[Date Prev][Date Next][Thread Prev][Thread Next][Date Index][Thread Index]
www education/edu-system-india.de.html educatio...
|
From: |
GNUN |
|
Subject: |
www education/edu-system-india.de.html educatio... |
|
Date: |
Fri, 6 Oct 2017 11:28:24 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/10/06 11:28:24
Modified files:
education : edu-system-india.de.html
edu-system-india.el.html
edu-system-india.hr.html
edu-system-india.ja.html
education/po : edu-system-india.hr-diff.html
links : links.de.html
links/po : links.de-diff.html
music : free-software-song.de.html
free-software-song.pt-br.html
music/po : free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html
Added files:
education/po : edu-system-india.de-diff.html
edu-system-india.el-diff.html
edu-system-india.ja-diff.html
music/po : free-software-song.de-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-system-india.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-system-india.el.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-system-india.hr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-system-india.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/links/links.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.71&r2=1.72
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/links/po/links.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/free-software-song.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/free-software-song.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: education/edu-system-india.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-system-india.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- education/edu-system-india.de.html 3 Dec 2016 23:44:56 -0000 1.30
+++ education/edu-system-india.de.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.31
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-system-india.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-system-india.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-system-india.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
Bildungssystem in Indien</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -415,7 +421,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2016/12/03 23:44:56 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/edu-system-india.el.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-system-india.el.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- education/edu-system-india.el.html 15 Apr 2017 11:59:54 -0000 1.4
+++ education/edu-system-india.el.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-system-india.el.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-system-india.el.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-system-india.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.el.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
εκÏαιδεÏ
ÏÎ¹ÎºÏ ÏÏÏÏημα ÏÏην Îνδία</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.el.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -419,7 +425,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
ÎνημεÏÏθηκε:
-$Date: 2017/04/15 11:59:54 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/edu-system-india.hr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-system-india.hr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- education/edu-system-india.hr.html 18 Nov 2016 07:32:15 -0000 1.17
+++ education/edu-system-india.hr.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-system-india.hr.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-system-india.hr.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-system-india.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.hr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -16,6 +21,7 @@
sustav u Indiji</p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.hr.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -380,7 +386,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Vrijeme zadnje izmjene:
-$Date: 2016/11/18 07:32:15 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/edu-system-india.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-system-india.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- education/edu-system-india.ja.html 18 Nov 2016 07:32:15 -0000 1.30
+++ education/edu-system-india.ja.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.31
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/education/po/edu-system-india.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/education/po/edu-system-india.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/education/edu-system-india.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-system-india.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -15,6 +20,7 @@
href="/education/education.html#indepth">詳細</a> →
ã¤ã³ãã®æè²ã·ã¹ãã </p>
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
<!--#else -->
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2016/11/18 07:32:15 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html 26 May 2015 05:58:11 -0000
1.3
+++ education/po/edu-system-india.hr-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000
1.4
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>The Education System in India
@@ -19,22 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-system-india.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
-<div id="education-content">
-
-<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
-<ul id="edu-navigation">
- <li><a href="edu-contents.html">Education
Contents</a></li>
- <li><a href="edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
- <li><a href="edu-resources.html">Educational
Resources</a></li>
- <li><a href="edu-projects.html">Education
Projects</a></li>
- <li><a href="edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
- <li><a href="edu-team.html">The Team</a></li>
-</ul>
-<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
-
-</div> <!-- id="edu-content" -->
-
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
@@ -48,7 +33,7 @@
<!--#endif -->
<h2>The Education System in India</h2>
-<p>by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#sasi">(1)</a></p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#sasi">
(1)</a></p></em></ins></span>
+<p>by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a
href="#sasi"> (1)</a></p>
<h3>In the Beginning</h3>
@@ -325,7 +310,7 @@
GeoGebra</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab">
KtechLab</a> for studying geometry and electronics. Applications like
<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/sunclock/">
-Sunclock</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium">
+Sunclock</a>, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://edu.kde.org/kalzium/"></em></ins></span>
Kalzium</a> and <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/ghemical/">
Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students.</p>
@@ -393,7 +378,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/05/26 05:58:11 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: links/links.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/links.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.71
retrieving revision 1.72
diff -u -b -r1.71 -r1.72
--- links/links.de.html 20 Jul 2017 12:59:44 -0000 1.71
+++ links/links.de.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.72
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/links/links.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/links/po/links.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/links/po/links.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/links/links.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/links/po/links.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/links/links.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -11,6 +16,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/links/po/links.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Verweise zu anderen Freie-Software-Internetpräsenzen</h2>
<p>
@@ -464,7 +470,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2017/07/20 12:59:44 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: links/po/links.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/links/po/links.de-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- links/po/links.de-diff.html 15 May 2012 00:29:57 -0000 1.3
+++ links/po/links.de-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.4
@@ -10,20 +10,22 @@
span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
</style></head>
<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
<!-- Please do not change /links/links.html, without explicit instruction
from
mattl or johnsu01 (or rms) -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<title>Links to Other Free Software Sites - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<title>Links to Other Free Software Sites
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/links/po/links.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>Links to Other Free Software Sites</h2>
<p>
To help promote knowledge of free software that isn't
-<a href="/software/software.html#TOCDescriptionsOfGNUSoftware">GNU
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
software distributed by the FSF</a>,
we have collected the following
-links to other web sites that contain free software, or is directly
+links to other web sites that contain free software, or are directly
related to the issue of free software.
</p>
@@ -37,41 +39,30 @@
</p>
<p> <em><span class="highlight">The FSF is not responsible
for the
-content of other web sites, or how up-to-date their content
-is.</span></em></p>
+contents of other web sites, or how up-to-date they
are.</span></em></p>
<h3 id="FreeGNULinuxDistributions">Free GNU/Linux
distributions</h3>
<p>
-<a href="/distros/distros.html">See here</a> for information about
fully-free
-GNU/Linux distributions.</p>
+We maintain information about <a href="/distros/distros.html">
+fully-free GNU/Linux distributions</a>.</p>
-<h3>Other free operating systems</h3>
-<p>
-We would especially like to know of other free operating systems that
-have a policy not to include, or recommend, non-free software.
-Developers of such operating systems that wish us to be aware of their
-system should contact <address@hidden>. These systems also follow
-our <a
href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">Guidelines
-for Free System Distributions</a>.
