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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/gnu linux-and-gnu.ca.html linux-and-gnu.ml.... |
|
Date: |
Mon, 17 Nov 2014 20:57:05 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/11/17 20:57:05
Modified files:
gnu : linux-and-gnu.ca.html linux-and-gnu.ml.html
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html
Added files:
gnu/po : linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: linux-and-gnu.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- linux-and-gnu.ca.html 5 Jun 2014 14:58:58 -0000 1.40
+++ linux-and-gnu.ca.html 17 Nov 2014 20:57:03 -0000 1.41
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-09-18" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -13,6 +18,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Linux i el Sistema GNU</h2>
<p><strong>per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
@@ -318,7 +324,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2014/06/05 14:58:58 $
+$Date: 2014/11/17 20:57:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: linux-and-gnu.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- linux-and-gnu.ml.html 9 May 2014 15:30:31 -0000 1.22
+++ linux-and-gnu.ml.html 17 Nov 2014 20:57:03 -0000 1.23
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ml.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ml.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2014-09-18" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ml.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -15,6 +20,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ml.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ml.html" -->
<h2>ലിനà´àµà´¸àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´µàµà´</h2>
<p><strong>à´à´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
@@ -356,7 +362,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2014/05/09 15:30:31 $
+$Date: 2014/11/17 20:57:03 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html 4 Jun 2014 00:29:19 -0000 1.3
+++ po/linux-and-gnu.ca-diff.html 17 Nov 2014 20:57:04 -0000 1.4
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.76</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.77</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<title>Linux and GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
@@ -168,9 +168,10 @@
software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
<a href="/distros/">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF
-supports computer facilities for two of these
+supports computer facilities
+for <span class="removed"><del><strong>two of these
distributions, <a href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/">Ututo</a>
-and <a href="http://gnewsense.org/">gNewSense</a>.</p>
+and</strong></del></span> <a
href="http://gnewsense.org/">gNewSense</a>.</p>
<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
@@ -220,9 +221,9 @@
<ol>
<li>
<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
-include the GNU assembler, GAS and the linker, GLD, both
+include the GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>assembler,
GAS</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>assembler
(GAS)</em></ins></span> and the <span class="removed"><del><strong>linker,
GLD,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>linker
(GLD),</em></ins></span> both
are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
-package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and more.</li>
+package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>many</em></ins></span> more.</li>
<li>
<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
@@ -303,8 +304,7 @@
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>2007</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2007, 2014</em></ins></span> Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+2007, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
@@ -312,11 +312,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong><p></p><p</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p</em></ins></span>
class="unprintable">Updated:
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/06/04 00:29:19 $
+$Date: 2014/11/17 20:57:04 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html
diff -N po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/linux-and-gnu.ml-diff.html 17 Nov 2014 20:57:04 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Linux and GNU
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p><strong>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a></strong></p>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>For more information see also
+the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
+and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
+ </blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Many computer users run a modified version of
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU
system</a>
+every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
+the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
+“Linux”, and many of its users
+are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
+that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
+a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
+the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other
+programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an
+operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the
+context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in
+combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is
+basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called
+“Linux” distributions are really distributions of
+GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
+is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
+“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
+developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers generally know that Linux is a kernel. But since they
+have generally heard the whole system called “Linux” as well, they
+often envisage a history that would justify naming the whole system
+after the kernel. For example, many believe that once Linus Torvalds
+finished writing Linux, the kernel, its users looked around for other
+free software to go with it, and found that (for no particular reason)
+most everything necessary to make a Unix-like system was already
+available.</p>
+
+<p>
+What they found was no accident—it was the not-quite-complete GNU
+system. The available <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> added up to a complete system because the GNU Project
+had been working since 1984 to make one. In
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html"> The GNU Manifesto</a> we set
forth
+the goal of developing a free Unix-like
+system, called GNU. The <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">
+Initial Announcement</a> of the GNU Project also outlines some of the
+original plans for the GNU system. By the time Linux was started, GNU
+was almost finished.</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software projects have the goal of developing a particular
+program for a particular job. For example, Linus Torvalds set out to
+write a Unix-like kernel (Linux); Donald Knuth set out to write a text
+formatter (TeX); Bob Scheifler set out to develop a window system (the
+X Window System). It's natural to measure the contribution of this
+kind of project by specific programs that came from the project.</p>
+
+<p>
+If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
+what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
+distribution”, <a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
+total source code, and this included some of the essential major
