www/philosophy words-to-avoid.it.html po/europe...

[Yavor Doganov]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Yavor Doganov <yavor>   11/12/29 09:27:05

Modified files:
        philosophy     : words-to-avoid.it.html 
        philosophy/po  : europes-unitary-patent.translist 
                         philosophy.zh-cn.po words-to-avoid.it-en.html 
                         words-to-avoid.it.po 
Added files:
        philosophy     : europes-unitary-patent.ru.html 
        philosophy/po  : europes-unitary-patent.ru-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/words-to-avoid.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: words-to-avoid.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- words-to-avoid.it.html      29 Dec 2011 01:26:12 -0000      1.6
+++ words-to-avoid.it.html      29 Dec 2011 09:26:53 -0000      1.7
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 un'opinione che speriamo non condividiate per  intero.</p>
 
 <div class="announcement">
-Vedete anche <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorie di Software
+Vedere anche <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categorie di Software
 Libero</a>.</div>
 
 <p>
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@
 brevettati Ogg Vorbis e FLAC, e potrebbero anche non supportare i file MP3,
 proprio per evitare problemi di brevetti. Chiamare &ldquo;MP3 player&rdquo;
 un dispositivo del genere non solo fa confusione, ma mette il formato MP3 in
-un'immeritate posizione di privilegio che incoraggia la gente a utilizzare
+un'immeritata posizione di privilegio che incoraggia la gente a utilizzare
 quel problematico formato. Suggeriamo il termine &ldquo;riproduttore audio
 digitale&rdquo; o semplicamente &ldquo;riproduttore audio&rdquo; se adatto
 al contesto.</p>
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@
 <!-- timestamp start -->
 Ultimo aggiornamento:
 
-$Date: 2011/12/29 01:26:12 $
+$Date: 2011/12/29 09:26:53 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: po/europes-unitary-patent.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/europes-unitary-patent.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:18:23 -0000      1.3
+++ po/europes-unitary-patent.translist 29 Dec 2011 09:26:59 -0000      1.4
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
 <!-- English -->
 <li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.en.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li>
 <!-- French -->
-<li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.fr.html">fran&ccedil;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
+<li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.fr.html">français</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
 <!-- Polish -->
 <li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.pl.html">polski</a>&nbsp;[pl]</li>
+<!-- Russian -->
+<li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.ru.html">русский</a>&nbsp;[ru]</li>
 </ul>
 </div> <!-- id="translations" -->
 <!-- end translinks file -->

Index: po/philosophy.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/philosophy.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- po/philosophy.zh-cn.po      29 Dec 2011 03:29:13 -0000      1.23
+++ po/philosophy.zh-cn.po      29 Dec 2011 09:26:59 -0000      1.24
@@ -6,99 +6,45 @@
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-"POT-Creation-Date: 2010-09-29 20:27-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-12-19 20:25-0500\n"
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+"Outdated-Since: 2011-12-19 20:25-0500\n"
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+#. type: Content of: <title>
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+#. type: Content of: <div><h2>
 msgid "Philosophy of the GNU Project"
 msgstr "GNU 工程的哲学"
 
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+#| msgid ""
+#| "Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by "
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 "Our development of the GNU free software operating system is motivated by "
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-"GNU GPL</a>"
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-msgid "About Free Software"
-msgstr "关于自由软件"
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@@ -112,22 +58,49 @@
 
"地被复制或修改。恰恰是这一特性，使得软件更为有用。我们由此坚信，软件的这一天"
 "然属性应该被用户利用。"
 
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"recently added articles</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr ""
+
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>"
 
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">History of GNU, and discussion of GNU and Linux."
+#| "</a>"
+msgid "<a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">History of GNU/Linux</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/gnu/gnu.html\">GNU 的历史，GNU 与 Linux。</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a>"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\">Why Software Should Not Have Owners</a>"
 
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a>"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/pragmatic.html\">Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</a>"
 
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
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 "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-doc.html\">Why Free Software Needs Free "
 "Documentation</a>"
@@ -136,16 +109,19 @@
 "Documentation</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!"
 msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling.html\">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!"
 
