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www/philosophy push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html ...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html ... |
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Date: |
Wed, 18 Apr 2018 09:33:40 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 18/04/18 09:33:40
Modified files:
philosophy : push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : push-copyright-aside.zh-cn-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html 30 Jun 2014 11:26:05 -0000 1.5
+++ push-copyright-aside.zh-cn.html 18 Apr 2018 13:33:37 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,88 +1,130 @@
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<div class="unprintable">
-<p>
-é®è¯¢ FSF å GNU ç¸å
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-ä¹æ<a href="/contact/">å¥çæ¹æ³å¯ä»¥èç³»</a> FSFã
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¶ä»æ´æ£æ建议åéè³
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+<p>请å°æå
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+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
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+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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+è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
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-</p>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>ææã</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
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+<b>ç¿»è¯</b>ï¼æ½æ°¸ä¹ï¼2014ã<br></br>
+<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2018ã</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/30 11:26:05 $
+
+$Date: 2018/04/18 13:33:37 $
+
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/push-copyright-aside.zh-cn-en.html
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>Science must “push copyright aside”
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/push-copyright-aside.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Science must push copyright aside</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p><em>Many points that lead to a conclusion that software freedom must be
+universal often apply to other forms of expressive works, albeit in
+different ways. This essay concerns the application of principles
+related to software freedom to the area of literature.
+Generally, such issues are orthogonal to software freedom, but we
+include essays like this here since many people interested in Free
+Software want to know more about how the principles can be applied to
+areas other than software.</em></p>
+
+<p>(This article appeared in <em>Nature</em> magazine's
+<b>web</b>debates forum in 2001.)</p>
+
+<p>It should be a truism that the scientific literature exists to
+disseminate scientific knowledge, and that scientific journals exist
+to facilitate the process. It therefore follows that rules for use of
+the scientific literature should be designed to help achieve that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>The rules we have now, known as copyright, were established in the
+age of the printing press, an inherently centralized method of
+mass-production copying. In a print environment, copyright on journal
+articles restricted only journal publishers—requiring them to
+obtain permission to publish an article—and would-be
+plagiarists. It helped journals to operate and disseminate knowledge,
+without interfering with the useful work of scientists or students,
+either as writers or readers of articles. These rules fit that system
+well.</p>
+
+<p>The modern technology for scientific publishing, however, is the
+World Wide Web. What rules would best ensure the maximum
+dissemination of scientific articles, and knowledge, on the web?
+Articles should be distributed in nonproprietary formats, with open
+access for all. And everyone should have the right to
+“mirror” articles—that is, to republish them verbatim
+with proper attribution.</p>
+
+<p>These rules should apply to past as well as future articles, when
+they are distributed in electronic form. But there is no crucial need
+to change the present copyright system as it applies to paper
+publication of journals because the problem is not in that domain.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, it seems that not everyone agrees with the truisms
+that began this article. Many journal publishers appear to believe
+that the purpose of scientific literature is to enable them to publish
+journals so as to collect subscriptions from scientists and
+students. Such thinking is known as “confusion of the means with
+the ends”.</p>
+
+<p>Their approach has been to restrict access even to read the
+scientific literature to those who can and will pay for it. They use
+copyright law, which is still in force despite its inappropriateness
+for computer networks, as an excuse to stop scientists from choosing
+new rules.</p>
+
+<p>For the sake of scientific cooperation and humanity's future, we
+must reject that approach at its root—not merely the
+obstructive systems that have been instituted, but the mistaken
+priorities that inspired them.</p>
+
+<p>Journal publishers sometimes claim that online access requires
+expensive high-powered server machines, and that they must charge
+access fees to pay for these servers. This “problem” is a
+consequence of its own “solution.” Give everyone the
+freedom to mirror, and libraries around the world will set up mirror
+sites to meet the demand. This decentralized solution will reduce
+network bandwidth needs and provide faster access, all the while
+protecting the scholarly record against accidental loss.</p>
+
+<p>Publishers also argue that paying the editors requires charging for
+access. Let us accept the assumption that editors must be paid; this
+tail need not wag the dog. The cost of editing for a typical paper is
+between 1 percent and 3 percent of the cost of funding the research to produce
+it. Such a small percentage of the cost can hardly justify obstructing
+the use of the results.</p>
+
+<p>Instead, the cost of editing could be recovered, for example,
+through page charges to the authors, who can pass these on to the
+research sponsors. The sponsors should not mind, given that they
+currently pay for publication in a more cumbersome way, through
+overhead fees for the university library's subscription to the
+journal. By changing the economic model to charge editing costs to the
+research sponsors, we can eliminate the apparent need to restrict
+access. The occasional author who is not affiliated with an
+institution or company, and who has no research sponsor, could be
+exempted from page charges, with costs levied on institution-based
+authors.</p>
+
+<p>Another justification for access fees to online publications is to
+fund conversion of the print archives of a journal into online
+form. That work needs to be done, but we should seek alternative ways
+of funding it that do not involve obstructing access to the
+result. The work itself will not be any more difficult, or cost any
+more. It is self-defeating to digitize the archives and waste the
+results by restricting access.</p>
+
+<p>The US Constitution says that copyright exists “to promote
+the Progress of Science”. When copyright impedes the progress of
+science, science must push copyright out of the way.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+Later developments:
+
+<p>Some universities have adopted policies to thwart the journal
+publishers' power. For instance, here is MIT's.<br/>
+<a
href="https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/";>
+https://libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-open-access/open-access-policy/</a>.
+Stronger policies are needed, however, as this one permits individual
+authors to "opt out" (i.e., cave in).</p>
+
+<p>The US government has imposed a requirement known as "public
+access" on some funded research. This requires publication within a
+certain period in a site that allows anyone to view the article. This
+requirement is a positive step, but inadequate because it does not
+include freedom to redistribute the article.</p>
+
+<p>Curiously, the concept of "open access" in the 2002 Budapest Open
+Access Initiative did include freedom to redistribute. I signed that
+declaration, despite my distaste for the word "open", because the
+substance of the position was right.</p>
+
+<p>However, the word "open" had the last laugh: influential
+campaigners for "open access" subsequently dropped freedom to
+redistribute from their goals. I stand by the position of
+the <a href="http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/";>BOAI</a>, but now
that
+"open access" means something else, I refer to it as "redistributable
+publication" or "free-to-mirror publication".</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2012, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/04/18 13:33:39 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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