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www/philosophy/po software-patents.ru.po
From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po software-patents.ru.po |
Date: |
Thu, 23 Jan 2014 04:01:08 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 14/01/23 04:01:08
Added files:
philosophy/po : software-patents.ru.po
Log message:
New translation.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/software-patents.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: software-patents.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: software-patents.ru.po
diff -N software-patents.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software-patents.ru.po 23 Jan 2014 04:01:07 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2343 @@
+# Russian translation of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/software-patents.html
+# Copyright (C) 2002 Richard Stallman
+# Copyright (C) 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2013, 2014
+# this translation lacks appropriate review
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: software-patents.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-10-04 20:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-09-12 17:00+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Software patents — Obstacles to software development"
+msgstr "ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — помеÑ
и в
ÑазвиÑии пÑогÑамм"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong>"
+msgstr "<strong>РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<i> This is transcription of a talk presented by Richard M. Stallman "
+"2002-03-25 at the University of Cambridge <a href=\"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/"
+"\">Computer Laboratory</a>, organized by the <a href=\"http://www.fipr.org/"
+"\">Foundation for Information Policy Research</a>. This transcript and <a "
+"href=\"http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25\">audio "
+"recording</a> by Nicholas Hill, HTML editing and links by Markus Kuhn. The "
+"original version is hosted at <a href=\"http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/"
+"stallman-patents.html\"> http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents."
+"html</a>. </i>"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо запиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда СÑолмена 3
маÑÑа 2002 года в <a href=\"http://"
+"www.cl.cam.ac.uk/\">ÐÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной лабоÑаÑоÑии</a>
ÐембÑиджÑкого "
+"ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа. ÐÑÑÑÑпление оÑганизовал <a
href=\"http://www.fipr.org/\"> Фонд "
+"инÑоÑмаÑионно-полиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
иÑÑледований</a>. ТекÑÑ Ð¸ <a href=\"http://audio-"
+"video.gnu.org/audio/#patent-cambridge-2002-03-25\">
звÑкозапиÑÑ</a> "
+"подгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐиколаÑом Хиллом; ÐаÑкÑÑ ÐÑн
оÑÑедакÑиÑовал HTML и добавил "
+"ÑÑÑлки. ÐеÑвонаÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
ÑазмеÑаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° <a href=\"http://www.cl.cam.ac."
+"uk/~mgk25/stallman-patents.html\"> http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/stallman-"
+"patents.html</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You might have been familiar with my work on <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">free software</a>. This speech is not about that. This speech is "
+"about a way of <a href=\"http://www.progfree.org/Patents/against-software-"
+"patents.html\"> misusing laws</a> to make software development a dangerous "
+"activity. This is about what happens when patent law gets applied to the "
+"field of software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ, возможно, Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹ ÑабоÑой над <a
href=\"/philosophy/free-sw.html"
+"\"> ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами</a>. Ð ÑÑом
вÑÑÑÑплении ÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ об ÑÑом. "
+"РеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾ пÑакÑике <a
href=\"http://www.progfree.org/Patents/against-"
+"software-patents.html\"> злоÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸</a>,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ "
+"ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм небезопаÑнÑм
занÑÑием. Ð Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, когда "
+"паÑенÑное пÑаво наÑинаÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ Ð²
ÑÑеÑе пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is not about patenting software. That is a very bad way, a misleading "
+"way to describe it, because it is not a matter of patenting individual "
+"programs. If it were, it would make no difference, it would be basically "
+"harmless. Instead, it is about patenting ideas. Every patent covers some "
+"idea. <a href=\"http://www.progfree.org/Patents/patents.html\"> Software "
+"patents</a> are patents that cover software ideas, ideas which you would use "
+"in developing software. That is what makes them a dangerous obstacle to all "
+"software development."
+msgstr ""
+"РеÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ о паÑенÑовании пÑогÑамм.
ÐпиÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом в вÑÑÑей "
+"ÑÑепени непÑавилÑно, ÑÑо Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²
заблÑждение, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо не вопÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"паÑенÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑделÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли бÑ
ÑÑо бÑло Ñак, ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ "
+"неÑÑÑеÑÑвенно, вÑеда Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
не бÑло бÑ. Ðо дело в Ñом, ÑÑо "
+"паÑенÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸. ÐаждÑй паÑенÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° какÑÑ-Ñо идеÑ. <a href="
+"\"http://www.progfree.org/Patents/patents.html\"> ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммÑ</"
+"a> — ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° идеи в пÑогÑаммаÑ
, "
+"идеи, коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñи
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ "
+"пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ ÑгÑÐ¾Ð·Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм в Ñелом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You may have heard people using a misleading term “<a href=\"http://"
+"www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/\">Intellectual Property</a>”. This term, as "
+"you can see, is biased. It makes an assumption that whatever it is you are "
+"talking about, the way to treat it is as a kind of property, which is one "
+"among many alternatives. This term “Intellectual Property” pre-"
+"judges the most basic question in whatever area you are dealing with. This "
+"is not conducive to clear and open minded thinking."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðозможно, Ð²Ñ ÑлÑÑали, как лÑди ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ
запÑÑÑваÑÑее вÑÑажение “<a "
+"href=\"http://www.wipo.org/about-ip/en/\">инÑеллекÑÑалÑнаÑ
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ</"
+"a>”. ÐÑо вÑÑажение, как Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ñе,
необÑекÑивно. Рнем делаеÑÑÑ "
+"пÑедположение, ÑÑо незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ ÑÑим вÑÑажением обознаÑаеÑе, к "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ñжно оÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº к
ÑазновидноÑÑи ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, а ÑÑо ÑолÑко
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+"из многиÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑив. ÐÑо вÑÑажение,
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+"ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”, Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедвзÑÑÑй оÑвеÑ
на ÑамÑй главнÑй вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² лÑбой "
+"ÑÑеÑе, к коÑоÑой Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑаеÑеÑÑ. ÐÑо не
Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑное и вÑеÑÑоÑоннее "
+"мÑÑление."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is an additional problem which has nothing to do with promoting any "
+"one opinion. It gets in the way of understanding even the facts. The term "
+"“intellectual property” is a catch-all. It lumps together "
+"completely disparate areas of law such as copyrights and patents, which are "
+"completely different. Every detail is different. It also lumps together "
+"trademarks which are even more different, and various other things more or "
+"less commonly encountered. None of them has anything in common with any of "
+"the others. Their origins historically are completely separate."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ ÐµÑе одна пÑоблема, не имеÑÑаÑ
никакого оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº поддеÑжке лÑбого "
+"конкÑеÑного мнениÑ. ÐÑо вÑÑажение даже
меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ ÑакÑÑ. ÐÑÑажение "
+"“инÑеллекÑÑалÑное
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ” — ÑазмаÑиÑÑое "
+"обобÑение. Ðно ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ñакие
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазделÑнÑе облаÑÑи пÑава, "
+"как авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и паÑенÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазлиÑнÑ. Ðни оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ "
+"во вÑеÑ
деÑалÑÑ
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ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² кÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ ÑоваÑнÑе знаки, "
+"коÑоÑÑе оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе ÑилÑнее, и ÑазнÑе
дÑÑгие пÑедмеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе "
+"вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ или менее ÑаÑÑо. Ðи Ñ
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Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего ни Ñ "
+"Ñем дÑÑгим. ÐÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑеÑкие иÑÑоки никак
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом не ÑвÑзанÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The laws were designed independently. They covered different areas of life "
