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Subject: |
www/philosophy po/software-patents.translist so... |
Date: |
Thu, 23 Jan 2014 04:31:30 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/01/23 04:31:30
Modified files:
philosophy/po : software-patents.translist
Added files:
philosophy : software-patents.ru.html
philosophy/po : software-patents.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/software-patents.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/software-patents.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
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Patches:
Index: po/software-patents.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/software-patents.translist,v
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retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- po/software-patents.translist 27 Mar 2013 20:59:49 -0000 1.8
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@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/software-patents.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/software-patents.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/software-patents.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: software-patents.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software-patents.ru.html
diff -N software-patents.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software-patents.ru.html 23 Jan 2014 04:31:23 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1282 @@
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/software-patents.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/software-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — помеÑ
и в
ÑазвиÑии пÑогÑамм</h2>
+
+<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑо запиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена 3
маÑÑа 2002 года в <a
+href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/">ÐÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной
лабоÑаÑоÑии</a> ÐембÑиджÑкого
+ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа. ÐÑÑÑÑпление оÑганизовал <a
href="http://www.fipr.org/"> Фонд
+инÑоÑмаÑионно-полиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
иÑÑледований</a>. ТекÑÑ Ð¸ <a
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25">
+звÑкозапиÑÑ</a> подгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐиколаÑом
Хиллом; ÐаÑкÑÑ ÐÑн оÑÑедакÑиÑовал
+HTML и добавил ÑÑÑлки. ÐеÑвонаÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
ÑазмеÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° <a
+href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html">
+http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ, возможно, Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹ ÑабоÑой над <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">
+ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами</a>. Ð ÑÑом
вÑÑÑÑплении ÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ об ÑÑом. РеÑÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾ пÑакÑике <a
+href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/against-software-patents.html">
+злоÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸</a>, коÑоÑаÑ
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
+небезопаÑнÑм занÑÑием. Ð Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, когда паÑенÑное пÑаво наÑинаÑÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑеÑе пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РеÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ о паÑенÑовании пÑогÑамм.
ÐпиÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом в вÑÑÑей
+ÑÑепени непÑавилÑно, ÑÑо Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
заблÑждение, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо не вопÑоÑ
+паÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑделÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли бÑ
ÑÑо бÑло Ñак, ÑÑо бÑло бÑ
+неÑÑÑеÑÑвенно, вÑеда Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
не бÑло бÑ. Ðо дело в Ñом, ÑÑо
+паÑенÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸. ÐаждÑй паÑенÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° какÑÑ-Ñо идеÑ. <a
+href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/patents.html"> ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пÑогÑаммÑ</a> — ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° идеи в
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
, идеи, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли бÑ
пÑи ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм. ÐоÑ
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ ÑгÑозÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм в Ñелом.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðозможно, Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑали, как лÑди ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ
запÑÑÑваÑÑее вÑÑажение “<a
+href="http://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/">инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ</a>”. ÐÑо вÑÑажение, как вÑ
видиÑе, необÑекÑивно. Рнем
+делаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñедположение, ÑÑо незавиÑимо оÑ
Ñого, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑим вÑÑажением
+обознаÑаеÑе, к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно оÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
к ÑазновидноÑÑи ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, а
+ÑÑо ÑолÑко одна из многиÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑив. ÐÑо
вÑÑажение,
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”,
Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедвзÑÑÑй оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑамÑй
+главнÑй вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² лÑбой ÑÑеÑе, к коÑоÑой вÑ
обÑаÑаеÑеÑÑ. ÐÑо не Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑное и вÑеÑÑоÑоннее мÑÑление.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ ÐµÑе одна пÑоблема, не имеÑÑаÑ
никакого оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº поддеÑжке лÑбого
+конкÑеÑного мнениÑ. ÐÑо вÑÑажение даже
меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ ÑакÑÑ. ÐÑÑажение
+“инÑеллекÑÑалÑное
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” — ÑазмаÑиÑÑое
+обобÑение. Ðно ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ñакие
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазделÑнÑе облаÑÑи пÑава,
+как авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазлиÑнÑ. Ðни оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ
+во вÑеÑ
деÑалÑÑ
. ÐÑÑажение Ñакже ÑваливаеÑ
в кÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ ÑоваÑнÑе знаки,
+коÑоÑÑе оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе ÑилÑнее, и ÑазнÑе
дÑÑгие пÑедмеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ или менее ÑаÑÑо. Ðи Ñ
одного из ниÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего ни Ñ
+Ñем дÑÑгим. ÐÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑеÑкие иÑÑоки никак
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом не ÑвÑзанÑ.
+ÐÑи Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑлиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимо дÑÑг
Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑга. Ðни опиÑÑвали ÑазлиÑнÑе
+ÑÑеÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ и деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. ÐопÑоÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвенной полиÑики, коÑоÑÑе они
+поднимаÑÑ, ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом не
ÑвÑзанÑ. Так ÑÑо, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ
+ÑазмÑÑлÑÑÑ Ð¾ ниÑ
, ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
вмеÑÑе, вÑ
гаÑанÑиÑованно бÑдеÑе пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ðº
+дÑÑаÑким вÑводам. ÐÐµÑ Ð±ÑквалÑно никакого
здÑавого ÑÑждениÑ, коÑоÑое можно
+бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± “инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”. ÐÑли Ñ
оÑиÑе
+мÑÑлиÑÑ ÑÑно, не ÑваливайÑе иÑ
в кÑÑÑ.
ÐÑмайÑе об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, а
+заÑем — о паÑенÑаÑ
. ÐзÑÑайÑе
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и оÑделÑно Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+изÑÑайÑе паÑенÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ понÑÑие о некоÑоÑÑÑ
из ÑамÑÑ
болÑÑиÑ
ÑазлиÑий Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
+пÑавом и паÑенÑами: авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° оÑобенноÑÑи
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ на какие
+идеи. ÐаÑенÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на
идеи и на иÑ
пÑименение. ÐвÑоÑÑкие
+пÑава возникаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑеÑки. ÐаÑенÑÑ
вÑдаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо в оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
+заÑвкÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа паÑенÑÑ ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ денег. ÐплаÑа
ÑÑлÑг ÑÑиÑÑов, коÑоÑÑе ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+заÑвкÑ, обÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ доÑоже, Ñем
ÑобÑÑвенно подаÑа заÑвки. ÐбÑÑно пÑоÑ
одÑÑ
+годÑ, пока заÑвка Ð¶Ð´ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑениÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ
паÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+кÑайне небÑежно.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава дейÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑжаÑно долго. Ð
некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
они могÑÑ
+дейÑÑвоваÑÑ 150 леÑ, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
паÑенÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвÑÑÑ 20 леÑ, ÑÑо
+доÑÑаÑоÑно мало, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ дожиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
конÑа ÑÑока иÑ
дейÑÑвиÑ, но вÑе
+Ñавно ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ в маÑÑÑабаÑ
Ñакой
оÑÑаÑли, как пÑогÑаммиÑование.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑнемÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑленно на 20 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´, когда
пеÑÑоналÑнÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±Ñл
+новÑеÑÑвом. ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, ÑÑо пÑи
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко идеÑми, извеÑÑнÑми
на 1982 год.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
копиÑование. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе Ñоман,
+коÑоÑÑй оказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑловнÑм
повÑоÑением <cite>УнеÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑом</cite> и
+ÑможеÑе доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо <cite>УнеÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑом</cite> Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не видели,
+ÑÑо заÑиÑило Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
наÑÑÑении авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑÐµÐ½Ñ — ÑÑо абÑолÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
пÑименение идеи. Ðаже еÑли
+Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑиÑли к ÑÑой
идее ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно, ÑÑо не имело бÑ
+ÑовеÑÑенно никакого знаÑениÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ
запаÑенÑовал кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Я надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑдеÑе об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
до конÑа ÑÑой беÑедÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо она каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов, а вам никогда не
ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑваливаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе
+авÑоÑÑкие пÑава и паÑенÑÑ. ÐÑо нÑжно, ÑÑобÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑидиÑеÑкие
+вопÑоÑÑ. ÐÑо как еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñи изÑÑении
пÑакÑиÑеÑкой Ñ
имии пÑÑали Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
+ÑÑиловÑм ÑпиÑÑом.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда лÑди опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, ее
обÑÑно опиÑÑваÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑки зÑениÑ
+ÑеÑ
, кÑо надееÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ —
ÑÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+полÑÑили паÑенÑ. ЧÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ñ
одили по ÑлиÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом в
+каÑмане и Ñо и дело вÑÑаÑкивали его,
ÑказÑвали им на кого-Ñо и говоÑили:
+“Ðавай мне денÑги!”. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑлÑÑаен: болÑÑинÑÑво из
+ÑеÑ
, кÑо ÑаÑÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ о паÑенÑной
ÑиÑÑеме, маÑеÑиалÑно в ней
+заинÑеÑеÑованÑ, Ñак ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
вам ÑÑо понÑавилоÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина: паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ожа на лоÑеÑеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑолÑко кÑоÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи пÑиноÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ñем, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ. Ðа Ñамом
деле ‘<a
+href="http://www.economist.com/node/21526370">ÐкономиÑÑ</a>’
однаждÑ
+ÑÑавнил иÑ
Ñ Ð»Ð¾ÑеÑеей, оÑнимаÑÑей много
вÑемени. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑпомниÑе ÑекламÑ
+лоÑеÑей, Ñо она вÑегда Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° мÑÑли
о вÑигÑÑÑе. Ðна не Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+на мÑÑли о пÑоигÑÑÑе, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑÑÑ
гоÑаздо более веÑоÑÑен. То же Ñамое и Ñ
+Ñекламой паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðна вÑегда
Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° мÑÑли о Ñом, ÑÑо
+вÑигÑÑваеÑе вÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑбаланÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑекоÑ, Ñ
ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
+ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ жеÑÑв, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑки
зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñого, кÑо Ñ
оÑÐµÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ, но вÑнÑжден ÑоÑÑÑзаÑÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑиÑÑемой паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи к ÑÑдебнÑм иÑкам.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑак, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑделаÑÑ, как ÑолÑко Ñ
Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑложилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавление о Ñом,
+какого Ñода пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ
пиÑаÑÑ? ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑловиÑÑ
+паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñежде вÑего могли
Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ, какие паÑенÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ
Ñ
оÑиÑе напиÑаÑÑ. ÐÑо
+невозможно. Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо какие-Ñо заÑвки
на паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе наÑ
одÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑаÑÑмоÑÑении, ÑекÑеÑнÑ. ЧеÑез
опÑеделенное вÑемÑ, напÑимеÑ, ÑеÑез полÑоÑа
+года, иÑ
могÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликоваÑÑ. Ðо за ÑÑо
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑоÑÑо можеÑе напиÑаÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ даже вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ, не знаÑ, ÑÑо
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ, а на ваÑ
+подадÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд.
+<!-- This link is dead and there is nothing on their site related to
+ the patent or LZW at all, AFAICS. yavor, 18 Jul 2008
+<a href="http://www.unisys.com/unisys/lzw/default.asp">
+patent</a> -->
+ÐÑо не пÑоÑÑо ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ. Ð
1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñла напиÑана
+пÑогÑамма compress, пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑжаÑиÑ
даннÑÑ
. Ð Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм LZW,
+коÑоÑÑй в ней пÑименÑлÑÑ, запаÑенÑован не
бÑл. ÐаÑем, в 1985 годÑ,
+в СШРна ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм бÑл вÑдан паÑенÑ,
и в ÑеÑение неÑколÑкиÑ
+ÑледÑÑÑиÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ñе, кÑо ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑл
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ compress, наÑали полÑÑаÑÑ
+ÑгÑозÑ. ÐвÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ compress никак не мог
пÑедположиÑÑ, ÑÑо на него
+могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд. Ðн вÑего ÑолÑко
пÑименил идеÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñел в жÑÑнале,
+как ÑÑо вÑегда делали пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ. ÐÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ в
Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑиÑ
одило, ÑÑо
+пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸ из жÑÑналов болÑÑе не
безопаÑно.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐабÑдем об ÑÑой пÑоблеме... ÐÑданнÑе
паÑенÑÑ Ð¿ÑбликÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо, Ñак
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе взÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
длиннÑй ÑпиÑок
и пÑоÑеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо именно в ниÑ
+Ñказано. ÐонеÑно, веÑÑ ÑпиÑок Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñамом
деле пÑоÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо иÑ
ÑлиÑком много. РСШРÑоÑни ÑÑÑÑÑ
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ возможноÑÑи оÑÑлеживаÑÑ, о Ñем
в каждом из ниÑ
говоÑиÑÑÑ. Ðам
+пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑобоваÑÑ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ ÑÑеди ниÑ
имеÑÑие оÑноÑение к делÑ. ÐÑо-Ñо
+говоÑиÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо в наÑе
компÑÑÑеÑизованное вÑемÑ. Ðожно
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ клÑÑевÑм Ñловам и Ñак
далее. РнекоÑоÑой ÑÑепени ÑÑо
+ÑабоÑаеÑ. ÐекоÑоÑÑе паÑенÑÑ Ð² ваÑей
облаÑÑи Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе. Ðднако Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+обÑзаÑелÑно найдеÑе иÑ
вÑе. ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑÑÑ
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñже,
+возможно, иÑÑек, на еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй поÑÑдок
пеÑевÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑаблиÑнÑÑ
+пÑоÑеÑÑоÑаÑ
.
+Ðо ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо когда вÑ
ÑÑавиÑе опÑеделеннÑе клеÑки в
+завиÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
клеÑок, он вÑегда
пеÑевÑÑиÑлÑÐµÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле Ñого,
+Ð¾Ñ Ñего они завиÑÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо вÑе
обновлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле одного
+пеÑевÑÑиÑлениÑ. ÐеÑвÑй ÑаблиÑнÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ñоводил Ñвои пеÑевÑÑиÑлениÑ
+ÑвеÑÑ
Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð·, Ñак ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑÑавили клеÑкÑ
в завиÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ»ÐµÑки,
+ÑаÑположенной ниже нее, и Ñак неÑколÑко
Ñаз, Ñо вам нÑжно бÑло пеÑевÑÑиÑлÑÑÑ
+неÑколÑко Ñаз, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ñли
до веÑÑ
а. ÐÑедполагалоÑÑ, ÑÑо
+велиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ»ÐµÑок,
ÑаÑположеннÑÑ
вÑÑе.
+ÐоÑом кÑо-Ñо ÑообÑазил: “ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
пÑоводиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñак,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе пеÑевÑÑиÑлÑлоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле Ñого, оÑ
Ñего оно завиÑиÑ?” ÐÑоÑ
+алгоÑиÑм извеÑÑен как ÑопологиÑеÑкаÑ
ÑоÑÑиÑовка. ÐеÑвое Ñпоминание о ней,
+коÑоÑое Ñ Ñмог найÑи, оÑноÑилоÑÑ
к 1963 годÑ. ÐаÑенÑ
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко деÑÑÑков
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
ÑпоÑобов, коÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+ÑеализоваÑÑ ÑопологиÑеÑкÑÑ ÑоÑÑиÑовкÑ, но
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ наÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, еÑли
+Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñкали Ñлова “ÑаблиÑнÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑоє. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ наÑли Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, еÑли
+Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñкали Ñлова “еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй
поÑÑдок” или “ÑопологиÑеÑкаÑ
+ÑоÑÑиÑовка”. Ðи одного из ÑÑиÑ
вÑÑажений в нем не бÑло. Ðа Ñамом деле
+он бÑл ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑован как меÑод компилÑÑии
ÑоÑмÑл в обÑекÑнÑй код. Ðогда Ñ
+впеÑвÑе Ñвидел его, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо взÑл не
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐопÑÑÑим, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑпиÑок паÑенÑов.
ÐнаÑиÑ, Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе понÑÑÑ, ÑÑо вам не
+позволено делаÑÑ. Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑобÑеÑе
ÑÑÑдиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ, вÑ
+обнаÑÑжиÑе, ÑÑо иÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно понимаÑÑ,
поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ напиÑанÑ
+головоломнÑм ÑÑидиÑеÑким ÑзÑком, коÑоÑÑй
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно понимаÑÑ. То, ÑÑо
+говоÑÑÑ Ð² паÑенÑнÑÑ
бÑÑо, ÑаÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
не Ñо, Ñем ÑÑо кажеÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РвоÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво
ÐвÑÑÑалии пÑовело иÑÑледование паÑенÑной
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑÑледоваÑели пÑиÑли к вÑводÑ,
ÑÑо, за иÑклÑÑением
+внеÑнеполиÑиÑеÑкого давлениÑ, неÑ
никакого довода в полÑÐ·Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвованиÑ
+паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐолÑÐ·Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва оÑ
нее не бÑло никакой, и они
+Ñекомендовали Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑмениÑÑ ÐµÐµ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
внеÑнеполиÑиÑеÑкое давление. Ðдин
+из ÑакÑов, на коÑоÑÑй они ÑказÑвали,
ÑоÑÑоÑл в Ñом, ÑÑо инженеÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ не
+пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ
ÑзнаÑÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑлиÑком ÑÑÑдно. Ðо вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
инженеÑа, “в ÑÑиÑ
дебÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+ÑÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
изобÑеÑений”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- Link apparently not useful anymore.
+<a
href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=pall&s1=%274486857%27.WKU.&OS=PN/4486857&RS=PN/4486857">
+patents</a>. -->
+ÐÑо не пÑоÑÑо абÑÑÑакÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеоÑиÑ. Ðде-Ñо в
1990 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+имени <a href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html">
Ðол
+Хекел</a> подал в ÑÑд на Apple, заÑвлÑÑ, ÑÑо
Hypercard наÑÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+паÑенÑов. Ðогда он впеÑвÑе Ñвидел Hypercard, он
не дÑмал, ÑÑо ÑÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо обÑее Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ паÑенÑом, Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
“изобÑеÑениÑми”. ÐамеÑного
+ÑÑ
одÑÑва не бÑло. Ðогда его ÑÑиÑÑ Ñказал
емÑ, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ ÑÑакÑоваÑÑ
+как ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑиеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑаÑÑÑ Hypercard, он
ÑеÑил напаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Apple.