-</p>
+<h3 id="OtherFreeOperatingSysyems">Other free operating
systems</h3>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://www.gnu-darwin.org">GNU
Darwin</a></li>
-<li><a href="http://www.jnode.org/">JNode</a>, a free
operating system
- written in Java</li>
-</ul>
+<p>
+We maintain information about <a
href="/distros/free-non-gnu-distros.html">
+fully-free system distributions that are not GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
-<h3>Collections of free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftwareCollections">Collections of free software</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.delorie.com">DJ Delorie's
site</a>.</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.emacswiki.org/cgi-bin/wiki/ElispArea">GNU
+ <li><a href="https://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/ElispArea">GNU
EmacsWiki: ElispArea</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://ftp.back2roots.org/geekgadgets/">GNU
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091208112854/http://ftp.back2roots.org/geekgadgets/">GNU
programs for the Amiga and BeOS</a></li>
<li><a href="/software/for-windows.html">A short list of free
software
for Microsoft Windows</a>, for the Windows user who is curious
@@ -79,7 +70,7 @@
</ul>
-<h3>Free software documentation</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftwareDoc">Free software documentation</h3>
<p>
The documentation at these sites may be older than the latest
@@ -91,23 +82,23 @@
collection of free manuals for free software.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.delorie.com/gnu/docs/">GNU manuals at
delorie.com.</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.mibsoftware.com/reuse/">Reuse
RKT</a> provides
+ <li><a href="http://www.rocketaware.com/orbit/Lo/">Reuse
RKT</a> provides
links to FAQs, standards and references.</li>
<li><a href="/software/gnujdoc/gnujdoc.html">GNUjdoc</a>
is a central
archive of Japanese translations of GNU documents.</li>
</ul>
-<h3>Unofficial GNU sites</h3>
+<h3 id="UnofficialGNUSites">Unofficial GNU sites</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu">Trent's
pages.</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.gnuino.org/">A Spanish
- introduction to free software.</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.cs.pdx.edu/~trent/gnu">Trent's
pages</a>.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101223080452/http://www.visuarama.com/gnuino/gnuino.html">A
Spanish
+ introduction to free software (archived)</a>.</li>
</ul>
-<h3>Free knowledge & free culture</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeCulture">Free knowledge & free culture</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia.org</a>
@@ -120,16 +111,19 @@
</ul>
-<h3>Organizations related to free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftwareOrganizations">Organizations related to free
software</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="http://mx.gnu.org">GNU Mexico</a> - The
Mexican branch
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160801150658/http://mx.gnu.org/">
+ GNU Mexico</a> - The Mexican branch
of the GNU Project</li>
- <li><a href="http://es.gnu.org">GNU Spain</a> - The
Spanish branch
- of the GNU Project</li>
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306082159/http://es.gnu.org/P%C3%A1gina_Principal">
+ GNU Spain</a> - The
+ Spanish branch of the GNU Project</li>
- <li><a href="http://it.gnu.org">GNU Italia</a> - The
Italian branch
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20140418145937/http://it.gnu.org/">
+ GNU Italia</a> - The Italian branch
of the GNU Project</li>
<li><a href="http://www.fsfe.org/">FSF Europe</a>, Free
Software
@@ -149,19 +143,22 @@
education using free software tools</li>
<li><a href="http://www.belgeler.org/">Belgeler.org</a> -
A very
- <span class="removed"><del><strong>compherensive</strong></del></span>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em>comprehensive</em></ins></span> Turkish
Translation project including philosophical
+ comprehensive Turkish Translation project including philosophical
writings about Free Software</li>
<li><a href="http://www.april.org/">APRIL</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://eupat.ffii.org/patente/">European Software
+ <li><a
href="http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/indprop/docs/comp/replies/appendix44_en.pdf">
+ European Software
Patent Horror Gallery</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/">FFII: Protecting Information
+ <li><a href="http://eupat.ffii.org/">FFII: Protecting Information
Innovation against the Abuse of the Patent System</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org">Public
Library
+ <li><a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/">End Software Patents
+ campaign </a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.plos.org/">Public Library
of Science</a> organizes support for online public libraries of
science.</li>
@@ -184,26 +181,27 @@
<li><a href="http://www.ffii.org">Foundation for a Free
Informational Infrastructure (FFII)</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.opencode.org/">OpenCode</a></li>
+ <li><a href="http://h2oproject.law.harvard.edu/">OpenCode
(H2O)</a></li>
<li><a href="http://freegis.org">FreeGIS
Project</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://translation.sourceforge.net">Translation
- Project</a></li>
+ <li><a href="https://translationproject.org">Translation
Project</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.ofset.org"; name="OFSET">OFSET</a>
- The
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150420025426/http://www.ofset.org/tiki-index.php";
id="OFSET">OFSET</a> - The
Organization for Free Software in Education and Teaching.</li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.cipsga.org.br/">CIPSGA</a></li>
-
- <li><!--<a
href="http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm/">-->pFFP<!--</a>-->
- - The plugincinema Free Film Project promotes the use of free
- software to make and distribute films.</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060725024828/http://www.cipsga.org.br/">
+ CIPSGA [Archived Page]</a> (closed in 2010 in <a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20101007124617/http://www.cipsga.org.br/">
+ protest against software patents</a>).</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070110042254/http://www.plugincinema.com/plugin/plugin_cinema/pffp.htm">
+ pFFP [Archived Page]</a> - The plugincinema Free Film Project promotes
+ the use of free software to make and distribute films.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.softwarelivre.org">Free Software Project
in
Brazil</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.fscorsica.org">Free Software
Corsica</a>
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701183307/http://www.fscorsica.org">Free
Software Corsica</a>
promotes free software and hardware that supports
<a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free GNU/Linux
distributions</a>
in Corsica.</li>
@@ -216,34 +214,42 @@
organization which promotes sharing and development of the knowledge
based on free software movement principles.</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.sugarlabs.org/">Sugar Labs</a>, an
+ <li><a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716194823/http://www.sugarlabs.org/">Sugar
Labs</a>, an
organization set up to continue development of the Sugar desktop
environment.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.ffkp.se/">FFKP</a>, an
organization that
promotes free culture and software based in Sweden.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://ceata.org/">FundaÈia Ceata</a>,
Romanian foundation
+ fighting for Free Software and Free Culture.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://sfconservancy.org">Software Freedom
Conservancy, Inc.</a>,
+ a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization incorporated in New
+ York. They help promote, improve, develop, and defend Free, Libre,
+ and Open Source Software (FLOSS) projects.</li>
+
<li>Several companies sell <a href="companies.html">computers
with
GNU/Linux preinstalled</a>.</li>
</ul>
-<h3>Companies that support free software development,
+<h3 id="FreeSoftwareCompanies">Companies that support free software
development,
and exclusively free software development</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.solis.coop.br">Solis Coop</a> (in
Portuguese)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.gnat.com/">Ada Core
Technologies</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.intevation.de/">Intevation
GmbH</a></li>
- <li><a href="http://www.propus.com.br">Propus Software
Livre</a> (partly in Portuguese)</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.propus.com.br">Propus Software
Livre</a> (partly
+ in Portuguese)</li>
<li><a href="http://www.prosa.it/">PROSA</a> (partly in
Italian)</li>
<li><a href="http://josefsson.org/">Simon Josefsson Datakonsult
AB</a></li>
- <li><a
href="http://www.sra.co.jp/public/sra/product/wingnut/">Wingnut
Project</a> (in Japanese)</li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="FreedomOrganizations">Organizations that work for freedom in
computer development and
- electronic communications</h3>
+<h3 id="FreedomOrganizations">Organizations that work for freedom in
+computer development and electronic communications</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.opencores.org">OpenCores</a>
@@ -253,35 +259,45 @@
available; design software for hardware must be available.
</p></li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.chillingeffects.org">chillingeffects.org</a>
+<li><a href="https://lumendatabase.org/">Lumen</a>
<p>
- Chilling Effects is a collection point for cease and desist notices
- concerning online activity — we invite visitors to enter
+ Lumen, formerly Chilling Effects, is a collection point for cease and desist
+ notices concerning online activity — we invite visitors to enter
C&Ds they have received or sent. The website collects the
C&Ds in a searchable database and hyperlinks them to
explanations of the legal issues.
</p></li>
-<li><a href="http://progfree.org">The League for Programming
Freedom</a>
+<li>The League for Programming Freedom
<p>
The League for Programming Freedom is an organization that
opposes software patents and user interface copyrights.
+ </p>
+ <p>
+ The League for Programming Freedom is inactive now. Please join
+ our <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org">End Software Patents</a>
+ campaign!
</p></li>
<li><a href="http://eff.org">Electronic Frontier
Foundation</a>
- <p>
- EFF, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, is a non-profit, non-partisan
organization working in the public interest to protect fundamental civil
liberties, including privacy and freedom of expression, in the arena of
computers and the Internet.
- </p></li>
+ <p>EFF, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, is a non-profit,
+ non-partisan organization working in the public interest to protect
+ fundamental civil liberties, including privacy and freedom of expression,
+ in the arena of computers and the Internet.</p></li>
<li><a href="http://epic.org">Electronic Privacy Information
Center</a>
- <p>
- EPIC is a public interest research center in Washington, D.C. It was
established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging civil liberties
issues and to protect privacy, the First Amendment, and constitutional values.
- </p></li>
-
-<li><a href="http://www.cpsr.org">Computer Professionals for
Social Responsibility</a>
- <p>
- CPSR is a public-interest alliance of computer scientists and others
concerned about the impact of computer technology on society. We work to
influence decisions regarding the development and use of computers because
those decisions have far-reaching consequences and reflect our basic values and
priorities.
