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From: |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy savingeurope.ko.html savingeurop... |
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Date: |
Thu, 20 Jun 2013 08:20:56 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/06/20 08:20:56
Modified files:
philosophy : savingeurope.ko.html savingeurope.nl.html
trivial-patent.nl.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : savingeurope.ko-diff.html
savingeurope.nl-diff.html
trivial-patent.nl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/savingeurope.ko.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/savingeurope.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.nl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: savingeurope.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/savingeurope.ko.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- savingeurope.ko.html 28 Feb 2013 19:12:00 -0000 1.20
+++ savingeurope.ko.html 20 Jun 2013 08:20:54 -0000 1.21
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/savingeurope.ko.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/savingeurope.ko.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/savingeurope.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-21" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ko.html" -->
<h2>ìíí¸ì¨ì´ í¹íë¡ë¶í° ì ë½ì ì§íµìë¤</h2>
<p>
@@ -141,7 +148,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ìµì¢
ìì ì¼:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:12:00 $
+$Date: 2013/06/20 08:20:54 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: savingeurope.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/savingeurope.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- savingeurope.nl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:12:00 -0000 1.8
+++ savingeurope.nl.html 20 Jun 2013 08:20:55 -0000 1.9
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/savingeurope.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/savingeurope.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/savingeurope.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-21" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Red Europa van Softwarepatenten</h2>
<p>
@@ -170,7 +177,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:12:00 $
+$Date: 2013/06/20 08:20:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: trivial-patent.nl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/trivial-patent.nl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- trivial-patent.nl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:12:06 -0000 1.7
+++ trivial-patent.nl.html 20 Jun 2013 08:20:55 -0000 1.8
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.nl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.nl-diff.html"
-->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-04-21" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.nl.html" -->
<h2>Een Triviaal Patent Ontleedt</h2>
<p>door <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
@@ -283,7 +290,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Bijgewerkt:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:12:06 $
+$Date: 2013/06/20 08:20:55 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html
diff -N po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/savingeurope.ko-diff.html 20 Jun 2013 08:20:55 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/savingeurope.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+
+<title>Saving Europe from Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Saving Europe from Software Patents</h2>
+
+<p>
+Imagine that each time you made a software design decision, and
+especially whenever you used an algorithm that you read in a journal
+or implemented a feature that users ask for, you took a risk of being
+sued.</p>
+<p>
+That's how it is today in the US, because of software patents. Soon
+it may be the same in most of Europe (<a href="#ft1">1</a>). The
+countries that operate the European Patent Office, spurred by large
+companies and encouraged by patent lawyers, are moving to allow
+patents covering mathematical computations.</p>
+<p>
+To block this move, European citizens must take action, and do it
+soon—by talking with their national governments to raise
+opposition to the change. Action in Germany, Sweden, Finland, the
+Netherlands, and/or Denmark is especially important, to join a
+campaign already under way in France.</p>
+<p>
+Patents have played havoc with free software already. During the
+1980s, the patent holders for public key encryption entirely
+suppressed free software for that job. They wanted to suppress
+<acronym title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</acronym> too, but facing
+public criticism, they accepted a compromise: adding restrictions to
+<acronym>PGP</acronym> so that it was no longer free software. (We
+began developing the GNU Privacy Guard after the broadest patent
+expired.)</p>
+<p>
+Compuserve developed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">
+GIF</abbr> format for images, then was stunned when Unisys threatened
+to sue them and everyone else who developed or ran software to produce
+<abbr>GIF</abbr>s. Unisys had obtained a patent on
+the <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> data compression
+algorithm, which is one part of generating <abbr>GIF</abbr> format,
+and refuses to permit free software to use <abbr>LZW</abbr>
+(<a href="#ft2">2</a>). As a result, any free software in the US
that
+supports making true compressed <abbr>GIF</abbr>s is at risk of a
+lawsuit.</p>
+<p>
+In the US and some other countries, free software
+for <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> is impossible; in
+1998, US developers who had developed free
<abbr>MP3</abbr>-generation
+programs were threatened with patent lawsuits, and forced to withdraw
+them. Some are now distributed in European countries—but if the
+European Patent Office makes this planned change, they may become
+unavailable there too.</p>
+<p>
+Later in 1998, Microsoft menaced the World Wide Web, by obtaining a
+patent affecting style sheets—after encouraging the WWW
+Consortium to incorporate the feature in the standard. It's not the
+first time that a standards group has been lured into a patent's maw.