+Ðогда Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло вÑÑÑÑпление на ÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
СÑенÑоÑде, он бÑл в аÑдиÑоÑии,
+он Ñказал: “ÐÑо <a
+href="http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6805/articles/int-prop/heckel-debunking.html">
+невеÑно</a>, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не пÑедÑÑавлÑл Ñебе
диапазона Ñвоей заÑиÑÑ!” Я
+оÑвеÑил: “ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, об ÑÑом-Ñо Ñ Ð¸
говоÑил!” Так ÑÑо на Ñамом деле
+вам пÑидеÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ вÑемени на
ÑазговоÑÑ Ñ ÑÑиÑÑами, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑниÑÑ,
+ÑÑо же ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ делаÑÑ.
+РконÑе конÑов они ÑкажÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑо Ñо вÑоде:
“ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑделаеÑе ÑÑо-Ñо
+из ÑÑого, Ð²Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ñеменно пÑоигÑаеÑе; еÑли вÑ
ÑделаеÑе ÑÑо-Ñо из ÑÑого, еÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑоÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑÑÑа, а
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе бÑÑÑ Ð² безопаÑноÑÑи,
+обÑ
одиÑе ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑоной. ÐÑ Ð¸, междÑ
пÑоÑим, еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑнÑй ÑлеменÑ
+ÑлÑÑайноÑÑи в иÑÑ
оде вÑÑкого ÑÑдебного
пÑоÑеÑÑа”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Так воÑ, когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвилÑÑ
пÑедÑказÑемÑй ландÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñвоего
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑÑанеÑе делаÑÑ? ÐÑ, еÑÑÑ ÑÑи подÑ
ода,
коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
+иÑпÑобоваÑÑ. ÐÑбой из ниÑ
пÑименим не во
вÑеÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа,</li>
+<li>полÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ,</li>
+<li>опÑоÑеÑÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑде.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Я опиÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÑи подÑ
ода и Ñо, ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
подÑ
одÑÑими или неподÑ
одÑÑими.
+</p>
+
+<h3>УйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа</h3>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑименÑеÑе идеÑ, на
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ. ÐÑо можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ или ÑÑÑдно в завиÑимоÑÑи оÑ
Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑо за идеÑ. РнекоÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
запаÑенÑована какаÑ-Ñо
оÑобенноÑÑÑ. Тогда Ð²Ñ ÑÑ
одиÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа, не
+ÑеализÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑÑ, и дело за Ñем,
наÑколÑко ÑÑа оÑобенноÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð°. Ð
+некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
можно пÑожиÑÑ Ð¸ без нее.
Ðе Ñак давно полÑзоваÑели
+ÑекÑÑового пÑоÑеÑÑоÑа XyWrite полÑÑили по
поÑÑе ÑÑ
ÑдÑеннÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ. Рней
+бÑла Ñдалена ÑÑнкÑиÑ, позволÑвÑаÑ
опÑеделÑÑÑ ÑокÑаÑениÑ. То еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° вÑ
+набиÑали ÑокÑаÑение, за коÑоÑÑм Ñледовал
знак пÑепинаниÑ, оно немедленно
+заменÑлоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазвеÑнÑÑое вÑÑажение.
+Так ÑÑо можно бÑло опÑеделиÑÑ ÑокÑаÑение
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо длинной ÑÑазÑ,
+пеÑаÑаÑÑ ÑокÑаÑение, и Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð² докÑменÑе
поÑвлÑлаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑаза. Ðне об
+ÑÑом напиÑали, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо бÑло извеÑÑно,
ÑÑо в ÑедакÑоÑе <a
+href="/software/emacs/">Emacs</a> еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑнкÑиÑ.
Ðа Ñамом деле она
+бÑла Ñам Ñ ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годов. ÐÑо бÑло
инÑеÑеÑно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо показало
+мне, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² жизни бÑла по менÑÑей меÑе
одна паÑенÑоÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ. Я
+Ñзнал, ÑÑо она паÑенÑоÑпоÑобна, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой впоÑледÑÑвии
+запаÑенÑовал ее! Ðа Ñамом деле они
иÑпÑобовали вÑе ÑÑи подÑ
ода.
+СнаÑала они попÑÑалиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
пÑавообладаÑелем паÑенÑа; оказалоÑÑ,
+ÑÑо он не Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑеÑÑнÑе пеÑеговоÑÑ. Тогда
они поÑмоÑÑели, Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
+возможноÑÑи опÑоÑеÑÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ.
ÐаконеÑ, они ÑеÑили изÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑнкÑиÑ. ÐÑожиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ и без нее. ÐÑли в
ÑекÑÑовом пÑоÑеÑÑоÑе недоÑÑаеÑ
+ÑолÑко ÑÑой ÑÑнкÑии, лÑди, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
вÑе-Ñаки бÑдÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ðо
+когда наÑинаÑÑ Ð²ÑбиваÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе
ÑÑнкÑии, в конÑе конÑов Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ Ñ
+пÑогÑаммой, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм не нÑавиÑÑÑ, и
они, ÑкоÑее вÑего, бÑдÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ
+оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑо доволÑно Ñзкий паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпеÑиÑиÑеÑкÑÑ ÑÑнкÑиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ñ <a
href="http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873662__">
+паÑенÑом British Telecom</a> на пеÑеÑ
од по
гипеÑÑÑÑлкам ÑовмеÑÑно Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпом
+по ÑелеÑонной линии? ÐеÑеÑ
од по
гипеÑÑÑÑлкам ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑовеÑÑенно необÑ
одим
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÑезного полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами.
ÐоÑÑÑп по ÑелеÑонной линии Ñоже
+важен. Ðак бÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑÑой оÑобенноÑÑи,
коÑоÑаÑ, Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим, даже не
+ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ оÑобенноÑÑÑÑ, на Ñамом деле
ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо ÑоÑеÑание двÑÑ
+оÑобенноÑÑей, ÑовмеÑеннÑÑ
пÑоизволÑнÑм
обÑазом. ÐÑо как паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° диван и
+ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ñ Ð² одной комнаÑе.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðногда идеÑ, на коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ,
наÑÑолÑко ÑиÑока и ÑÑндаменÑалÑна, ÑÑо
+она по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð²ÑÑеÑÐºÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑелÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑлÑ.
ÐапÑимеÑ, Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
+оÑкÑÑÑÑм клÑÑом, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла
запаÑенÑована в СШÐ. СÑок дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа
+иÑÑек в 1997 годÑ. Ðо Ñого вÑемени он по
болÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ давал
+пÑименÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑование Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм клÑÑом в
СШÐ. ÐекоÑоÑое колиÑеÑÑво пÑогÑамм,
+коÑоÑое наÑали ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ, ÑмÑли в
лепеÑкÑ. Ðни Ñак и не ÑÑали
+по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпнÑми, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
пÑавообладаÑели паÑенÑа вÑÑÑÑпили Ñ
+ÑгÑозами.
+ÐоÑом вÑÑла одна пÑогÑамма. ÐÑогÑамма <a
+href="http://www.pgpi.org/">PGP</a>, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвонаÑалÑно
вÑпÑÑÑили как
+ÑвободнÑÑ. ÐÑевидно, пÑавообладаÑели
паÑенÑа к ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени, как она
+поÑвилаÑÑ Ð½Ð° гоÑизонÑе, оÑознали, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
, возможно, Ñ
ваÑÐ¸Ñ ÑкандалÑной
+извеÑÑноÑÑи. Так ÑÑо они ÑолÑко
огÑаниÑилиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ ÑÑебований на
+коммеÑÑеÑкое иÑполÑзование, а ÑÑо
ознаÑало, ÑÑо они не загÑебÑÑ ÑлиÑком
+много. Так ÑÑо они ÑилÑно огÑаниÑили
пÑименение ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм клÑÑом
+более Ñем на деÑÑÑилеÑие. ÐбойÑи ÑÑоÑ
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло невозможно. ÐÑо нелÑзÑ
+бÑло замениÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñем.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðногда паÑенÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑй алгоÑиÑм.
ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+опÑимизиÑованнÑй ваÑÐ¸Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑÑого
пÑеобÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¤ÑÑÑе. Ðн ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑно
+вдвое бÑÑÑÑее. Ðго можно избегаÑÑ,
пÑименÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑное бÑÑÑÑое пÑеобÑазование
+ФÑÑÑе. ÐÑа ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ
вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ðµ медленнее. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо не Ñак Ñж важно, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
неболÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñего вÑемени
+вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, еÑли она
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ðµ болÑÑе, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ не
+замеÑиÑе. Ð Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ваÑа
пÑогÑамма вообÑе не бÑдеÑ
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо на вÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ¹
нÑжно бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð² два Ñаза болÑÑе
+вÑемени. ÐоÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑазнÑе.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РкакиÑ
-Ñо ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
можно найÑи алгоÑиÑм
полÑÑÑе. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо поможеÑ, а
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, неÑ. Ðз-за Ñого, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой
+compress, Ð¼Ñ Ð² пÑоекÑе GNU ÑÑали иÑкаÑÑ
какой-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑиÑ
+даннÑÑ
. ÐÑо-Ñо нам напиÑал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ñакой
алгоÑиÑм еÑÑÑ. Ðн напиÑал
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑеÑил пеÑедаÑÑ ÐµÐµ нам. ÐÑ
ÑобиÑалиÑÑ ÐµÐµ вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ. СовеÑÑенно
+ÑлÑÑайно мне попалÑÑ Ð½Ð° глаза вÑпÑÑк
“ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк Ñаймє. РвÑпÑÑке
+бÑла еженеделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ° Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами. Я
заглÑдÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð² вÑпÑÑки
+“Таймє не ÑаÑе Ñаза в неÑколÑко
меÑÑÑев. Так воÑ, Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð»ÑнÑл в
+него, и Ñам бÑло Ñказано, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо полÑÑил
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° “изобÑеÑение
+нового меÑода ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
”.
+Я ÑообÑазил, ÑÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл взглÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ. Я взÑл ÑаÑпеÑаÑкÑ, и
+оказалоÑÑ, ÑÑо паÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑка коÑоÑой наÑ
+оÑделÑла вÑего одна неделÑ. ÐÑа пÑогÑамма
ÑмеÑла еÑе до Ñвоего
+ÑождениÑ. ÐпоÑледÑÑвии Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñли дÑÑгой
алгоÑиÑм, коÑоÑÑй не бÑл
+запаÑенÑован. Ðн ÑÑал пÑогÑаммой <a
href="/software/gzip/"> gzip</a>,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑом де-ÑакÑо на ÑжаÑие даннÑÑ
. Ð
+каÑеÑÑве алгоÑиÑма Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
она
ÑабоÑала пÑевоÑÑ
одно. ÐÑбой, кÑо
+Ñ
оÑел ÑжимаÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñе, мог воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
gzip вмеÑÑо compress. Ðо ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑамÑй запаÑенÑованнÑй алгоÑиÑм LZW
пÑименÑлÑÑ Ñакже в ÑакиÑ
гÑаÑиÑеÑкиÑ
+ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
, как <a href="/philosophy/gif.html">GIF</a>.
+ÐадаÑа, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжно бÑло ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм,
ÑоÑÑоÑла не пÑоÑÑо в ÑжаÑии даннÑÑ
,
+а в Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±Ñажение,
коÑоÑое лÑди могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑпÑоизводиÑÑ
+Ñвоими пÑогÑаммами, поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ
кÑайне ÑÑÑдно пеÑейÑи на дÑÑгой
+алгоÑиÑм. Ðа деÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñмогли
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑого! Ðа, лÑди воÑполÑзовалиÑÑ
+алгоÑиÑмом gzip, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделиÑÑ <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/">дÑÑгой гÑаÑиÑеÑкий
ÑоÑмаÑ</a>, как
+ÑолÑко лÑдÑм ÑÑали ÑгÑожаÑÑ ÑÑдом за
пÑименение Ñайлов GIF. Ðогда Ð¼Ñ ÑÑали
+пÑоÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
Ñайлами GIF, пеÑейÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑмаÑ,
+они оÑвеÑали: “ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можем ÑÑого
ÑделаÑÑ. ÐÑаÑзеÑÑ ÐµÑе не поддеÑживаÑÑ
+новÑй ÑоÑмає. РазÑабоÑÑики бÑаÑзеÑов
говоÑили: “С ÑÑим можно не
+ÑпеÑиÑÑ. РконÑе конÑов, ÑÑим ÑоÑмаÑом
никÑо не полÑзÑеÑÑÑ”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе инеÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва в
полÑзовании ÑоÑмаÑом GIF бÑла Ñак велика,
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñмогли ÑговоÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей пеÑейÑи
на дÑÑгой ÑоÑмаÑ. Ðо ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+пÑименение ÑоÑмаÑа GIF ÑообÑеÑÑвом
по-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÑнÑÐ¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑайÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑмаÑом GIF, а в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе они ÑÑÐ·Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑÑим ÑгÑозам.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа Ñамом деле вÑе запÑÑено еÑе ÑилÑнее. Ðа
Ñамом деле еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° паÑенÑа,
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð° алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ LZW.
ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо даже не понимало,
+ÑÑо вÑÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° паÑенÑа на одно и Ñо же. Ðни
не Ñмогли пÑоÑледиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+ÑÑим. ÐÑо не ÑлÑÑайно. ÐÑи паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ñжно
доволÑно внимаÑелÑно изÑÑиÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+понÑÑÑ, ÑÑо в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи они
опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ и Ñо же.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑли паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° какой-Ñо Ñ
имиÑеÑкий пÑоÑеÑÑ, ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
+легÑе. ÐÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑно, какие веÑеÑÑва
иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо на вÑ
оде, ÑÑо на
+вÑÑ
оде, какие пÑедпÑинимаÑÑÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкие
дейÑÑвиÑ. ÐезавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, как
+ÑÑо опиÑÑваÑÑ, бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑно, ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñакое,
а знаÑиÑ, бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑно, ÑÑо
+пÑоÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑ
однÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли ÑÑо-Ñо пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой ÑиÑÑÑÑ
маÑемаÑикÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑпоÑобов
+опиÑаÑÑ ÑÑо, и ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑи ÑазлиÑаÑÑÑÑ
гоÑаздо ÑилÑнее. Ðа пеÑвÑй взглÑд в
+ниÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑ
одÑÑва. ÐÑ
нÑжно как ÑледÑеÑ
понÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвидеÑÑ, ÑÑо в ниÑ
+говоÑиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± одном и Ñом же. ÐаÑенÑномÑ
бÑÑо ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°. ÐеÑколÑко
+Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо СШРÑÑаÑило на
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑеднем
+17 ÑаÑов. ÐÑого недоÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
вникнÑÑÑ Ð² паÑенÑ, Ñак ÑÑо они,
+конеÑно, ÑовеÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ñе оÑибки.
ÐомниÑе, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñил о пÑогÑамме, коÑоÑаÑ
+ÑмеÑла до Ñвоего ÑождениÑ? Ðа ÑÑоÑ
алгоÑиÑм в СШРÑоже бÑло вÑдано два
+паÑенÑа. Ðидимо, ÑÑо не ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ñж ÑедкоÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+УйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾, а можеÑ
бÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
+бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾, но ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
беÑполезной. ÐÑо завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑии.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой аÑпекÑ, коÑоÑÑй мне ÑледÑеÑ
оÑмеÑиÑÑ: иногда ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+конÑоÑÑиÑм Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
пÑоÑокол ÑÑандаÑÑом де-ÑакÑо. Тогда,
+еÑли ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ пÑоÑокол
запаÑенÑован, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÑее бедÑÑвие.
ÐÑÑÑ
+даже оÑиÑиалÑнÑе ÑÑандаÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами. Ð ÑенÑÑбÑе бÑло
+ÑилÑное полиÑиÑеÑкое волнение, когда <a
+href="http://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice"> ÐонÑоÑÑиÑм
ÐÑемиÑной
+паÑÑинÑ</a> пÑедлагал пÑинимаÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑÑ,
на коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑÑ. СообÑеÑÑво бÑло пÑоÑив, Ñак ÑÑо
они поÑли на попÑÑнÑй.
+Ðни веÑнÑлиÑÑ Ðº ÑÑебованиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑбÑе
паÑенÑÑ Ð±Ñли Ñвободно ÑеализÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼
+Ñгодно и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй мог Ñвободно
ÑеализовÑваÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑÑ. ÐÑа победа
+инÑеÑеÑна. Я дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо бÑл пеÑвÑй Ñаз,
когда оÑган ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии пÑинÑл
+Ñакое ÑеÑение. ÐÑÐ³Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии
обÑÑно запÑоÑÑо закладÑваÑÑ Ð² ÑÑандаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо огÑаниÑено паÑенÑами, и лÑдÑм
не позволено взÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñвободно
+ÑеализоваÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðам надо идÑи в дÑÑгие
оÑÐ³Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑвом
+измениÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑавила.
+</p>
+
+<h3>2) ÐолÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ</h3>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ — полÑÑиÑÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо Ñого,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾. ÐÑо возможно не
вÑегда. ÐÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ обÑзан
+пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ лиÑензиÑ. ÐеÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
в ÐÐ¸Ð³Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ
+пÑиÑло Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо пиÑÑмо Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑбой о
помоÑи. Ðго ÑемÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð°ÑÑ
+пÑоизводÑÑвом игÑовÑÑ
авÑомаÑов длÑ
казино, и в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ полÑзовалиÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑами. РиÑ
адÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑиÑла ÑгÑоза оÑ
дÑÑгой компании: “У Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑÑ. Ðам не позволено делаÑÑ ÑÑо.
ÐакÑÑвайÑеÑÑ”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Я ÑиÑал ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ. Ðн бÑл вÑдан на ÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
некоÑоÑого ÑиÑла компÑÑÑеÑов
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ñ, ÑакÑÑ, ÑÑо каждÑй компÑÑÑеÑ
поддеÑживал более одной игÑÑ Ð¸ позволÑл
+игÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ Ñем в Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñеменно.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐказÑваеÑÑÑ, паÑенÑное бÑÑо ÑÑиÑаеÑ, ÑÑо в
мÑÑли делаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо более Ñем в
+одном ÑкземплÑÑе еÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо вÑдаÑÑееÑÑ.