- </p></li>
+ <p>EPIC is a public interest research center in Washington, D.C. It
was
+ established in 1994 to focus public attention on emerging civil liberties
+ issues and to protect privacy, the First Amendment, and constitutional
+ values.</p></li>
+
+<li><a href="http://www.cpsr.org">Computer Professionals for
Social
+ Responsibility</a> (dissolved in 2013)
+ <p>CPSR was a public-interest alliance of computer scientists and
others
+ concerned about the impact of computer technology on society. They worked
to
+ influence decisions regarding the development and use of computers
+ because those decisions have far-reaching consequences and reflect our
+ basic values and priorities.</p></li>
<li><a href="http://www.aclu.org">American Civil Liberties
Union</a>
<p>
@@ -300,9 +316,10 @@
Utilisateurs d'Internet, and other civil liberties and human rights
organizations. They advocate the prohibition of censorship of
on-line communication, and insist that on-line free expression should not
- be restricted by indirect means such as excessively restrictive governmental
or
- private controls over computer hardware or software, telecommunications
- infrastructure, or other essential components of the Internet.
+ be restricted by indirect means such as excessively restrictive
+ governmental or private controls over computer hardware or software,
+ telecommunications infrastructure, or other essential components of the
+ Internet.
</p></li>
<li><a href="http://www.efa.org.au/">Electronic Frontiers
Australia</a>
@@ -311,12 +328,12 @@
with on-line freedoms and rights.
</p></li>
-<li><a
href="http://www.libertadinformacion.org/">Asociación por la Libertad
de la Información</a>
+<li><!-- <a href="http://www.libertadinformacion.org/">
-->Asociación por la Libertad de la Información<!-- </a> -->
<p>An association fighting for freedom of information in
Spain.</p></li>
</ul>
-<h3>Hosting</h3>
+<h3 id="Hosting">Hosting</h3>
<p>These sites provide hosting for free software packages, focused on
source code. We don't list other well-known hosting sites since they
@@ -328,64 +345,73 @@
<li><a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>, a
hosting site
provided by GNU for both GNU and non-GNU packages. <a
href="/software/devel.html">More info.</a></li>
-<li><a href="http://gna.org/">Gna</a>, the hosting site
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><li><a
href="http://gna.org/">Gna</a></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><li>Gna!</em></ins></span>
(discontinued), the hosting site
provided by FSF France, with support from the French company
Free.</li>
<li><a href="http://puszcza.gnu.org.ua/">Puszcza</a>
(pronounced
"push-cha"), the hosting site maintained by long-time GNU volunteer
Sergey Poznyakoff in Ukraine.</li>
</ul>
-<h3>News about free software</h3>
+<h3 id="FreeSoftwareNews">News about free software</h3>
<p>These sites offer updated news about GNU and other free
software.</p>
<ul>
+<li><a href="//www.fsf.org/free-software-supporter/">Free Software
+ Supporter</a> (translated into Spanish and French).</li>
<li><a href="http://planet.gnu.org">planet.gnu.org</a>,
aggregation of
blogs and news announcements from GNU packages.</li>
<li><a
href="http://singapore.gnu.googlepages.com/press">Press/News</a>,
free software news from a Singapore GNU users group (inactive since
May 2009).</li>
-<li><a href="http://gnuticias.es.gnu.org">GNUticias</a>,
news about
- free software and the GNU Project (in Spanish).</li>
+<li><a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160913034809/http://gnuticias.es.gnu.org/">
+ GNUticias</a> (in Spanish), archived news about free software and
+ the GNU Project.</li>
</ul>
-
-</div>
-
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
-There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
-</p>
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
-<p>
-Please see the
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
-translations of this article.
-</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>
-Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
-<p>
-Updated:
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/05/15 00:29:57 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: music/free-software-song.de.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/free-software-song.de.html,v
retrieving revision 1.56
retrieving revision 1.57
diff -u -b -r1.56 -r1.57
--- music/free-software-song.de.html 28 Mar 2017 09:59:01 -0000 1.56
+++ music/free-software-song.de.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.57
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/music/free-software-song.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/music/po/free-software-song.de.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/music/po/free-software-song.de.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/music/free-software-song.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/music/free-software-song.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.de.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/music/po/free-software-song.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.de.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.de.html" -->
<h2>Der <span xml:lang="en" lang="en">Free Software Song</span></h2>
<p>von <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -223,7 +229,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Letzte Ãnderung:
-$Date: 2017/03/28 09:59:01 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: music/free-software-song.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/free-software-song.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- music/free-software-song.pt-br.html 17 May 2017 14:58:25 -0000 1.5
+++ music/free-software-song.pt-br.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/music/free-software-song.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/music/po/free-software-song.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/music/po/free-software-song.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/music/free-software-song.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2017-08-07" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/music/free-software-song.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/music/po/free-software-song.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<h2>A Música do Software Livre</h2>
<p>por <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -215,7 +221,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2017/05/17 14:58:25 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html 7 May 2017 11:29:44 -0000
1.1
+++ music/po/free-software-song.pt-br-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:24 -0000
1.2
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@
href="http://www.pc-freak.net/files/free-software-songs/jonobacon-freesoftwaresong2.ogg">Ogg
Vorbis</a> format (3.9 MB), released under <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">
CC BY-SA</a>.</li>
- <li>This rock/metal version is put out by <a
href="http://freesoftwaresong.altervista.org/">
+ <li>This rock/metal version is put out by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://freesoftwaresong.altervista.org/"></strong></del></span>
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082345/http://freesoftwaresong.altervista.org/"></em></ins></span>
Loneload</a> available in <a
href="/music/loneload-free-software-song.ogg">Ogg Vorbis</a> format
(2.2 MB), released under <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC
BY</a>.</li>
<li><a href="http://archive.org/details/M00GNU">MooGNU</a>
@@ -111,10 +112,8 @@
Available
in <a
href="http://archive.org/download/M00GNU/Freedom-catmoognu.ogv">
Ogg Video</a> format (4.5 MB).</li>
- <span class="removed"><del><strong><li>The</strong></del></span>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em><li>In 2012, the</em></ins></span>
band <span class="removed"><del><strong><a
-href="http://sebkhachott.net/spip/?Free-Software-Song">Sebkha-Chott</a></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Sebkha-Chott</em></ins></span>
-released <span class="removed"><del><strong>in 2012,</strong></del></span> a
<em>matricide</em> of the Free Software Song to
+ <li>In 2012, the band Sebkha-Chott
+released a <em>matricide</em> of the Free Software Song to
celebrate the death of <a
href="http://www.laquadrature.net/en/ACTA">ACTA</a>. It's available in
<a
@@ -187,8 +186,7 @@
</div>
<p>Copyright © 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010,
2011, 2014, 2015,
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+2016, 2017 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -198,7 +196,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/05/07 11:29:44 $
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html
diff -N education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-system-india.de-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/education/edu-system-india.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>The Education System in India
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-system-india.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+The Education System in India</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>The Education System in India</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a
href="#sasi"> (1)</a></p>
+
+<h3>In the Beginning</h3>
+
+<p>In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which
+anyone who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and
+requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would
+then stay at the guru's place and help in all activities at home. This
+not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the student, but
+also taught the student everything about running a house. The guru
+taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy
+scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics. The student stayed as
+long as she wished or until the guru felt that he had taught everything
+he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life,
+and not confined to memorizing some information.</p>
+
+<p>The modern school system was brought to India, including the English
+language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The
+curriculum was confined to “modern” subjects such as science
+and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were
+considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link
+with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the
+teacher and the student.</p>
+
+<p>The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and
+Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year
+1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In
+1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana,
+was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states.
+But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and
+it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools
+in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the
+function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and
+examination system for all schools affiliated to it. Today there are
+thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in
+many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.</p>
+
+<p>Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group
+of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of
+India. This is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a
+directive policy in article 45 of the constitution. But this objective
+remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the
+recent past, the government appears to have taken a serious note of this
+lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian
+citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the acute scarcity of
+skilled and trained manpower must certainly have played a role to make
+the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of
+India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP,
+which is recognized to be very low.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>“In recent times, several major announcements
were
+made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in
+India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme
+(NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The
+announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on
+education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in
+expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education,
+there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central
+government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due
+to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a
+fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To
+universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva
+Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.”