+Public reaction convinced Microsoft to back down from enforcing this
+patent; but we can't count on mercy every time.</p>
+<p>
+The list could go on and on, if I had time to look through my old mail
+for examples and space to describe them.</p>
+<p>
+On the issue of patents, free software developers can make common
+cause with most proprietary software developers, because in general
+they too stand to lose from patents. So do the many developers of
+specialized custom software.</p>
+<p>
+To be sure, not everyone loses from software patents; if that were so,
+the system would soon be abolished. Large companies often have many
+patents, and can force most other companies, large or small, to
+cross-license with them. They escape most of the trouble patents
+cause, while enjoying a large share of the power patents confer. This
+is why the chief supporters of software patents are multinational
+corporations. They have a great deal of influence with governments.</p>
+<p>
+Occasionally a small company benefits from a patent, if its product is
+so simple that it escapes infringing the large companies' patents and
+thus being forced to cross-license with them. And patent owners who
+develop no products, but only squeeze money out of those who do, can
+laugh all the way to the bank while obstructing progress.</p>
+<p>
+But most software developers, as well as users, lose from software
+patents, which do more to obstruct software progress than to encourage
+it.</p>
+<p>
+People used to call free software an absurd idea, saying we lacked the
+ability to develop a large amount of software. We have refuted them
+with empirical fact, by developing a broad range of powerful software
+that respects users' freedom. Giving the public the full spectrum of
+general-purpose software is within our reach—unless giving
+software to the public is prohibited.</p>
+<p>
+Software patents threaten to do that. The time to take action is now.
+Please visit <a href="http://www.ffii.org/">www.ffii.org</a> for
more
+information, plus detailed suggestions for action. And please take
+time to help.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes:</h4>
+
+<ol>
+<li><a id="ft1"></a>The European Patent Office, used by many
European
+countries, has issued quite a number of patents that affect software,
+which were presented as something other than software patents. The
+change now being considered would open the door to unlimited patenting
+of algorithms and software features, which would greatly increase the
+number of software patents issued.</li>
+
+<li><a id="ft2"></a>Unisys issued a cleverly worded
statement which is
+often taken to permit free software for making <abbr>GIF</abbr>s,
but
+which I believe does not do so. I wrote to their legal department to
+ask for clarification and/or a change in the policy, but received no
+reply.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to
Read</a></h4>
+<ul>
+ <li>Get the latest threats to Europe's internet
+ from <a href="http://www.ffii.org">ffii.org</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations</em></ins></span>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007 Free
Software
+Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.,</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110,
USA</address></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/20 08:20:55 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html
diff -N po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/savingeurope.nl-diff.html 20 Jun 2013 08:20:56 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/savingeurope.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+
+<title>Saving Europe from Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/savingeurope.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Saving Europe from Software Patents</h2>
+
+<p>
+Imagine that each time you made a software design decision, and
+especially whenever you used an algorithm that you read in a journal
+or implemented a feature that users ask for, you took a risk of being
+sued.</p>
+<p>
+That's how it is today in the US, because of software patents. Soon
+it may be the same in most of Europe (<a href="#ft1">1</a>). The
+countries that operate the European Patent Office, spurred by large
+companies and encouraged by patent lawyers, are moving to allow
+patents covering mathematical computations.</p>
+<p>
+To block this move, European citizens must take action, and do it
+soon—by talking with their national governments to raise
+opposition to the change. Action in Germany, Sweden, Finland, the
+Netherlands, and/or Denmark is especially important, to join a
+campaign already under way in France.</p>
+<p>
+Patents have played havoc with free software already. During the
+1980s, the patent holders for public key encryption entirely
+suppressed free software for that job. They wanted to suppress
+<acronym title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</acronym> too, but facing
+public criticism, they accepted a compromise: adding restrictions to
+<acronym>PGP</acronym> so that it was no longer free software. (We
+began developing the GNU Privacy Guard after the broadest patent
+expired.)</p>
+<p>
+Compuserve developed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">
+GIF</abbr> format for images, then was stunned when Unisys threatened
+to sue them and everyone else who developed or ran software to produce
+<abbr>GIF</abbr>s. Unisys had obtained a patent on
+the <abbr title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</abbr> data compression
+algorithm, which is one part of generating <abbr>GIF</abbr> format,
+and refuses to permit free software to use <abbr>LZW</abbr>
+(<a href="#ft2">2</a>). As a result, any free software in the US
that
+supports making true compressed <abbr>GIF</abbr>s is at risk of a
+lawsuit.</p>
+<p>
+In the US and some other countries, free software
+for <abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> is impossible; in
+1998, US developers who had developed free
<abbr>MP3</abbr>-generation
+programs were threatened with patent lawsuits, and forced to withdraw
+them. Some are now distributed in European countries—but if the
+European Patent Office makes this planned change, they may become
+unavailable there too.</p>
+<p>
+Later in 1998, Microsoft menaced the World Wide Web, by obtaining a
+patent affecting style sheets—after encouraging the WWW
+Consortium to incorporate the feature in the standard. It's not the
+first time that a standards group has been lured into a patent's maw.