Ðни не оÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо в
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
нике ÑÑо ÑамÑй
оÑевиднÑй ÑпоÑоб обобÑиÑÑ ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ. ÐÑ
+Ñделали ÑÑо один Ñаз, а ÑепеÑÑ ÑÑо можно
ÑделаÑÑ Ð»Ñбое ÑиÑло Ñаз, можно
+ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðни дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли
Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе Ñем
+один Ñаз, ÑÑо поÑемÑ-Ñо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
блеÑÑÑÑий мÑÑлиÑелÑ, ÑÑо никÑо не
+поÑÐ¼ÐµÐµÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
пÑаво вÑеми ÑаÑпоÑÑжаÑÑÑÑ. Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо
+ни бÑло, лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑедложили. ÐмÑ
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð¿ÑикÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑие. У
+него даже не бÑло денег, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑдиÑÑÑÑ. Я
Ñказал бÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑй
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñдан на оÑевиднÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ. Ðозможно,
ÑÑдÑÑ ÑоглаÑилÑÑ Ð±Ñ, но Ð¼Ñ ÑÑого
+никогда не Ñзнаем, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑд бÑл емÑ
не по каÑманÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðднако лиÑензии-Ñо многие пÑавообладаÑели
пÑедлагаÑÑ, но они ÑаÑÑо взимаÑÑ
+за ÑÑо много денег. ÐомпаниÑ,
пÑедоÑÑавлÑвÑÐ°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй
+поÑÑдок пеÑевÑÑиÑлений, ÑÑебовала 5% Ñ
каждой пÑодажи ÑаблиÑного пÑоÑеÑÑоÑа
+в СШÐ. Ðне говоÑили, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑдебного
договоÑа ÑÑо деÑево. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+довели дело до ÑÑда, а они вÑигÑали, они
поÑÑебовали Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
+Ð²Ñ Ñмогли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ ÑÑи 5% за лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
один ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, но ÑÑо, еÑли
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, вам
нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии на двадÑаÑÑ ÑазнÑÑ
+паÑенÑов? Тогда вÑе денÑги, коÑоÑÑе вÑ
полÑÑаеÑе, ÑÑ
одÑÑ Ð½Ð° паÑенÑÑ. РеÑли
+вам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии на 21 паÑенÑ?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+СпеÑиалиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ говоÑили, ÑÑо на пÑакÑике
два-ÑÑи ÑакиÑ
паÑенÑа Ñделали бÑ
+пÑедпÑиÑÑие неÑенÑабелÑнÑм.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, в коÑоÑой лиÑензиÑование
паÑенÑов — оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑий
+вÑÑ
од. ÐÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ — огÑомнаÑ
многонаÑионалÑнаÑ
+коÑпоÑаÑиÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑиÑ
компаний
много паÑенÑов и они взаимно
+лиÑензиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. Таким
обÑазом они по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи избегаÑÑ
+вÑеда, коÑоÑÑй наноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема,
и полÑÑаÑÑ ÑолÑко полÑзÑ. IBM в
+жÑÑнале “Тинк” (по-моемÑ, ÑÑо бÑл
Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ 5
+за 1990 год) напеÑаÑала <a
+href="http://progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/ibm.think.article">
ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾
+паÑенÑном поÑÑÑеле IBM</a>. Ð ÑÑаÑÑе
говоÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¾Ñ ÑвоиÑ
девÑÑи ÑÑÑÑÑ
+паÑенÑов СШРIBM полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
Ñипов.
ÐавеÑное, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑло паÑенÑов
+болÑÑе. Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, они ÑобиÑали
лиÑензионнÑе оÑÑиÑлениÑ, а во-вÑоÑÑÑ
, они
+полÑÑали доÑÑÑп к ÑÑжим паÑенÑам. Ðо иÑ
ÑÑвеÑждениÑ, вÑоÑое бÑло на поÑÑдок
+полезнее. Так ÑÑо полÑза, коÑоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
IBM полÑÑала Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑми, коÑоÑÑе
запаÑенÑовали дÑÑгие, бÑла вдеÑÑÑеÑо
болÑÑе
+пÑÑмой вÑгодÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ IBM могла извлеÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
лиÑензий на паÑенÑÑ. ЧÑо ÑÑо по
+ÑÑÑи ознаÑаеÑ?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐакÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ IBM полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого доÑÑÑпа к
ÑÑжим паÑенÑам? РоÑновном ÑÑо
+полÑза Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑвобождаеÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑиÑÑноÑÑей, коÑоÑÑе
+паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинеÑÑи вам.
ÐаÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема — вÑе
+Ñавно ÑÑо лоÑеÑеÑ. ÐаждÑй даннÑй паÑенÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñем, а можеÑ
+ÑÑаÑÑ Ð·Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñой жилой Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо
пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ бедÑÑвием Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
+оÑÑалÑнÑÑ
. Ðо поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ IBM оÑенÑ
велика, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑо
+ÑÑÑеднÑеÑÑÑ. Ðни измеÑÑÑÑ ÑÑедний вÑед и
полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ.
+ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
непÑиÑÑноÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ
бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð´ÐµÑÑÑеÑо болÑÑе полÑзÑ. Я
+говоÑÑ “бÑли бє, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо IBM
Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑ
непÑиÑÑноÑÑей
+поÑÑедÑÑвом взаимного лиÑензиÑованиÑ. ÐÑи
непÑиÑÑноÑÑи оÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+поÑенÑиалÑнÑми. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
они не
оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ. Ðо когда они измеÑÑÑÑ
полÑзÑ
+Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо они ÑÑиÑ
непÑиÑÑноÑÑей
избегаÑÑ, они оÑениваÑÑ ÐµÐµ как
+деÑÑÑикÑаÑно болÑÑÑÑ ÑÑммÑ, Ñем Ñа,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ извлекаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑвоиÑ
паÑенÑов.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑо Ñвление взаимного лиÑензиÑованиÑ
опÑовеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑй миÑ, Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¾
+голодаÑÑем гении. ÐÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ
“заÑиÑаÑÑ” “малÑÑ
+изобÑеÑаÑелей”. ÐÑо пÑопагандиÑÑÑкие
вÑÑажениÑ. Ðам не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. СÑенаÑий вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ñак:
пÑедположим, еÑÑÑ Ð³ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑнÑй
+конÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¾Ñ Ñего Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло.
ÐÑедположим, он поÑÑаÑил годÑ, Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑеÑдаке и конÑÑÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй ÑÑдеÑнÑй Ñип
Ñего Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, а ÑепеÑÑ Ñ
оÑеÑ
+пÑоизводиÑÑ ÑÑо, и Ñазве не поÑÑÑдно, ÑÑо
болÑÑие компании намеÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
+конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ, оÑнÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ вÑе дело, а он
оÑÑанеÑÑÑ “в
+ниÑеÑе”.
+Я бÑÐ´Ñ Ð²ÑнÑжден оÑмеÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо лÑди в
вÑÑокоÑазвиÑÑÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
ÑеÑ
ники
+вообÑе-Ñо не ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñами по Ñебе и ÑÑо
идеи не пÑиÑ
одÑÑ Ð² вакÑÑме, они
+опиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° идеи дÑÑгиÑ
, и в наÑи дни ÑÑим
лÑдÑм не ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑда найÑи
+ÑабоÑÑ, еÑли она им понадобиÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑенаÑий, мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
+блеÑÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого
вÑдаÑÑегоÑÑ Ñеловека, ÑабоÑаÑÑего в
+одиноÑкÑ, не ÑеалиÑÑиÑна, ÑоÑно Ñак же, как
не ÑеалиÑÑиÑна мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
+ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð³ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÑеÑа. Ðо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ, и ÑÑа Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð²
+ÑоÑеÑании Ñ ÑоÑней или двÑÐ¼Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
идей
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñновой какого-Ñо Ñода
+пÑодÑкÑа, и болÑÑие компании ÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ.
+ÐÑак, поÑмоÑÑим, ÑÑо вÑйдеÑ, еÑли он
попÑобÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом, ÑÑобÑ
+им помеÑаÑÑ. Ðн говоÑиÑ: “ÐÑ Ð½ÐµÑ, IBM! Ðам
нелÑÐ·Ñ Ñо мной
+конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑ
паÑенє. IBM оÑвеÑаеÑ:
+“ÐоÑмоÑÑим. ЧÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑодÑкÑ? Ðга. У
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ,
+Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑ
паÑенÑ, и Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑÐºÑ Ð¸Ñ
+наÑÑÑаеÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо можеÑе
оÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо в ÑÑде, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´Ñ Ð¸ пÑинеÑÑ ÐµÑе паÑенÑов. Так ÑÑо
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ не заклÑÑиÑÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ взаимном лиÑензиÑовании?” Ð
Ñогда ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ð»ÐµÑÑÑÑий
+изобÑеÑаÑелÑ-одиноÑка говоÑиÑ: “ÐÑ
ладно, Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ подпиÑÑ”. Так
+ÑÑо он Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´Ñи и делаÑÑ ÑÑо ÑÑдеÑное
ÑÑо-Ñо Ñам, но Ñо же Ñамое можеÑ
+делаÑÑ Ð¸ IBM. IBM полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп к его
паÑенÑÑ Ð¸ пÑаво конкÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ñ
+изобÑеÑаÑелем, а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо паÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ниÑколÑко не
+“заÑиÑаеє. ÐаÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема на
Ñамом деле ÑÑого не делаеÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐолÑÑие коÑпоÑаÑии избегаÑÑ, по болÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи, вÑеда Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðни видÑÑ Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ñм обÑазом Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑоÑонÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ñ
оÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли. Ðменно
они бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого
+полÑзÑ. Ðо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑаÑелÑ-одиноÑка
или ÑабоÑаеÑе в неболÑÑой компании,
+Ñо ÑÑа неболÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в ÑоÑÑоÑнии
избежаÑÑ Ð²Ñеда. Ðни
+пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑоблема в Ñом, ÑÑо они не могÑÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑолÑко паÑенÑов, ÑÑобÑ
+Ñ
ваÑило Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого. ÐÑбой конкÑеÑнÑй паÑенÑ
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² опÑеделенном
+напÑавлении. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой
компании еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑказÑваÑÑ ÑÑда, ÑÑда и ÑÑда, а кÑо-Ñо оÑÑÑда
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
паÑенÑом Ñо
+Ñловами “оÑдайÑе мне Ñвои денÑги”, Ñо
они беÑпомоÑнÑ.
+IBM Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑо делаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑими
девÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑами паÑенÑов они
+ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ вÑе ÑÑоÑонÑ; где Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ бÑли,
веÑоÑÑно, найдеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ IBM,
+коÑоÑÑй ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ваÑ. Так ÑÑо IBM поÑÑи
вÑегда Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾
+Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑованиÑ. Ðелкие компании
ÑолÑко вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени могÑÑ
+пÑинÑждаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо ко взаимномÑ
лиÑензиÑованиÑ. Ðни бÑдÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо
+паÑенÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑелÑÑ
обоÑонÑ, но ниÑ
не
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑолÑко паÑенÑов, ÑÑобÑ
+они могли заÑиÑиÑÑ ÑебÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ ÑлÑÑаи, когда даже IBM не можеÑ
пÑинÑдиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо ко взаимномÑ
+лиÑензиÑованиÑ. ÐÑо когда еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ,
единÑÑвенное занÑÑие коÑоÑой
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² полÑÑении паÑенÑов и вÑжимании
денег из лÑдей. ÐомпаниÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой
+бÑл паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй поÑÑдок
пеÑевÑÑиÑлений, бÑла как Ñаз Ñакого Ñода
+компанией. ÐдинÑÑвенное иÑ
занÑÑие
ÑоÑÑоÑло в Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
+ÑÑдом и ÑобиÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо
ÑазÑабаÑÑвал ÑÑо-Ñо наÑÑоÑÑее.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа ÑÑидиÑеÑкие пÑоÑедÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов неÑ.
СÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑемÑ, ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ,
+ÑколÑко мÑк пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑноÑиÑÑ, когда
имееÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемой. Ð
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑпоÑоба полÑÑиÑÑ
паÑенÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑдиÑÑ ÑÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑованиÑ. Так
ÑÑо они Ñ
одÑÑ Ð¸ вÑжимаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾ вÑеÑ
+денÑги. Ðо Ñакие компании, как IBM,
по-видимомÑ, оÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº к
+ÑÑаÑÑе накладнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑ
одов, Ñак ÑÑо они
миÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑак, ÑÑо ÑÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑенÑ, ÑÑо можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾, а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾, а
вам ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ каÑманÑ, а
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸ не бÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<h3>3) ÐÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑде</h3>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
запаÑенÑованной, Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑÑÑ
+новой, полезной и неоÑевидной. Так ÑÑо
ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð² СШÐ. Я дÑмаÑ, в
+дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
ÑÑо ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑеÑÑÑ
по-дÑÑгомÑ, но доволÑно близко к
+ÑÑомÑ. ÐонеÑно, когда в игÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑпаеÑ
паÑенÑное бÑÑо, они наÑинаÑÑ Ð¾ÑениваÑÑ
+Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¸ неоÑевидноÑÑÑ. Ðовизна, как
оказÑваеÑÑÑ, ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²
+папкаÑ
ÑÑого неÑ, а неоÑевидноÑÑÑ, как
пÑавило, ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ñевидное длÑ
+кого-Ñо Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑма низким ÑÑовнем инÑеллекÑа.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Человек, коÑоÑÑй изÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, вÑданнÑе в СШÐ,
+или по кÑайней меÑе делал ÑÑо, Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаÑ,
пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ он вÑе еÑе ÑледиÑÑ
+за ними, Ñказал, ÑÑо 90% из ниÑ
не пÑоÑло бÑ
иÑпÑÑание Ñ
ÑÑÑÑалÑного гоÑода,
+Ñо еÑÑÑ ÐµÑли Ð±Ñ ÑоÑÑÑдники паÑенÑного бÑÑо
вÑÑли на ÑлиÑÑ Ðº газеÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¸Ð¾ÑкÑ
+и заглÑнÑли в какие-Ñо компÑÑÑеÑнÑе
жÑÑналÑ, Ñо они Ñвидели бÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑи идеи
+Ñже извеÑÑнÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЧеÑез паÑенÑное бÑÑо пÑоÑ
одÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑи,
наÑÑолÑко оÑевидно ÑÑпÑе, ÑÑо не нÑжно
+даже знаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑ
ники, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑпоÑÑÑ. ÐÑогÑаммами ÑÑо
+не заканÑиваеÑÑÑ. ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»
знамениÑÑй гаÑваÑдÑкий паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° мÑÑÑ,
+полÑÑеннÑй поÑле Ñого, как в ÐаÑваÑде
внедÑили в поÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÑÑей ген,
+вÑзÑваÑÑий Ñак. Ðен, вÑзÑваÑÑий Ñак, Ñже
бÑл извеÑÑен, и его ввели Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+извеÑÑной ÑеÑ
ники в Ñже ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ
поÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÑÑей. ÐаÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑй они
+полÑÑили, бÑл вÑдан на внедÑение лÑбого
гена, вÑзÑваÑÑего Ñак, в лÑбой вид
+млекопиÑаÑÑиÑ
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑÑ
меÑодов. ÐлÑ
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑмеÑ
оÑвоÑноÑÑÑ
+ÑÑого паÑенÑа, не нÑжно никакиÑ
знаний по
генной инженеÑии.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðне говоÑили, ÑÑо Ñакие ÑаÑÑиÑеннÑе заÑвки
в поÑÑдке веÑей и ÑÑо ÐаÑенÑное
+бÑÑо СШРиногда Ñекомендовало подававÑим
заÑвки на паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑиÑе — по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ, ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
до
ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока не покажеÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо они накладÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо-Ñо дÑÑгое, ÑÑо
однознаÑно Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑовне
+ÑеÑ
ники. ÐожеÑе Ñебе пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ, ÑколÑко
мÑÑлиÑелÑного пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва можно
+заÑ
ваÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñи Ñаком подÑ
оде.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- Another dead link.
+<a href="http://people.qualcomm.com/karn/patents/patent-comments.html">
+
+obvious</a>! -->
+Ðогда пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð»ÑдÑваÑÑ Ð² паÑенÑÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ, они ÑаÑÑо говоÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑо ÑÑо оÑевидно до ÑмеÑного. У паÑенÑнÑÑ
бÑÑокÑаÑов еÑÑÑ Ð²ÑевозможнÑе
+оÑговоÑки Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑоваÑÑ
мнение пÑогÑаммиÑÑов. Ðни говоÑÑÑ:
+“Ðа, но вам нÑжно ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑÑо в
ÑÑловиÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе бÑли деÑÑÑÑ
+или двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´”. ÐоÑом они
оÑкÑÑли, ÑÑо еÑли они бÑдÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑолковÑваÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо до ÑмеÑÑи, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð²
конÑе конÑов поÑеÑÑеÑе мÑÑлÑ. ЧÑо
+Ñгодно Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾ÑевиднÑм, еÑли
Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе доÑÑаÑоÑно долго
+мÑÑолиÑÑ ÑÑо, анализиÑоваÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
ÑеÑÑеÑе вÑÑкое пÑедÑÑавление об
+оÑевидноÑÑи, или по кÑайней меÑе ÑеÑÑеÑе
ÑпоÑобноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑноваÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ Ð±Ñ Ñо
+ни бÑло кÑиÑеÑий оÑевидного и
неоÑевидного. Тогда, конеÑно, они
вÑÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+пÑавообладаÑелей блеÑÑÑÑими
изобÑеÑаÑелÑми, вÑеÑ
ÑÑазÑ. СÑало бÑÑÑ, мÑ
не
+можем ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ñ
пÑаво
ÑаÑпоÑÑжаÑÑÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ делаÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе в ÑÑд, Ñо ÑÑдÑи, веÑоÑÑно,
бÑдÑÑ Ñлегка более ÑÑебоваÑелÑнÑ
+к идее о Ñом, ÑÑо оÑевидно, а ÑÑо неÑ. Ðо
пÑоблема в Ñом, ÑÑо на ÑÑо ÑÑ
одÑÑ
+Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð»Ð°Ñов. Я ÑлÑÑал об одном
паÑенÑном пÑоÑеÑÑе, наÑколÑко Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð½Ñ,
+оÑвеÑÑиком бÑла ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Qualcomm, и по-моемÑ,
в конÑе конÑов ÑÑд поÑÑановил
+вÑплаÑиÑÑ ÑÑинадÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð² доллаÑов,
коÑоÑÑе по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи поÑли на
+оплаÑÑ ÑÑлÑг ÑÑиÑÑов обеиÑ
ÑÑоÑон. ÐÑÑÑÑ
оÑÑалаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ñа миллионов, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+оÑвеÑÑик пÑоигÑал.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РзнаÑиÑелÑной ÑÑепени вопÑоÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи паÑенÑа завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
+ÑлÑÑайноÑÑей иÑÑоÑии. ÐножеÑÑво
ÑлÑÑайноÑÑей иÑÑоÑии, ÑакиÑ
как ÑÑо именно
+бÑло опÑбликовано, и когда, и ÑÑо из ÑÑого
комÑ-нибÑÐ´Ñ ÑдаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи, и ÑÑо
+из ÑÑого не бÑло ÑÑÑаÑено, и Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑнÑÑ
Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸
Ñак далее. ÐножеÑÑво
+иÑÑоÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑлÑÑайноÑÑей опÑеделÑеÑ,
дейÑÑвиÑелен ли паÑенÑ.