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_india">Wikipedia:
+Education in India</a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>The School System</h3>
+
+<p>India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called “Union
+Territories”. The states have their own elected governments while
+the Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India,
+with the President of India appointing an administrator for each Union
+Territory. As per the constitution of India, school education was
+originally a state subject —that is, the states had complete
+authority on deciding policies and implementing them. The role of the
+Government of India (GoI) was limited to coordination and deciding on
+the standards of higher education. This was changed with a
+constitutional amendment in 1976 so that education now comes in the
+so-called <em>concurrent list</em>. That is, school education
policies
+and programmes are suggested at the national level by the GoI though the
+state governments have a lot of freedom in implementing programmes.
+Policies are announced at the national level periodically. The Central
+Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in 1935, continues to play a
+lead role in the evolution and monitoring of educational policies and
+programmes.</p>
+
+<p>There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing
+policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational
+Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum
+Framework. Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for
+Educational Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that
+essentially propose educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical
+schemes and evaluation methodologies to the states' departments of
+education. The SCERTs generally follow guidelines established by the
+NCERT. But the states have considerable freedom in implementing the
+education system.</p>
+
+<p>The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action
+(POA) 1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory
+quality for all children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The
+government committed to earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
+for education, half of which would be spent on primary education. The
+expenditure on Education as a percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per
+cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per cent in 1997-98.</p>
+
+<p>The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to
+10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17
+and 18). The lower primary school is divided into five
“standards”,
+upper primary school into two, high school into three and higher
+secondary into two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely
+(except for regional changes in mother tongue) till the end of high
+school. There is some amount of specialization possible at the higher
+secondary level. Students throughout the country have to learn three
+languages (namely, English, Hindi and their mother tongue) except in
+regions where Hindi is the mother tongue and in some streams as
+discussed below.</p>
+
+<p>There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of
+these are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the
+Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for
+children of central government employees who are periodically
+transferred and may have to move to any place in the country. A number
+of “central schools” (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been
+established for the purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and
+they follow a common schedule so that a student going from one school to
+another on a particular day will hardly see any difference in what is
+being taught. One subject (Social Studies, consisting of History,
+Geography and Civics) is always taught in Hindi, and other subjects in
+English, in these schools. Kendriya Vidyalayas admit other children also
+if seats are available. All of them follow textbooks written and
+published by the NCERT. In addition to these government-run schools, a
+number of private schools in the country follow the CBSE syllabus though
+they may use different text books and follow different teaching
+schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what they teach in
+lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 other
+countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population
there.</p>
+
+<p>The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary
+Education (ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for
+the Cambridge School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference
+held in 1952 under the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then
+Minister for Education. The main purpose of the conference was to
+consider the replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate
+Examination by an All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting
+of the Inter-State Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was
+adopted for the setting up of an Indian Council to administer the
+University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate's Examination in
+India and to advise the Syndicate on the best way to adapt its
+examination to the needs of the country. The inaugural meeting of the
+Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December 1967, the Council
+was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
+The Council was listed in the Delhi School Education Act 1973, as a body
+conducting public examinations. Now a large number of schools across the
+country are affiliated to this Council. All these are private schools
+and generally cater to children from wealthy families.</p>
+
+<p>Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in
+schools across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10
+years of schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years
+(after higher secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based
+on the performance in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot
+of pressure on the child to perform well, there have been suggestions to
+remove the examination at the end of 10 years.</p>
+
+<h3>Exclusive Schools</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the above, there are a relatively small number of
+schools that follow foreign curricula such as the so-called Senior
+Cambridge, though this was largely superseded by the ICSE stream
+elsewhere. Some of these schools also offer the students the opportunity
+to sit for the ICSE examinations. These are usually very expensive
+residential schools where some of the Indians working abroad send their
+children. They normally have fabulous infrastructure, low student-teacher
+ratio and very few students. Many of them have teachers from abroad.
+There are also other exclusive schools such as the Doon School in
+Dehradun that take in a small number of students and charge exorbitant
+fees.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from all of these, there are a handful of schools around the
+country, such as the Rishi Valley school in Andhra Pradesh, that try to
+break away from the normal education system that promotes rote learning
+and implement innovative systems such as the Montessori method. Most
+such schools are expensive, have high teacher-student ratios and provide
+a learning environment in which each child can learn at his/her own pace.
+It would be interesting and instructive to do a study on what impact the
+kind of school has had on the life of their alumni.</p>
+
+<h3>State Schools</h3>
+
+<p>Each state in the country has its own Department of Education that
+runs its own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system.
+As mentioned earlier, the curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation method are
+largely decided by the SCERT in the state, following the national
+guidelines prescribed by the NCERT.</p>
+
+<p>Each state has three kinds of schools that follow the state
+curriculum. The government runs its own schools in land and buildings
+owned by the government and paying the staff from its own resources.
+These are generally known as <em>government schools</em>. The fees
are
+quite low in such schools. Then there are privately owned schools with
+their own land and buildings. Here the fees are high and the teachers
+are paid by the management. Such schools mostly cater to the urban
+middle class families. The third kind consists of schools that are
+provided grant-in-aid by the government, though the school was started
+by a private agency in their own land and buildings. The grant-in-aid is
+meant to help reduce the fees and make it possible for poor families to
+send their children. In some states like Kerala, these schools are very
+similar to government schools since the teachers are paid by the
+government and the fees are the same as in government schools.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Kerala">The Case of Kerala</h3>
+
+<p>The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of
+India, has been different from the rest of the country in many ways for
+the last few decades. It has, for instance, the highest literacy rate
+among all states, and was declared the first fully literate state about
+a decade back. Life expectancy, both male and female, is very high,
+close to that of the developed world. Other parameters such as fertility
+rate, infant and child mortality are among the best in the country, if
+not the best. The total fertility rate has been below the replacement
+rate of 2.1 for the last two decades. Probably as a side-effect of
+economic and social development, suicide rates and alcoholism are also
+very high. Government policies also have been very different from the
+rest of the country, leading to the development model followed in Kerala,
+with high expenditure in education and welfare, coming to be known as
+the “Kerala Model“ among economists.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala has also always shown interest in trying out ways of improving
+its school education system. Every time the NCERT came up with new ideas,
+it was Kerala that tried it out first. The state experimented with the
+District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) with gusto, though there was
+opposition to it from various quarters, and even took it beyond primary
+classes. The state was the first in the country to move from the
+traditional behaviorist way of teaching to a social constructivist
+paradigm. It was mentioned in the National Curriculum Framework of NCERT
+in the year 2000, and Kerala started trying it out the next year. The
+transaction in the classroom and the evaluation methodology were changed.
+Instead of direct questions that could be answered only through
+memorizing the lessons, indirect questions and open ended questions were
+included so that the student needed to think before answering, and the
+answers could be subjective to some extent. This meant that the students
+had to digest what they studied and had to be able to use their
+knowledge in a specific situation to answer the questions. At the same
+time, the new method took away a lot of pressure and the children began
+to find examinations interesting and enjoyable instead of being
+stressful. A Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system was
+introduced along with this, which took into consideration the overall
+personality of the student and reduced the dependence on a single final
+examination for deciding promotion to the next class. At present, the
+CBSE also has implemented CCE, but in a more flexible manner.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala was also the first state in the country to introduce
+Information Technology as a subject of study at the High School level.
+It was started in class 8 with the textbook introducing Microsoft
+Windows and Microsoft Office. But within one year the government was
+forced to include Free Software also in the curriculum by protests from
+Free Software enthusiasts and a favorable stance taken by a school
+teachers association that had the majority of government teachers as its
+members. Eventually, from the year 2007, only GNU/Linux was taught in
+the schools, and all computers in schools had only GNU/Linux installed.
+At that time, perhaps even today, this was the largest installation of
+GNU/Linux in schools, and made headlines even in other countries. Every
+year, from 2007 onwards, about 500,000 children pass out of the schools
+learning the concepts behind Free Software and the GNU/Linux operating
+system and applications. The state is now moving towards IT Enabled
+Education. Eventually, IT will not be taught as a separate subject.