+"and activities. The public policy issues they raise are completely "
+"unrelated. So, if you try to think about them by lumping them together, you "
+"are guaranteed to come to foolish conclusions. There is literally no "
+"sensible intelligent opinion you can have about “Intellectual "
+"Property”. If you want to think clearly, don't lump them together. "
+"Think about copyrights and then think about patents. Learn about copyright "
+"law and separately learn about patent law."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑи Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑлиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимо дÑÑг
Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑга. Ðни опиÑÑвали ÑазлиÑнÑе "
+"ÑÑеÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸ и деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. ÐопÑоÑÑ
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+"поднимаÑÑ, ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом не
ÑвÑзанÑ. Так ÑÑо, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаеÑеÑÑ "
+"ÑазмÑÑлÑÑÑ Ð¾ ниÑ
, ÑÐ²Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
вмеÑÑе, вÑ
гаÑанÑиÑованно бÑдеÑе пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ðº "
+"дÑÑаÑким вÑводам. ÐÐµÑ Ð±ÑквалÑно никакого
здÑавого ÑÑждениÑ, коÑоÑое можно "
+"бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± “инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи”. ÐÑли Ñ
оÑиÑе "
+"мÑÑлиÑÑ ÑÑно, не ÑваливайÑе иÑ
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ÐÑмайÑе об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, а "
+"заÑем — о паÑенÑаÑ
. ÐзÑÑайÑе
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и оÑделÑно Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ "
+"изÑÑайÑе паÑенÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To give you some of the biggest differences between copyrights and patents: "
+"Copyrights cover the details of expression of a work. Copyrights don't "
+"cover any ideas. Patents only cover ideas and the use of ideas. Copyrights "
+"happen automatically. Patents are issued by a patent office in response to "
+"an application."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ понÑÑие о некоÑоÑÑÑ
из
ÑамÑÑ
болÑÑиÑ
ÑазлиÑий Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким "
+"пÑавом и паÑенÑами: авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° оÑобенноÑÑи "
+"вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ на какие идеи. "
+"ÐаÑенÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко на идеи и
на иÑ
пÑименение. ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава "
+"возникаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑеÑки. ÐаÑенÑÑ
вÑдаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо в оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° заÑвкÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Patents cost a lot of money. They cost even more paying the lawyers to "
+"write the application than they cost to actually apply. It takes typically "
+"some years for the application to get considered, even though patent offices "
+"do an extremely sloppy job of considering."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа паÑенÑÑ ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ денег. ÐплаÑа
ÑÑлÑг ÑÑиÑÑов, коÑоÑÑе ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ "
+"заÑвкÑ, обÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ доÑоже, Ñем
ÑобÑÑвенно подаÑа заÑвки. ÐбÑÑно пÑоÑ
одÑÑ "
+"годÑ, пока заÑвка Ð¶Ð´ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑениÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ
паÑенÑнÑе бÑÑо ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
"
+"кÑайне небÑежно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyrights last tremendously long. In some cases they can last as long as "
+"150 years, where patents last 20 years, which is long enough that you can "
+"outlive them but still quite long by a timescale of a field such as software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава дейÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑжаÑно долго. Ð
некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
они могÑÑ "
+"дейÑÑвоваÑÑ 150 леÑ, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
паÑенÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвÑÑÑ 20 леÑ, ÑÑо "
+"доÑÑаÑоÑно мало, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ дожиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
конÑа ÑÑока иÑ
дейÑÑвиÑ, но вÑе "
+"Ñавно ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ в маÑÑÑабаÑ
Ñакой
оÑÑаÑли, как пÑогÑаммиÑование."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Think back about 20 years ago when a PC was a new thing. Imagine being "
+"constrained to develop software using only the ideas that were known in 1982."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑнемÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑленно на 20 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´, когда
пеÑÑоналÑнÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð±Ñл "
+"новÑеÑÑвом. ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, ÑÑо пÑи
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе "
+"полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко идеÑми, извеÑÑнÑми
на 1982 год."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyrights cover copying. If you write a novel that turns out to be word-"
+"for-word the same with <cite>Gone with the Wind</cite> and you can prove you "
+"never saw <cite>Gone with the Wind</cite>, that would be a defense to any "
+"accusation of copyright infringement."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
копиÑование. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе Ñоман, "
+"коÑоÑÑй оказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑловнÑм
повÑоÑением <cite>УнеÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑом</cite> и "
+"ÑможеÑе доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо <cite>УнеÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑом</cite> Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не видели, "
+"ÑÑо заÑиÑило Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
наÑÑÑении авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A patent is an absolute monopoly on using an idea. Even if you could prove "
+"you had the idea on your own, it would be entirely irrelevant if the idea is "
+"patented by somebody else."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑÐµÐ½Ñ — ÑÑо абÑолÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
пÑименение идеи. Ðаже еÑли "
+"Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ доказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑиÑли к ÑÑой
идее ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно, ÑÑо не имело Ð±Ñ "
+"ÑовеÑÑенно никакого знаÑениÑ, еÑли бÑ
Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑовал кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I hope you will forget about copyrights for the rest of this talk because "
+"this talk is about patents and you should never lump together copyrights and "
+"patents. It is about your understanding of these legal issues. It is like "
+"what would happen in your understanding of practical chemistry if you "
+"confused water and ethanol."
+msgstr ""
+"Я надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑдеÑе об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
до конÑа ÑÑой беÑедÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑо она каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов, а вам никогда
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+"авÑоÑÑкие пÑава и паÑенÑÑ. ÐÑо нÑжно,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑидиÑеÑкие вопÑоÑÑ. "
+"ÐÑо как еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñи изÑÑении
пÑакÑиÑеÑкой Ñ
имии пÑÑали Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ ÑÑиловÑм "
+"ÑпиÑÑом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When you hear people describe the patent system, they usually describe it "
+"from the point of view of somebody who is hoping to get a patent- what it "
+"would be like for you to get a patent. What it would be like for you to be "
+"walking down the street with a patent in your pocket so that every so often "
+"you can pull it out and point it out at somebody and say “Give Me Your "
+"Money!”. There is a reason for this bias, which is that most of the "
+"people who will tell you about this patent system have a stake in it, so "
+"they want you like it."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда лÑди опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ,
ее обÑÑно опиÑÑваÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"ÑеÑ
, кÑо надееÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ —
ÑÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ "
+"полÑÑили паÑенÑ. ЧÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ñ
одили по ÑлиÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑом в "
+"каÑмане и Ñо и дело вÑÑаÑкивали его,
ÑказÑвали им на кого-Ñо и говоÑили: "
+"“Ðавай мне денÑги!”. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑлÑÑаен: болÑÑинÑÑво из "
+"ÑеÑ
, кÑо ÑаÑÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ о паÑенÑной
ÑиÑÑеме, маÑеÑиалÑно в ней "
+"заинÑеÑеÑованÑ, Ñак ÑÑо они Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
вам ÑÑо понÑавилоÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is another reason—the patent system is a lot like a lottery "
+"because only a tiny fraction of patents actually bring any benefit to those "
+"who hold the patents. In fact, ‘<a href=\"http://www.economist.com/"
+"node/21526370\"> The Economist</a>’ once compared it to a time "
+"consuming lottery. If you have seen ads for lotteries, they always invite "
+"you to think about winning. They don't invite you to think about losing, "
+"even though losing is far more likely. It is the same with ads for the "
+"patent system. They always invite you to think about being the one who wins."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина: паÑенÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ожа на лоÑеÑеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"ÑолÑко кÑоÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи пÑиноÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо "
+"полÑÐ·Ñ Ñем, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ. Ðа Ñамом
деле ‘<a href=\"http://www."