+Public reaction convinced Microsoft to back down from enforcing this
+patent; but we can't count on mercy every time.</p>
+<p>
+The list could go on and on, if I had time to look through my old mail
+for examples and space to describe them.</p>
+<p>
+On the issue of patents, free software developers can make common
+cause with most proprietary software developers, because in general
+they too stand to lose from patents. So do the many developers of
+specialized custom software.</p>
+<p>
+To be sure, not everyone loses from software patents; if that were so,
+the system would soon be abolished. Large companies often have many
+patents, and can force most other companies, large or small, to
+cross-license with them. They escape most of the trouble patents
+cause, while enjoying a large share of the power patents confer. This
+is why the chief supporters of software patents are multinational
+corporations. They have a great deal of influence with governments.</p>
+<p>
+Occasionally a small company benefits from a patent, if its product is
+so simple that it escapes infringing the large companies' patents and
+thus being forced to cross-license with them. And patent owners who
+develop no products, but only squeeze money out of those who do, can
+laugh all the way to the bank while obstructing progress.</p>
+<p>
+But most software developers, as well as users, lose from software
+patents, which do more to obstruct software progress than to encourage
+it.</p>
+<p>
+People used to call free software an absurd idea, saying we lacked the
+ability to develop a large amount of software. We have refuted them
+with empirical fact, by developing a broad range of powerful software
+that respects users' freedom. Giving the public the full spectrum of
+general-purpose software is within our reach—unless giving
+software to the public is prohibited.</p>
+<p>
+Software patents threaten to do that. The time to take action is now.
+Please visit <a href="http://www.ffii.org/">www.ffii.org</a> for
more
+information, plus detailed suggestions for action. And please take
+time to help.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes:</h4>
+
+<ol>
+<li><a id="ft1"></a>The European Patent Office, used by many
European
+countries, has issued quite a number of patents that affect software,
+which were presented as something other than software patents. The
+change now being considered would open the door to unlimited patenting
+of algorithms and software features, which would greatly increase the
+number of software patents issued.</li>
+
+<li><a id="ft2"></a>Unisys issued a cleverly worded
statement which is
+often taken to permit free software for making <abbr>GIF</abbr>s,
but
+which I believe does not do so. I wrote to their legal department to
+ask for clarification and/or a change in the policy, but received no
+reply.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Other Texts to
Read</a></h4>
+<ul>
+ <li>Get the latest threats to Europe's internet
+ from <a href="http://www.ffii.org">ffii.org</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/server/standards/README.translations">Translations</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations</em></ins></span>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2007 Free
Software
+Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.,</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110,
USA</address></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
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+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
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+<p>Updated:
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
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+
+<title>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent - GNU project - Free Software
<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/trivial-patent.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>The Anatomy of a Trivial Patent</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>Programmers are well aware that many of the existing software patents
+cover laughably obvious ideas. Yet the patent system's defenders often
+argue that these ideas are nontrivial, obvious only in hindsight. And
+it is surprisingly difficult to defeat them in debate. Why is that?</p>
+
+<p>One reason is that any idea can be made to look complex when
+analyzed to death. Another reason is that these trivial ideas often look
+quite complex as described in the patents themselves. The patent
+system's defenders can point to the complex description and say,
+“How can anything this complex be obvious?”</p>
+
+<p>I will use an example to show you how. Here's claim number one
+from US patent number 5,963,916, applied for in October 1996:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>1. A method for enabling a remote user to preview a portion of a
+pre-recorded music product from a network web site containing
+pre-selected portions of different pre-recorded music products, using
+a computer, a computer display and a telecommunications link between
+the remote user's computer and the network web site, the method
+comprising the steps of:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>a) using the remote user's computer to establish a telecommunications
+link to the network web site wherein the network web site comprises
+(i) a central host server coupled to a communications network for
+retrieving and transmitting the pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music product upon request by a remote user and (ii) a
+central storage device for storing pre-selected portions of a
+plurality of different pre-recorded music products;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>b) transmitting user identification data from the remote user's
+computer to the central host server thereby allowing the central host
+server to identify and track the user's progress through the network
+web site;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>c) choosing at least one pre-selected portion of the pre-recorded
+music products from the central host server;</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>d) receiving the chosen pre-selected portion of the pre-recorded
+products; and</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>e) interactively previewing the received chosen pre-selected portion
+of the pre-recorded music product.</li>
+</ul>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>That sure looks like a complex system, right? Surely it took a real
+clever guy to think of this? No, but it took cleverness to make it seem
+so complex. Let's analyze where the complexity comes from:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>1. A method for enabling a remote user to preview a portion of a
+pre-recorded music product from a network web site containing
+pre-selected portions</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>That states the principal part of their idea. They put selections
+from certain pieces of music on a server so a user can listen to
+them.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>of different pre-recorded music products,</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This emphasizes their server stores selections from more than one
+piece of music.</p>
+
+<p>It is a basic principle of computer science that if a computer can do
+a thing once, it can do that thing many times, on different data each
+time. Many patents pretend that applying this principle to a specific
+case makes an “invention”.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>using a computer, a computer display and a telecommunications
+link between the remote user's computer and the network web
+site,</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says they are using a server on a network.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>the method comprising the steps of:</p>
+<p>a) using the remote user's computer to establish a telecommunications
link to the network web site</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that the user connects to the server over the network.