+Instead, all subjects will be taught with the help of IT so that the
+children will, on the one hand, learn IT skills and, on the other, make
+use of educational applications (such as those mentioned below) and
+resources in the Internet (such as textual material from sites like
+Wikipedia, images, animations and videos) to study their subjects and to
+do exercises. Teachers and students have already started using
+applications such as <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/">
+Dr. Geo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra">
+GeoGebra</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab">
+KtechLab</a> for studying geometry and electronics. Applications like
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/sunclock/">
+Sunclock</a>, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://edu.kde.org/kalzium/"></em></ins></span>
+Kalzium</a> and <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/ghemical/">
+Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students.</p>
+
+<p>The initiative taken by Kerala is now influencing other states and
+even the policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and
+Gujarat are now planning to introduce Free Software in their schools,
+and some other states like Maharashtra are examining the option. The new
+education policy of the Government of India speaks about constructivism,
+IT enabled education, Free Software and sharing educational resources.
+Once a few of the larger states successfully migrate to Free Software,
+it is hoped that the entire country would follow suit in a relatively
+short time. When that happens, India could have the largest user base of
+GNU/Linux and Free Software in general.</p>
+
+<h4>References</h4>
+
+<p>http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html<br
/>
+http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu<br />
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education</p>
+
+<hr />
+<a id="sasi"></a><a
href="http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/">V. Sasi Kumar</a> is a doctor
+in physics and a member of the FSF India Board of Directors. He advocates
+for Free Software and freedom of knowledge.
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar.</p>
+
+<p><!--TRANSLATORS: Please note that the license here is CC-BY-SA
-->
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html
diff -N education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-system-india.el-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/education/edu-system-india.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>The Education System in India
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-system-india.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+The Education System in India</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>The Education System in India</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a
href="#sasi"> (1)</a></p>
+
+<h3>In the Beginning</h3>
+
+<p>In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which
+anyone who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and
+requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would
+then stay at the guru's place and help in all activities at home. This
+not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the student, but
+also taught the student everything about running a house. The guru
+taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy
+scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics. The student stayed as
+long as she wished or until the guru felt that he had taught everything
+he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life,
+and not confined to memorizing some information.</p>
+
+<p>The modern school system was brought to India, including the English
+language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The
+curriculum was confined to “modern” subjects such as science
+and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were
+considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link
+with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the
+teacher and the student.</p>
+
+<p>The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and
+Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year
+1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In
+1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana,
+was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states.
+But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and
+it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools
+in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the
+function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and
+examination system for all schools affiliated to it. Today there are
+thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in
+many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.</p>
+
+<p>Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group
+of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of
+India. This is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a
+directive policy in article 45 of the constitution. But this objective
+remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the
+recent past, the government appears to have taken a serious note of this
+lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian
+citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the acute scarcity of
+skilled and trained manpower must certainly have played a role to make
+the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of
+India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP,
+which is recognized to be very low.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>“In recent times, several major announcements
were
+made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in
+India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme
+(NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The
+announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on
+education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in
+expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education,
+there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central
+government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due
+to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a
+fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To
+universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva
+Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.”
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_india">Wikipedia:
+Education in India</a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>The School System</h3>
+
+<p>India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called “Union
+Territories”. The states have their own elected governments while
+the Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India,
+with the President of India appointing an administrator for each Union
+Territory. As per the constitution of India, school education was
+originally a state subject —that is, the states had complete
+authority on deciding policies and implementing them. The role of the
+Government of India (GoI) was limited to coordination and deciding on
+the standards of higher education. This was changed with a
+constitutional amendment in 1976 so that education now comes in the
+so-called <em>concurrent list</em>. That is, school education
policies
+and programmes are suggested at the national level by the GoI though the
+state governments have a lot of freedom in implementing programmes.
+Policies are announced at the national level periodically. The Central
+Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in 1935, continues to play a
+lead role in the evolution and monitoring of educational policies and
+programmes.</p>
+
+<p>There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing
+policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational
+Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum
+Framework. Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for
+Educational Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that
+essentially propose educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical
+schemes and evaluation methodologies to the states' departments of
+education. The SCERTs generally follow guidelines established by the
+NCERT. But the states have considerable freedom in implementing the
+education system.</p>
+
+<p>The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action
+(POA) 1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory
+quality for all children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The
+government committed to earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
+for education, half of which would be spent on primary education. The
+expenditure on Education as a percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per
+cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per cent in 1997-98.</p>
+
+<p>The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to
+10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17
+and 18). The lower primary school is divided into five
“standards”,
+upper primary school into two, high school into three and higher
+secondary into two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely
+(except for regional changes in mother tongue) till the end of high
+school. There is some amount of specialization possible at the higher
+secondary level. Students throughout the country have to learn three
+languages (namely, English, Hindi and their mother tongue) except in
+regions where Hindi is the mother tongue and in some streams as
+discussed below.</p>
+
+<p>There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of
+these are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the
+Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for
+children of central government employees who are periodically
+transferred and may have to move to any place in the country. A number
+of “central schools” (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been
+established for the purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and
+they follow a common schedule so that a student going from one school to
+another on a particular day will hardly see any difference in what is
+being taught. One subject (Social Studies, consisting of History,
+Geography and Civics) is always taught in Hindi, and other subjects in
+English, in these schools. Kendriya Vidyalayas admit other children also
+if seats are available. All of them follow textbooks written and
+published by the NCERT. In addition to these government-run schools, a
+number of private schools in the country follow the CBSE syllabus though
+they may use different text books and follow different teaching
+schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what they teach in
+lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 other
+countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population
there.</p>
+
+<p>The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary
+Education (ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for
+the Cambridge School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference
+held in 1952 under the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then
+Minister for Education. The main purpose of the conference was to
+consider the replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate
+Examination by an All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting
+of the Inter-State Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was
+adopted for the setting up of an Indian Council to administer the
+University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate's Examination in
+India and to advise the Syndicate on the best way to adapt its
+examination to the needs of the country. The inaugural meeting of the
+Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December 1967, the Council
+was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
+The Council was listed in the Delhi School Education Act 1973, as a body
+conducting public examinations. Now a large number of schools across the
+country are affiliated to this Council. All these are private schools
+and generally cater to children from wealthy families.</p>
+
+<p>Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in
+schools across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10
+years of schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years
+(after higher secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based
+on the performance in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot
+of pressure on the child to perform well, there have been suggestions to
+remove the examination at the end of 10 years.</p>
+
+<h3>Exclusive Schools</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the above, there are a relatively small number of
+schools that follow foreign curricula such as the so-called Senior
+Cambridge, though this was largely superseded by the ICSE stream
+elsewhere. Some of these schools also offer the students the opportunity
+to sit for the ICSE examinations. These are usually very expensive
+residential schools where some of the Indians working abroad send their
+children. They normally have fabulous infrastructure, low student-teacher
+ratio and very few students. Many of them have teachers from abroad.
+There are also other exclusive schools such as the Doon School in
+Dehradun that take in a small number of students and charge exorbitant
+fees.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from all of these, there are a handful of schools around the
+country, such as the Rishi Valley school in Andhra Pradesh, that try to
+break away from the normal education system that promotes rote learning
+and implement innovative systems such as the Montessori method. Most
+such schools are expensive, have high teacher-student ratios and provide
+a learning environment in which each child can learn at his/her own pace.
+It would be interesting and instructive to do a study on what impact the
+kind of school has had on the life of their alumni.</p>
+
+<h3>State Schools</h3>
+
+<p>Each state in the country has its own Department of Education that
+runs its own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system.
+As mentioned earlier, the curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation method are
+largely decided by the SCERT in the state, following the national
+guidelines prescribed by the NCERT.</p>
+
+<p>Each state has three kinds of schools that follow the state
+curriculum. The government runs its own schools in land and buildings
+owned by the government and paying the staff from its own resources.