+"economist.com/node/21526370\">ÐкономиÑÑ</a>’ однаждÑ
ÑÑавнил иÑ
Ñ "
+"лоÑеÑеей, оÑнимаÑÑей много вÑемени. ÐÑли
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+"она вÑегда Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° мÑÑли о
вÑигÑÑÑе. Ðна не Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° мÑÑли о "
+"пÑоигÑÑÑе, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿ÑоигÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо более
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+"паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðна вÑегда Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
на мÑÑли о Ñом, ÑÑо вÑигÑÑваеÑе вÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To balance this bias, I am going to describe the patent system from the "
+"point of view of its victims. That is from the point of view of somebody "
+"who wants to develop software but is forced to contend with a system of "
+"software patents that might result in getting sued."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑбаланÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑекоÑ, Ñ
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+"ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ жеÑÑв, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑки
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+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи к ÑÑдебнÑм иÑкам."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So, what is the first thing you are going to do after you have had an idea "
+"of what kind of program you are going to write? The first thing you might "
+"want to try to do to deal with the patent system is find out what patents "
+"may cover the program you want to write. This is impossible. The reason is "
+"that some of the patent applications that are pending are secret. After a "
+"certain amount of time they may get published, like 18 months. But that is "
+"plenty of time for you to write a program and even release it not knowing "
+"that there is going to be a patent and you are going to get sued."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑделаÑÑ, как ÑолÑко Ñ
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+"какого Ñода пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑобиÑаеÑеÑÑ
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+"паÑенÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñежде вÑего могли
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ даже вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ, не знаÑ, ÑÑо
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+"подадÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд."
+
+#. This link is dead and there is nothing on their site related to
+#. the patent or LZW at all, AFAICS. yavor, 18 Jul 2008
+#. <a href="http://www.unisys.com/unisys/lzw/default.asp">
+#. patent</a>
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is not just academic. In 1984, the compress program was written, a "
+"program for data compression. At the time, there was no patent on the LZW "
+"compression algorithm which it used. Then in 1985, the US issued a patent "
+"on this algorithm and over the next few years, those who distributed the "
+"compress program started getting threats. There was no way that the author "
+"of compress could have realized that he was likely to get sued. All he did "
+"was use an idea that he found in a journal just like programmers have always "
+"done. He hadn't realized that you could no longer safely use ideas that you "
+"found in a journal."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо не пÑоÑÑо ÑеоÑеÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ.
Ð 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñла напиÑана "
+"пÑогÑамма compress, пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑжаÑиÑ
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+"коÑоÑÑй в ней пÑименÑлÑÑ, запаÑенÑован не
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+"в СШРна ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑм бÑл вÑдан паÑенÑ,
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+"ÑледÑÑÑиÑ
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+"ÑгÑозÑ. ÐвÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ compress никак не мог
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+"могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд. Ðн вÑего ÑолÑко
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+"пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸ из жÑÑналов болÑÑе не
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Let's forget about that problem… The issued patents are published by "
+"the patent office so you can find the whole long list of them and see "
+"exactly what they say. Of course, you couldn't actually read that whole "
+"list as there are too many of them. In the US, there are hundreds of "
+"thousands of software patents."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐабÑдем об ÑÑой пÑоблеме... ÐÑданнÑе
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+"ÑÑо иÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is no way you can keep track of what they are all about. You would "
+"have to try to search for relevant ones. Some people say that should be "
+"easy in these modern days of computers. You could search for key words and "
+"so-on. That one works to a certain extent. You will find some patents in "
+"the area. You won't necessarily find them all however. For instance, there "
+"was a software patent which may have expired by now on natural order "
+"recalculation in spread sheets."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This means basically that when you make certain cells depend upon other "
+"cells, it always recalculates everything after the things it depends on, so "
+"that after one re-calculation, everything is up to date. The first spread "
+"sheets did their recalculation top-down, so if you made a cell depend on a "
+"cell lower down, and you had a few such steps, you had to recalculate "
+"several times to get the new values to propagate upwards. You were supposed "
+"to have things depend upon cells above them."
+msgstr ""
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+"завиÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ»ÐµÑок, ÑаÑположеннÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Then someone realized why don't I do the recalculation so that everything "
+"gets recalculated after the things it depends upon? This algorithm is known "
+"as topological sorting. The first reference to it I could find was in "
+"1963. The patent covered several dozen different ways you could implement "
+"topological sorting but you wouldn't have found this patent by searching for "
+"spreadsheet. You couldn't have found it by searching for natural order or "
+"topological sort. It didn't have any of those terms in it. In fact, it was "
+"described as a method of compiling formulas into object code. When I first "
+"saw it, I thought it was the wrong patent."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑом кÑо-Ñо ÑообÑазил: “ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ
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+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе пеÑевÑÑиÑлÑлоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле Ñого, оÑ
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+"впеÑвÑе Ñвидел его, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо взÑл не
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Let's suppose that you got a list of patents. So you want to see know what "
+"you are not allowed to do. When you try studying these patents, you will "
+"discover they are very hard to understand as they are written in tortuous "
+"legal language, whose meaning is very hard to understand. The things patent "
+"offices say often don't mean what they seem to mean."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐопÑÑÑим, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑпиÑок паÑенÑов.
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+"говоÑÑÑ Ð² паÑенÑнÑÑ
бÑÑо, ÑаÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There was an Australian government study of the patent system in the "
+"1980's. It concluded that aside from international pressure, there was no "
+"reason to have a patent system. It did no good for the public and "
+"recommended abolishing it if not for international pressure. One of the "
+"things they cited was that engineers don't try reading patents to learn "
+"anything, as it is too hard to understand them. They quoted one engineer "
+"saying “I can't recognize my own inventions in patenteese”."
+msgstr ""
+"РвоÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
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+"ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑÑледоваÑели пÑиÑли к вÑводÑ,
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+"ÑÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑвоиÑ
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+
+#. Link apparently not useful anymore.
+#. <a
href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/search-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=pall&s1=%274486857%27.WKU.&OS=PN/4486857&RS=PN/4486857">
+#. patents</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is not just theoretical. Around 1990, a programmer named <a href="
+"\"http://www.atarimagazines.com/startv2n3/hypercard.html\">Paul Heckel</a> "
+"sued Apple claiming that Hypercard infringed a couple of his patents. When "
+"he first saw Hypercard, he didn't think it had anything to do with his "
+"patent, with his “Inventions”. It didn't look similar. When "
+"his lawyer told him that you could read the patents as covering part of "
+"Hypercard, he decided to attack Apple."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо не пÑоÑÑо абÑÑÑакÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеоÑиÑ. Ðде-Ñо в
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ÑеÑил напаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Apple."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When I had a speech about this at Stanford, he was in the audience, he said "
+"“That's <a href=\"http://www.swiss.ai.mit.edu/6805/articles/int-prop/"
+"heckel-debunking.html\"> not true</a>, I just didn't understand the extent "
+"of my protection!” I said yes, that's what I said! So, in fact, you "
+"will have to spend a lot of time talking with lawyers to figure out what "
+"these patents prohibit you from doing."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло вÑÑÑÑпление на ÑÑÑ ÑемÑ
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+"делаÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Ultimately they are going to say something like this: “If you do "
+"something in here, you are sure to lose, If you do something here, there is "
+"a substantial chance of losing, and if you really want to be safe, stay out "
+"of this area. And, by the way, there is a sizable element of chance in the "
+"outcome of any law suit”."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, that you have a predictable terrain for doing business(!) what are you "
+"going to do? Well, there are three approaches that you might try. Any of "
+"which is applicable in some cases."