+components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
+about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “main”
+repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
+So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
+who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
+choice would be “GNU”.</p>
+
+<p>
+But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
+Project was not, is not, a project to develop specific software
+packages. It was not a project <a href="/software/gcc/"> to
+develop a C compiler</a>, although we did that. It was not a project
+to develop a text editor, although we developed one. The GNU Project
+set out to develop <em>a complete free Unix-like system</em>:
GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Many people have made major contributions to the free software in the
+system, and they all deserve credit for their software. But the
+reason it is <em>an integrated system</em>—and not just a
+collection of useful programs—is because the GNU Project set out
+to make it one. We made a list of the programs needed to make
+a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found,
wrote,
+or found people to write everything on the list. We wrote essential
+but unexciting
+<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a
system
+without them. Some of our system components, the programming tools,
+became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
+components that are not tools <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>. We
even
+developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
+games too.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the early 90s we had put together the whole system aside from the
+kernel. We had also started a kernel, the
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd.html">GNU Hurd</a>, which runs on top
of
+Mach. Developing this kernel has been a lot harder than we expected;
+<a href="/software/hurd/hurd/documentation/hurd-and-linux.html">the
+GNU Hurd started working reliably in 2001</a>, but it is a long way
+from being ready for people to use in general.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
+Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
+the GNU system. People could
+then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01">
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
+— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
+GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making them work well together was not a trivial job. Some GNU
+components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial
change
+to work with Linux. Integrating a complete system as a distribution
+that would work “out of the box” was a big job, too. It
+required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
+system—a problem we had not tackled, because we hadn't yet
+reached that point. Thus, the people who developed the various system
+distributions did a lot of essential work. But it was work that, in
+the nature of things, was surely going to be done by someone.</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em>
GNU
+system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/">FSF</a> funded the
rewriting of
+the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
+are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
+library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
+of the development of Debian GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p>
+Today there are many different variants of the GNU/Linux system (often
+called “distros”). Most of them include non-free
+software—their developers follow the philosophy associated with
+Linux rather than that of GNU. But there are also
+<a href="/distros/">completely free GNU/Linux distros</a>. The FSF
+supports computer facilities
+for <span class="removed"><del><strong>two of these
+distributions, <a href="http://proyecto.ututo.net/cmsd/">Ututo</a>
+and</strong></del></span> <a
href="http://gnewsense.org/">gNewSense</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of
+eliminating various non-free programs. Nowadays, the usual version of
+Linux contains non-free programs too. These programs are intended to
+be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
+included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
+Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
+a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux"> free version of
+Linux</a> too.</p>
+
+<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
+by using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the
+kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
+system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
+you're talking about this combination, please call it
+“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
+reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
+reference, <a
href="http://foldoc.org/linux">http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
+is a good URL to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+Addendum: Aside from GNU, one other project has independently produced
+a free Unix-like operating system. This system is known as BSD, and
+it was developed at UC Berkeley. It was non-free in the 80s, but
+became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists
+today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
+variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
+
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a version of GNU, like
+GNU/Linux. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code free
+software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals from
+GNU activists helped persuade them, but the code had little overlap
+with GNU. BSD systems today use some GNU programs, just as the GNU
+system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
+wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately. The
+BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
+href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
+
+<h3>Notes:</h3>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
+include the GNU <span class="removed"><del><strong>assembler,
GAS</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>assembler
(GAS)</em></ins></span> and the <span class="removed"><del><strong>linker,
GLD,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>linker
(GLD),</em></ins></span> both
+are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
+package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>many</em></ins></span> more.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+the PostScript interpreter
+<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>,
and the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
+programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
+<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
+all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
+the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
+free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
+kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
+
+<li>
+<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this
article
+was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
+the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
+with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
+GNU, and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and
+GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
+typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
+GNU/*BSD.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002,
+2007, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/11/17 20:57:04 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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