ЧÑо пÑипаÑено длÑ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии
+GNU (GPL)? ÐланиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ веÑÑÐ¸Ñ 3?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðа, но Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑе не
вполне опÑеделилиÑÑ Ñ Ñем,
+ÑÑо измениÑÑ. ÐавеÑнÑка Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑказаÑÑ,
ÑÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð² деÑалÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<h3>УÑаÑÑие</h3>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ какое-Ñо дÑÑгое
ÑекÑÑее ÑобÑÑие, к коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
+Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. РпÑоÑлом годÑ
FCC ÑеÑил ÑÑебоваÑÑ ÑиÑÑовое
+ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми во вÑеÑ
пÑиемникаÑ
ÑиÑÑового ÑелевидениÑ. Рне
+ÑолÑко: они ÑеÑили ÑÑебоваÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ мог иÑ
модиÑиÑиÑоваÑÑ. Я
+дÑмаÑ, они не ÑеÑили еÑе, конÑÑолиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво пÑогÑаммно. ÐÑли
+они ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ конÑÑолиÑÑемÑм
пÑогÑаммно, Ñо ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑваÑ
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ñма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑвнÑм
обÑазом запÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑеÑаÑÑ
Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей.</p>
+
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. СмоÑÑиÑе ли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо
опÑимиÑÑиÑеÑки?</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>. Ðе знаÑ. Ðо
пÑиÑоде Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑимиÑÑ. Ðногие
+могÑÑ Ð¿ÑодолжаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾ÑоÑÑÑÑ, ÑолÑко когда
дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо победÑÑ. Я не Ñакой, Ñ
+вÑегда гоÑовлÑÑÑ Ðº поÑажениÑ. Я вÑе Ñавно
боÑÑÑÑ, и иногда Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð°Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>Я не главнÑй в ÑÑой конкÑеÑной биÑве. Ðе
Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´ ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
ÑÑбежей. Ðе
+Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ ÐбÑеÑÑвенное знание. ÐÑжно
ÑÑановиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑеÑки акÑивнÑм. Ð
+наÑÑоÑÑий Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ñжно обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑайÑÑ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ð° ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
ÑÑбежей и
+ÐбÑеÑÑвенного Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑодолжаÑÑ
обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
в бÑдÑÑие недели, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑзнаÑÑ, как пÑинÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑие в ÑÑой
кампании. У многиÑ
лÑдей ÑÑо Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+менÑÑей меÑе по двадÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ. ÐÑли длÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвобода доÑÑаÑоÑно важна, ÑÑобÑ
+поÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее двадÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð½ÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
оÑоÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо вÑ
+ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑой неделе, и на
ÑледÑÑÑей, и Ñак далее. УделиÑе
+немного вÑемени боÑÑбе за ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ, и
Ð¼Ñ Ñможем победиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><strong>ÐжÐ</strong>. СпаÑибо.</p>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>: Ðо новÑÑ
вÑÑÑеÑ!</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews<br
+/>Copyright © 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2018/05/26 10:00:56 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru-en.html
diff -N po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.ru-en.html 26 May 2018 10:00:56 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,834 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+
+<title>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005</h2>
+
+
+<p><em>An interview by Jeremy Andrews with Richard Stallman in
+2005</em><br />
+<em>Source:</em>
+ <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484">
+ http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a>
+ [Archived]</p>
+<hr class="thin"/>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project in 1984, and the Free
+Software Foundation in 1985. He also originally authored a number of
+well known and highly used development tools, including the GNU
+Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU symbolic debugger (GDB) and GNU
+Emacs.</p>
+
+<p>To better understand Richard Stallman and the GNU project, I
+recommend you begin by reviewing their philosophy page. On it you will
+find a wealth of information.</p>
+
+<p>We began this interview via email, but later had to finish by
+telephone after Richard Stallman fell and broke his arm. He was kind
+enough to speak with me at length, discussing his first contact with
+computers, his time in the AI Lab, the current state of the GNU Hurd,
+his current role in the Free Software Foundation, the problems with
+nonfree software, and much more. The following words offer much
+insight into how we got here, and what challenges we still face.</p>
+
+<h3>Background</h3>
+
+<p><strong>Jeremy Andrews</strong>: When did you first start working
+with computers?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I first read manuals and wrote
+programs on paper in 1962 or so. 1969 was when I first saw and used a
+real computer.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What types of programs were you writing prior