+msgstr ""
+"Так воÑ, когда Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвилÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "They are"
+msgstr "ÐÑак, ÑÑо"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "Avoiding the patent"
+msgstr "ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "Licensing the patent"
+msgstr "полÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ,"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "Overturning the patent in court."
+msgstr "опÑоÑеÑÑоваÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑде."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Let me describe these three approaches and what makes them workable or "
+"unworkable."
+msgstr ""
+"Я опиÑÑ ÑÑи ÑÑи подÑ
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подÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "1) Avoiding the patent"
+msgstr "УйÑи Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑа"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That means don't use the idea that the patent covers. This can be easy or "
+"hard, depending on what that idea is. In some cases, a feature is "
+"patented. Then you avoid the patent by not implementing that feature. Then "
+"it just matters how important is that feature. In some cases, you can live "
+"without it. A while ago, the users of the word processor XyWrite got a "
+"downgrade in the mail. The downgrade removed a feature which allowed you to "
+"pre-define abbreviations. That when you typed an abbreviation followed by a "
+"punctuation character, it would immediately replace itself with by some "
+"expansion."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So that way you could define the abbreviation for some long phrase, type the "
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+"me about this because they knew the <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">Emacs</a> "
+"editor has a similar feature. In fact, it had it since the 70's. This was "
+"interesting because it showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in "
+"my life. I knew it was patentable because somebody else patented it "
+"afterward! Actually, they had tried these various approaches."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо можно бÑло опÑеделиÑÑ ÑокÑаÑение
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+"Ðа Ñамом деле они иÑпÑобовали вÑе ÑÑи подÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"First they tried negotiating with the patent holder, who turned out not to "
+"negotiate in good faith. Then they looked at whether they could have a "
+"chance of overturning the patent. What they decided to do was take out the "
+"feature. You can live without this feature. If the word processor lacks "
+"only this feature, maybe people will still use it. But as various features "
+"start getting hit, eventually you end up with a program people think is not "
+"very good and they are likely to reject it. That is a rather narrow patent "
+"on a very specific feature."
+msgstr ""
+"СнаÑала они попÑÑалиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What do you do with the <a href=\"http://www.delphion.com/details?"
+"pn=US04873662__\">British Telecom patent</a> on traversing hyper links "
+"together with dial-up access? Traversing hyper links is absolutely essential "
+"to a major use of computers these days. Dial-up access is also essential. "
+"How do you do without this feature, which, by the way, isn't even one "
+"feature, it is really a combination of two just arbitrarily juxtaposed. It "
+"is rather like having a patent on a sofa and television in the same room."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ñ <a
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+"ÑÐµÐ»ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ñ Ð² одной комнаÑе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes the idea that's patented will be so broad and basic that it "
+"basically rules out an entire field. For instance, the idea of Public Key "
+"Encryption which was patented in the US. The patent expired in 1997. Until "
+"then, it largely blocked the use of Public Key Encryption in the US. A "
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+"never really available because the patent holders threatened them."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðногда идеÑ, на коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñдан паÑенÑ,
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Then, one program got away. The program <a href=\"http://www.pgpi.org/"
+"\">PGP</a>, which initially was released as free software. Apparently, the "
+"patent holders by the time they got around to attacking, realized they might "
+"get too much bad publicity. So they imposed restrictions making it for non-"
+"commercial use only, which meant it couldn't catch on too much. So they "
+"greatly limited the use of Public Key Encryption for a decade or more. "
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+"like that."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"time. Maybe if it is twice as slow, you won't really notice. Or maybe that "
+"means your program won't run at all because it will take twice real time to "
+"do its job. The effects vary."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"any good. Because we couldn't use compress, in the GNU project we started "
+"looking for some other algorithm for data compression. Somebody wrote to us "
+"saying he had one. He had written a program and he decided to contribute it "
+"to us. We were going to release it. Just by chance, I happened to see a "
+"copy of the New York Times. It happened to have the weekly patent column in "
+"it. I didn't see a copy of the Times more than once every few months. So I "
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Here is another point I should mention: Sometimes a company or consortium "
+"can make a format or protocol the de-facto standard. Then, if that format "
+"or protocol is patented, that is a real disaster for you. There are even "
+"official standards that are restricted by patents. There was a big "
+"political uproar last September when the <a href=\"http://www.w3.org/TR/"
+"patent-practice\">World Wide Web Consortium</a> was proposing to start "
+"adopting standards that were covered by patents. The community objected so "
+"they reversed themselves."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой аÑпекÑ, коÑоÑÑй мне ÑледÑеÑ
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+"поÑли на попÑÑнÑй."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They went back to insisting that any patents had to be freely implementable "
+"by anyone and that the standards had to be free for anyone to implement. "
+"That is an interesting victory. I think that was the first time any "
+"standards body has made that decision. It is normal for standards bodies to "
+"be willing to put something in a standard which is restricted by patents and "
+"people are not allowed to go ahead and implement it freely. We need to go "
+"to other standards bodies and call on them to change their rules."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðни веÑнÑлиÑÑ Ðº ÑÑебованиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑбÑе
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+"измениÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "2) Licensing the patent"
+msgstr "2) ÐолÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second possibility instead of avoiding the patent is to get a license "
+"for the patent. This is not necessarily an option. The patent holder does "
+"not have to offer you a license, it is not required. 10 Years ago, the "
+"league for programming freedom got a letter asking for help from somebody "
+"whose family business was making gambling machinery for casinos and they "
+"used computers back then. He received a threat from another company that "
+"said we have the patents. You are not allowed to make these things. Shut "
+"down."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ — полÑÑиÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I looked at that patent. It covered having a number of computers on a "
+"network for playing games such that each computer supported more than one "
+"game and allowed you to play more than one game at a time."
+msgstr ""
+"Я ÑиÑал ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑ. Ðн бÑл вÑдан на ÑеÑÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"You will find patent office really think that there is something brilliant "
+"about doing more than one of anything. They don't realize that in computer "
+"science, that's the most obvious way to generalize anything. You did it "
+"once and now you can do it any number of times, you can make a subroutine. "
+"They think that if you do anything more than once, that somehow means you "
+"are brilliant and that nobody can possibly argue with you and that you have "
+"the right to boss them around. Anyway, he was not offered a license. He "
+"had to shut down. He couldn't even afford really to go to court. I would "
+"say that particular patent was an obvious idea. It is possible that a judge "
+"might have agreed, but we will never know because he could not afford to go "
+"to court."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, a lot of patent holders do offer licenses. They often charge a lot "
+"of money for that though. The company licensing the natural order "
+"recalculation patent was demanding 5% of the gross sales of every "
+"spreadsheet in the US. I am told that was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. If "
+"you actually made them sue you and they won, they'd demand more. You might "
+"be able to afford that 5% for licensing this one patent, but what if you "
+"need to license 20 different patents to make the program? Then all the money "
+"you take in goes on patents. What if you need to license 21 patents?"