+These are generally known as <em>government schools</em>. The fees
are
+quite low in such schools. Then there are privately owned schools with
+their own land and buildings. Here the fees are high and the teachers
+are paid by the management. Such schools mostly cater to the urban
+middle class families. The third kind consists of schools that are
+provided grant-in-aid by the government, though the school was started
+by a private agency in their own land and buildings. The grant-in-aid is
+meant to help reduce the fees and make it possible for poor families to
+send their children. In some states like Kerala, these schools are very
+similar to government schools since the teachers are paid by the
+government and the fees are the same as in government schools.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Kerala">The Case of Kerala</h3>
+
+<p>The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of
+India, has been different from the rest of the country in many ways for
+the last few decades. It has, for instance, the highest literacy rate
+among all states, and was declared the first fully literate state about
+a decade back. Life expectancy, both male and female, is very high,
+close to that of the developed world. Other parameters such as fertility
+rate, infant and child mortality are among the best in the country, if
+not the best. The total fertility rate has been below the replacement
+rate of 2.1 for the last two decades. Probably as a side-effect of
+economic and social development, suicide rates and alcoholism are also
+very high. Government policies also have been very different from the
+rest of the country, leading to the development model followed in Kerala,
+with high expenditure in education and welfare, coming to be known as
+the “Kerala Model“ among economists.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala has also always shown interest in trying out ways of improving
+its school education system. Every time the NCERT came up with new ideas,
+it was Kerala that tried it out first. The state experimented with the
+District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) with gusto, though there was
+opposition to it from various quarters, and even took it beyond primary
+classes. The state was the first in the country to move from the
+traditional behaviorist way of teaching to a social constructivist
+paradigm. It was mentioned in the National Curriculum Framework of NCERT
+in the year 2000, and Kerala started trying it out the next year. The
+transaction in the classroom and the evaluation methodology were changed.
+Instead of direct questions that could be answered only through
+memorizing the lessons, indirect questions and open ended questions were
+included so that the student needed to think before answering, and the
+answers could be subjective to some extent. This meant that the students
+had to digest what they studied and had to be able to use their
+knowledge in a specific situation to answer the questions. At the same
+time, the new method took away a lot of pressure and the children began
+to find examinations interesting and enjoyable instead of being
+stressful. A Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system was
+introduced along with this, which took into consideration the overall
+personality of the student and reduced the dependence on a single final
+examination for deciding promotion to the next class. At present, the
+CBSE also has implemented CCE, but in a more flexible manner.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala was also the first state in the country to introduce
+Information Technology as a subject of study at the High School level.
+It was started in class 8 with the textbook introducing Microsoft
+Windows and Microsoft Office. But within one year the government was
+forced to include Free Software also in the curriculum by protests from
+Free Software enthusiasts and a favorable stance taken by a school
+teachers association that had the majority of government teachers as its
+members. Eventually, from the year 2007, only GNU/Linux was taught in
+the schools, and all computers in schools had only GNU/Linux installed.
+At that time, perhaps even today, this was the largest installation of
+GNU/Linux in schools, and made headlines even in other countries. Every
+year, from 2007 onwards, about 500,000 children pass out of the schools
+learning the concepts behind Free Software and the GNU/Linux operating
+system and applications. The state is now moving towards IT Enabled
+Education. Eventually, IT will not be taught as a separate subject.
+Instead, all subjects will be taught with the help of IT so that the
+children will, on the one hand, learn IT skills and, on the other, make
+use of educational applications (such as those mentioned below) and
+resources in the Internet (such as textual material from sites like
+Wikipedia, images, animations and videos) to study their subjects and to
+do exercises. Teachers and students have already started using
+applications such as <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/">
+Dr. Geo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra">
+GeoGebra</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab">
+KtechLab</a> for studying geometry and electronics. Applications like
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/sunclock/">
+Sunclock</a>, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://edu.kde.org/kalzium/"></em></ins></span>
+Kalzium</a> and <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/ghemical/">
+Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students.</p>
+
+<p>The initiative taken by Kerala is now influencing other states and
+even the policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and
+Gujarat are now planning to introduce Free Software in their schools,
+and some other states like Maharashtra are examining the option. The new
+education policy of the Government of India speaks about constructivism,
+IT enabled education, Free Software and sharing educational resources.
+Once a few of the larger states successfully migrate to Free Software,
+it is hoped that the entire country would follow suit in a relatively
+short time. When that happens, India could have the largest user base of
+GNU/Linux and Free Software in general.</p>
+
+<h4>References</h4>
+
+<p>http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html<br
/>
+http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu<br />
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education</p>
+
+<hr />
+<a id="sasi"></a><a
href="http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/">V. Sasi Kumar</a> is a doctor
+in physics and a member of the FSF India Board of Directors. He advocates
+for Free Software and freedom of knowledge.
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar.</p>
+
+<p><!--TRANSLATORS: Please note that the license here is CC-BY-SA
-->
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html
diff -N education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-system-india.ja-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:23 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,388 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/education/edu-system-india.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>The Education System in India
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-system-india.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+The Education System in India</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>The Education System in India</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a
href="#sasi"> (1)</a></p>
+
+<h3>In the Beginning</h3>
+
+<p>In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which
+anyone who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and
+requested to be taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would
+then stay at the guru's place and help in all activities at home. This
+not only created a strong tie between the teacher and the student, but
+also taught the student everything about running a house. The guru
+taught everything the child wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy
+scriptures and from Mathematics to Metaphysics. The student stayed as
+long as she wished or until the guru felt that he had taught everything
+he could teach. All learning was closely linked to nature and to life,
+and not confined to memorizing some information.</p>
+
+<p>The modern school system was brought to India, including the English
+language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The
+curriculum was confined to “modern” subjects such as science
+and mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were
+considered unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link
+with nature was broken, as also the close relationship between the
+teacher and the student.</p>
+
+<p>The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and
+Intermediate Education was the first Board set up in India in the year
+1921 with jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In
+1929, the Board of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana,
+was established. Later, boards were established in some of the states.
+But eventually, in 1952, the constitution of the board was amended and
+it was renamed Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools
+in Delhi and some other regions came under the Board. It was the
+function of the Board to decide on things like curriculum, textbooks and
+examination system for all schools affiliated to it. Today there are
+thousands of schools affiliated to the Board, both within India and in
+many other countries from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe.</p>
+
+<p>Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group
+of 6-14 was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of
+India. This is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a
+directive policy in article 45 of the constitution. But this objective
+remains far away even more than half a century later. However, in the
+recent past, the government appears to have taken a serious note of this
+lapse and has made primary education a Fundamental Right of every Indian
+citizen. The pressures of economic growth and the acute scarcity of
+skilled and trained manpower must certainly have played a role to make
+the government take such a step. The expenditure by the Government of
+India on school education in recent years comes to around 3% of the GDP,
+which is recognized to be very low.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>“In recent times, several major announcements
were
+made for developing the poor state of affairs in education sector in
+India, the most notable ones being the National Common Minimum Programme
+(NCMP) of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The
+announcements are; (a) To progressively increase expenditure on
+education to around 6 percent of GDP. (b) To support this increase in
+expenditure on education, and to increase the quality of education,
+there would be an imposition of an education cess over all central
+government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of education due
+to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to education a
+fundamental right for all children in the age group 6–14 years. (e) To
+universalize education through its flagship programmes such as Sarva
+Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.”
+<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_india">Wikipedia:
+Education in India</a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>The School System</h3>
+
+<p>India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called “Union
+Territories”. The states have their own elected governments while
+the Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India,
+with the President of India appointing an administrator for each Union
+Territory. As per the constitution of India, school education was
+originally a state subject —that is, the states had complete
+authority on deciding policies and implementing them. The role of the
+Government of India (GoI) was limited to coordination and deciding on
+the standards of higher education. This was changed with a
+constitutional amendment in 1976 so that education now comes in the
+so-called <em>concurrent list</em>. That is, school education
policies
+and programmes are suggested at the national level by the GoI though the
+state governments have a lot of freedom in implementing programmes.