+to actually seeing and using a real computer?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: They were pretty trivial, like
+things to add up a vector of numbers. About the time I first started
+with a real computer I designed a computer language based on string
+substitution. In some ways like SNOBOL, although I'd never used
+SNOBOL.</p>
+
+<p>And then, the first thing I started writing when I had a real
+computer to use—I'd seen the language PL/I and I was thrilled by
+how many features it had. But there was a feature it didn't have: it
+didn't have the summation convention used in tensor analysis. So I
+started to write a pre-processor for PL/I that would implement the
+summation convention. I didn't ever finish it, but I actually got some
+parts of it to work. I wrote it first in PL/I, and then we discovered
+that even one pass of it wouldn't fit in the machine that was
+available. (I had actually written a lot of parts of this in PL/I on
+paper by that point.) Then I started rewriting it in assembler
+language, but I only rewrote a few passes of it in assembler
+language. And then I learned about things like lists and about Lisp,
+and lost interest in languages like PL/I.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: When you graduated from Harvard in 1974 with a
+BA in physics, how did you intend to use your degree?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I thought I would become a
+theoretical physicist; however, the pleasure of programming, where I
+could make real progress and see results, gradually grew and overtook
+the pleasure of learning physics.</p>
+
+<h3>Life In The AI Lab</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What tasks occupied your time at the AI Lab
+through the 1970's?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Mostly operating system
+development, but I did one AI research project with Professor Sussman;
+we developed dependency-directed backtracking.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What is dependency-directed backtracking?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: You make some assumptions, and
+with those together with some given facts you draw a conclusion. You
+may reach a contradiction; if so, at least one of your assumptions
+that led to that contradiction must be wrong. You also record which
+combination of assumptions actually related to the contradiction, so
+you can deduce that that combination of assumptions cannot all be
+true. Then you backtrack by changing assumptions, but you never try a
+set of assumptions that includes the combination that you know are
+contradictory. Now, this is a technique that people had used for a
+long time in thinking. It's also known as proof analysis. But it
+hadn't been used in computerized reasoning.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What was the result of this research
+project?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: We published a paper. The
+technique got used by other people later, so apparently it became part
+of AI.</p>
+
+<p>Also, I learned how to understand electrical circuits better. The
+program that we wrote, which used this technique, was a program for
+understanding electrical circuits. By imitating the program, I could
+understand circuits better than I could before.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Project And The Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: The story of your encounter with nonfree
+printer software in the early 80's is very well known. This incident
+ultimately resulted in your founding the GNU Project in 1984, and the
+Free Software Foundation in 1985. You have remained quite active in
+this movement ever since, as a public speaker and a prolific author of
+free software. Of which of your many achievements in the past two
+decades are you the most proud?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: What I am proud of is that we
+have built a community where people can use computers and work
+together in freedom.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What are the largest challenges you're facing
+today?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Software patents. The Digital
+Millennium Copyright Act. The broadcast flag. Cards with secret
+specifications. Nonfree Java platforms.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, organized efforts by people with power to put an
+end to our freedom.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Is there a plan for addressing these
+issues?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Regarding the laws, not much of
+one, in the US. In other countries that do not yet have these laws, we
+can try to prevent them.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: That's a bit scary.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: It is.</p>
+
+<h3>“Free Software” vs. “Open Source”</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: You regularly have to explain the differences
+between “free software” and “open source
+software,” and yet the media continues to confuse these
+terms. For our readers that may therefore be confused themselves, can
+you explain the differences, and why it is important to get it
+right?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Free software and open source
+are the slogans of two different movements with different
+philosophies. In the free software movement, our goal is to be free to
+share and cooperate. We say that nonfree software is antisocial
+because it tramples the users' freedom, and we develop free software
+to escape from that.</p>
+
+<p>The open source movement promotes what they consider a technically
+superior development model that usually gives technically superior
+results. The values they cite are the same ones Microsoft appeals to:
+narrowly practical values.</p>
+
+<p>Free software and open source are also both criteria for software
+licenses. These criteria are written in very different ways but the
+licenses accepted are almost the same. The main difference is the
+difference in philosophy.</p>
+
+<p>Why does the philosophy matter? Because people who don't value
+their freedom will lose it. If you give people freedom but don't teach
+them to value it, they won't hold on to it for long. So it is not
+enough to spread free software. We have to teach people to demand
+freedom, to fight for freedom. Then we may be able to overcome the
+problems that today I see no way to solve.</p>
+
+<h3>“GNU/Linux”</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Another frequent area of confusion is the name
+“GNU/Linux.” Why is the GNU project's contribution significant
enough
+that it should be in the name of the operating system, especially
+compared to other large pieces of any Linux-kernel based operating
+system, such as XFree86?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: It's no coincidence that the
+code we wrote for the GNU system is the largest single contribution to
+the GNU/Linux system today. Many other people and projects have
+developed free software programs now used in the system; TeX, BSD
+code, X11, Linux, and Apache are noteworthy examples. But it was the
+GNU Project that set out to develop a complete free operating
+system. The combined system we use today is founded on GNU.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: In talking about GNU Linux…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I prefer to pronounce it
+“GNU slash Linux,” or “GNU plus Linux.” The
+reason is that when you say “GNU Linux” it is very much
+prone to suggest a misleading interpretation. After all, we have GNU
+Emacs which is the version of
+Emacs which was developed for GNU. If you say “GNU
+Linux,” people will think it means a version of Linux that was
+developed for GNU. Which is not the fact.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: You're trying to point out instead that it's a
+combination of the two.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Exactly. It's GNU plus Linux
+together.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Which makes up the GNU+Linux operating system
+that everyone uses.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Exactly.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What is gained by people using the term
+GNU/Linux?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: People know that Linus Torvalds
+wrote his program Linux to have fun. And people know that Linus
+Torvalds did not say that it's wrong to stop users for sharing and
+changing the software they use. If they think that our system was
+started by him and primarily owes existence to him, they will tend to
+follow his philosophy, and that weakens our community.</p>
+
+<p>It's an interesting anecdote to think that the whole operating
+system exists because an undergraduate thought that it was a fun
+project. But the real story is that this system exists because of
+people who were determined to fight for freedom and willing to work
+for years if that's what it took. That's a story that teaches people
+something worth learning.</p>
+
+<p>When people forget that, they start drifting toward the practical
+but superficial values shared by the open source movement and
+Microsoft: the idea that the only thing that matters about your
+software is whether it gets your jobs done and what it costs.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Which begins to answer my next question, what
+is lost when people refuse to use the term GNU/Linux?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: What's lost is an opportunity to
+teach people. The software is equally free regardless of whatever name
+you call it—if, that is, the distro you're using really is
+free. But the only free GNU/Linux distro I know of is Ututo. Most
+versions of the GNU/Linux system are not entirely free software. All
+the commercial distributors put in nonfree software. And then there's
+Debian which keeps all the nonfree software clearly separated, but
+does distribute it. And those who sell Debian GNU/Linux often add a
+few nonfree programs as a “bonus”… They invite you
+to think it's a bonus you're getting that your freedom is no longer
+complete.</p>
+
+<p>If you happen to be running a version of GNU/Linux which doesn't
+have the nonfree software, then the situation is not materially
+changed by the name you use. But the situation we're likely to find
+ourselves in five years from now depends on what we teach each other
+today.</p>
+
+<p>A rose by any other name would smell as sweet, but if you called it
+an onion you'd get cooks very confused.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU/Hurd</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: The GNU Hurd has been under development for
+over a decade. There was talk of a 1.0 release over a year ago, but
+this was delayed due to a couple of lacking features. What is the
+current status of this project?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: The Hurd runs, and missing
+features are gradually being added. However, for practical use today,
+you would use a Linux-based version of GNU.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Do you have any predictions as to when we're
+going to see a 1.0 release?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: No, I'm afraid I don't, I'm sad
+to say. A lot of the Hurd developers seem to have decided that they
+should re-write it to work with a different micro-kernel (L4). I was
+disappointed to hear this, but now it looks like it will be some more
+years before the Hurd is usable.</p>
+