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"People in business told me that practically speaking, 2 or 3 of them would "
+"make any business unfeasible."
+msgstr ""
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+"пÑедпÑиÑÑие неÑенÑабелÑнÑм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a situation where licensing patents is a very good solution. That "
+"is if you are a multinational mega-corporation. Because these companies own "
+"a lot of patents, and they cross-license with each other. That way, they "
+"escape most of the harm that the patent system does and they only get the "
+"good. IBM published an <a href=\"http://progfree.org/Links/prep.ai.mit.edu/"
+"ibm.think.article\"> article</a> in Think magazine. I believe it was issue "
+"No. 5 of 1990 on IBM's patent portfolio, which said that IBM got two kinds "
+"of benefit from its 9000 US patents. I believe the number is larger today. "
+"These were first, collecting royalties and second, getting access to the "
+"patents of others. They said that the latter benefit is an order of "
+"magnitude greater. So the benefit that IBM got from being allowed to use "
+"the ideas that were patented by others was 10 times the direct benefit IBM "
+"could get from licensing patents. What does this really mean?"
+msgstr ""
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+"извлеÑÑ Ð¸Ð· лиÑензий на паÑенÑÑ. ЧÑо ÑÑо по
ÑÑÑи ознаÑаеÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"What is the benefit that IBM gets from this access to the patents of others? "
+"It is basically the benefit of being excused from the trouble that the "
+"patent system can cause you. The patent system is like a lottery. What "
+"happens with any given patent could be nothing, could be a windfall for some "
+"patent holder or a disaster for everyone else. But IBM being so big, for "
+"them, it averages out. They get to measure the average harm and good of the "
+"patent system."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"For them, the trouble of the patent system would have been 10 times the "
+"good. I say would have been because IBM through cross-licensing avoids "
+"experiencing that trouble. That trouble is only potential. It doesn't "
+"really happen to them. But when they measure the benefits of avoiding that "
+"trouble, they estimate it as 10 times the value of the money they collect "
+"from their patents."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"This phenomenon of cross-licensing refutes a common myth, the myth of the "
+"starving genius. The myth that patents “protect” the “"
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+"them. The scenario is like this: Suppose there is a brilliant designer of "
+"whatever of whatever. Suppose he has spent years starving in the attic "
+"designing a new wonderful kind of whatever and now wants to manufacture it "
+"and isn't it a shame the big companies are going to go into competition with "
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+
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+"working on their own and that ideas don't come in a vacuum, they are based "
+"on ideas of others and these people have pretty good chances of getting a "
+"job if they need to these days. So this scenario, the idea that a brilliant "
+"idea came from this brilliant person working alone is unrealistic and the "
+"idea that he is in danger of starving is unrealistic. But it is conceivable "
+"that somebody could have an idea and this idea along with 100 or 200 other "
+"ideas can be the basis of making some kind of product and that big companies "
+"might want to compete with him."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So let's see what happens if he tries to use a patent to stop them. He says "
+"“Oh No, IBM. You cannot compete with me. I've got this patent. IBM "
+"says let's see. Let's look at your product. Hmmm. I've got this patent "
+"and this one and this one and this one and this one and this one, which "
+"parts of your product infringe. If you think you can fight against all of "
+"them in court, I will just go back and find some more. So, why don't you "
+"cross license with me?” And then this brilliant small inventor says "
+"“Well, OK, I'll cross license”. So he can go back and make "
+"these wonderful whatever it is, but so can IBM. IBM gets access to his "
+"patent and gets the right to compete with him, which means that this patent "
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+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The mega-corporations avoid, for the most part, the harm of the patent "
+"system. They see mainly the good side. That is why they want to have "
+"software patents. They are the ones who will benefit from it. But if you "
+"are a small inventor or work for a small company, the small company is not "
+"going to be able to do this. They try. The problem is that they cannot get "
+"enough patents to do this. Any given patent is pointing in a certain "
+"direction. So if a small company has patents pointing there, there and "
+"there and somebody over there points a patent at them and says give me your "
+"money, they are helpless."
+msgstr ""
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+"денÑги”, Ñо они беÑпомоÑнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"IBM can do it because with these 9000 patents, they are pointing everywhere, "
+"no matter where you are, there is probably an IBM patent pointing at you. "
+"So IBM can almost always make you cross license. Small companies can only "
+"occasionally make someone cross-license. They will say they want patents "
+"for defensive purposes but they won't get enough to be able to defend "
+"themselves."
+msgstr ""
+"IBM Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑо делаÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑими
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are cases where even IBM cannot make someone cross-license. That is "
+"when there is a company whose sole business is taking a patent and squeezing "
+"money out of people. The company that had the natural order recalculation "
+"patent was exactly such a company. Their sole business was to threaten to "
+"sue people and collect money from people who were really developing "
+"something."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are no patents on legal procedures. I guess the lawyers understand "
+"what a pain it would be to have to deal with the patent system themselves. "
+"The result is that there is no way to get a patent to make that company "
+"cross license with you. So they go around squeezing everyone. But I guess "
+"companies like IBM figure that is part of the price of doing business so "
+"they can live with it."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"So that is the possibility of licensing a patent which may or may not be "
+"possible and you may or may not be able to afford it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, ÑÑо ÑÑо каÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑи
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+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
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+msgstr "3) ÐÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑде"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Supposedly, in order to be patented, something has to be new, useful and "
+"unobvious. That is the language used in the US. I think other countries "
+"have different language which is pretty much equivalent to it. Of course, "
+"when the patent office gets into the game, they start interpreting new and "
+"unobvious. New turns out to mean we don't have it in our files and "
+"unobvious tends to mean unobvious to someone with an IQ of 50."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Somebody who studies most of the software patents issued in the US, or at "
+"least he used to, I don't know if he can still keep up with them, said that "
+"90% of them wouldn't pass the crystal city test, which meant if the people "
+"in the patent office went outside to the news stand and got some computer "
+"magazines, they would see that these ideas are already known."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The patent office does things that are so obviously foolish, you wouldn't "
+"even have to know the state of the art to see they are foolish. This is not "
+"limited to software. I once saw the famous Harvard mouse patent which was "
+"obtained after Harvard genetically engineered a strain of mouse with a "
+"cancer causing gene. The cancer causing gene was already known and was "
+"inserted using known techniques into an already existing strain of mouse. "
+"The patent they got covered inserting any cancer causing gene into any kind "
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+"about genetic engineering to realize that is ridiculous."
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+"I am told that this over claiming is normal practice and that the US Patent "
+"Office sometimes invited patent applicants to make their claims broader. "
+"Basically make the claims broader until you think they are running into "
+"something else that's unambiguous prior art. See how much land grab in "
+"mental space you can get away with."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#
+#. Another dead link.
+#. <a href="http://people.qualcomm.com/karn/patents/patent-comments.html">
+#. obvious</a>!