 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motives For Writing Free Software</a>"
 msgstr ""
 "<a href=\"/philosophy/fs-motives.html\">Motives For Writing Free Software</a>"
 
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
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 "<a href=\"/philosophy/right-to-read.html\">The Right to Read: A Dystopian "
 "Short Story</a> by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";> Richard Stallman</a>"
@@ -154,65 +130,33 @@
 "Short Story</a> by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";> Richard Stallman</a>"
 
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+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
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-
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-"<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html\"> Essays and articles.</a> A "
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+"<a href=\"/philosophy/government-free-software.html\">Measures governments "
+"can use to promote free software</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html\">What is Free Software?</a>"
 
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 "<a id=\"TOCFreedomOrganizations\">We</a> <a id=\"FreedomOrganizations"
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@@ -225,16 +169,23 @@
 
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+#. type: Content of: <div>
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to "
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href=\"/contact/\">其"
@@ -243,6 +194,26 @@
 "address@hidden&gt;</a>。"
 
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html\">Why I Will Not Sign "
+#~ "the Public Domain Manifesto</a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
+#~ msgid ""
+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\">On Selling Exceptions to "
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html\">On Selling Exceptions to "
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+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
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+#~ msgstr "关于自由软件"
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+# type: Content of: <h3>
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+# type: Content of: <p>
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+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html\"> Essays and articles.</"
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+#~ "software operating system GNU."
+#~ msgstr ""
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+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.html\">Speeches and "
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.html\">演讲与访谈：</a> 
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+
+# type: Content of: <ul><li>
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html\">Third party ideas.</a> "
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+#~ "<a href=\"/philosophy/third-party-ideas.html\">第三方观点：</a> 
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 # type: Content of: <ul><li>
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Index: po/words-to-avoid.it-en.html
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+
+
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Европейский &ldquo;союзный патент&rdquo;: 
неограниченные патенты на
+программы - проект GNU - Фонд свободного 
программного обеспечения</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist" -->
+<h2>Европейский &ldquo;союзный патент&rdquo;: 
неограниченные патенты на
+программы</h2>
+<p>Ричард Столмен<br />Впервые опубликовано в 
<a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning";>&ldquo;Гардиан&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Вслед за индустрией программного 
обеспечения США, которая переживает <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack";>давно
+предугаданные тотальные патентные 
войны</a>, которые мы предчувствовали,
+Европейский союз планирует следовать тем 
же курсом. Когда доклад Харгривса
+призывал Великобританию избегать 
патентов на программы, она уже одобрила
+план, который, видимо, введет эти патенты в 
Великобритании.</p>
+
+<p>Патенты на программы опасны для 
разработчиков программ, потому что они
+устанавливают монополии на программные 
идеи. Разрабатывать нетривиальные
+программы нереально или небезопасно, если 
вы должны протискиваться сквозь
+лабиринт патентов. См. &ldquo;Патенты на 
программы и литературные
+патенты&rdquo;, &ldquo;Гардиан&rdquo;, 20&nbsp;июня 
2005&nbsp;года.</p>
+
+<p>В каждой программе комбинируется много 
идей; в крупной программе их
+реализованы тысячи. По недавним оценкам 