+<p>At least we do have a free kernel that works with GNU.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Will the GNU Project focus solely on a GNU
+system built around the GNU Hurd when it is released, or will it
+continue to support a widening range of free-software kernels?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: We will keep supporting
+Linux-based versions of the GNU system for as long as they remain
+popular.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: How will we refer to a Hurd-based operating
+system? Is it GNU Hurd, or GNU slash Hurd?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: It's the GNU operating system,
+and the Hurd is its kernel. But because it's so common for people to
+use version of GNU that are based on Linux as the kernel, it's useful
+to contrast the two, and talk about GNU/Linux and GNU/Hurd, which are
+two different versions of the GNU system with different kernels.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What would the advantages of using a GNU/Hurd
+system be over say a GNU/Linux system?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: There's probably no gigantic
+advantage that jumps out at the user's face if you're not writing
+interesting programs. The Hurd offers interesting, powerful
+capabilities. For instance, you can write your own filesystem, so you
+could implement any sort of behavior you want and package it as a
+file. It offers the possibility of implementing sandboxes, where you
+can run a program but have another program monitoring all its I/O to
+make sure it doesn't start writing in files it wasn't expected to.</p>
+
+<p>These things may be doable with a kernel that doesn't have the
+Hurd's architecture, but with the Hurd it's trivial and the most
+natural thing in the world.</p>
+
+<h3>Writing Code vs. Management</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: How much source code do you write these
+days?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I myself? Only a little, on
+Emacs. I was involuntarily self-promoted into management.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: That's an interesting description. How did
+this happen?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: The amount of management and
+activism that had to be done got more and more, and so I had to find
+other people to take over more and more of my programming
+responsibilities.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Do you miss the programming?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Yes. It's fun.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Is the management/activist role something you
+desire to remain in?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I wouldn't say I desire to, but
+it's necessary that I do so. At the moment we don't have anyone to
+replace me. We're actually thinking about how we could try and
+develop people who could do this, so that I will not be
+indispensable.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What is your role these days?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Partly it is being a very firm
+and determined leader. Partly it is being an orator. Partly it is
+advising other people on how to be activists or how to contribute to
+free software. I've learned something that a lot of people could
+usefully know: how to be extremely persistent and whenever one avenue
+was blocked find another.</p>
+
+<p>I've also learned the spirit of what you do when you're fighting
+for freedom. When it's a fight that you can't ever give up as
+lost.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Many of the programs you were the original
+author for are key components of much software development today (free
+and nonfree alike), such as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC), the
+GNU symbolic debugger (GDB), and GNU Emacs. All of these projects have
+remained under constant development over the years. How closely have
+you followed the many projects you've started, and how do you feel
+about the directions they've taken?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't follow GCC and GDB in
+technical detail nowadays—other people now have that
+responsibility. I still supervise Emacs development.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Then you are still working on Emacs at a code
+level?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Yes, although now with my broken
+arm I really have no time to program anything. I will when my arm is
+better and I can type for myself again.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: May I ask what happened to your arm?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I fell and broke my arm, and I
+needed surgery. It hurts, and I think it will never be normal
+again. But I think it will work for typing. (Later: it works fine for
+typing, but it tingles all the time.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: I'm sorry to hear about your arm, and I wish
+you a speedy recovery.</p>
+
+<p>I recently reread Cliff Stoll's “The Cuckoo's Egg.” Are
+you familiar with the book?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I have a vague memory of it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: A quick summary, he talks about a spy that
+breaks into a university computer system, initially using a security
+hole in GNU Emacs…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Well, whether it's really a
+security hole, or whether he had made a mistake by installing a
+certain program setuid is subject to argument.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: That's exactly what I was curious about, just
+what your reaction would have been to the book when it came out.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: His book made it sound like
+Emacs, or actually Movemail I think it was… His book made it sound