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"justify ignoring what programmers think. They say “Oh! But you have "
+"to consider it in terms of the way things were 10 or 20 years ago”. "
+"Then they discovered that if they talk something to death then you can "
+"eventually lose your bearings. Anything can look unobvious if you tear it "
+"apart enough, analyze it enough. You simply lose all standard of "
+"obviousness or at least lose the ability to justify any standard of obvious "
+"or unobvious. Then, of course, they describe the patent holders as "
+"brilliant inventors, all of them. Therefore we can't question their "
+"entitlement to power over what we can do."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"If you go to court, the judges are likely to be a little more stringent "
+"about the idea of what is obvious or not. But the problem is that it costs "
+"millions of dollars to do that. I heard of one patent case, the defendant I "
+"remember was Qualcomm, and I believe the ruling was ultimately 13 million "
+"dollars of which most went to pay the lawyers on both sides. There were a "
+"few million dollars left over for the plaintiff, because they lost."
+msgstr ""
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+"To a large extent, the question of the validity of a patent will depend on "
+"historical accidents. Lots of historical accidents such as precisely what "
+"was published when and which of those things somebody manages to find. "
+"Which of them didn't get lost, precise dates and so-on. Many historical "
+"accidents determine whether a patent is valid."
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+"In fact, it is a weird thing that the <a href=\"http://www.delphion.com/"
+"details?pn=US04873662__\">British Telecom following hyper links together "
+"with telephone access patent</a>, I think, was applied for in 1975. I think "
+"it was in 1974 that I developed the info package for the first time. The "
+"info package allows you to traverse hyper links and people did use "
+"telephones to dial up and access the system. So in fact, I produced a piece "
+"of prior art for that patent. So that is the second patentable idea I have "
+"had in my life, but I don't think I have any proof of that. I didn't think "
+"this was interesting enough to publish it. After all, the idea of following "
+"hyper links I got from the demo of Engelbart's editor. He is the one who "
+"had an idea which was interesting to publish."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"What I done I called poor mans hypertext as I had to implement it in the "
+"context of TECO. It was not as powerful as his hypertext but it was at "
+"least useful for browsing documentation, which it all it was meant for, and "
+"as for there being dial-up access to the system, well, there was, but it "
+"didn't occur to me that the one had anything particular to do with the "
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+"this poor man's hypertext, and guess what! There are dial-up lines on the "
+"computer too!” I suspect there is no way to tell precisely on what "
+"dates I implemented this. And was it published in any sense? Well, we "
+"invited guests to come in across the ARPAnet, and log in on our machine, so "
+"they could have browsed documentation using info and seen the thing. If "
+"they had asked us, they would have found we have dial-up access. But as you "
+"can see, historical accident determines whether you have prior art."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Now of course, there is a publication made by Engelbart about hypertext, "
+"which they are going to show. I don't think it says anything about having "
+"dial-ups on the computer however, so whether it will suffice is not clear. "
+"So, this is an option, the possibility of going to court to overturn the "
+"patent."
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Because of the expense, it is often out of the question even if you can find "
+"solid prior art that ought to be sufficient to overturn the patent. As a "
+"result, an invalid patent, a patent that nominally shouldn't have existed "
+"(but in fact lots and lots of them do) is a dangerous weapon. If somebody "
+"attacks you with an invalid patent, that can really cause a lot of trouble "
+"for you. You might be able to bluff them away by showing them the prior "
+"art. It depends upon whether they can get scared off that way or they might "
+"think “well, you are just bluffing, we figure you can't really go to "
+"court, you can't afford it so we'll sue you anyway”."
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+"use, but often you can't. So you have to face patent after patent after "
+"patent. Each time you may be able to find one of these three possibilities "
+"you can use, then there is another patent then another and another. It gets "
+"like crossing a minefield. Each step you take, each design decision, "
+"probably won't step on a patent, so you can take a few steps and probably "
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+"in there that somehow we are all supposed to suffer through the patent "
+"system. It is like saying “Some people get cancer. Why should you be "
+"exempt?” As I see it, each person who doesn't get cancer is good. But "
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+"you are designing a new product, you are going to get “The "
+"Patent”. The idea that there is one patent per product and that it "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The ideas that were too small or not impressive enough, they would not "
+"publish because that would be silly. Now the patent system is supposed to "
+"encourage disclosure of ideas. In fact, in the old days, nobody kept the "
+"ideas secret. They kept the code secret, it's true. The code, after all, "
+"represented the bulk of the work. They would keep the code secret and "
+"publish the ideas so that way the employees would get some credit and feel "
+"good. After software patents, they still kept the code secret and they "
+"patented the ideas, so in fact, disclosure has not been encouraged in any "
+"meaningful sense. The same things are kept secret now as what were kept "
+"secret before, but the ideas which used to be published so that we could use "
+"them are now likely to be patented and off-limits for 20 years."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"What can a country do to change this? How should we change the policy to "
+"solve this problem? There are two places you can attack it. One is the "
+"place where patents are being applied for and issued, in the patent office. "
+"The other is when patents are being applied—that is, the question of "
+"what does a patent cover."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Changing the criteria for issuing patents or simply keeping a good criteria "
+"for issuing patents, can work in a country which has not authorized software "
+"patents before, for instance, for the most part, in Europe. Simply to "
+"clearly re-enforce the European Patent Office's rules which say that "
+"software is not patentable. This is a good solution for Europe. Europe is "
+"now considering a directive on software patents. The directive I suppose "
+"may be broader than that but one of its important implications is for "
+"software patents. Simply by modifying this to say software ideas cannot be "
+"patented will keep the problem out of Europe for the most part, except for "
+"some countries that may have admitted the problem on their own. "
+"Unfortunately one of them being the UK. Unfortunately for you."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That approach won't work in the US. The reason is that the US already has "
+"large numbers of software patents and any change in the criteria for issuing "
+"patents won't get rid of the existing ones.[<a href=\"#f2\">2</a>] In fact, "
+"these patents are not officially labeled as software patents. I say "
+"software patents but what do I really mean? Patents which might potentially "
+"apply to software. Patents which might potentially get you sued for writing "
+"software."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The patent office doesn't divide patents into software patents and other "
+"patents. So, in fact, any patent might conceivably get you sued for writing "
+"software if it could apply to some software. So in the US the solution "
+"would have to be done through changing the applicability, the scope of "
+"patents saying that a pure software implementation running on general "
+"purpose computer hardware which does not in itself infringe the patent, is "
+"not covered by any patent and you cannot get sued for it. That is the other "
+"kind of solution."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The first kind of solution, the solution that operates on what types of "
+"patents can be valid is a good solution for Europe to use."
+msgstr ""
+"РеÑение пеÑвого Ñода, оÑноÑиÑелÑно Ñого,
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+"дейÑÑвоваÑÑ, Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the US started having software patents, there was no political debate. "
+"In fact, nobody noticed. The software field, for the most part, didn't even "
+"notice. There was a supreme court decision in 1981 which considered a "
+"patent on a process for curing rubber. The ruling was that the fact that "
+"the apparatus included a computer and a program as part of the process to "
+"cure the rubber did not make it un-patentable."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The appeals court the next year which considers all patent cases, reversed "
+"the qualifiers. They said the fact that there is a computer and a program "
+"in this makes it patentable. The fact that there is a computer and program "
+"in anything makes it patentable. This is why the US started having business "
+"procedure patents. This is because the business procedures were carried out "
+"on a computer and that made them patentable. So this ruling was made and I "
+"think the natural order recalculation patent was one of the first or might "
+"have been even the first. Throughout the 80's we didn't know about this."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. <a href="http://www.european-patent-office.org/legal/epc/">
+#.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
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+"they were faced with a danger from software patents. So i saw how the field "
+"worked before and how the field worked after. I saw no particular speed up "
+"in progress after 1990. There was no political debate in the US, but in "
+"Europe there has been a big political debate. Several years ago there was a "
+"push to amend the Munich treaty that established the <a href=\"http://www."