+
+Ðа Ñамом деле доволÑно ÑÑÑанно, ÑÑо заÑвка
на <a
+href="http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873662__"> паÑÐµÐ½Ñ British
+Telecom на пеÑеÑ
од по гипеÑÑÑÑлкам,
ÑовмеÑеннÑй Ñ ÑелеÑоннÑм доÑÑÑпом</a>,
+по-моемÑ, бÑла подана в 1975 годÑ.
Ðо-моемÑ, еÑе
+в 1974 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ ÑазÑабоÑал пеÑвÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
пакеÑа info. ÐÐ°ÐºÐµÑ info
+позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ пеÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ гипеÑÑÑÑлкам,
а лÑди полÑзовалиÑÑ ÑелеÑонами длÑ
+подклÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ доÑÑÑпа к ÑиÑÑеме. Так ÑÑо на
Ñамом деле Ñ Ñоздал
+пÑедÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого
паÑенÑа, и ÑÑо вÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоÑпоÑобнаÑ
+Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð² моей жизни, но Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ, по-моемÑ, не
оÑÑалоÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
доказаÑелÑÑÑв. Я
+не дÑмал, ÑÑо ÑÑо доÑÑаÑоÑно инÑеÑеÑно длÑ
пÑбликаÑии. РконÑе конÑов, идеÑ
+пеÑеÑ
ода по гипеÑÑÑÑлкам Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑвовал из
демонÑÑÑаÑии ÑедакÑоÑа
+ÐнгелÑбаÑÑа. ÐÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ бÑла идеÑ,
доÑÑаÑоÑно инÑеÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑии.
+То, ÑÑо Ñ Ñделал, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñвал деÑевÑм
гипеÑÑекÑÑом, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ
+ÑеализовÑваÑÑ ÑÑо в конÑекÑÑе TECO. Ðн бÑл не
Ñакой богаÑÑй, как ÑоÑ
+гипеÑÑекÑÑ, но он бÑл по менÑÑей меÑе
полезен Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑа докÑменÑаÑии, а
+Ð¾Ñ ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого и пÑедназнаÑалÑÑ, а ÑÑо
каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпа к ÑиÑÑеме по
+ÑелеÑонÑ, ÑÑо ж, он бÑл, но мне не пÑиÑ
одило
в головÑ, ÑÑо одно Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим
+как-Ñо оÑобенно ÑвÑзано. Я не ÑобиÑалÑÑ
пÑбликоваÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, в коÑоÑой
+говоÑилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ: “Ðго-го! Я Ñеализовал
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÑевÑй гипеÑÑекÑÑ, и ÑÑо бÑ
+Ð²Ñ Ð´Ñмали? РкомпÑÑÑеÑÑ ÐµÑе и подклÑÑенÑ
ÑелеÑоннÑе линии!” Я
+подозÑеваÑ, ÑÑо невозможно ÑзнаÑÑ, когда в
ÑоÑноÑÑи Ñ ÑÑо Ñеализовал. РбÑло
+ли ÑÑо в каком-Ñо ÑмÑÑле опÑбликовано? ÐÑ,
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиглаÑали гоÑÑей заглÑдÑваÑÑ
+по ARPAnet, заÑ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑинÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
они, возможно, пÑоÑмаÑÑивали
+докÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ info и видели ÑÑо.
ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑпÑоÑили, они Ñзнали
+бÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп по ÑелеÑонной
линии. Ðо, как Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑе,
+иÑÑоÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑлÑÑайноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑеÑ, еÑÑÑ
ли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑеÑÑвÑÑÑаÑ
+ÑеализаÑиÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Так воÑ, конеÑно, еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑбликаÑиÑ
ÐнгелÑбаÑÑа о гипеÑÑекÑÑе, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ. Ðднако Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ,
ÑÑо Ñам говоÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾
+подклÑÑении компÑÑÑеÑа к ÑелеÑонной
линии, Ñак ÑÑо неÑÑно, Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
+ÑÑо. ÐÑак, ÑÑо ваÑианÑ, возможноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ñи в
ÑÑд, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðз-за ÑаÑÑ
одов ÑÑо ÑаÑÑо невозможно, даже
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе найÑи неÑомненнÑÑ
+пÑедÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ ÑеализаÑиÑ, коÑоÑой должно
бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑпоÑиÑÑ
+паÑенÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе недейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑй
паÑенÑ, паÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑй ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑки
+не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли вÑдаваÑÑ (но на Ñамом деле
множеÑÑво ÑакиÑ
паÑенÑов вÑдаеÑÑÑ)
+ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑнÑм оÑÑжием. ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо
Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
+недейÑÑвиÑелÑного паÑенÑа, вам ÑÑо
запÑоÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинеÑÑи ÑймÑ
+непÑиÑÑноÑÑей. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеигÑаеÑе
иÑ
, показав им пÑедÑдÑÑÑÑ
+ÑеализаÑиÑ. ÐÑо завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñого, наÑколÑко
иÑ
ÑÑо оÑпÑгнеÑ; они могÑÑ
+подÑмаÑÑ: “Ð, ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑ
оÑиÑÑÑÑ,
мÑ-Ñо Ñмекаем, ÑÑо в ÑÑд ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+пойдеÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñебе не по каÑманÑ, Ñак ÑÑо мÑ
вÑе Ñавно подадим на ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²
+ÑÑд”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑе ÑÑи ÑÑи возможноÑÑи — Ñо, ÑÑо вам
иногда ÑдаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑимениÑÑ,
+но во многиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑо не вÑйдеÑ. Ð
Ñак вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑеÑаÑÑ
+один паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° дÑÑгим. ÐаждÑй Ñаз вÑ, можеÑ
бÑÑÑ, найдеÑе ÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑеÑ
+возможноÑÑей, коÑоÑой можно
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, Ñогда поÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÐµÑе один
+паÑенÑ, поÑом еÑе и еÑе. ÐÑо ÑÑановиÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
пеÑеÑ
од ÑеÑез минное
+поле. ÐаждÑй Ñаг, коÑоÑÑй Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе,
каждое конÑÑÑÑкÑивное ÑеÑение,
+веÑоÑÑно, не наÑÑÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° паÑенÑ, Ñак ÑÑо вÑ,
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑделаеÑе неÑколÑко
+Ñагов, а взÑÑва не бÑдеÑ. Ðо ÑанÑов на Ñо,
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑойдеÑе веÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑмееÑе ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ, не
+наÑÑÑпив на ни на один паÑенÑ, ÑÑановиÑÑÑ
вÑе менÑÑе и менÑÑе по меÑе ÑоÑÑа
+пÑогÑаммÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Так воÑ, мне много Ñаз говоÑили: “ÐедÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
,
+поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑование должно бÑÑÑ
иÑклÑÑением?” ÐбÑаÑиÑе внимание,
+ÑÑо ÑÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ðµ пÑедположение о Ñом,
ÑÑо вÑем нам поÑемÑ-Ñо положено
+ÑÑÑадаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑо вÑе
Ñавно, ÑÑо говоÑиÑÑ: “ÐекоÑоÑÑе
+болеÑÑ Ñаком. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ
иÑклÑÑением?” С моей ÑоÑки зÑениÑ,
+когда Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÑо-Ñо не ÑÑÑÐ°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñаком, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо. Ðо за ÑÑим кÑоеÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ
+непÑедвзÑÑÑй вопÑоÑ: “ÐÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
пÑогÑаммиÑование Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
+оÑÑаÑлей? Ðолжна ли паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñика в
ÑазнÑÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
ÑазлиÑаÑÑÑÑ? ÐÑли
+да, Ñо поÑемÑ?”
+</p>
+
+<p>
+С ваÑего позволениÑ, Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ñак: оÑноÑение паÑенÑов к
+ÑазнÑм оÑÑаÑлÑм ÑазлиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо в
ÑазнÑÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑазномÑ
+ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑодÑкÑаÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+С одного кÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ ÑаÑмаÑевÑикÑ, где
паÑенÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ
имиÑеÑкаÑ
+ÑоÑмÑла, Ñак ÑÑо паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ и
ÑолÑко один пÑодÑкÑ. Ðакой-Ñо
+дÑÑгой пÑодÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ опиÑÑваеÑÑÑ Ð²
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑем паÑенÑе. ÐÑли на ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй
+пÑодÑÐºÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ,
пÑавообладаÑелем бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑоÑ, кÑо ÑазÑабоÑал
+пÑодÑкÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑо оÑвеÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлениÑ
о паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑеме, коÑоÑое Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ — ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑпÑоекÑиÑÑеÑе
новÑй пÑодÑкÑ, Ñо вам вÑдадÑÑ
+“ÐаÑенє. ÐÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо на
каждÑй пÑодÑÐºÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ
ÑÑого пÑодÑкÑа. РодниÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
ÑÑо
+ближе к иÑÑине. РдÑÑгиÑ
облаÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑо
далÑÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑинÑ. ÐÑо оÑÑого, ÑÑо
+пакеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм обÑÑно оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸. РниÑ
много ÑазнÑÑ
идей пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð²
+новом ÑоÑеÑании. ÐÑли пÑогÑамма нова, а не
пÑоÑÑо ÑкопиÑована, Ñо в ней,
+ÑкоÑее вÑего, пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ðµ ÑоÑеÑание
идей, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, в ÑоÑеÑании Ñ
+Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑм ÑекÑÑом, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
недоÑÑаÑоÑно пÑоÑÑо назваÑÑ ÑÑи идеи,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ по волÑебÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑали. ÐÑе иÑ
надо ÑеализоваÑÑ.
+ÐÑе иÑ
надо ÑеализоваÑÑ Ð² Ñаком ÑоÑеÑании.
Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе, даже когда вÑ
+пиÑеÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑеÑе множеÑÑво
ÑазнÑÑ
идей, и лÑбÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
кÑо-Ñо
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ. ÐаÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹ кÑо-Ñо
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+ÑоÑеÑание. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко ÑазнÑÑ
ÑпоÑобов опиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ и Ñой же
+идеи, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑоваÑÑ
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазнÑе лÑди. Так ÑÑо в ваÑей
+пÑогÑамме могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑи меÑÑ, ÑÑÑÑÑи
ÑоÑек ÑÑзвимоÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе кÑо-Ñо,
+возможно, Ñже запаÑенÑовал. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑемÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑдеÑживаÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑ Ð² пÑогÑаммиÑовании — ÑабоÑÑ
по ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ “один
паÑÐµÐ½Ñ — один пÑодÑкє,
+Ñо ÑÑи паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ðµ меÑали Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑке
пÑодÑкÑов, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑвали новÑй пÑодÑкÑ, он не бÑл бÑ
Ñже запаÑенÑован кем-Ñо дÑÑгим. Ðо
+когда один пÑодÑÐºÑ ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑеÑ
ÑоÑеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ
ÑазнÑÑ
идей, Ñо ÑÑановиÑÑÑ
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑоÑÑнÑм, ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй пÑодÑкÑ
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñже запаÑенÑован кем-Ñо
+дÑÑгим. Ðа Ñамом деле еÑÑÑ ÑкономиÑеÑкое
иÑÑледование, в коÑоÑом показано
+именно Ñо, как введение паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ
в оÑÑаÑли, где имеÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑо
+ÑволÑÑионнÑе нововведениÑ, можеÑ
ÑоÑмозиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑ.
+ÐонимаеÑе, заÑиÑники паÑенÑов на
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ: “ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, ÑÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ, но — и ÑÑо
гоÑаздо важнее лÑбÑÑ
+пÑоблем — паÑенÑÑ, должно бÑÑÑ,
ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ, а ÑÑо
+наÑÑолÑко важно, ÑÑо не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑениÑ,
какие пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо
+вÑзовеє. ÐонеÑно, они не говоÑÑÑ ÑÑого
вÑлÑÑ
, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑмеÑно,
+но подÑпÑдно они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑÑиÑали,
ÑÑо поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑема ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑеÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пеÑевеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑбÑе
возможнÑе заÑÑаÑÑ. Ðо на деле Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+оÑнований ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо она пÑогÑеÑÑÑ-Ñо
ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑеÑ. СейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+моделÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи показÑваеÑ, как
паÑенÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ ÑоÑмозиÑÑ
+пÑогÑеÑÑ. СлÑÑай, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого ÑоÑÑавлена
моделÑ, вполне ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑеÑ
+оÑÑаÑли пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ: ÑволÑÑионнÑе
нововведениÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑование наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой
ÑаÑÑи диапазона? Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо в
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑиÑÑем
идеализиÑованнÑе маÑемаÑиÑеÑкие обÑекÑÑ.
Ðожно
+вÑÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑÑловаÑÑй двоÑÐµÑ Ð¸
взгÑомоздиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на Ñонкой линии, и он бÑдеÑ
+ÑÑоÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ниÑего не веÑиÑ. РдÑÑгиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
+пÑеодолеваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑии —
ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑекÑов. ÐаÑеÑиÑ
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñо, ÑÑо ей Ñ
оÑеÑÑÑ. Ðе можно
пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ, а еÑли ÑеалÑное
+поведение не ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, Ñо Ñем Ñ
Ñже Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо задаÑа
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкие
обÑекÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-наÑÑоÑÑемÑ
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÐ¾Ñ “if” в
опеÑаÑоÑ
+“while”, мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
Ñом, не ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ опеÑаÑоÑ
+“if” колебаÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенной
ÑаÑÑоÑой, ÑеÑеÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± опеÑаÑоÑ
+“while” и в конÑе конÑов ÑазвалиÑÑÑ. Ðне
не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñом, не ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ он колебаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
опÑеделенной ÑадиоÑаÑÑоÑе и не Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
+он помеÑ
Ñ Ð² знаÑении какой-Ñо дÑÑгой
пеÑеменной. Ðне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñом, какой Ñок бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ “if”, и о Ñом,
+можно ли бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñам, внÑÑÑи опеÑаÑоÑа
“while”, оÑвеÑÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+Ñепло, и не ÑÐ¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ на опеÑаÑоÑе
“while” напÑÑжение наÑÑолÑко,
+ÑÑо опеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ “if” не ÑможеÑ
ÑÑнкÑиониÑоваÑÑ.
+Ðне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо еÑли Ñ
запÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑеде Ñ
+моÑÑкой водой, Ñо ÑÑа вода можеÑ
пÑоникнÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑоÑом
+“if” и опеÑаÑоÑом “while” и вÑзваÑÑ
коÑÑозиÑ. Ðне не
+нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ, когда Ñ ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
знаÑение пеÑеменной, не пÑевÑÑил ли
+Ñ Ð¿Ñедел, ÑоÑлавÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее ÑвÑÑе двадÑаÑи
Ñаз. Ðогда Ñ ÑÑÑлаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+пеÑеменнÑÑ, мне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ ее
емкоÑÑи и о Ñом, доÑÑаÑоÑно ли
+бÑло вÑемени на Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐµ заÑÑдиÑÑ.
Ðогда Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, мне не нÑжно
+беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, как Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑизиÑеÑки
ÑобиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ, и ÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
+Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ опеÑаÑоÑа “if” внÑÑÑи
опеÑаÑоÑа
+“while”. Ðне не нÑжно беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
Ñом, как Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑазбиÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑлÑÑае, еÑли опеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ “if”
ÑломаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑнÑÑÑ
+его и замениÑÑ Ð½Ð° новÑй.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑколÑко пÑоблем не беÑÐ¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ,
когда Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑем. ÐÑо делаеÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑование пÑинÑипиалÑно пÑоÑе.
ÐиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑно пÑоÑе,
+Ñем пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкий обÑекÑ,
коÑоÑÑй бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ. ÐÑо можеÑ
+показаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑаннÑм, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑ,
веÑоÑÑно, ÑлÑÑали, как лÑди говоÑÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñом, как Ñложно ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑо болÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема и как мÑ
+бÑдем ее ÑеÑаÑÑ. Ðа Ñамом деле они говоÑÑÑ
не о Ñом же, о Ñем Ñ. Я
+ÑопоÑÑавлÑÑ ÑизиÑеÑкие и пÑогÑаммнÑе
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑложноÑÑи, Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñм
+колиÑеÑÑвом ÑаÑÑей. Я говоÑÑ, ÑÑо
пÑогÑаммнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
+пÑоÑе, Ñем ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкÑÑ. Ðо
инÑÐµÐ»Ð»ÐµÐºÑ Ð»Ñдей в ÑÑиÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
одинаков,
+и ÑÑо же полÑÑаеÑÑÑ, когда Ð¼Ñ ÑÑалкиваемÑÑ
Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ пÑоÑÑой ÑÑеÑой
+деÑÑелÑноÑÑи? ÐÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо двигаем ее далÑÑе!
ÐÑ Ñаздвигаем Ñвои возможноÑÑи до
+пÑедела.
+ÐÑли ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñого же ÑазмеÑа ÑделаÑÑ
пÑоÑе, давайÑе делаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+в деÑÑÑÑ Ñаз болÑÑе, Ñогда ÑÑо бÑдеÑ
Ñложно. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼. ÐÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼
+пÑогÑаммнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе гоÑаздо
болÑÑе по ÑиÑÐ»Ñ ÑоÑÑавнÑÑ
ÑаÑÑей, Ñем
+ÑизиÑеÑкие ÑиÑÑемÑ. ФизиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, в
конÑÑÑÑкÑии коÑоÑой миллион
+деÑалей — гÑандиознÑй пÑоекÑ.
ÐомпÑÑÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма, в ÑоÑÑаве
+коÑоÑой миллион ÑаÑÑей, ÑÑо ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде
ÑÑеÑ
ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑок, неÑколÑко
+Ñеловек напиÑÐµÑ ÑÑо за паÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ. ÐÑо не
оÑобенно колоÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма. Ð
+GNU Emacs, по-моемÑ, неÑколÑко миллионов
ÑаÑÑей. Рнем миллион ÑÑÑок
+иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа. ÐÑо пÑоекÑ, коÑоÑÑй бÑл
вÑполнен по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾ вÑÑкого
+ÑинанÑиÑованиÑ. Ðо болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи лÑди
делали его в Ñвободное Ð¾Ñ ÑабоÑÑ
+вÑемÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑ ÐµÑе одно болÑÑое ÑпÑоÑение. ÐÑли вÑ
ÑконÑÑÑÑиÑовали ÑизиÑеÑкий пÑодÑкÑ,
+вÑлед за ÑÑим вам пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ
пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´ по его пÑоизводÑÑвÑ. Ðа
+поÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ÐºÑ ÑÑого завода могÑÑ ÑйÑи
Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ деÑÑÑки миллионов, в Ñо вÑемÑ
+как Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑаммÑ, нÑжно ÑолÑко набÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+клавиаÑÑÑе “ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ”. Ðдна и Ñа
же команда копиÑованиÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñбой пÑогÑаммÑ. ХоÑиÑе
полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ на компакÑ-диÑкаÑ
?
+ÐÑлиÑно! ÐÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваеÑе обÑазеÑ
компакÑ-диÑка и оÑÑÑлаеÑе его на завод по
+изгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑ-диÑков. Ðни
воÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ñем же обоÑÑдованием, ÑÑо и
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи лÑбÑÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
даннÑÑ
на
компакÑ-диÑк. Ðам не нÑжно ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´
+по изгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого пÑодÑкÑа. ÐÑо
ÑадикалÑно ÑпÑоÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¸
+ÑадикалÑно ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð° нее.
+
+Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе, Ñкажем, авÑомобилÑной
компании, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑоÑни
+миллионов доллаÑов на поÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð° по
пÑоизводÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ модели
+авÑомобилÑ, ниÑего не ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð½ÑÑÑ
ÑÑиÑÑов, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеговоÑами по
+лиÑензиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов. ÐÑи желании они
могÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ веÑÑи ÑÑжбÑ. РазÑабоÑка
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñой же ÑложноÑÑи Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑоиÑÑ
пÑÑÑдеÑÑÑ—ÑÑо ÑÑÑÑÑ
+доллаÑов. Ðо ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÑÑим паÑенÑнÑе
ÑаÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑаÑÑÑоÑиÑеÑки
+велики. ÐÑÑгими Ñловами, на ÑоÑÑавление
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñой же ÑложноÑÑи, ÑÑо и
+меÑ
аниÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑомобилÑ,
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑйÑи ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде меÑÑÑа. СколÑко
+деÑалей в авÑомобиле... Ñо еÑÑÑ ÐµÑли в ÑÑом
авÑомобиле неÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑов (<a href="#f1">1</a>). ÐÑ
не Ñак
много. Я не говоÑÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾, Ñ ÑолÑко
говоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñам не Ñак много
+ÑазнÑÑ
ÑлеменÑов.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе пÑогÑаммиÑование ÑилÑно
оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
оÑÑаÑлей,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаем Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑемаÑиÑеÑкими
понÑÑиÑми; пÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+пÑоÑе, и в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно делаем
ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе гоÑаздо болÑÑе, и
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого доÑÑаÑоÑно неÑколÑкиÑ
Ñеловек. Ð
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе в ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае
+паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
пÑиближаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑоÑмÑле “один
+пÑодÑÐºÑ — один паÑенє —
вмеÑÑо ÑÑого мÑ
+оказÑваемÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме, где один пÑодÑкÑ
заклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² Ñебе много-много идей,
+ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð· коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñже
запаÑенÑованной.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÑÑе вÑего ÑÑо обÑÑÑниÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ аналогии Ñ
ÑимÑониÑми. СимÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñоже длиннаÑ, в
+ней много ноÑ, и в ней, веÑоÑÑно,
пÑименÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
+идей. ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва ÐвÑопÑ
в XVIII веке ÑеÑили, ÑÑо
+они Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð²
ÑимÑониÑеÑкой мÑзÑке, ÑÑÑедив
+ÐвÑопейÑкое мÑзÑкалÑное паÑенÑное бÑÑо,
коÑоÑое вÑдавало Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+лÑбого Ñода мÑзÑкалÑнÑе идеи, коÑоÑÑе вÑ
ÑолÑко можеÑе вÑÑазиÑÑ
+Ñловами. ТепеÑÑ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо ÑейÑаÑ
наÑало XIX века,
+Ð²Ñ — ÐеÑÑ
овен и Ñ
оÑиÑе напиÑаÑÑ
ÑимÑониÑ. ÐÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжиÑе, ÑÑо
+ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑимÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° не
наÑÑÑала никакиÑ
паÑенÑов, бÑдеÑ
+поÑÑÑднее, Ñем напиÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ ÑимÑониÑ.
+
+Ðогда Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ð»ÑеÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо, пÑавообладаÑели
говоÑÑÑ: “Ðолно, ÐеÑÑ
овен,
+ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑзжиÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑвоиÑ
идей. ÐзобÑеÑи-ка лÑÑÑе ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ
+Ñвое”. У ÐеÑÑ
овена в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи
бÑло много новÑÑ
мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
+идей, но ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
множеÑÑвом ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
мÑзÑкалÑнÑÑ
+идей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо, в Ñем лÑди Ñзнавали
Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑкÑ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¼ÑзÑкÑ,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° понÑавиÑÑÑÑ ÑлÑÑаÑелÑм,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑизнали Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑкой. ÐеÑ
+ÑакиÑ
блеÑÑÑÑиÑ
композиÑоÑов, коÑоÑÑе
могли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ изобÑеÑÑи мÑзÑÐºÑ Ð¸
+ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо лÑди заÑ
оÑели бÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ. <a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"> ÐÑÐµÑ ÐÑлез</a>
Ñказал,
+ÑÑо попÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, но кÑо ÑлÑÑаеÑ
Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ полÑÑилоÑÑ?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐµÑ ÑакиÑ
блеÑÑÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов,
коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ изобÑеÑÑи вÑе
+вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑе меÑодÑ, пÑидÑмаÑÑ
ÑовеÑÑенно новÑе. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñакой пÑогÑаммиÑÑ
+наÑелÑÑ, он Ñделал Ð±Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑелÑм показалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко
+ÑÑÑаннÑм, ÑÑо они не заÑ
оÑели Ð±Ñ ÑÑим
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе на
+ÑовÑеменнÑй ÑекÑÑовÑй пÑоÑеÑÑоÑ, вÑ
найдеÑе, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ, ÑоÑни ÑазнÑÑ
+ÑÑнкÑий. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑе оÑлиÑнÑй
новÑй пÑогÑеÑÑивнÑй ÑекÑÑовÑй
+пÑоÑеÑÑоÑ, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ñам еÑÑÑ
какие-Ñо новÑе идеи, но в нем должнÑ
+бÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑоÑни ÑÑаÑÑÑ
. ÐÑли вам не позволено
ими полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑможеÑе
+ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑивнÑй ÑекÑÑовÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑоÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ ÑабоÑа по ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм Ñак
велика, в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе нам не нÑжна
+иÑкÑÑÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
ема ÑÑимÑлиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
идей. У Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди,
+коÑоÑÑе пиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑдÑÑ
поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе идеи. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
+пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ
оÑоÑей, какие-Ñо идеи вам пÑидÑÑ Ð²
+головÑ, а какие-Ñо Ð²Ñ ÑÑмееÑе заимÑÑвоваÑÑ.
РанÑÑе — а Ñ ÑабоÑал
+в оÑÑаÑли пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ поÑвлениÑ
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
+болÑÑинÑÑво ÑазÑабоÑÑиков пÑбликовало
вÑе новÑе идеи, коÑоÑÑе они наÑ
одили
+доÑÑойнÑми вниманиÑ, за коÑоÑÑе, по иÑ
мнениÑ, они могли полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо
+пÑизнание или Ñважение.
+
+Ðдеи, коÑоÑÑе бÑли ÑлиÑком мелкими или
недоÑÑаÑоÑно
+впеÑаÑлÑÑÑими — иÑ
не пÑбликовали,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо бÑло бÑ
+глÑпо. Так воÑ, пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема пооÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑаÑкÑÑÑие
+идей. Ðа деле в бÑлÑе дни никÑо не Ñ
Ñанил
идеи в ÑекÑеÑе. Ð ÑекÑеÑе Ñ
Ñанили
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, ÑÑо бÑло. РконÑе
конÑов, иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ
+пÑедÑÑавлÑл оÑновнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ. ÐÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑжали в ÑекÑеÑе, а идеи
+пÑбликовали, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑоÑÑÑдники полÑÑали
какое-Ñо пÑизнание и ÑÑвÑÑвовали ÑебÑ
+Ñ
оÑоÑо. С пÑиÑ
одом паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ
иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑали
+деÑжаÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑе, а идеи ÑÑали
паÑенÑоваÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо на деле ÑÑо не пооÑÑило
+ÑаÑкÑÑÑие идей ни в каком ÑазÑмном ÑмÑÑле.
Ð ÑекÑеÑе деÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ñо же Ñамое, ÑÑо
+деÑжали в ÑекÑеÑе ÑанÑÑе, но идеи, коÑоÑÑе
пÑбликовали Ñ Ñем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
+иÑ
пÑименÑÑÑ, ÑейÑаÑ, как пÑавило,
паÑенÑÑÑÑ, и двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+недоÑÑгаемÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЧÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÑана, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
ÑÑо? Ðак Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
+полиÑикÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ?
ÐаÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ по двÑм
+напÑавлениÑм. ÐеÑвое — Ñам, где
подаÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñвки и вÑдаÑÑ
+паÑенÑÑ — в паÑенÑном бÑÑо.
ÐÑоÑое — Ñам, где паÑенÑÑ
+пÑименÑÑÑ, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, на ÑÑо
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐзмениÑÑ ÐºÑиÑеÑии вÑдаÑи паÑенÑов или
пÑоÑÑо ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑие кÑиÑеÑии
+вÑдаÑи паÑенÑов можно в ÑÑÑане, в коÑоÑой
до ÑÑого паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+бÑли легализованÑ, напÑимеÑ, в болÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи ÐвÑопÑ. ÐÑоÑÑо ÑеÑко и ÑÑно
+подÑвеÑдиÑÑ Ð¿Ñавила ÐвÑопейÑкого
паÑенÑного бÑÑо, в коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñказано, ÑÑо
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ ÐвÑопÑ
ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑее ÑеÑение. Ð ÐвÑопе
+ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑива о паÑенÑаÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑÐµÐ´Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑивÑ, Ñ
+полагаÑ, возможно, ÑиÑе, Ñем паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, но ÑÑо одно из ее
+важнейÑиÑ
ÑледÑÑвий. ÐоÑÑаÑоÑно измениÑÑ
ее Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо
+пÑогÑаммнÑе идеи паÑенÑоваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑзÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеме пÑоникнÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÐвÑÐ¾Ð¿Ñ — по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи, за
иÑклÑÑением ÑеÑ
ÑÑÑан, коÑоÑÑе Ñами
+Ñоздали Ñебе ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. Ð ÑожалениÑ,
одна из ÑакиÑ
ÑÑÑан —
+ÐеликобÑиÑаниÑ. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РСШРÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
од невозможен. Ðело в Ñом,
ÑÑо в СШРÑже еÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое ÑиÑло
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, и лÑбое изменение в
кÑиÑеÑии вÑдаÑи паÑенÑов не
+Ð¸Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ñже ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
(<a
href="#f2">2</a>). Ðа Ñамом деле ÑÑи
+паÑенÑÑ Ð¾ÑиÑиалÑно не обознаÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ. Я назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+“паÑенÑами на пÑогÑаммє, но ÑÑо Ñ Ð²
ÑÑÑноÑÑи Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð² видÑ?
+ÐаÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе поÑенÑиалÑно могÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑенÑÑ,
+из-за коÑоÑÑÑ
на Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑенÑиалÑно могÑÑ
подаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд за Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали
+пÑогÑаммÑ.
+
+ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо не Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммнÑе и пÑоÑие. Так ÑÑо ÑакÑиÑеÑки
+на Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд за напиÑание
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·-за лÑбого паÑенÑа,
+коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
какие-Ñо пÑогÑаммÑ. Так ÑÑо в СШРпÑоблемÑ
+нÑжно ÑеÑаÑÑ, изменÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ
пÑименимоÑÑи, ÑÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов, Ñак,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑо
пÑогÑаммнÑÑ ÑеализаÑиÑ, ÑабоÑаÑÑÑÑ
+на компÑÑÑеÑе обÑего назнаÑениÑ, коÑоÑÑй
Ñам по Ñебе не наÑÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа,
+Ñак ÑÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð±Ñло Ð±Ñ ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо.
ÐÑо ÑеÑение вÑоÑого Ñода.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+РеÑение пеÑвого Ñода, оÑноÑиÑелÑно Ñого,
какого Ñипа паÑенÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
+дейÑÑвоваÑÑ, Ñ
оÑоÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐвÑопÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда в СШРÑÑали поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, полиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑÑждений
+не бÑло. Ðа Ñамом деле ÑÑого никÑо даже не
замеÑил. РоÑÑаÑли
+пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи, ÑÑого
даже не
+замеÑили. Ð 1981 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñло ÑеÑение ÑÑда,
на коÑоÑом ÑаÑÑмаÑÑивалÑÑ
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑезинÑ.
ÐоÑÑановление глаÑило, ÑÑо ÑоÑ
+ÑакÑ, ÑÑо аппаÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑановлениÑ
ÑÐµÐ·Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ
+пÑогÑаммой, не Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑение
непаÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑм.
+Ð ÑледÑÑÑем Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð¿ÐµÐ»Ð»ÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд, в
коÑоÑом ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе паÑенÑнÑе
+дела, изменил пÑедикаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑоÑивоположнÑе. Ðни Ñказали, ÑÑо ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ,
ÑÑо
+Ñам еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой, делаеÑ
изобÑеÑение паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑм. ТоÑ
+ÑакÑ, ÑÑо в Ñем-Ñо еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ñ
пÑогÑаммой, Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо
+паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑм. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² СШРнаÑали
вÑдаваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑоÑедÑÑÑ
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва — поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑи пÑоÑедÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+компÑÑÑеÑе, а ÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑми. Так ÑÑо ÑÑд вÑÐ½ÐµÑ ÑÑо
+поÑÑановление, и Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй поÑÑдок пеÑевÑÑиÑлениÑ
+бÑл один из пеÑвÑÑ
, а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, даже
пеÑвÑм. Ðа пÑоÑÑжении воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
+годов Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего об ÑÑом не знали.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- <a href="http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/">
+ -->
+ТолÑко где-Ñо в 1990 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð²
СШРнаÑали ÑзнаваÑÑ, ÑÑо они
+ÑÑолкнÑлиÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑÑÑ, иÑÑ
одÑÑей оÑ
паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ
+видел, как оÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ ÑабоÑала до ÑÑого и как
она ÑабоÑала поÑле ÑÑого. Я не
+наблÑдал никакого оÑобенного ÑÑкоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
пÑогÑеÑÑе, коÑоÑое наÑалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ
+в 1990 годÑ. РСШРне бÑло никакиÑ
полиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑÑждений, но в
+ÐвÑопе ÑÑо вÑзвало болÑÑой ÑезонанÑ.
ÐеÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ бÑли попÑÑки внеÑÑи
+попÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÑ Ð² ÐÑнÑ
енÑкий договоÑ, коÑоÑÑм
ÑÑÑеждено <a
+href="http://www.epo.org/"> ÐвÑопейÑкое паÑенÑное
бÑÑо</a>. РдоговоÑе еÑÑÑ
+<a
+href="http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html">
+пÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
паÑенÑоÑпоÑобнÑ</a>. ÐÑедлагалоÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
ÑÑо
+и ÑазÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑдаваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ.
Ðо ÑÑо пÑивлекло внимание
+ÑообÑеÑÑва, и именно ÑазÑабоÑÑики и
полÑзоваÑели ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм занÑли
+наиболее акÑивнÑе позиÑии.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ единÑÑвеннÑе, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðни ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð²Ñем
+ÑазÑабоÑÑикам пÑогÑамм, они ÑгÑожаÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
полÑзоваÑелÑм. РпÑимеÑÑ, Ðол
+Хекел, видÑ, ÑÑо Apple не оÑенÑ-Ñо боиÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑгÑоз, ÑÑал ÑгÑожаÑÑ ÑÑдом
+клиенÑам Apple. Apple ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ÑпÑгало. Ðни
ÑообÑазили, ÑÑо им пÑидеÑÑÑ
+ÑÑго, еÑли иÑ
клиенÑов бÑдÑÑ ÑаÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑÑдам, даже еÑли они в конÑе конÑов
+вÑигÑаÑÑ. Так ÑÑо полÑзоваÑелÑм Ñоже могÑÑ
вÑиниÑÑ Ð¸Ñк, либо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+на ÑазÑабоÑÑика, либо пÑоÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑжаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
денÑги, либо длÑ
+Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑиниÑÑ ÑÑеÑб.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+УÑÐ·Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑазÑабоÑÑики и полÑзоваÑели
пÑогÑамм. Ðо именно ÑообÑеÑÑво
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
ÐвÑопе ÑÑало во главе оÑганизованной
+оппозиÑии. Ð ÑепеÑÑ Ñже Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑанÑ,
коÑоÑÑе ÑпÑавлÑÑÑ ÐвÑопейÑким
+паÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо, пÑоголоÑовали пÑоÑив
внеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавки в ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ. ÐаÑем
+в дело вÑÑÑпил ÐвÑопейÑкий ÑоÑз и позиÑии
диÑекÑоÑаÑов ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза по
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ ÑазделилиÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p> ТоÑ, в задаÑи коÑоÑого вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑодейÑÑвие
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, кажеÑÑÑ. ÐÑоÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² иÑ
компеÑенÑиÑ. ÐÑоÑ
+вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² компеÑенÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑекÑоÑаÑа
оÑкÑÑÑого ÑÑнка; ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑакÑоÑаÑ
+возглавлÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñо, поддеÑживаÑÑее паÑенÑÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðни по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+пÑенебÑегли обÑеÑÑвеннÑм мнением, коÑоÑое
бÑло доведено до иÑ
ÑведениÑ. Ðни
+пÑедложили диÑекÑивÑ, ÑазÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ
на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ (<a
+href="#f3">3</a>). ФÑанÑÑзÑкое пÑавиÑелÑÑÑво Ñже
заÑвило, ÑÑо оно пÑоÑив
+ÑÑого. РпÑавиÑелÑÑÑваÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑÑан
ÐвÑÐ¾Ð¿Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ
+пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, и жизненно
важно наÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо и здеÑÑ. </p>
+
+<p>
+СоглаÑно <a
href="http://www.ffii.org/~phm/index.en.html">ХаÑÑмÑÑÑ
+ÐилÑÑ</a>, Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑководиÑелей боÑÑбÑ
пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²
+ÐвÑопе, главнÑм пÑоÑивником ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ <a
href="http://www.patent.gov.uk/">
+ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании</a>.
ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании пÑоÑÑо
+пÑедÑаÑположено в полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðно пÑовело опÑоÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенного мнениÑ, и болÑÑинÑÑво
оÑзÑвов бÑло пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Тогда они полноÑÑÑÑ
пÑоигноÑиÑовали оÑзÑÐ²Ñ Ð¸ напиÑали в оÑÑеÑе,
+ÑÑо лÑди, по-видимомÑ, ÑдовлеÑвоÑенÑ
ÑекÑÑим положением. ÐонимаеÑе, лÑди из
+ÑообÑеÑÑва Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑили: “ÐоÑÑлайÑе,
+пожалÑйÑÑа, оÑзÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко в бÑÑо, но и
нам, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ опÑбликоваÑÑ
+иÑ
”. Так ÑÑо они опÑбликовали ÑÑи
оÑзÑвÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли в Ñелом
+оÑÑиÑаÑелÑнÑ. ÐÑого никак нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð±Ñло бÑ
пÑедположиÑÑ, глÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑÑеÑ,
+опÑбликованнÑй ÐаÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо
ÐеликобÑиÑании.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÐаÑенÑном бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажением “ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий
+ÑÑÑекє. ÐнаÑение ÑÑого вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
ÑаÑÑÑгиваÑÑ Ð² неимовеÑнÑÑ
+пÑеделаÑ
. Ðам пÑедлагаÑÑ ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð±ÑдеÑ
+паÑенÑоÑпоÑобна, ÑолÑко когда она ÑеÑно
ÑвÑзана Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑми ÑизиÑеÑкими
+опеÑаÑиÑми. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо иÑÑолковÑвали Ñак,
Ñо пÑоблема по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи бÑла
+Ð±Ñ ÑеÑена. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло паÑенÑоваÑÑ
ÑолÑко Ñе пÑогÑаммнÑе идеи,
+коÑоÑÑе имеÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмое оÑноÑение к
конкÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкомÑ, ÑизиÑеÑкомÑ
+ÑÑÑекÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑзовалиÑÑ
никакой
+пÑогÑаммой, Ñо ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñиемлемо.
ÐÑоблема заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо
+понÑÑие можно ÑаÑÑÑгиваÑÑ. РезÑлÑÑаÑ,
коÑоÑÑй полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ñи ÑабоÑе лÑбой
+пÑогÑаммÑ, можно опиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑизиÑеÑкий
ÑÑÑекÑ. Чем ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкий ÑÑÑекÑ
+оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ñбого дÑÑгого? Ðа Ñем, ÑÑо
ÑÑо ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑлений. Ð
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+пÑÑÑ Ðº пÑакÑиÑеÑки Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑениÑ
пÑоблемÑ, а на Ñамом деле Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÑÑ-бланÑ
+на паÑенÑование пÑакÑиÑеÑки Ñего Ñгодно.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑди из Ñого же миниÑÑеÑÑÑва занимаÑÑÑÑ
Ñакже авÑоÑÑкими пÑавами, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами на
пÑогÑаммÑ, кÑоме Ñого, ÑÑо ими занимаÑÑÑÑ
+Ñе же лÑди. ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ¹
диÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза об
+авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, ÑжаÑного закона вÑоде <a
+href="http://www.eff.org/issues/dmca"> Ðакона об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве ÑиÑÑового
+ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ</a> в СШÐ. Ðо Ñ ÑÑÑан еÑÑÑ
некоÑоÑое пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑво Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñа
+пÑи ÑеÑении о Ñом, как ÑÑо ÑеализоваÑÑ.
ÐеликобÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑамÑй
+дÑаконовÑкий из возможнÑÑ
пÑÑей
ÑеализаÑии ÑÑой диÑекÑивÑ. ÐÑли
ÑеализоваÑÑ
+ее должнÑм обÑазом, можно ÑилÑно ÑнизиÑÑ
вÑед, коÑоÑÑй она
+пÑиÑиниÑ. ÐажеÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннаÑ
гÑÑппа, <a
+href="http://www.dti.gov.uk/"> ÐепаÑÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑоÑговли и
пÑомÑÑленноÑÑи</a>,
+коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжно обÑздаÑÑ. ÐеобÑ
одимо
поÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+конÑÑолÑ. ÐÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ñоздание ими новÑÑ
ÑоÑм влаÑÑи.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑазÑабоÑÑика пÑогÑамм и каждого
+полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑа новой ÑоÑмой
бÑÑокÑаÑии. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, в
+коÑоÑÑÑ
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÑ,
оÑознавали, ÑколÑко ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑиÑиниÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
+непÑиÑÑноÑÑей, они Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑлиÑÑ Ð·Ð° оÑÑжие, и
Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо они могÑÑ ÑÑо
+пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ. ÐÑедпÑинимаÑели не лÑбÑÑ,
когда иÑ
ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ Ð±ÑÑокÑаÑией.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонеÑно, иногда она вÑполнÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÑÑ
задаÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе ÑÑеÑÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ
+Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
оÑганов
ÐеликобÑиÑании болÑÑего ÑÑеÑдиÑ,
+когда они ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе
пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÑÑокÑаÑией, напÑимеÑ, пÑи
+ÑÑанÑпоÑÑиÑовке живоÑнÑÑ
(<a href="#f4">4</a>).
Ðо в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
,
+когда ÑÑо не вÑполнÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹ задаÑи,
кÑоме ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
+монополий Ñ Ñем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо мог меÑаÑÑ
ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, вÑжимаÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиков и полÑзоваÑелей
денÑги — в ÑÑиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðам нÑжно оÑведомлÑÑÑ ÑÑководиÑелей о Ñом,
ÑÑо им бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
поддеÑжкой в <a
+href="http://swpat.ffii.org/index.en.html"> боÑÑбе пÑоÑив
паÑенÑов на
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÐвÑопе</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐиÑва еÑе не завеÑÑена. Ðе еÑе можно
вÑигÑаÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑимеÑаниÑ</h3>
+<ol>
+ <li id="f1">РавÑомаÑиÑеÑкой коÑобке пеÑедаÑ
пÑиблизиÑелÑно ÑÑиÑÑа-ÑеÑÑÑеÑÑа ÑазнÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑей, а коÑобка пеÑедаÑ, вообÑе говоÑÑ,
ÑамÑй ÑложнÑй компоненÑ
+авÑомобилÑ. Ðа ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñобки пеÑедаÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑи меÑÑÑев до
+года, и даже Ñогда Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе
болÑÑе вÑемени, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑобÑаÑÑ Ð¸
+оÑладиÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Рв пÑогÑамме из пÑÑиÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
ÑеÑÑиÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑлеменÑов
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑеÑ
ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑок
ÑобÑÑвенно ÑекÑÑа пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ
+Ñ
оÑоÑего пÑогÑаммиÑÑа на ее напиÑание,
пÑовеÑÐºÑ Ð¸ оÑÐ»Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑÑло бÑ, веÑоÑÑно,
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ недели.</li>
+
+ <li id="f2">Я назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
“паÑенÑами на
пÑогÑаммє, но ÑÑо Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑноÑÑи имеÑ
+в видÑ? ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо СШРоÑиÑиалÑно не
Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммнÑе и
+пÑоÑие. Так ÑÑо ÑакÑиÑеÑки на Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
подаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд за напиÑание пÑогÑаммÑ
+из-за лÑбого паÑенÑа, коÑоÑÑй можеÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° какие-Ñо
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо
паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+поÑенÑиалÑно могÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ, паÑенÑÑ, из-за коÑоÑÑÑ
на
+Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑенÑиалÑно могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд за Ñо,
ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали пÑогÑаммÑ.</li>
+
+ <li id="f3">6 иÑÐ»Ñ 2005 года ÐвÑопейÑкий
паÑÐ»Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑг диÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾ паÑенÑаÑ
на
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ 648 голоÑами из 680. Ðднако Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑваÑÑ Ð¾ пÑоблеме
+паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñе, кÑо
наÑÑаивал на паÑенÑовании, пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
+воÑкÑеÑиÑÑ Ð¾ÑбÑоÑеннÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾ диÑекÑивÑ.
Ðам Ñакже ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐвÑопейÑкое паÑенÑное бÑÑо и
наÑионалÑнÑе бÑÑо в ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
+ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза пÑекÑаÑили вÑдаваÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑвлÑÑÑиеÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгого Ñода изобÑеÑений.</li>
+
+ <li id="f4">ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑдеÑживаÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение
заÑазнÑÑ
болезней.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>СвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвободное обÑеÑÑво: избÑаннÑе
оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда
+Ð. СÑолмена</cite></a></h4>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом.
+<br />
+ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2014 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)
+<br />
+ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2014/01/23 04:31:23 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/software-patents.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/software-patents.ru-en.html
diff -N po/software-patents.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/software-patents.ru-en.html 23 Jan 2014 04:31:25 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1268 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/software-patents.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Software patents — Obstacles to software development</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<i>
+This is transcription of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman
+2002-03-25 at the University of
+Cambridge <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/">Computer Laboratory</a>,
+organized by the <a href="http://www.fipr.org/">Foundation for
+Information Policy Research</a>. This transcript
+and <a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25">audio
recording</a>
+by Nicholas Hill, HTML editing and links by Markus Kuhn. The original
+version is hosted
+at <a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html">
+http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html</a>.
+</i>
+</p>
+
+
+<p>
+You might have been familiar with my work on
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>.
+This speech is not about that. This speech is about a way of
+<a href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/against-software-patents.html">
+misusing laws</a> to make software development a dangerous activity.
+This is about what happens when patent law gets applied to the field
+of software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is not about patenting software. That is a very bad way, a
+misleading way to describe it, because it is not a matter of patenting
+individual programs. If it were, it would make no difference, it
+would be basically harmless. Instead, it is about patenting ideas.
+Every patent covers some
+idea. <a href="http://www.progfree.org/Patents/patents.html">
+Software patents</a> are patents that cover software ideas, ideas
+which you would use in developing software. That is what makes them a
+dangerous obstacle to all software development.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You may have heard people using a misleading term
+“<a href="http://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/">Intellectual
+Property</a>”. This term, as you can see, is biased. It makes
+an assumption that whatever it is you are talking about, the way to
+treat it is as a kind of property, which is one among many
+alternatives. This term “Intellectual Property”
+pre-judges the most basic question in whatever area you are dealing
+with. This is not conducive to clear and open minded thinking.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is an additional problem which has nothing to do with promoting
+any one opinion. It gets in the way of understanding even the facts.
+The term “intellectual property” is a catch-all. It lumps
+together completely disparate areas of law such as copyrights and
+patents, which are completely different. Every detail is different.
+It also lumps together trademarks which are even more different, and
+various other things more or less commonly encountered. None of them
+has anything in common with any of the others. Their origins
+historically are completely separate.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The laws were designed
+independently. They covered different areas of life and activities.
+The public policy issues they raise are completely unrelated. So, if
+you try to think about them by lumping them together, you are
+guaranteed to come to foolish conclusions. There is literally no
+sensible intelligent opinion you can have about “Intellectual
+Property”. If you want to think clearly, don't lump them
+together. Think about copyrights and then think about patents. Learn
+about copyright law and separately learn about patent law.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To give you some of the biggest differences between copyrights and
+patents: Copyrights cover the details of expression of a work.
+Copyrights don't cover any ideas. Patents only cover ideas and the
+use of ideas. Copyrights happen automatically. Patents are issued by
+a patent office in response to an application.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Patents cost a lot of money. They cost even more paying the lawyers
+to write the application than they cost to actually apply. It takes
+typically some years for the application to get considered, even
+though patent offices do an extremely sloppy job of considering.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyrights last tremendously long. In some cases they can last as
+long as 150 years, where patents last 20 years, which is long enough
+that you can outlive them but still quite long by a timescale of a
+field such as software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Think back about 20 years ago when a PC was a new thing. Imagine
+being constrained to develop software using only the ideas that were
+known in 1982.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyrights cover copying. If you write a novel that turns out to be
+word-for-word the same with <cite>Gone with the Wind</cite> and you
+can prove you never saw <cite>Gone with the Wind</cite>, that would be
+a defense to any accusation of copyright infringement.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A patent is an absolute monopoly on using an idea. Even if you could
+prove you had the idea on your own, it would be entirely irrelevant if
+the idea is patented by somebody else.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I hope you will forget about copyrights for the rest of this talk
+because this talk is about patents and you should never lump together
+copyrights and patents. It is about your understanding of these legal
+issues. It is like what would happen in your understanding of
+practical chemistry if you confused water and ethanol.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When you hear people describe the patent system, they usually describe
+it from the point of view of somebody who is hoping to get a patent-
+what it would be like for you to get a patent. What it would be like
+for you to be walking down the street with a patent in your pocket so
+that every so often you can pull it out and point it out at somebody
+and say “Give Me Your Money!”. There is a reason for this
+bias, which is that most of the people who will tell you about this
+patent system have a stake in it, so they want you like it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is another reason—the patent system is a lot like a
+lottery because only a tiny fraction of patents actually bring any
+benefit to those who hold the patents. In fact,
+‘<a href="http://www.economist.com/node/21526370">
+The Economist</a>’ once compared it to a time consuming lottery.
+If you have seen ads for lotteries, they always invite you to think
+about winning. They don't invite you to think about losing, even
+though losing is far more likely. It is the same with ads for the
+patent system. They always invite you to think about being the one
+who wins.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To balance this bias, I am going to describe the patent system from
+the point of view of its victims. That is from the point of view of
+somebody who wants to develop software but is forced to contend with a
+system of software patents that might result in getting sued.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So, what is the first thing you are going to do after you have had an
+idea of what kind of program you are going to write? The first thing
+you might want to try to do to deal with the patent system is find out
+what patents may cover the program you want to write. This is
+impossible. The reason is that some of the patent applications that
+are pending are secret. After a certain amount of time they may get
+published, like 18 months. But that is plenty of time for you to
+write a program and even release it not knowing that there is going to
+be a patent and you are going to get sued.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>This is not just academic.
+In 1984, the compress program was written, a program for data
+compression. At the time, there was no patent on the LZW compression
+algorithm which it used. Then in 1985, the US issued a patent on this
+<!-- This link is dead and there is nothing on their site related to
+ the patent or LZW at all, AFAICS. yavor, 18 Jul 2008
+<a href="http://www.unisys.com/unisys/lzw/default.asp">patent</a> -->
+algorithm and over the next few years, those who distributed the
+compress program started getting threats. There was no way that the
+author of compress could have realized that he was likely to get sued.
+All he did was use an idea that he found in a journal just like
+programmers have always done. He hadn't realized that you could no
+longer safely use ideas that you found in a journal.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let's forget about that problem… The issued patents are
+published by the patent office so you can find the whole long list of
+them and see exactly what they say. Of course, you couldn't actually
+read that whole list as there are too many of them. In the US, there
+are hundreds of thousands of software patents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is no way you can keep track of what they are all about. You
+would have to try to search for relevant ones. Some people say that
+should be easy in these modern days of computers. You could search
+for key words and so-on. That one works to a certain extent. You
+will find some patents in the area. You won't necessarily find them
+all however. For instance, there was a software patent which may have
+expired by now on natural order recalculation in spread sheets.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>This
+means basically that when you make certain cells depend upon other
+cells, it always recalculates everything after the things it depends
+on, so that after one re-calculation, everything is up to date. The
+first spread sheets did their recalculation top-down, so if you made a
+cell depend on a cell lower down, and you had a few such steps, you
+had to recalculate several times to get the new values to propagate
+upwards. You were supposed to have things depend upon cells above
+them.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Then someone realized why don't I do the
recalculation so that
+everything gets recalculated after the things it depends upon? This
+algorithm is known as topological sorting. The first reference to it
+I could find was in 1963. The patent covered several dozen different
+ways you could implement topological sorting but you wouldn't have
+found this patent by searching for spreadsheet. You couldn't have
+found it by searching for natural order or topological sort. It
+didn't have any of those terms in it. In fact, it was described as a
+method of compiling formulas into object code. When I first saw it, I
+thought it was the wrong patent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let's suppose that you got a list of patents. So you want to see know
+what you are not allowed to do. When you try studying these patents,
+you will discover they are very hard to understand as they are written
+in tortuous legal language, whose meaning is very hard to understand.
+The things patent offices say often don't mean what they seem to mean.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was an Australian government study of the patent system in the
+1980's. It concluded that aside from international pressure, there
+was no reason to have a patent system. It did no good for the public
+and recommended abolishing it if not for international pressure. One
+of the things they cited was that engineers don't try reading patents
+to learn anything, as it is too hard to understand them. They quoted
+one engineer saying “I can't recognize my own inventions in
+patenteese”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is not just theoretical. Around 1990, a programmer named
+<a href="http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html">Paul
+Heckel</a> sued Apple claiming that Hypercard infringed a couple of
+his patents.
+<!-- Link apparently not useful anymore.
+<a
href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=pall&s1=%274486857%27.WKU.&OS=PN/4486857&RS=PN/4486857">patents</a>.