+like it was normal to install Movemail setuid. I think some people
+sometimes did that, as there was a certain problem you could get
+around by doing that, but that wasn't the normal way to install it. So
+in fact, people installing Emacs the usual way would not have had that
+problem.</p>
+
+<p>On the other hand, it certainly was useful to make Emacs more
+bulletproof, so that that problem couldn't happen even if you
+installed Movemail as setuid.</p>
+
+<p>That was ages ago.</p>
+
+<h3>Nonfree Software</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What is your reaction to tools such as GCC,
+GDB and GNU Emacs being used for the development of nonfree
+software?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Any development of nonfree
+software is harmful and unfortunate, whether it uses GNU tools or
+other tools. Whether it is good or bad, in the long term, for the
+future of computer users' freedom that one can use these tools to
+develop nonfree software is a question whose answer I could only
+guess at.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: How do you react to the opinion that nonfree
+software is justified as a means for raising dollars that can then be
+put into the development of completely new software, money that
+otherwise may not have been available, and thus creating software that
+may have never been developed?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: This is no justification at
+all. A nonfree program systematically denies the users the freedom to
+cooperate; it is the basis of an antisocial scheme to dominate
+people. The program is available lawfully only to those who will
+surrender their freedom. That's not a contribution to society, it's a
+social problem. It is better to develop no software than to develop
+nonfree software.</p>
+
+<p>So if you find yourself in that situation, please don't follow that
+path. Please don't write the nonfree program—please do
+something else instead. We can wait till someone else has the chance
+to develop a free program to do the same job.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What about the programmers…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: What about them? The programmers
+writing nonfree software? They are doing something antisocial. They
+should get some other job.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Such as?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: There are thousands of different
+jobs people can have in society without developing nonfree
+software. You can even be a programmer. Most paid programmers are
+developing custom software—only a small fraction are developing
+nonfree software. The small fraction of proprietary software jobs are
+not hard to avoid.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What is the distinction there?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Nonfree software is meant to be
+distributed to the public. Custom software is meant to be used by one
+client. There's no ethical problem with custom software as long as
+you're respecting your client's freedom.</p>
+
+<p>The next point is that programmers are a tiny fraction of
+employment in the computer field. Suppose somebody developed an AI and
+no programmers were needed anymore. Would this be a disaster? Would
+all the people who are now programmers be doomed to unemployment for
+the rest of their lives? Obviously not, but this doesn't stop people
+from exaggerating the issue.</p>
+
+<p>And what if there aren't any programming jobs in the US
+anymore?</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: You mean what if all the programming jobs were
+outsourced to foreign countries?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Yes, what if they all go? This
+may actually happen. When you start thinking about things like total
+levels of employment, you've got think about all the factors that
+affect it, not blame it all on one factor. The cause of unemployment
+is not someone or society deciding that software should be free. The
+cause of the problem is largely economic policies designed to benefit
+only the rich. Such as driving wages down.</p>
+
+<p>You know, it's no coincidence that we're having all this
+outsourcing. That was carefully planned. International treaties were
+designed to make this happen so that people's wages would be
+reduced.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Can you cite specific examples?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: FTAA. The World Trade
+Organization. NAFTA. These treaties are designed to reduce wages by
+making it easy for a company to say to various countries, “Which
+of you will let us pay people the least? That's were we're
+headed.” And if any country starts having a somewhat increased
+standard of living, companies say, “Oh, this is a bad labor
+climate here. You're not making a good climate for business. All the
+business is going to go away. You better make sure that people get
+paid less. You're following a foolish policy arranging for workers of
+your country to be paid more. You've got to make sure that your
+workers are the lowest paid anywhere in the world, then we'll come
+back. Otherwise we're all going to run away and punish you.”</p>
+
+<p>Businesses very often do it, they move operations out of a country
+to punish that country. And I've recently come to the conclusion that
+frictionless international trade is inherently a harmful thing,
+because it makes it too easy for companies to move from one country to
+another. We have to make that difficult enough that each company can
+be stuck in some country that can regulate it.</p>
+
+<p>The book No Logo explains that the Philippines have laws that
+protect labor standards, but these laws count for nothing any
+more. They decided to set up “enterprise zones”—that's
+the euphemism they used for “sweat shop zones”—where