+"epo.org/\"> European Patent Office</a>. It has a <a href=\"http://www.epo."
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+"software is not patentable</a>. The push was to amend that to start "
+"allowing software patents. But the community took notice of this. It was "
+"actually free software developers and free software users who took the lead."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"We are not the only ones threatened by software patents. All software "
+"developers are threatened by software patents and even software users are "
+"threatened by software patents. For instance, Paul Heckel, when Apple "
+"wasn't very scared of his threats, he threatened to start suing Apple's "
+"customers. Apple found that very scary. They figured they couldn't afford "
+"to have their customers being sued like that, even if they would ultimately "
+"win. So the users can get sued too, either as a way of attacking a "
+"developer or just as a way to squeeze money out of them on their own or to "
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"All software developers and users are vulnerable. But it was the free "
+"software community in Europe that took the lead in organizing opposition. "
+"In fact, twice now the countries that govern the European Patent Office "
+"voted not to amend that treaty. Then the EU took a hand and the "
+"directorates of the EU were divided on the issue."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"The one whose job is to promote software is against software patents it "
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+"directorate who is in charge and is lead by somebody who is in favor of "
+"software patents. They basically disregarded public opinion which has been "
+"expressed to them. They have proposed a directive to allow software patents."
+"[<a href=\"#f3\">3</a>] The French government has already said they are "
+"against it. People who are working in various other governments in Europe "
+"to oppose software patents and it is vital to start doing so here."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"According to <a href=\"http://www.ffii.org/~phm/index.en.html\">Hartmut "
+"Pilch</a>, who is one of the leaders in the European struggle against "
+"software patents, the main impetus comes from the <a href=\"http://www."
+"patent.gov.uk/\">UK Patent office</a>. The UK Patent Office is simply "
+"biased in favor of software patents. It had a public consultation and most "
+"of the responses were opposed to software patents. They then wrote a report "
+"saying that people seem to be content with them, completely disregarding the "
+"answers. You see, the free software community said please send the answers "
+"to them and please send your answers to us too and we'll publish them. So "
+"they published these answers which were generally opposed. You'd have never "
+"guessed that from the report that the UK Patent Office published."
+msgstr ""
+"СоглаÑно <a
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+"a>, Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑководиÑелей боÑÑÐ±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив
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+"главнÑм пÑоÑивником ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ <a
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+"ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании</a>.
ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании пÑоÑÑо "
+"пÑедÑаÑположено в полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на
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+"обÑеÑÑвенного мнениÑ, и болÑÑинÑÑво
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+"пÑогÑаммÑ. Тогда они полноÑÑÑÑ
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+"ÑÑо лÑди, по-видимомÑ, ÑдовлеÑвоÑенÑ
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+"ÑообÑеÑÑва Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑили: “ÐоÑÑлайÑе, "
+"пожалÑйÑÑа, оÑзÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко в бÑÑо, но и
нам, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ опÑбликоваÑÑ "
+"иÑ
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оÑзÑвÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли в Ñелом "
+"оÑÑиÑаÑелÑнÑ. ÐÑого никак нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð±Ñло бÑ
пÑедположиÑÑ, глÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑÑеÑ, "
+"опÑбликованнÑй ÐаÑенÑнÑм бÑÑо
ÐеликобÑиÑании."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"They (the UK Patent and Trademark Office) use a term that they call "
+"technical effect. This is a term which can stretch tremendously. You are "
+"supposed to think it means a program idea would only be patentable if it "
+"relates closely to specific physical activities. If that is the "
+"interpretation, it would mostly solve the problem. If the only software "
+"ideas that can be patented were those that really did relate to a particular "
+"technical, specific physical result that you might have patented if you "
+"didn't use a program, that would be OK. The problem is that you can stretch "
+"that term. You can describe the result you get by running any program as a "
+"physical result. How does this physical result different from every other? "
+"Well it is as a result of this computation. The result is that the UK "
+"Patent Office is proposing something that looks like it leads to mostly "
+"solving the problem and really gives carte blanche for patenting almost "
+"anything."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÐаÑенÑном бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажением “ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий "
+"ÑÑÑекє. ÐнаÑение ÑÑого вÑÑажениÑ
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"
+"пÑеделаÑ
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знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ "
+"паÑенÑоÑпоÑобна, ÑолÑко когда она ÑеÑно
ÑвÑзана Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑми ÑизиÑеÑкими "
+"опеÑаÑиÑми. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо иÑÑолковÑвали Ñак,
Ñо пÑоблема по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи бÑла "
+"Ð±Ñ ÑеÑена. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло паÑенÑоваÑÑ
ÑолÑко Ñе пÑогÑаммнÑе идеи, "
+"коÑоÑÑе имеÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмое оÑноÑение к
конкÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкомÑ, ÑизиÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑÑекÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
запаÑенÑоваÑÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑзовалиÑÑ
никакой "
+"пÑогÑаммой, Ñо ÑÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñиемлемо.
ÐÑоблема заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо ÑÑо "
+"понÑÑие можно ÑаÑÑÑгиваÑÑ. РезÑлÑÑаÑ,
коÑоÑÑй полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ñи ÑабоÑе лÑбой "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, можно опиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑизиÑеÑкий
ÑÑÑекÑ. Чем ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкий ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ "
+"оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ñбого дÑÑгого? Ðа Ñем, ÑÑо
ÑÑо ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑлений. Ð "
+"ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо ÐеликобÑиÑании
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº "
+"пÑÑÑ Ðº пÑакÑиÑеÑки Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑениÑ
пÑоблемÑ, а на Ñамом деле Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÑÑ-Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ "
+"на паÑенÑование пÑакÑиÑеÑки Ñего Ñгодно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The people in the same ministry are also involved in the copyright issue "
+"which really has nothing to do with software patents except that it is being "
+"handled by the same people. It is a question of interpreting the recent EU "
+"copyright directive, a horrible law like the <a href=\"http://www.eff.org/"
+"issues/dmca\">Digital Millennium Copyright Act in the US</a>. But there is "
+"some latitude for countries to decide how to implement it. The UK is "
+"proposing the most draconian possible way of implementing this directive. "
+"You could greatly reduce the harm that it does by implementing it properly. "
+"The UK wants to maximize the tyrannical effect of this directive. It seems "
+"there is a certain group, the <a href=\"http://www.dti.gov.uk/\">Department "
+"of Trade and Industry</a>, who need to be reined in. It is necessary to put "
+"a check on their activities. Stop their creating new forms of power."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑди из Ñого же миниÑÑеÑÑÑва занимаÑÑÑÑ
Ñакже авÑоÑÑкими пÑавами, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
"
+"Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего обÑего Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами на
пÑогÑаммÑ, кÑоме Ñого, ÑÑо ими занимаÑÑÑÑ "
+"Ñе же лÑди. ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ¹
диÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза об "
+"авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, ÑжаÑного закона вÑоде <a
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+"dmca\"> Ðакона об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве ÑиÑÑового
ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑиÑ</a> в СШÐ. Ðо Ñ "
+"ÑÑÑан еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑое пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑво длÑ
маневÑа пÑи ÑеÑении о Ñом, как ÑÑо "
+"ÑеализоваÑÑ. ÐеликобÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑедлагаеÑ
ÑамÑй дÑаконовÑкий из возможнÑÑ
пÑÑей "
+"ÑеализаÑии ÑÑой диÑекÑивÑ. ÐÑли
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ÑилÑно "
+"ÑнизиÑÑ Ð²Ñед, коÑоÑÑй она пÑиÑиниÑ.
ÐажеÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа, <a "
+"href=\"http://www.dti.gov.uk/\"> ÐепаÑÑÐ°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑоÑговли и
пÑомÑÑленноÑÑи</a>, "
+"коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ñжно обÑздаÑÑ. ÐеобÑ
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деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ конÑÑолÑ. "
+"ÐÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ñоздание ими новÑÑ
ÑоÑм
влаÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Software patents tie up every software developer and every computer user in "
+"a new in a new form of bureaucrat. If the businesses that use computers "
+"realized how much trouble this can cause for them, they would be up in arms "
+"and I am sure they can stop it. Business doesn't like being tied up in "
+"bureaucracy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑазÑабоÑÑика пÑогÑамм и каждого "
+"полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑа новой ÑоÑмой
бÑÑокÑаÑии. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, в "
+"коÑоÑÑÑ
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÑ,
оÑознавали, ÑколÑко ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑиÑиниÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ "
+"непÑиÑÑноÑÑей, они Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑлиÑÑ Ð·Ð° оÑÑжие, и
Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо они могÑÑ ÑÑо "
+"пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ. ÐÑедпÑинимаÑели не лÑбÑÑ,
когда иÑ
ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ Ð±ÑÑокÑаÑией."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes, of course, it serves an important purpose. There are some areas "
+"where we wish the UK government did a more careful job in tying certain "
+"businesses up in bureaucracy, like when it involves moving animals around."
+"[<a href=\"#f4\">4</a>] But in some cases, when it doesn't serve any purpose "
+"except to create artificial monopolies so that somebody can interfere with "
+"software development, squeeze money out of developers and users, then we "
+"should reject it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонеÑно, иногда она вÑполнÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÑÑ
задаÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе ÑÑеÑÑ, в коÑоÑÑÑ
"
+"Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
оÑганов
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+"когда они ÑвÑзÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе
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+"ÑÑанÑпоÑÑиÑовке живоÑнÑÑ
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+"ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
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+"монополий Ñ Ñем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо мог меÑаÑÑ
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+"ÑазÑабоÑÑиков и полÑзоваÑелей
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ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
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+"оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We need to make management aware of what software patents will do to them. "
+"Get their support in <a href=\"http://swpat.ffii.org/index.en.html"
+"\">fighting against software patents in Europe</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðам нÑжно оÑведомлÑÑÑ ÑÑководиÑелей о
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+"пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
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+"en.html\"> боÑÑбе пÑоÑив паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ
в ÐвÑопе</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The battle is not over. It still can be won."
+msgstr "ÐиÑва еÑе не завеÑÑена. Ðе еÑе можно
вÑигÑаÑÑ."
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr "ÐÑимеÑаниÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"There are approximately 300-400 unique parts in an automatic transmission, "
+"and a transmission is generally the most complicated component of an auto. "
+"To design a transmission may take six months to a year, and even then it may "
+"take longer to actually get it built and functioning. However, a program "
+"with 500 to 600 functional parts would have 200 to 300 lines of actual code, "
+"and would probably take a good programmer a day to a week to write, test and "
+"debug."
+msgstr ""
+"РавÑомаÑиÑеÑкой коÑобке пеÑедаÑ
пÑиблизиÑелÑно ÑÑиÑÑа-ÑеÑÑÑеÑÑа ÑазнÑÑ
"
+"ÑаÑÑей, а коÑобка пеÑедаÑ, вообÑе говоÑÑ,
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+"авÑомобилÑ. Ðа ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ñобки пеÑедаÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑйÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑи меÑÑÑев до "
+"года, и даже Ñогда Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе
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+"оÑладиÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Рв пÑогÑамме из пÑÑиÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
ÑеÑÑиÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑлеменÑов "
+"бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑеÑ
ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑок
ÑобÑÑвенно ÑекÑÑа пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ "
+"Ñ
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пÑовеÑÐºÑ Ð¸ оÑÐ»Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑÑло бÑ, веÑоÑÑно, "
+"Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ недели."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"I say “software patents” but what do I really mean? The U.S. "
+"patent office doesn't officially divide patents into software patents and "
+"other patents. So, in fact, any patent might conceivably get you sued for "
+"writing software if it could apply to some software. Software patents are "
+"patents that might potentially apply to software, patents that might "
+"potentially get you sued for writing software."
+msgstr ""
+"Я назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
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+"в видÑ? ÐаÑенÑное бÑÑо СШРоÑиÑиалÑно не
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+"пÑоÑие. Так ÑÑо ÑакÑиÑеÑки на Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
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+"из-за лÑбого паÑенÑа, коÑоÑÑй можеÑ
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+"ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо паÑенÑÑ,
коÑоÑÑе поÑенÑиалÑно могÑÑ "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, паÑенÑÑ,
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+"могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑд за Ñо, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали
пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"On 6 July 2005, the European Parliament rejected the software patent "
+"directive by 648 out of 680 votes. However, we must not forget the issue of "
+"software patents, as those who were pressing for patenting are trying to "
+"revive the recently thrown-out directive. We also have to ensure that the "
+"European Patent Office (EPO) and the national offices in different EU "
+"countries stop conceding patents for software included in other kinds of "
+"inventions."
+msgstr ""
+"6 иÑÐ»Ñ 2005 года ÐвÑопейÑкий паÑламенÑ
оÑвеÑг диÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾ паÑенÑаÑ
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ 648 голоÑами из 680. Ðднако Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
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+"паÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñе, кÑо
наÑÑаивал на паÑенÑовании, пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ "
+"воÑкÑеÑиÑÑ Ð¾ÑбÑоÑеннÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾
диÑекÑивÑ. Ðам Ñакже ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ
о "
+"Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐвÑопейÑкое паÑенÑное бÑÑо и
наÑионалÑнÑе бÑÑо в ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
"
+"ÐвÑопейÑкого ÑоÑза пÑекÑаÑили вÑдаваÑÑ
паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑвлÑÑÑиеÑÑ "
+"ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгого Ñода изобÑеÑений."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "To make it harder for foot-and-mouth disease to spread."
+msgstr "ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑдеÑживаÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение
заÑазнÑÑ
болезней."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
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+"software-free-society/\"><cite>СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
Ñвободное обÑеÑÑво: "
+"избÑаннÑе оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда Ð.
СÑолмена</cite></a>"
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
+"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"//contact\">other "
+"ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a href=\"mailto:"
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ Ñондом."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
"
+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм
и каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ "
+"возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ "
+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. </p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
кооÑдинаÑии и "
+"пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
<a href=\"/server/standards/README."
+"translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве по
пеÑеводам”</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 2002 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2014 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\">лиÑензии Creative
"
+"Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ — Ðез
пÑоизводнÑÑ
"
+"пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ "
+"можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о "
+"найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
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+"\">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе пеÑеводов gnu.org</a>.</em>"
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
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