-->
+When he first saw Hypercard, he didn't think it had anything to do
+with his patent, with his “Inventions”. It didn't look
+similar. When his lawyer told him that you could read the patents as
+covering part of Hypercard, he decided to attack Apple.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>When I had a
+speech about this at Stanford, he was in the audience, he said “That's
+<a
href="http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6805/articles/int-prop/heckel-debunking.html">
+not true</a>, I just didn't understand the extent of my
+protection!” I said yes, that's what I said! So, in fact, you
+will have to spend a lot of time talking with lawyers to figure out
+what these patents prohibit you from doing.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Ultimately they are going
+to say something like this: “If you do something in here, you
+are sure to lose, If you do something here, there is a substantial
+chance of losing, and if you really want to be safe, stay out of this
+area. And, by the way, there is a sizable element of chance in the
+outcome of any law suit”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now, that you have a predictable terrain for doing business(!) what
+are you going to do? Well, there are three approaches that you might
+try. Any of which is applicable in some cases.
+</p>
+
+<p>They are</p>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Avoiding the patent</li>
+<li>Licensing the patent</li>
+<li>Overturning the patent in court.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<p>
+Let me describe these three approaches and what makes them workable or
+unworkable.
+</p>
+
+<h3>1) Avoiding the patent</h3>
+
+<p>
+That means don't use the idea that the patent covers. This can be
+easy or hard, depending on what that idea is. In some cases, a
+feature is patented. Then you avoid the patent by not implementing
+that feature. Then it just matters how important is that feature. In
+some cases, you can live without it. A while ago, the users of the
+word processor XyWrite got a downgrade in the mail. The downgrade
+removed a feature which allowed you to pre-define abbreviations. That
+when you typed an abbreviation followed by a punctuation character, it
+would immediately replace itself with by some expansion.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So that way
+you could define the abbreviation for some long phrase, type the
+abbreviation then the long phrase will be in your document. They
+wrote to me about this because they knew
+the <a href="/software/emacs/">Emacs</a> editor has a similar feature.
+In fact, it had it since the 70's. This was interesting because it
+showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in my life. I knew
+it was patentable because somebody else patented it afterward!
+Actually, they had tried these various approaches.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>First they tried
+negotiating with the patent holder, who turned out not to negotiate in
+good faith. Then they looked at whether they could have a chance of
+overturning the patent. What they decided to do was take out the
+feature. You can live without this feature. If the word processor
+lacks only this feature, maybe people will still use it. But as
+various features start getting hit, eventually you end up with a
+program people think is not very good and they are likely to reject
+it. That is a rather narrow patent on a very specific feature.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What do you do with the
+<a href="http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873662__">British
+Telecom patent</a> on traversing hyper links together with dial-up
+access? Traversing hyper links is absolutely essential to a major use
+of computers these days. Dial-up access is also essential. How do
+you do without this feature, which, by the way, isn't even one
+feature, it is really a combination of two just arbitrarily
+juxtaposed. It is rather like having a patent on a sofa and
+television in the same room.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes the idea that's patented will be so broad and basic that it
+basically rules out an entire field. For instance, the idea of Public
+Key Encryption which was patented in the US. The patent expired in
+1997. Until then, it largely blocked the use of Public Key Encryption
+in the US. A number of programs that people started to develop got
+crushed. They were never really available because the patent holders
+threatened them.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>Then, one program got away. The
+program <a href="http://www.pgpi.org/">PGP</a>, which initially was
+released as free software. Apparently, the patent holders by the time
+they got around to attacking, realized they might get too much bad
+publicity. So they imposed restrictions making it for non-commercial
+use only, which meant it couldn't catch on too much. So they greatly
+limited the use of Public Key Encryption for a decade or more. There
+was no way around that patent. There was nothing else you could do
+like that.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes a specific algorithm gets patented. For instance, there is
+a patent on an optimized version of the Fast Fourier Transform. It
+runs about twice as fast. You can avoid that by using the ordinary
+FFT in your program. That part of your program will take twice as
+long. Maybe that doesn't really matter, maybe that is a small part of
+the program's running time. Maybe if it is twice as slow, you won't
+really notice. Or maybe that means your program won't run at all
+because it will take twice real time to do its job. The effects vary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In some cases, you can find a better algorithm. This may or may not
+do you any good. Because we couldn't use compress, in the GNU project
+we started looking for some other algorithm for data compression.
+Somebody wrote to us saying he had one. He had written a program and
+he decided to contribute it to us. We were going to release it. Just
+by chance, I happened to see a copy of the New York Times. It
+happened to have the weekly patent column in it. I didn't see a copy
+of the Times more than once every few months. So I looked at it and
+it said that somebody had got a patent for “Inventing a new
+method of compressing data”.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>I figured I better take a look at
+this patent. I got a copy and it turned out to cover the program that
+we were just a week away from releasing. That program died before it
+was born. Later on we did find another algorithm which was
+un-patented. That became the program <a href="/software/gzip/">
+gzip</a>, which is now effectively the de-facto standard for data
+compression. As an algorithm to use in a program for data
+compression, it was fine. Anyone who wanted to do data compression
+could use gzip instead of compress. But the same patented LZW
+compression algorithm was also used in image formats such as
+the <a href="/philosophy/gif.html">GIF</a> format.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>But there because
+the job people wanted to do was not to simply compress data but to
+make an image that people could display with their software, it turned
+out extremely hard to switch over to a different algorithm. We have
+not been able to do it in 10 years! Yes, people use the gzip
+algorithm to define <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/PNG/">another
+image format</a>, once people started getting threatened with law
+suits for using GIF files. When we started saying to people stop
+using GIF files, switch over to this, people said “We can't
+switch. The browsers don't support the new format yet”. The
+browser developers said “We're not in a hurry about this. After
+all, nobody is using this file format”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In effect, society had so much inertia in the use of the GIF format,
+we have not been able to get people to switch. Essentially, the
+community's use of the GIF format is still pushing sites into using
+GIF format with the result that they are vulnerable to these threats.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In fact, the situation is even more bizarre. There are in fact two
+patents covering the LZW compression algorithm. The patent office
+couldn't even tell that they were issuing two patents on the same
+thing. They couldn't keep track. There is a reason for this. It
+takes a while of study of these two patents to see that they really
+cover the same thing.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If they were patents on some chemical process, it would be much
+easier. You could see what substances were being used, what the
+inputs were, what the outputs were, which physical actions are being
+taken. No matter how they are described, you'd see what they were and
+then you would see that they are similar.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If something is purely mathematical, there are many ways of describing
+it, which are a lot more different. They are not superficially
+similar. You have to really understand them to see they are talking
+about the same thing. The patent office doesn't have time. The US
+Patent Office as of a few years ago, was spending on average 17 hours
+per patent. This is not long enough to think carefully about them,
+so, of course they make mistakes like that. In fact, I told you about
+the program that died before it was born. That algorithm also had two
+patents issued for it in the US. Apparently, it is not that unusual.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Avoiding the patents may be easy, may be impossible. It may be easy
+but it makes your program useless. It varies depending on the
+situation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Here is another point I should mention: Sometimes a company or
+consortium can make a format or protocol the de-facto standard. Then,
+if that format or protocol is patented, that is a real disaster for
+you. There are even official standards that are restricted by
+patents. There was a big political uproar last September when the
+<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice">World Wide Web
+Consortium</a> was proposing to start adopting standards that were
+covered by patents. The community objected so they reversed
+themselves.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>They went back to insisting that any patents
had to be
+freely implementable by anyone and that the standards had to be free
+for anyone to implement. That is an interesting victory. I think
+that was the first time any standards body has made that decision. It
+is normal for standards bodies to be willing to put something in a
+standard which is restricted by patents and people are not allowed to
+go ahead and implement it freely. We need to go to other standards
+bodies and call on them to change their rules.
+</p>
+
+<h3>2) Licensing the patent</h3>
+
+<p>
+The second possibility instead of avoiding the patent is to get a
+license for the patent. This is not necessarily an option. The
+patent holder does not have to offer you a license, it is not
+required. 10 Years ago, the league for programming freedom got a
+letter asking for help from somebody whose family business was making
+gambling machinery for casinos and they used computers back then. He
+received a threat from another company that said we have the patents.
+You are not allowed to make these things. Shut down.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I looked at that patent. It covered having a number of computers on a
+network for playing games such that each computer supported more than
+one game and allowed you to play more than one game at a time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You will find patent office really think that there is something
+brilliant about doing more than one of anything. They don't realize
+that in computer science, that's the most obvious way to generalize
+anything. You did it once and now you can do it any number of times,
+you can make a subroutine. They think that if you do anything more
+than once, that somehow means you are brilliant and that nobody can
+possibly argue with you and that you have the right to boss them
+around. Anyway, he was not offered a license. He had to shut down.
+He couldn't even afford really to go to court. I would say that
+particular patent was an obvious idea. It is possible that a judge
+might have agreed, but we will never know because he could not afford
+to go to court.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, a lot of patent holders do offer licenses. They often charge
+a lot of money for that though. The company licensing the natural
+order recalculation patent was demanding 5% of the gross sales of
+every spreadsheet in the US. I am told that was the cheap pre-lawsuit
+price. If you actually made them sue you and they won, they'd demand
+more. You might be able to afford that 5% for licensing this one
+patent, but what if you need to license 20 different patents to make
+the program? Then all the money you take in goes on patents. What if
+you need to license 21 patents?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People in business told me that practically speaking, 2 or 3 of them
+would make any business unfeasible.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is a situation where licensing patents is a very good solution.
+That is if you are a multinational mega-corporation. Because these
+companies own a lot of patents, and they cross-license with each
+other. That way, they escape most of the harm that the patent system
+does and they only get the good. IBM published an
+<a href="http://progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/ibm.think.article">
+article</a> in Think magazine. I believe it was issue No. 5 of 1990
+on IBM's patent portfolio, which said that IBM got two kinds of
+benefit from its 9000 US patents. I believe the number is larger
+today. These were first, collecting royalties and second, getting
+access to the patents of others. They said that the latter benefit is
+an order of magnitude greater. So the benefit that IBM got from being
+allowed to use the ideas that were patented by others was 10 times the
+direct benefit IBM could get from licensing patents. What does this
+really mean?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What is the benefit that IBM gets from this access to the patents of
+others? It is basically the benefit of being excused from the trouble
+that the patent system can cause you. The patent system is like a
+lottery. What happens with any given patent could be nothing, could
+be a windfall for some patent holder or a disaster for everyone else.
+But IBM being so big, for them, it averages out. They get to measure
+the average harm and good of the patent system.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>For them, the trouble
+of the patent system would have been 10 times the good. I say would
+have been because IBM through cross-licensing avoids experiencing that
+trouble. That trouble is only potential. It doesn't really happen to
+them. But when they measure the benefits of avoiding that trouble,
+they estimate it as 10 times the value of the money they collect from
+their patents.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of
+the starving genius. The myth that patents “protect” the
+“small inventor”. Those terms are propaganda terms. You
+shouldn't use them. The scenario is like this: Suppose there is a
+brilliant designer of whatever of whatever. Suppose he has spent
+years starving in the attic designing a new wonderful kind of whatever
+and now wants to manufacture it and isn't it a shame the big companies
+are going to go into competition with him, take away all the business
+and he'll “starve”.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>I will have to point out that people
+in high tech fields are not generally working on their own and that
+ideas don't come in a vacuum, they are based on ideas of others and
+these people have pretty good chances of getting a job if they need to
+these days. So this scenario, the idea that a brilliant idea came
+from this brilliant person working alone is unrealistic and the idea
+that he is in danger of starving is unrealistic. But it is
+conceivable that somebody could have an idea and this idea along with
+100 or 200 other ideas can be the basis of making some kind of product
+and that big companies might want to compete with him.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>So let's see
+what happens if he tries to use a patent to stop them. He says
+“Oh No, IBM. You cannot compete with me. I've got this patent.
+IBM says let's see. Let's look at your product. Hmmm. I've got this
+patent and this one and this one and this one and this one and this
+one, which parts of your product infringe. If you think you can fight
+against all of them in court, I will just go back and find some more.
+So, why don't you cross license with me?” And then this
+brilliant small inventor says “Well, OK, I'll cross
+license”. So he can go back and make these wonderful whatever
+it is, but so can IBM. IBM gets access to his patent and gets the
+right to compete with him, which means that this patent didn't
+“protect” him at all. The patent system doesn't really do
+that.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mega-corporations avoid, for the most part, the harm of the patent
+system. They see mainly the good side. That is why they want to have
+software patents. They are the ones who will benefit from it. But if
+you are a small inventor or work for a small company, the small
+company is not going to be able to do this. They try. The problem is
+that they cannot get enough patents to do this. Any given patent is
+pointing in a certain direction. So if a small company has patents
+pointing there, there and there and somebody over there points a
+patent at them and says give me your money, they are helpless.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>IBM
+can do it because with these 9000 patents, they are pointing
+everywhere, no matter where you are, there is probably an IBM patent
+pointing at you. So IBM can almost always make you cross license.
+Small companies can only occasionally make someone cross-license.
+They will say they want patents for defensive purposes but they won't
+get enough to be able to defend themselves.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are cases where even IBM cannot make someone cross-license.
+That is when there is a company whose sole business is taking a patent
+and squeezing money out of people. The company that had the natural
+order recalculation patent was exactly such a company. Their sole
+business was to threaten to sue people and collect money from people
+who were really developing something.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are no patents on legal procedures. I guess the lawyers
+understand what a pain it would be to have to deal with the patent
+system themselves. The result is that there is no way to get a patent
+to make that company cross license with you. So they go around
+squeezing everyone. But I guess companies like IBM figure that is
+part of the price of doing business so they can live with it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So that is the possibility of licensing a patent which may or may not
+be possible and you may or may not be able to afford it.
+</p>
+
+<h3>3) Overturning a patent in court</h3>
+
+<p>
+Supposedly, in order to be patented, something has to be new, useful
+and unobvious. That is the language used in the US. I think other
+countries have different language which is pretty much equivalent to
+it. Of course, when the patent office gets into the game, they start
+interpreting new and unobvious. New turns out to mean we don't have
+it in our files and unobvious tends to mean unobvious to someone with
+an IQ of 50.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Somebody who studies most of the software patents issued in the US, or
+at least he used to, I don't know if he can still keep up with them,
+said that 90% of them wouldn't pass the crystal city test, which meant
+if the people in the patent office went outside to the news stand and
+got some computer magazines, they would see that these ideas are
+already known.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The patent office does things that are so obviously foolish, you
+wouldn't even have to know the state of the art to see they are
+foolish. This is not limited to software. I once saw the famous
+Harvard mouse patent which was obtained after Harvard genetically
+engineered a strain of mouse with a cancer causing gene. The cancer
+causing gene was already known and was inserted using known techniques
+into an already existing strain of mouse. The patent they got covered
+inserting any cancer causing gene into any kind of mammal using any
+method whatsoever. You don't have to know anything about genetic
+engineering to realize that is ridiculous.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+I am told that this over claiming is normal practice and that the US
+Patent Office sometimes invited patent applicants to make their claims
+broader. Basically make the claims broader until you think they are
+running into something else that's unambiguous prior art. See how
+much land grab in mental space you can get away with.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When programmers look at a lot of software patents, they say this
+is ridiculously obvious!
+<!-- Another dead link.
+<a href="http://people.qualcomm.com/karn/patents/patent-comments.html">
+obvious</a>! --> Patent bureaucrats have all sorts of excuses to
+justify ignoring what programmers think. They say “Oh! But you
+have to consider it in terms of the way things were 10 or 20 years
+ago”. Then they discovered that if they talk something to death
+then you can eventually lose your bearings. Anything can look
+unobvious if you tear it apart enough, analyze it enough. You simply
+lose all standard of obviousness or at least lose the ability to
+justify any standard of obvious or unobvious. Then, of course, they
+describe the patent holders as brilliant inventors, all of them.
+Therefore we can't question their entitlement to power over what we
+can do.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you go to court, the judges are likely to be a little more
+stringent about the idea of what is obvious or not. But the problem
+is that it costs millions of dollars to do that. I heard of one
+patent case, the defendant I remember was Qualcomm, and I believe the
+ruling was ultimately 13 million dollars of which most went to pay the
+lawyers on both sides. There were a few million dollars left over for
+the plaintiff, because they lost.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To a large extent, the question of the validity of a patent will
+depend on historical accidents. Lots of historical accidents such as
+precisely what was published when and which of those things somebody
+manages to find. Which of them didn't get lost, precise dates and
+so-on. Many historical accidents determine whether a patent is valid.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>In fact, it is a weird thing that the
+<a href="http://www.delphion.com/details?pn=US04873662__">British
+Telecom following hyper links together with telephone access
+patent</a>, I think, was applied for in 1975. I think it was in 1974
+that I developed the info package for the first time. The info
+package allows you to traverse hyper links and people did use
+telephones to dial up and access the system. So in fact, I produced a
+piece of prior art for that patent. So that is the second patentable
+idea I have had in my life, but I don't think I have any proof of
+that. I didn't think this was interesting enough to publish it.
+After all, the idea of following hyper links I got from the demo of
+Engelbart's editor. He is the one who had an idea which was
+interesting to publish.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>What I done I called poor mans hypertext as I
+had to implement it in the context of TECO. It was not as powerful as
+his hypertext but it was at least useful for browsing documentation,
+which it all it was meant for, and as for there being dial-up access
+to the system, well, there was, but it didn't occur to me that the one
+had anything particular to do with the other. I wasn't going to
+publish a paper saying “Oh! I implemented this poor man's
+hypertext, and guess what! There are dial-up lines on the computer
+too!” I suspect there is no way to tell precisely on what dates
+I implemented this. And was it published in any sense? Well, we
+invited guests to come in across the ARPAnet, and log in on our
+machine, so they could have browsed documentation using info and seen
+the thing. If they had asked us, they would have found we have
+dial-up access. But as you can see, historical accident determines
+whether you have prior art.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now of course, there is a publication made by Engelbart about
+hypertext, which they are going to show. I don't think it says
+anything about having dial-ups on the computer however, so whether it
+will suffice is not clear. So, this is an option, the possibility of
+going to court to overturn the patent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Because of the expense, it is often out of the question even if you
+can find solid prior art that ought to be sufficient to overturn the
+patent. As a result, an invalid patent, a patent that nominally
+shouldn't have existed (but in fact lots and lots of them do) is a
+dangerous weapon. If somebody attacks you with an invalid patent,
+that can really cause a lot of trouble for you. You might be able to
+bluff them away by showing them the prior art. It depends upon
+whether they can get scared off that way or they might think
+“well, you are just bluffing, we figure you can't really go to
+court, you can't afford it so we'll sue you anyway”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All of these three possibilities are things that sometimes you can
+manage to use, but often you can't. So you have to face patent after
+patent after patent. Each time you may be able to find one of these
+three possibilities you can use, then there is another patent then
+another and another. It gets like crossing a minefield. Each step
+you take, each design decision, probably won't step on a patent, so
+you can take a few steps and probably there won't be an explosion.