Google, в смартфоне может быть <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google";>
+250&nbsp;тысяч запатентованных идей</a>. Я 
считаю это число правдоподобным,
+потому что по моей оценке 2004&nbsp;года в 
операционной системе GNU/Linux
+реализовано около 100&nbsp;тысяч 
по-настоящему запатентованных идей. (Ден
+Рейвичер обнаружил, что Linux (ядро) содержит 
283 таких идеи; было
+подсчитано, что на тот момент оно 
составляло 0,25% от всей системы.)</p>
+
+<p>Сейчас в США последствия становятся 
очевидными, но влиятельные
+многонациональные компании долгое время 
содействовали распространению
+патентов на программы по всему миру. В 
2005&nbsp;году Европейский парламент
+принял во втором чтении директиву, 
предложенную Европейской комиссией,
+узаконивающую патенты на программы. Перед 
этим парламент вносил в нее
+поправки, чтобы отвергнуть такие патенты, 
но Совет Европы отменил эти
+поправки.</p>
+
+<p>Текст, представленный комиссией, написан 
очень изворотливо: когда его читают
+простые люди, кажется, что он запрещает 
патенты на чисто программные идеи,
+потому что он требует, чтобы у приложения 
патента имелся физический
+аспект. Однако он не требует, чтобы 
&ldquo;изобретательный уровень&rdquo;,
+шаг, который составляет патентоспособное 
&ldquo;изобретение&rdquo;, был
+физическим.</p>
+
+<p>Это значит, что заявка на патент может 
представить требуемый физический
+аспект простым упоминанием физических 
элементов компьютера, на котором будет
+выполняться программа (процессор, память, 
дисплей и т.&nbsp;д.). Для этого
+не потребуется предлагать какого бы то ни 
было усовершенствования в этих
+физических элементах, только сослаться на 
них как на часть более крупной
+системы, включающей также программу. Таким 
образом можно было бы
+запатентовать любую вычислительную идею. 
Такой патент распространялся бы
+только на программы, предназначенные для 
выполнения на компьютере, но это
+ограничение не велико, поскольку 
выполнять крупную программу вручную
+непрактично.</p>
+
+<p>Мощное общественное движение&nbsp;&mdash; 
первое в истории движение,
+направленное на то, чтобы убедить 
Европейский парламент&nbsp;&mdash; привело
+к провалу директивы. Но это не значит, что 
мы убедили половину парламента
+отказаться от патентов на программы. 
Просто поддерживающие их силы, кажется,
+решили в последнюю минуту отбросить свое 
собственное предложение.</p>
+
+<p>Добровольные активисты разошлись, думая, 
что битва выиграна, но корпорации
+платили своим политикам, чтобы они 
продолжали это дело. И вот они измыслили
+другой изворотливый метод: систему 
&ldquo;союзных патентов&rdquo;,
+предложенную Евросоюзу. Когда в рамках 
этой системы Европейское патентное
+бюро выдает патент, он будет автоматически 
действителен в каждом участвующем
+государстве, что в данном случае означает 
весь Евросоюз, кроме Испании и
+Италии.</p>
+
+<p>Как это повлияет на программные патенты? 
Очевидно, либо система союзных
+патентов будет допускать патенты на 
программы, либо нет. Если она будет
+допускать их, то никакая страна не сможет 
самостоятельно избежать их. Это
+было бы плохо, но что, если эта система 
откажется от патентов на программы?
+Это было бы хорошо&nbsp;&mdash; верно?</p>
+
+<p>Верно&nbsp;&mdash; если не учитывать того, что 
план был составлен так, чтобы
+предотвратить это. Небольшая, но 
критически важная деталь в плане
+заключается в том, что апелляции против 
решений Европейского патентного бюро
+будут рассматриваться на основании правил 
самого Европейского патентного
+бюро. Таким образом, бюро могло бы вить 
веревки из европейских
+предпринимателей и пользователей 
компьютеров, как ему заблагорассудится.</p>
+
+<p>Бюро кровно заинтересовано в 
распространении патентов на столько сфер 
жизни,
+на сколько ему только позволят. Если 
внешние ограничения (такие, как
+национальные суды) были бы сняты, бюро 
могло бы вводить патенты на программы
+или любые другие спорные разновидности 
патентов. Например, если оно решит,
+что естественные гены патентоспособны, 
как <a
+href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml";>
+это только что сделал апелляционный суд 
США</a>, никто не сможет отменить
+это решение, кроме, возможно, Суда 
Европейского союза.</p>
+
+<p>Фактически решение бюро о патентах на 
программы уже принято, и его можно
+наблюдать в действии. Бюро выдало десятки 
тысяч патентов на программы,
+пренебрегая договором, который учредил 
его. (См. <a
+href="http://webshop.ffii.org/";>&ldquo;Ваш магазин в 
Интернете
+запатентован&rdquo;</a>.) В настоящее время, 
однако, каждое государство
+решает, действительны ли эти патенты. Если 
будет принята система союзных
+патентов и Европейское патентное бюро 
получит бесконтрольную власть
+принимать решения, Европа получит 