+Policies are announced at the national level periodically. The Central
+Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in 1935, continues to play a
+lead role in the evolution and monitoring of educational policies and
+programmes.</p>
+
+<p>There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing
+policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational
+Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum
+Framework. Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for
+Educational Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that
+essentially propose educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical
+schemes and evaluation methodologies to the states' departments of
+education. The SCERTs generally follow guidelines established by the
+NCERT. But the states have considerable freedom in implementing the
+education system.</p>
+
+<p>The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action
+(POA) 1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory
+quality for all children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The
+government committed to earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
+for education, half of which would be spent on primary education. The
+expenditure on Education as a percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per
+cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per cent in 1997-98.</p>
+
+<p>The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to
+10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17
+and 18). The lower primary school is divided into five
“standards”,
+upper primary school into two, high school into three and higher
+secondary into two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely
+(except for regional changes in mother tongue) till the end of high
+school. There is some amount of specialization possible at the higher
+secondary level. Students throughout the country have to learn three
+languages (namely, English, Hindi and their mother tongue) except in
+regions where Hindi is the mother tongue and in some streams as
+discussed below.</p>
+
+<p>There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of
+these are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the
+Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for
+children of central government employees who are periodically
+transferred and may have to move to any place in the country. A number
+of “central schools” (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been
+established for the purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and
+they follow a common schedule so that a student going from one school to
+another on a particular day will hardly see any difference in what is
+being taught. One subject (Social Studies, consisting of History,
+Geography and Civics) is always taught in Hindi, and other subjects in
+English, in these schools. Kendriya Vidyalayas admit other children also
+if seats are available. All of them follow textbooks written and
+published by the NCERT. In addition to these government-run schools, a
+number of private schools in the country follow the CBSE syllabus though
+they may use different text books and follow different teaching
+schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what they teach in
+lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 other
+countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population
there.</p>
+
+<p>The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary
+Education (ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for
+the Cambridge School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference
+held in 1952 under the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then
+Minister for Education. The main purpose of the conference was to
+consider the replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate
+Examination by an All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting
+of the Inter-State Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was
+adopted for the setting up of an Indian Council to administer the
+University of Cambridge, Local Examinations Syndicate's Examination in
+India and to advise the Syndicate on the best way to adapt its
+examination to the needs of the country. The inaugural meeting of the
+Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December 1967, the Council
+was registered as a Society under the Societies Registration Act, 1860.
+The Council was listed in the Delhi School Education Act 1973, as a body
+conducting public examinations. Now a large number of schools across the
+country are affiliated to this Council. All these are private schools
+and generally cater to children from wealthy families.</p>
+
+<p>Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in
+schools across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10
+years of schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years
+(after higher secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based
+on the performance in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot
+of pressure on the child to perform well, there have been suggestions to
+remove the examination at the end of 10 years.</p>
+
+<h3>Exclusive Schools</h3>
+
+<p>In addition to the above, there are a relatively small number of
+schools that follow foreign curricula such as the so-called Senior
+Cambridge, though this was largely superseded by the ICSE stream
+elsewhere. Some of these schools also offer the students the opportunity
+to sit for the ICSE examinations. These are usually very expensive
+residential schools where some of the Indians working abroad send their
+children. They normally have fabulous infrastructure, low student-teacher
+ratio and very few students. Many of them have teachers from abroad.
+There are also other exclusive schools such as the Doon School in
+Dehradun that take in a small number of students and charge exorbitant
+fees.</p>
+
+<p>Apart from all of these, there are a handful of schools around the
+country, such as the Rishi Valley school in Andhra Pradesh, that try to
+break away from the normal education system that promotes rote learning
+and implement innovative systems such as the Montessori method. Most
+such schools are expensive, have high teacher-student ratios and provide
+a learning environment in which each child can learn at his/her own pace.
+It would be interesting and instructive to do a study on what impact the
+kind of school has had on the life of their alumni.</p>
+
+<h3>State Schools</h3>
+
+<p>Each state in the country has its own Department of Education that
+runs its own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system.
+As mentioned earlier, the curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation method are
+largely decided by the SCERT in the state, following the national
+guidelines prescribed by the NCERT.</p>
+
+<p>Each state has three kinds of schools that follow the state
+curriculum. The government runs its own schools in land and buildings
+owned by the government and paying the staff from its own resources.
+These are generally known as <em>government schools</em>. The fees
are
+quite low in such schools. Then there are privately owned schools with
+their own land and buildings. Here the fees are high and the teachers
+are paid by the management. Such schools mostly cater to the urban
+middle class families. The third kind consists of schools that are
+provided grant-in-aid by the government, though the school was started
+by a private agency in their own land and buildings. The grant-in-aid is
+meant to help reduce the fees and make it possible for poor families to
+send their children. In some states like Kerala, these schools are very
+similar to government schools since the teachers are paid by the
+government and the fees are the same as in government schools.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Kerala">The Case of Kerala</h3>
+
+<p>The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of
+India, has been different from the rest of the country in many ways for
+the last few decades. It has, for instance, the highest literacy rate
+among all states, and was declared the first fully literate state about
+a decade back. Life expectancy, both male and female, is very high,
+close to that of the developed world. Other parameters such as fertility
+rate, infant and child mortality are among the best in the country, if
+not the best. The total fertility rate has been below the replacement
+rate of 2.1 for the last two decades. Probably as a side-effect of
+economic and social development, suicide rates and alcoholism are also
+very high. Government policies also have been very different from the
+rest of the country, leading to the development model followed in Kerala,
+with high expenditure in education and welfare, coming to be known as
+the “Kerala Model“ among economists.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala has also always shown interest in trying out ways of improving
+its school education system. Every time the NCERT came up with new ideas,
+it was Kerala that tried it out first. The state experimented with the
+District Primary Education Programme (DPEP) with gusto, though there was
+opposition to it from various quarters, and even took it beyond primary
+classes. The state was the first in the country to move from the
+traditional behaviorist way of teaching to a social constructivist
+paradigm. It was mentioned in the National Curriculum Framework of NCERT
+in the year 2000, and Kerala started trying it out the next year. The
+transaction in the classroom and the evaluation methodology were changed.
+Instead of direct questions that could be answered only through
+memorizing the lessons, indirect questions and open ended questions were
+included so that the student needed to think before answering, and the
+answers could be subjective to some extent. This meant that the students
+had to digest what they studied and had to be able to use their
+knowledge in a specific situation to answer the questions. At the same
+time, the new method took away a lot of pressure and the children began
+to find examinations interesting and enjoyable instead of being
+stressful. A Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system was
+introduced along with this, which took into consideration the overall
+personality of the student and reduced the dependence on a single final
+examination for deciding promotion to the next class. At present, the
+CBSE also has implemented CCE, but in a more flexible manner.</p>
+
+<p>Kerala was also the first state in the country to introduce
+Information Technology as a subject of study at the High School level.
+It was started in class 8 with the textbook introducing Microsoft
+Windows and Microsoft Office. But within one year the government was
+forced to include Free Software also in the curriculum by protests from
+Free Software enthusiasts and a favorable stance taken by a school
+teachers association that had the majority of government teachers as its
+members. Eventually, from the year 2007, only GNU/Linux was taught in
+the schools, and all computers in schools had only GNU/Linux installed.
+At that time, perhaps even today, this was the largest installation of
+GNU/Linux in schools, and made headlines even in other countries. Every
+year, from 2007 onwards, about 500,000 children pass out of the schools
+learning the concepts behind Free Software and the GNU/Linux operating
+system and applications. The state is now moving towards IT Enabled
+Education. Eventually, IT will not be taught as a separate subject.
+Instead, all subjects will be taught with the help of IT so that the
+children will, on the one hand, learn IT skills and, on the other, make
+use of educational applications (such as those mentioned below) and
+resources in the Internet (such as textual material from sites like
+Wikipedia, images, animations and videos) to study their subjects and to
+do exercises. Teachers and students have already started using
+applications such as <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/">
+Dr. Geo</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra">
+GeoGebra</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab">
+KtechLab</a> for studying geometry and electronics. Applications like
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/sunclock/">
+Sunclock</a>, <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://edu.kde.org/kalzium/"></em></ins></span>
+Kalzium</a> and <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/ghemical/">
+Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students.</p>
+
+<p>The initiative taken by Kerala is now influencing other states and
+even the policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and
+Gujarat are now planning to introduce Free Software in their schools,
+and some other states like Maharashtra are examining the option. The new
+education policy of the Government of India speaks about constructivism,
+IT enabled education, Free Software and sharing educational resources.