+But the chance you will get all the way through the minefield and get
+to develop the program you want to develop without ever stepping on a
+patent gets less and less as the program gets bigger.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now, people used to say to me, “Well, there are patents in other
+fields, why should software be exempt?”. Note the bizarre
+assumption in there that somehow we are all supposed to suffer through
+the patent system. It is like saying “Some people get cancer.
+Why should you be exempt?” As I see it, each person who doesn't
+get cancer is good. But there is, behind that, a less biased
+question, which is a good question which is: Is software different
+from other fields? Should patent policy be different in different
+fields? If so, why?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Let me address that question: patents relate to different fields
+differently because in various fields patents relate to products
+differently.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On one extreme we have pharmaceuticals where a given chemical formula
+would be patented, so that patent covers one and only one product.
+Some other product wouldn't be covered by the existing patent. If
+there is to be a patent for this new product, the patent holder would
+be whoever developed the new product.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That fits in with the naive idea of the patent system that we have,
+that if you are designing a new product, you are going to get
+“The Patent”. The idea that there is one patent per
+product and that it covers the idea of that product. In some fields
+it is closer to being true. In other fields it is further from being
+true. This is because software packages are usually very big. They
+use many different ideas in a new combination. If the program is new
+and not just copied, then it is probably using a different combination
+of ideas combined, of course, with newly written code, because you
+can't just magically say the names of these ideas and have them work.
+You have to implement them all.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>You have to implement them all in
+that combination. The result is that even when you write a program,
+you are using lots of different ideas, any one of them might be
+patented by somebody. A pair of them may be patented as a combination
+by somebody. There might be several different ways of describing one
+idea which might be patented by various different people. So there
+are possibly thousands of things, thousands of points of vulnerability
+in your program, which might be patented by somebody else already.
+This is why software patents tend to obstruct the progress of
+software—the work of software development.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If it were one patent-one product, then these patents wouldn't obstruct the
+development of products because if you developed a new product, it
+wouldn't be patented by somebody else already. But when one product
+corresponds to many different ideas combined, it becomes very likely
+your new product is going to be patented by somebody else already. In
+fact, there is economic research now showing just how imposing a
+patent system on a field where there is incremental innovation, can
+retard progress.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>You see, the advocates of software patents say
+“well yes, there may be problems but more important than any
+problems, the patents must promote innovation and that is so important
+it doesn't matter what problems you cause”. Of course, they
+don't say that out loud because it is ridiculous but implicitly they
+want you to believe that as long as it promotes progress, that
+outweighs any possible cost. But actually, there is no reason to
+believe it does promote progress. We now have a model showing
+precisely how patents can retard progress. The case where that model
+can fit describes the software field pretty well; Incremental
+innovation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Why is software on that extreme of the spectrum? The reason is that
+in software we are developing idealized mathematical objects. You can
+build a complicated castle and have it rest on a thin line and it will
+stay up because it doesn't weigh anything. In other fields, people
+have to cope with the perversity of matter—of physical objects.
+Matter does what it is going to do. You can try to model it and if
+the actual behavior doesn't fit the model then tough on you, because
+the challenge is to make physical objects that really work.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If I wanted to put an ‘If’ statement in a
+‘While’ statement, I don't have to worry about whether the
+‘If’ statement will oscillate at a certain frequency and
+rub against the ‘While’ statement and eventually they will
+fracture. I don't have to worry whether it will oscillate at a
+certain higher frequency and induce a signal in the value of some
+other variable. I don't have to worry about how much current that
+‘If’ statement will draw and whether it can dissipate the
+heat there inside that while statement. Whether there will be a
+voltage drop across the while statement that will make the
+‘If’ statement not function.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>I don't have to worry that
+if i run this program in a salt water environment that the salt water
+may get in between the ‘If’ statement and the
+‘While’ statement and cause corrosion. I don't have to
+worry when I refer to the value of a variable whether I am exceeding
+the fan-out limit by referring to it 20 times. I don't have to worry,
+when I refer to the variable, how much capacitance it has and whether
+there has been sufficient time to charge up the value. I don't have
+to worry when I write the program, about how I am going to physically
+assemble each copy and whether I can manage to get access to put that
+‘If’ statement inside the ‘While’ statement.
+I don't have to worry about how I am going to gain access in case that
+‘If’ statement breaks, to remove it and replace it with a
+new one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So many problems that we don't have to worry about in
+software. That makes it fundamentally easier. It is fundamentally
+easier to write a program than to design a physical object that's
+going to work. This may seem strange because you have probably heard
+people talking about how hard software is to design and how this is a
+big problem and how we are going to solve it. They are not really
+talking about the same question as I am. I am comparing physical and
+software systems of the same complexity, the same number of parts. I
+am saying the software system is much easier to design than the
+physical system. But the intelligence of people in these various
+fields is the same, so what do we do when we are confronted with an
+easy field? We just push it further! We push our abilities to the
+limit.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>If systems of the same size are easy, let's
make systems which
+are ten times as big, then it will be hard! That's what we do! We
+make software systems which are far bigger in terms of number of parts
+than physical systems. A physical system whose design has a million
+different pieces in it is a mega project. A computer program whose
+design has a million pieces in it, is maybe 300,000 lines, a few
+people will write that in a couple of years. That is not a
+particularly giant program. GNU Emacs now has several million pieces
+in its design I think. It has a million lines of code. This is a
+project done with essentially no funding whatsoever. Mostly done by
+people in their spare time.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There is another big saving. If you have designed a physical product,
+the next thing you have to do is design the factory to make it. To
+build this factory may cost millions or tens of millions whereas to
+make copies of the program, you just have to type ‘copy’.
+The same copy command will copy any program. You want copies on CD
+then fine. You burn a master CD and send it off to a CD plant. They
+will use the same equipment which will copy any contents on a CD. You
+don't have to build a factory to make this product. There is
+tremendous simplification and tremendous reduction in costs of
+designing things.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The result is, say for an automobile company,
who
+will spend 50 million dollars to build a factory, to build a new model
+of auto, they can hire some lawyers to cope with patent license
+negotiations. They can even cope with a law suit if they wanted to.
+To design a program of the same complexity may cost 50 thousand or 100
+thousand dollars. By comparison, the cost of dealing with the patent
+system is crushing. Or actually designing a program with the same
+complexity as the mechanical design of an auto is probably a month's
+work. How many parts does an auto have… that is if it is an
+auto which doesn't have computers in it.[<a href="#f1">1</a>] There
+are not that many parts. That is not to say designing a good one is
+easy but just that there are not that many different things in it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The result is software really is different from other fields because
+we are working with mathematical stuff designing something is far, far
+easier and the result is that we regularly make systems which are
+much, much larger and do so with just a few people. The result is
+that the patent system then instead of being close to one product, one
+patent, we are in a system where one product involves many, many ideas
+which could be patented already.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The best way to explain it by analogy is with symphonies. A symphony
+is also long and has many notes in it, and probably uses many musical
+ideas. Imagine if the governments of Europe in the 1700's had decided
+they wanted to promote the progress of symphonic music by establishing
+a European Musical Patent Office that would give patents for any kind
+of musical ideas which you could state in words. Then imagine it is
+around 1800 and you are Beethoven and you want to write a symphony.
+You will find that getting your symphony so that it doesn't infringe
+any patents is going to be harder than writing a good symphony.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>When
+you complain about this, the patent holders would say “Ah
+Beethoven, you are just bitching because you have no ideas of your
+own. All you want to do is rip off our inventions”. Beethoven,
+as it happens, had a lot of new musical ideas but he had to use a lot
+of existing musical ideas in order to make recognizable music. In
+order to make music that listeners could possibly like, that they
+could recognize as music. Nobody is so brilliant that he can
+re-invent music and make something that people would want to listen
+to. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez">Pierre
+Boulez</a> said he would try to do that, but who listens to Pierre
+Boulez?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nobody is so brilliant he can re-invent all of computer
+science, completely new. If he did, he would make something that the
+users would find so strange that they wouldn't want to use it. If you
+look at a word processor today, you would find, I think, hundreds of
+different features. If you develop a nice new innovative word
+processor, that means there are some new ideas in it, but there must
+be hundreds of old ideas in it. If you are not allowed to use them,
+you cannot make an innovative word processor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Because the work of software development is so big, the result is that
+we don't need any artificial scheme to incentivize new ideas. You
+just have people writing software and they will have some new ideas.
+If you want to write a program and you want to make it good, so some
+ideas will come to you and some you will see a way to use. What used
+to happen, because I was in the software field before there were
+software patents, was most of the developers would publish any new
+ideas that they thought were noteworthy, that they thought that they
+might get any credit or respect for.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The ideas that were too small or
+not impressive enough, they would not publish because that would be
+silly. Now the patent system is supposed to encourage disclosure of
+ideas. In fact, in the old days, nobody kept the ideas secret. They
+kept the code secret, it's true. The code, after all, represented the
+bulk of the work. They would keep the code secret and publish the
+ideas so that way the employees would get some credit and feel good.
+After software patents, they still kept the code secret and they
+patented the ideas, so in fact, disclosure has not been encouraged in
+any meaningful sense. The same things are kept secret now as what were kept
secret before,
+but the ideas which used to be published so that we could use them are
+now likely to be patented and off-limits for 20 years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+What can a
+country do to change this? How should we change the policy to solve
+this problem? There are two places you can attack it. One is the place where
+patents are being applied for and issued, in the patent office. The
+other is when patents are being applied—that is, the question of
+what does a patent cover.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Changing the criteria for issuing patents or simply keeping a good
+criteria for issuing patents, can work in a country which has not
+authorized software patents before, for instance, for the most part,
+in Europe. Simply to clearly re-enforce the European Patent Office's
+rules which say that software is not patentable. This is a good
+solution for Europe. Europe is now considering a directive on
+software patents. The directive I suppose may be broader than that
+but one of its important implications is for software patents. Simply
+by modifying this to say software ideas cannot be patented will keep
+the problem out of Europe for the most part, except for some countries
+that may have admitted the problem on their own. Unfortunately one of
+them being the UK. Unfortunately for you.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That approach won't work in the US. The reason is that the US already
+has large numbers of software patents and any change in the criteria
+for issuing patents won't get rid of the existing
+ones.[<a href="#f2">2</a>] In fact, these patents are not officially
+labeled as software patents. I say software patents but what do I
+really mean? Patents which might potentially apply to software.
+Patents which might potentially get you sued for writing software.
+
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The patent office doesn't divide patents into
software patents and
+other patents. So, in fact, any patent might conceivably get you sued
+for writing software if it could apply to some software. So in the US
+the solution would have to be done through changing the applicability,
+the scope of patents saying that a pure software implementation
+running on general purpose computer hardware which does not in itself
+infringe the patent, is not covered by any patent and you cannot get
+sued for it. That is the other kind of solution.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first kind of solution, the solution that operates on what types
+of patents can be valid is a good solution for Europe to use.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When the US started having software patents, there was no political
+debate. In fact, nobody noticed. The software field, for the most
+part, didn't even notice. There was a supreme court decision in 1981
+which considered a patent on a process for curing rubber. The ruling
+was that the fact that the apparatus included a computer and a program
+as part of the process to cure the rubber did not make it
+un-patentable.
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>The appeals court the next year which
considers all
+patent cases, reversed the qualifiers. They said the fact that there
+is a computer and a program in this makes it patentable. The fact
+that there is a computer and program in anything makes it patentable.
+This is why the US started having business procedure patents. This is
+because the business procedures were carried out on a computer and
+that made them patentable. So this ruling was made and I think the
+natural order recalculation patent was one of the first or might have
+been even the first. Throughout the 80's we didn't know about this.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was around 1990 that programmers in the US started to become aware
+that they were faced with a danger from software patents. So i saw
+how the field worked before and how the field worked after. I saw no
+particular speed up in progress after 1990. There was no political
+debate in the US, but in Europe there has been a big political debate.
+Several years ago there was a push to amend the
+<!-- <a href="http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/"> -->
+Munich treaty that established the <a href="http://www.epo.org/">
+European Patent Office</a>. It has a
+<a
href="http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/1973/e/ar52.html">
+clause saying that software is not patentable</a>. The push was to
+amend that to start allowing software patents. But the community took
+notice of this. It was actually free software developers and free
+software users who took the lead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We are not the only ones threatened by software patents. All software
+developers are threatened by software patents and even software users
+are threatened by software patents. For instance, Paul Heckel, when
+Apple wasn't very scared of his threats, he threatened to start suing
+Apple's customers. Apple found that very scary. They figured they
+couldn't afford to have their customers being sued like that, even if
+they would ultimately win. So the users can get sued too, either as a
+way of attacking a developer or just as a way to squeeze money out of
+them on their own or to cause mayhem.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All software developers and users are vulnerable. But it was the free
+software community in Europe that took the lead in organizing
+opposition. In fact, twice now the countries that govern the European
+Patent Office voted not to amend that treaty. Then the EU took a hand
+and the directorates of the EU were divided on the issue.
+</p>
+
+<p> The one whose job is to promote software is against software
+patents it seems. They were not in charge with this issue. It is the
+open market directorate who is in charge and is lead by somebody who
+is in favor of software patents. They basically disregarded public
+opinion which has been expressed to them. They have proposed a
+directive to allow software patents.[<a href="#f3">3</a>] The French
+government has already said they are against it. People who are
+working in various other governments in Europe to oppose software
+patents and it is vital to start doing so here. </p>
+
+<p>
+According to <a href="http://www.ffii.org/~phm/index.en.html">Hartmut
+Pilch</a>, who is one of the leaders in the European struggle against
+software patents, the main impetus comes from
+the <a href="http://www.patent.gov.uk/">UK Patent office</a>. The UK
+Patent Office is simply biased in favor of software patents. It had a
+public consultation and most of the responses were opposed to software
+patents. They then wrote a report saying that people seem to be
+content with them, completely disregarding the answers. You see, the
+free software community said please send the answers to them and
+please send your answers to us too and we'll publish them. So they
+published these answers which were generally opposed. You'd have
+never guessed that from the report that the UK Patent Office
+published.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They (the UK Patent and Trademark Office) use a term that they call
+technical effect. This is a term which can stretch tremendously. You
+are supposed to think it means a program idea would only be patentable
+if it relates closely to specific physical activities. If that is the
+interpretation, it would mostly solve the problem. If the only
+software ideas that can be patented were those that really did relate
+to a particular technical, specific physical result that you might
+have patented if you didn't use a program, that would be OK. The
+problem is that you can stretch that term. You can describe the
+result you get by running any program as a physical result. How does
+this physical result different from every other? Well it is as a
+result of this computation. The result is that the UK Patent Office
+is proposing something that looks like it leads to mostly solving the
+problem and really gives carte blanche for patenting almost anything.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The people in the same ministry are also involved in the copyright
+issue which really has nothing to do with software patents except that
+it is being handled by the same people. It is a question of
+interpreting the recent EU copyright directive, a horrible law like
+the <a href="http://www.eff.org/issues/dmca">Digital Millennium Copyright
+Act in the US</a>. But there is some latitude for countries to decide
+how to implement it. The UK is proposing the most draconian possible
+way of implementing this directive. You could greatly reduce the harm
+that it does by implementing it properly. The UK wants to maximize
+the tyrannical effect of this directive. It seems there is a certain
+group, the <a href="http://www.dti.gov.uk/">Department of Trade and
+Industry</a>, who need to be reined in. It is necessary to put a
+check on their activities. Stop their creating new forms of power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Software patents tie up every software developer and every computer
+user in a new in a new form of bureaucrat. If the businesses that use
+computers realized how much trouble this can cause for them, they
+would be up in arms and I am sure they can stop it. Business doesn't
+like being tied up in bureaucracy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes, of course, it serves an important purpose. There are some
+areas where we wish the UK government did a more careful job in tying
+certain businesses up in bureaucracy, like when it involves moving
+animals around.[<a href="#f4">4</a>] But in some cases, when it
+doesn't serve any purpose except to create artificial monopolies so
+that somebody can interfere with software development, squeeze money
+out of developers and users, then we should reject it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We need to make management aware of what software patents will do to
+them. Get their support
+in <a href="http://swpat.ffii.org/index.en.html">fighting against
+software patents in Europe</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The battle is not over. It still can be won.
+</p>
+
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+ <li id="f1">There are approximately 300-400 unique parts in an
+ automatic transmission, and a transmission is generally the most
+ complicated component of an auto. To design a transmission may take
+ six months to a year, and even then it may take longer to actually
+ get it built and functioning. However, a program with 500 to 600
+ functional parts would have 200 to 300 lines of actual code, and
+ would probably take a good programmer a day to a week to write, test
+ and debug.</li>
+
+ <li id="f2">I say “software patents” but what do I
+ really mean? The U.S. patent office doesn't officially divide
+ patents into software patents and other patents. So, in fact, any
+ patent might conceivably get you sued for writing software if it
+ could apply to some software. Software patents are patents that
+ might potentially apply to software, patents that might potentially
+ get you sued for writing software.</li>
+
+ <li id="f3">On 6 July 2005, the European Parliament rejected the
+ software patent directive by 648 out of 680 votes. However, we must
+ not forget the issue of software patents, as those who were pressing
+ for patenting are trying to revive the recently thrown-out
+ directive. We also have to ensure that the European Patent Office
+ (EPO) and the national offices in different EU countries stop
+ conceding patents for software included in other kinds of
+ inventions.</li>
+
+ <li id="f4">To make it harder for foot-and-mouth disease to
+ spread.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="//contact">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman.
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/01/23 04:31:25 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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