патентные войны в стиле США.</p>
+
+<p>В марте Суд Европейского союза 
постановил, что система союзных патентов
+должна быть ограничена своей юрисдикцией, 
но неясно, будут ли в эту
+юрисдикцию входить решения таких 
существенных вопросов, как &ldquo;могут ли
+программные идеи быть запатентованы?&rdquo; 
Неясно это потому, что
+непонятно, как Европейское патентное 
соглашение соотносится с Судом
+Европейского союза.</p>
+
+<p>Если Суд Европейского союза может 
принимать решения об этом, то в этом плане
+не было бы ничего особо катастрофичного. 
Вместо этого мы оказались бы в
+одном шаге от катастрофы. До принятия 
такой системы Европе следует
+переписать этот план, чтобы гарантировать, 
что программы будут в
+безопасности от патентов. Если это сделать 
невозможно, то лучше всего
+отказаться от плана вообще. 
Незначительные упрощения не стоят 
катастрофы;
+гармонизация&nbsp;&mdash; неверная цель, если 
это означает, что дела везде
+пойдут плохо.</p>
+
+<p>Кажется, что правительство 
Великобритании хочет катастрофы, 
поскольку <a
+href="http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf";>в декабре 
2010&nbsp;года
+оно выразило пожелание</a>, чтобы Суд 
Европейского союза не имел приоритета
+над этой системой. Послушает ли 
правительство Харгривса? Изменит ли оно
+мнение об этом плане? Британцы должны 
настаивать на этом.</p>
+
+<p>Подробнее о недостатках и юридических 
изъянах этого плана можно найти на <a
+href="http://unitary-patent.eu";>unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Вы заметите, что термин 
&ldquo;интеллектуальная собственность&rdquo; в
+статье не употреблялся. Этот термин 
распространяет заблуждение, потому что
+он применяется к дюжине не связанных друг 
с другом законов. Даже если мы
+рассмотрим просто патентное право и 
авторское право, то они настолько
+различны по своим требованиям и 
результатам, что делать обобщения о двух
+этих категориях&nbsp;&mdash; это ошибка. Чтобы 
не вводить людей в обобщения
+о несвязанных законах, я никогда не 
употребляю термина
+&ldquo;интеллектуальная собственность&rdquo;, и 
мне он никогда не требуется.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+     all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+     verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking
+     with the webmasters first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+     and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Пожалуйста, присылайте запросы фонду и GNU 
по адресу <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>. Есть также <a
+href="/contact/">другие способы связаться</a> с 
фондом.<br />
+Пожалуйста, присылайте отчеты о 
неработающих ссылках и другие поправки или
+предложения по адресу <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Сведения по координации и предложениям 
переводов этой статьи см. в <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">&ldquo;Ð 
уководстве по
+переводам&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011 Richard Stallman</p><p>Copyright &copy; 2011 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>Это произведение доступно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лицензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Атрибуция&nbsp;&mdash; 
Без
+производных произведений</em>) 3.0 США</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Внимание! В подготовке этого перевода 
участвовал только один человек. Вы
+можете существенно улучшить перевод, если 
проверите его и расскажете о
+найденных ошибках в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru";>русской группе 
переводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Обновлено:
+
+$Date: 2011/12/29 09:26:53 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!--  -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!--      Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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-->
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+<!--       - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
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+<!--      Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!--  -->
+<!--      See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--      
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
 -->
+<!--      -->
+<!--  -->
+<!-- <gnun>
+
+<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a -->
+<!-- href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html">English</a>&nbsp;[en]</li> 
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a 
href="/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.fr.html">fran&#x00e7;ais</a>&nbsp;[fr]</li>
 -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