+Once a few of the larger states successfully migrate to Free Software,
+it is hoped that the entire country would follow suit in a relatively
+short time. When that happens, India could have the largest user base of
+GNU/Linux and Free Software in general.</p>
+
+<h4>References</h4>
+
+<p>http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html<br
/>
+http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu<br />
+http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education</p>
+
+<hr />
+<a id="sasi"></a><a
href="http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/">V. Sasi Kumar</a> is a doctor
+in physics and a member of the FSF India Board of Directors. He advocates
+for Free Software and freedom of knowledge.
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar.</p>
+
+<p><!--TRANSLATORS: Please note that the license here is CC-BY-SA
-->
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:23 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html
diff -N music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ music/po/free-software-song.de-diff.html 6 Oct 2017 15:28:24 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/music/free-software-song.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<title>The Free Software Song
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/music/po/free-software-song.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The Free Software Song</h2>
+<p>by Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>You can read the story of <a
href="/music/writing-fs-song.html">the writing of the song</a>,
+too.</p>
+
+<p>The lyrics of the “Free Software Song” are sung to the
melody of the Bulgarian folk
+song “<a href="#SadiMoma" id="REFSadiMoma">Sadi moma bela
loza</a>” <!-- :] --></p>
+
+<div class="lyrics">
+ <p>Join us now and share the software;<br />
+ You'll be
+ free, <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">hackers</a>,
+ you'll be free.<br />
+ Join us now and share the software;<br />
+ You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free.</p>
+
+ <p>Hoarders can get piles of money,<br />
+ That is true, hackers, that is true.<br />
+ But they cannot help their neighbors;<br />
+ That's not good, hackers, that's not good.</p>
+
+ <p>When we have enough free software<br />
+ At our call, hackers, at our call,<br />
+ We'll kick out those dirty licenses<br />
+ Ever more, hackers, ever more.</p>
+
+ <p>Join us now and share the software;<br />
+ You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free.<br />
+ Join us now and share the software;<br />
+ You'll be free, hackers, you'll be free.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>This song is in a rhythm of 7/8; those unaccustomed to odd rhythms
+often take the unevenness to be a mistake. The meter can be analyzed
+into three subgroups as slow-quick-quick or 3-2-2. Such meters in
+Bulgarian music can often be stretched, and some musicians analyze
+this song as 3-2-3 instead; however, Yves Moreau, who collected and
+taught the dance, endorses the rhythm of 7.</p>
+
+<h3 id="download">Downloads</h3><!-- ## added by www-de ##
-->
+
+<h4>Performances</h4>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>A <a href="/music/free-software-song.au">recording (.au
format)</a> of <a
+ href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> singing this
song, also available in <a
+ href="/music/free-software-song.ogg">Ogg Vorbis
format</a>.</li>
+ <li>A <a href="/music/FreeSWSong.ogg">recording (.ogg)</a>
of the piece accompanied by Bulgarian
+ instruments played in traditional style.</li>
+ <li>A <a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/video/stallman_free_software_song_320x240.ogv">video
of
+ RMS performing the song (ogg)</a>, released under GFDLv1.3+ by the
videographer, Julian
+ Coccia.</li>
+ <li>A <a href="/music/free-software-song-herzog.ogg">recording
(.ogg)</a> of Katie Herzog performing
+ the Free Software Song, released under <a
+ href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">CC
BY-NC-ND</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>Alternate versions</h4>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/Fenster-Free-Software-Song.ogg">Another
song</a>,
+ inspired by this one but mostly different, sung by the band Fenster
(4.5M).</li>
+ <li>A rhythmic version of free software song in <a
+ href="/music/free-software-song-rhythmic.ogg">Ogg Vorbis</a>
format by
+ Thor.</li>
+ <li>An improvised piano version by Markus Haist in <a
+ href="/music/markushaist-free-software-song.ogg">Ogg Vorbis</a>
format (1.2 MB), released under
+ <a href="/licenses/gpl-3.0.html">GPLv3</a>.</li>
+ <li>Another rock-like version by Pjj & Hairyone in <a
+ href="/music/pjj-and-hairyone-freesoftwaresong.ogg">Ogg
Vorbis</a> format (1.6 MB).</li>
+ <li>A Spanish punk variant by ALEC in <a
+
href="http://www.pc-freak.net/files/free-software-songs/Free_Software_Song_en_espa%c3%b1ol.ogv">Ogg
+ Vorbis</a> format (1.7 MB).</li>
+ <li>A version with a different structure in <a
href="/music/freesoft.ogg">
+ Ogg Vorbis</a> format (3.7 MB) by Robert Kay, released under <a
+
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/legalcode">CC-BY-NC-SA</a>.</li>
+ <li>A version by the band Zweitgolf: <a
+
href="free_software_song_sunnata.ogg">free_software_song_sunnata.ogg</a>,
released under the
+ GPL</li>
+ <li>Here is a metal version by Jono Bacon in <a
+
href="http://www.pc-freak.net/files/free-software-songs/jonobacon-freesoftwaresong2.ogg">Ogg
+ Vorbis</a> format (3.9 MB), released under <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/">
+ CC BY-SA</a>.</li>
+ <li>This rock/metal version is put out by <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://freesoftwaresong.altervista.org/"></strong></del></span>
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150719082345/http://freesoftwaresong.altervista.org/"></em></ins></span>
+ Loneload</a> available in <a
href="/music/loneload-free-software-song.ogg">Ogg Vorbis</a> format
+ (2.2 MB), released under <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">CC
BY</a>.</li>
+ <li><a href="http://archive.org/details/M00GNU">MooGNU</a>
+ by the anonymous posters on the 4chan technology image board /g/
+ is licensed under the
+ <a
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode">Creative
+ Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License</a>.
+ Available
+ in <a
href="http://archive.org/download/M00GNU/Freedom-catmoognu.ogv">
+ Ogg Video</a> format (4.5 MB).</li>
+ <li>In 2012, the band Sebkha-Chott
+released a <em>matricide</em> of the Free Software Song to
+celebrate the death of <a
+href="http://www.laquadrature.net/en/ACTA">ACTA</a>. It's available in
+<a
+href="http://archive.org/download/Sebkha-Chott_FSFSongIsHip_2012/SC_FSF.ogg">Ogg
+vorbis</a> (2.3MB), or in <a
+href="http://archive.org/download/Sebkha-Chott_FSFSongIsHip_2012/SC_FSF.flac">FLAC</a>
+(10.1MB), under the <a
+href="//directory.fsf.org/wiki/License:Free-Art-L-v1.3">Free Art
+License, version 1.3</a>.</li>
+ <li>The <strong>ecantorix</strong> program,
+ a singing synthesis frontend for espeak, released under the GPLv3+,
features the
+ <a
href="http://cloud.github.com/downloads/divVerent/ecantorix/song.ogg">Free
Software Song as an example output</a>.</li>
+<li><a
+href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AFreesoftwaresong_126_mix.ogg">
+Yet another version from Wikimedia Commons</a> (967 KB) is licensed under
+CC0.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>You can get a <a href="/music/free-software-song.pdf">typeset
score</a> of the song made with <a
+href="http://lilypond.org">GNU LilyPond</a>. The LilyPond <a
+href="/music/free-software-song.ly">source</a> for the typeset score
is also available.</p>
+
+<p>Natty Traywick has <a
+href="https://musescore.com/user/1102686/scores/2429346">typeset it
+with MuseScore</a>, the “other” free scorewriter.</p>
+
+<h4 id="SadiMoma">“Sadi moma bela loza”</h4>
+
+<p>Here is a description of the tune of “Sadi moma bela
+loza,” a Bulgarian dance tune, in an ad-hoc
+form of notation using letters for notes. A dash means the previous note
continues. There are seven
+beats per measure, thus seven characters in each group.</p>
+<pre>
+ D-CB-A- B-CBAG- G--A--B C--B-BD A--A--- D-CB---
+ D-CB-A- B-CBAG- G--A--B C--B-BD A--A--- A------</pre>
+
+<p>It is also available as an <a href="/music/sadi-moma.abc">ABC
file</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="license">Licensing</h3>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation claim no
+copyright on this song.</p>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2010,
2011, 2014, 2015,
+2016, 2017 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/10/06 15:28:24 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
| [Prev in Thread] |
Current Thread |
[Next in Thread] |
- www education/edu-system-india.de.html educatio...,
GNUN <=