+companies are exempt from these rules for the first two years. And as
+a result, no company lasts for more than two years. When their
+exemption runs out, the owners shut it down and they start
+another.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: How does free software address this?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Free software doesn't address
+this. Free software addresses the issue of how computer users can have
+freedom to cooperate and to control their own computers. This is the
+larger issue that becomes relevant when you start talking about
+“How are people going to have jobs that pay them
+decently?” The answer is: in the world of the low wage treaties,
+they're not going to.</p>
+
+<p>It's inconsistent and futile to subject millions of people to the
+loss of freedom that nonfree software imposes, just so that a tiny
+segment of society will have better paying jobs, when we're ignoring
+all the rest of society with their lousy jobs.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to start doing something about that problem, do it at
+the right level, which is the level of the power balance between
+corporations and countries. Corporations are too powerful now. We have
+to knock them down. I don't believe in abolishing business or even in
+abolishing corporations, but we've got to make sure that no
+corporation is powerful enough that it can say to all the countries in
+the world, “I'll punish any country that doesn't
+obey.”</p>
+
+<p>That is the way it works now. And it was deliberately set up by
+people such as Reagan, and Clinton, and Bush and Bush.</p>
+
+<h3>New Technologies</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: I have read that the free software model tends
+to imitate existing software, rather than blaze new trails and
+developing completely new technologies.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: To speak of a free software
+“model” is somewhat misleading. The open source movement
+speaks of a “development model,” but our concern is for
+the user's freedom, not how the program is developed.</p>
+
+<p>Free software doesn't always imitate, but often it does. There's a
+good reason for this: freedom is the main goal, and innovation is
+secondary.</p>
+
+<p>Our goal is to develop free software so that we can use computers
+exclusively with free software. In 1984, we started with nearly zero
+(we had TeX, nothing else). We had a lot of catching up to do, so we
+have done it. Even if GNU/Linux had no technical innovations compared
+with Unix, it would be completely superior because it respects your
+freedom as Unix does not.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Do you believe that free software has caught
+up with nonfree software?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: To a large extent, but not
+totally.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Would you say that we're going to start seeing
+a lot of technical innovations originating from free software as
+things are catching up?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: We already have. We already have
+seen technical innovations in free software. A lot of them help make
+up the world wide web.</p>
+
+<h3>The Internet</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Does the importance of using only free
+software apply to the Internet?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't understand the
+question.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Software not only runs on personal computers,
+but also on the computers that comprise the Internet…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: That may mean your computer. If
+your computer is on the Internet, then that's one of the computers
+you're talking about.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: You're correct. At this very moment my
+computer is part of the Internet. And my computer is comprised
+entirely of free software. However there are plenty of computers on
+the Internet that are not comprised of free software.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I think you meant to say,
+“not running entirely free software.” There are many
+computers on the net that are not running free software, and that
+means the people who use and own those computers have lost this aspect
+of their freedom. That's a problem.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Do you consider it proper for people who are
+trying to only use free software to utilize…</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: To connect to a server that's
+running nonfree software?</p>
+
+<p>I don't feel I need to refuse to connect to a server that is
+running nonfree software. For that matter, I won't refuse to type on
+a computer that's running nonfree software. If I were visiting your
+house for a little and you had a Windows machine, I would use it if it
+were important for me to use it. I wouldn't be willing to have Windows
+on my computer, and you shouldn't have it on yours, but I can't change
+that by refusing to touch the machine.</p>
+
+<p>If you connect to a server that runs nonfree software, you're not
+the one whose freedom is harmed. It's the server operator who has lost
+freedom to the restrictions on the software he runs. This is
+unfortunate, and I hope that he switches to free software; we're
+working to bring that about. But I don't feel you have to boycott his
+site until he switches. He isn't making you use the nonfree
+software.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Back to my earlier question, as a specific
+example do you use tools such as Google when attempting to locate
+online content?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I have nothing against
+communicating with Google's network server, but for Google's sake I