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+<title>Europe's &ldquo;unitary patent&rdquo; Could Mean Unlimited
+Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist" -->
+<h2>Europe's &ldquo;unitary patent&rdquo; could mean unlimited
+software patents</h2>
+<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning";>
+The Guardian</a></p>
+
+<p>Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack";>the
+long anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have
+anticipated, the European Union has a plan to follow the same course.
+When the Hargreaves report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the
+UK had already approved plan that is likely to impose them on UK.</p>
+
+<p>Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they
+impose monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to
+develop nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See
+&ldquo;Software Patents and Literary Patents&rdquo;, Guardian, June 20,
+2005.</p>
+
+<p>Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements thousands
+of them. Google recently estimated there <a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google";>might
+be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure
+plausible because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating
+system implemented around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the
+kernel, had been found by Dan Ravicher to contain 283 such ideas, and
+was estimated to be .25% of the whole system at the time.)</p>
+
+<p>The consequences are becoming manifest now in the US, but multinational
+companies have long lobbied to spread software patents around the world.
+In 2005, the European Parliament took up the second reading of a
+directive that had been proposed by the European Commission to authorize
+software patents. The Parliament had previously amended it to reject
+them, but the Council of Europe had undone those amendments.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission's text was written in a sneaky way: when read by
+laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it
+required a patent application to have a physical aspect.  However, it
+did not require the &ldquo;inventive step&rdquo;, the advance that
+constitutes a patentable &ldquo;invention&rdquo;, to be physical.</p>
+
+<p>This meant that a patent application could present the required physical
+aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on
+which the program would run (processor, memory, display, etc.). It
+would not have to propose any advance in these physical elements, just
+cite them as part of the larger system also containing the software.
+Any computational idea could be patented this way. Such a patent would
+only cover software meant for running on a computer, but that was not
+much of a limitation, since it is not practical to run a large program
+by hand simulation.</p>
+
+<p>A massive grass-roots effort&mdash;the first one ever directed at
+convincing the European Parliament&mdash;resulted in defeat of the
+directive. But that does not mean we convinced half of Parliament to
+reject software patents.  Rather, it seems the pro-patent forces decided
+at the last minute to junk their own proposal.</p>
+
+<p>The volunteer activists drifted away, thinking the battle won, but the
+corporate lobbyists for software patents were paid to stay on the job.
+Now they have contrived another sneaky method: the &ldquo;unitary
+patent&rdquo; system proposed for the EU. Under this system, if the
+European Patent Office issues a patent, it will automatically be valid
+in every participating country, which in this case means all of the EU
+except for Spain and Italy.</p>
+
+<p>How would that affect software patents? Evidently, either the unitary
+patent system would allow software patents or it wouldn't. If it
+allows them, no country will be able to escape them on its own. That
+would be bad, but what if the system rejects software patents? Then it
+would be good&mdash;right?</p>
+
+<p>Right&mdash;except the plan was designed to prevent that. A small but
+crucial detail in the plan is that appeals against the EPO's
+decisions would be decided based on the EPO's own rules. The EPO
+could thus tie European business and computer users in knots to its
+heart's content.</p>
+
+<p>The EPO has a vested interest in extending patents into as many areas of
+life as it can get away with. With external limits (such as national
+courts) removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other
+controversial kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide
+that natural genes are patentable, as <a
+href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml";>a
+US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except
+perhaps the European Court of Justice.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, the EPO's decision about software patents has already
+been made, and can be seen in action. The EPO has issued tens of
+thousands of software patents, in contempt for the treaty that
+established it. (See <a href="http://webshop.ffii.org/";>&ldquo;Your web
+shop is patented&rdquo;</a>.) At present, though, each state decides
+whether those patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted
+and the EPO gets unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style
+patent wars.</p>
+
+<p>The European Court of Justice ruled in March that a unitary patent
+system would have to be subject to its jurisdiction, but it isn't
+clear whether its jurisdiction would include substantive policy
+decisions such as &ldquo;can software ideas be patented?&rdquo;
+That's because it's not clear how the European Patent
+Convention relates to the ECJ.</p>
+
+<p>If the ECJ can decide this, the plan would no longer be certain
+disaster. Instead, the ball would be one bounce away from disaster.
+Before adopting such a system, Europe should rewrite the plan to make
+certain software is safe from patents. If that can't be done, the
+next best thing is to reject the plan entirely. Minor simplifications
+are not worth a disaster; harmonization is a misguided goal if it means
+doing things wrong everywhere.</p>
+
+<p>The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a
+href="http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf";>it stated in
+December 2010</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over the system.
+Will the government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this
+plan? Britons must insist on this.</p>
+
+<p>More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can be
+found in <a href="http://unitary-patent.eu";>unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
+
+<p>You will note that the term &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; has not
+been used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is
+applied to a dozen unrelated laws. Even if we consider just patent law
+and copyright law, they are so different in their requirements and
+effects that generalizing about the two is a mistake. Absolutely
+nothing in this article pertains to copyright law. To avoid leading
+people to generalize about disparate laws, I never use the term
+&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo;, and I never miss it either.</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
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+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2011 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/12/29 09:26:58 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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