+(That's the way one uses a server.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>wherein the network web site comprises (i) a central host server
+coupled to a communications network</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This informs us that the server is on the net. (That is typical of
+servers.)</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>for retrieving and transmitting the pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music product upon request by a remote user</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This repeats the general idea stated in the first two lines.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>and (ii) a central storage device for storing pre-selected
+portions of a plurality of different pre-recorded music
+products;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>They have decided to put a hard disk (or equivalent) in their
+computer and store the music samples on that. Ever since around 1980,
+this has been the normal way to store anything on a computer for rapid
+access.</p>
+
+<p>Note how they emphasize once again the fact that they can store
+more than one selection on this disk. Of course, every file system
+will let you store more than one file.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>b) transmitting user identification data from the remote
+user's computer to the central host server thereby allowing the
+central host server to identify and track the user's progress through
+the network web site;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that they keep track of who you are and what you
+access—a common (though nasty) thing for web servers to do. I
+believe it was common already in 1996.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>c) choosing at least one pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded music products from the central host server;</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>In other words, the user clicks to say which link to follow. That
+is typical for web servers; if they had found another way to do it,
+that might have been an invention.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>d) receiving the chosen pre-selected portion of the
+pre-recorded products; and</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>When you follow a link, your browser reads the contents. This is
+typical behavior for a web browser.</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>e) interactively previewing the received chosen pre-selected
+portion of the pre-recorded music product.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>This says that your browser plays the music for you. (That is what
+many browsers do, when you follow a link to an audio file.)</p>
+
+<p>Now you see how they padded this claim to make it into a complex
+idea: they combined their own idea (stated in two lines of text) with
+important aspects of what computers, networks, web servers, and web
+browsers do. This adds up to the so-called invention
+for which they received the patent.</p>
+
+<p>This example is typical of software patents. Even the occasional
+patent whose idea is nontrivial has the same sort of added
+complication.</p>
+
+<p>Now look at a subsequent claim:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>3. The method of claim 1 wherein the central memory device
+comprises a plurality of compact disc-read only memory
+(CD-ROMs).</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>What they are saying here is, “Even if you don't think that
+claim 1 is really an invention, using CD-ROMs to store the data makes
+it an invention for sure. An average system designer would never have
+thought of storing data on a CD.”</p>
+
+<p>Now look at the next claim:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>4. The method of claim 1 wherein the central memory device
+comprises a RAID array drive.</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>A RAID array is a group of disks set up to work like one big disk,
+with the special feature that, even if one of the disks in the array
+has a failure and stops working, all the data are still available on
+the other disks in the group. Such arrays have been commercially
+available since long before 1996, and are a standard way of storing
+data for high availability. But these brilliant inventors have
+patented the use of a RAID array for this particular purpose.</p>
+
+<p>Trivial as it is, this patent would not necessarily be found
+legally invalid if there is a lawsuit about it. Not only the US
+Patent Office but the courts as well tend to apply a very low standard
+when judging whether a patent is “unobvious”. This patent
+might pass muster, according to them.</p>
+
+<p>What's more, the courts are reluctant to overrule the Patent
+Office, so there is a better chance of getting a patent overturned if
+you can show a court prior art that the Patent Office did not
+consider. If the courts are willing to entertain a higher standard in
+judging unobviousness, it helps to save the prior art for them. Thus,
+the proposals to “make the system work better” by
+providing the Patent Office with a better database of prior art could
+instead make things worse.</p>
+
+<p>It is very hard to make a patent system behave reasonably; it is a
+complex bureaucracy and tends to follow its structural imperatives
+regardless of what it is “supposed” to do. The only
+practical way to get rid of the many obvious patents on software
+features and business practices is to get rid of all patents in those
+fields. Fortunately, that would be no loss: the unobvious patents in
+the software field do no good either. What software patents do is put
+software developers and users under threat.</p>
+
+<p>The patent system is supposed, intended, to promote progress, and
+those who benefit from software patents ask us to believe without
+question that they do have that effect. But programmers' experience
+shows otherwise. New theoretical analysis shows that this is no paradox.
+(See <a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf">
+http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf</a>.) There is no reason
+why society should expose software developers and users to the danger
+of software patents.</p>
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+
+<p>Copyright © 2006 Richard <span
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+This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
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+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/06/20 08:20:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
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+</pre></body></html>
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