+hope they have the freedom to study, change and redistribute the
+software used on their server. Having the freedom to do so does not
+imply the obligation to do so; Google doesn't have to change or
+redistribute the software they run. But they ought to be free to do
+this, just as you and I should be free to do this with the software on
+our machines.</p>
+
+<h3>The Workplace</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What if your job requires you to use nonfree
+software?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I would quit that job. Would you
+participate in something anti-social just because somebody pays you
+to? What if the job involves hitting people on the head in the street
+and taking their wallets? What if it involves spreading the word that
+Democrats should vote on Wednesday instead of Tuesday? Some people
+seriously claim that you can't criticize what someone does if it is
+part of their job. From my point of view, the fact that somebody is
+being paid to do something wrong is not an excuse.</p>
+
+<h3>Embedded Applications</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Embedded applications have become more and
+more prevalent in society. Is it possible to completely avoid nonfree
+software and still remain in touch with current technologies?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't know if it is possible,
+but if it is not, that is something we need to change. Once an
+embedded system can talk to a network, or users normally load software
+into it, its software needs to be free. For instance, if it uses
+nonfree software to talk to the network, you can't trust it not to
+spy on you.</p>
+
+<h3>SCO</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: How do you react to SCO's recent accusations
+about the Linux kernel?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: The vague and cagey nature of
+their statements, coupled with having seen that the only specific
+facts they produced proved to be false, suggests they have no real
+case.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What impact do you expect this to have on free
+software?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't expect it to have a big
+impact because I don't think they have a case. They're trying to
+create FUD and they may scare some timid people off.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Do you expect this to bring the GPL into the
+courtroom?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't know.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Is that a concern for you?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: We think the GPL will stand up
+in court, but no wise person is eager to get into a battle, even if he
+thinks he's well enough armed that he'd probably win.</p>
+
+<p>The arguments that SCO have been making are so laughably absurd
+that they lend support to the idea that SCO has no real case, that
+they're only interested in creating FUD.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: To what end?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: They hope some companies will
+pay them money, and Microsoft already did.</p>
+
+<p>To people who know almost nothing about copyright law, anything
+sounds as plausible as anything else. When they hear what SCO says,
+they don't know how ridiculous it is. So they think, “SCO says
+this, IBM says that, how do I know who's right?”</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: What's in store for the GNU General Public
+License (GPL)? Are there plans for a version 3?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Yes, but we are not really sure
+what will change. What we can say is that the changes will be
+details.</p>
+
+<h3>Getting Involved</h3>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Is there any other current event that you'd
+like to address?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: The FCC last year decided to
+require digital restrictions management in all receivers of digital
+TV. And not only that, to require that they be made not modifiable by
+the user. I think they have not yet decided whether this device is
+software controlled. If they make it software controlled then for the
+first time there will be a government policy explicitly banning free
+software for a job that millions of people are going to want to
+do.</p>
+
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Are you optimistic about this?</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: I don't know. I am a pessimist
+by nature. Many people can only keep on fighting when they expect to
+win. I'm not like that, I always expect to lose. I fight anyway, and
+sometimes I win.</p>
+
+<p>I'm not the main leader in this particular battle. The Electronic
+Frontier Foundation is fighting. Public Knowledge is fighting. People
+need to get involved politically. At this point people should go to
+the EFF website and the Public Knowledge website, and continue doing
+so over the coming weeks to see how they can get involved in this
+coming campaign. It's going to take a lot of people spending probably
+at least twenty minutes. If you care enough about your freedom to
+spend twenty minutes on it, if you can tear yourself away from
+whatever little job it is you're doing this week, and next week, and
+so on. Spend a little time fighting for your freedom, and we can
+win.</p>
+
+<p><strong>JA</strong>: Thank you.</p>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Happy hacking!</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
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+
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+Please see the <a
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/05/26 10:00:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
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