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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist gnu/po/thegn... |
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Date: |
Fri, 11 Oct 2013 08:10:42 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/10/11 08:10:42
Modified files:
gnu/po : thegnuproject.translist thegnuproject.uk.po
server : irc-rules.sq.html server.sq.html tasks.sq.html
server/standards: webmaster-quiz.sq.html
software : devel.ca.html devel.pl.html devel.sq.html
reliability.ca.html reliability.pl.html
software/po : devel.ca-diff.html
Added files:
gnu : thegnuproject.uk.html
gnu/po : thegnuproject.uk-en.html
server/po : irc-rules.sq-diff.html server.sq-diff.html
tasks.sq-diff.html
server/standards/po: webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html
software/po : devel.pl-diff.html devel.sq-diff.html
reliability.ca-diff.html
reliability.pl-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/irc-rules.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/server.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/tasks.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/server.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/webmaster-quiz.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/devel.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/devel.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/devel.sq.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/reliability.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/reliability.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.sq-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist 29 Apr 2013 18:59:02 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist 11 Oct 2013 08:10:30 -0000 1.13
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.sq.html">Shqip</a> [sq]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-tw.html">ç¹é«ä¸æ</a> [zh-tw]</span>
</p>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk.po 11 Oct 2013 07:12:30 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk.po 11 Oct 2013 08:10:32 -0000 1.2
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-10-11 10:03+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Ukrainian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: uk\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
-"Language: uk\n"
-"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<"
-"=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODINGLanguage: uk\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
+"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -34,8 +34,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
-"Stallman</strong></a>"
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
msgstr ""
"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Ð ÑÑаÑд
СÑолмен</strong></a>"
@@ -48,10 +47,10 @@
"from that book."
msgstr ""
"СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑблÑковано в ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ <em>ÐÑдкÑиÑÑ
виÑ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи</em>. Ð ÑÑаÑд "
-"СÑолмен <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">
нÑколи "
-"не бÑв пÑиÑ
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Ñдного кодє</a>, але вÑн "
-"пеÑедав ÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñоб ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ "
-"не бÑли вÑдÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑй ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ."
+"СÑолмен <a href=\"/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html\">
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+"бÑв пÑиÑ
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+"пеÑедав ÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñоб ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑли "
+"вÑдÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑй ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The first software-sharing community"
@@ -66,32 +65,30 @@
"old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we "
"did it more than most."
msgstr ""
-"Ðоли в 1971 ÑоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав пÑаÑÑваÑи в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного "
-"ÑнÑелекÑÑ <acronym title=\"Massachusetts Institute of "
-"Technology\">MIT</acronym>, Ñ ÑÑав ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ "
-"гÑомади обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами, Ñка ÑÑнÑвало
пÑоÑÑгом багаÑÑоÑ
"
+"Ðоли в 1971 ÑоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав пÑаÑÑваÑи в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ "
+"<acronym title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</acronym>, Ñ "
+"ÑÑав ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ñомади обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами,
Ñка ÑÑнÑвало пÑоÑÑгом багаÑÑоÑ
"
"ÑокÑв. ÐбмÑн пÑогÑамами не обмежÑвавÑÑ
наÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑоÑ; вÑн бÑв "
-"Ñак Ñамо ÑÑаÑий, Ñк комп'ÑÑеÑи, подÑбно до
Ñого, Ñк обмÑн ÑеÑепÑами, Ñак Ñамо "
-"ÑÑаÑий, Ñк кÑлÑнаÑÑÑ. Ðле ми займалиÑÑ Ñим
бÑлÑÑе, нÑж ÑнÑÑ."
+"Ñак Ñамо ÑÑаÑий, Ñк комп'ÑÑеÑи, подÑбно до
Ñого, Ñк обмÑн ÑеÑепÑами, Ñак "
+"Ñамо ÑÑаÑий, Ñк кÑлÑнаÑÑÑ. Ðле ми
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym "
-"title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
+"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym title="
+"\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
"Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and "
"written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title=\"Programmed "
"Data Processor\">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. "
"As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to "
"improve this system."
msgstr ""
-"ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð¨Ð (Ð´Ð°Ð»Ñ ÐШÐ) коÑиÑÑÑвалаÑÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ <"
-"acronym "
-"title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (ÐеÑÑмÑÑна
ÑиÑÑема "
-"подÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ), ÑÐºÑ "
-"ÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
акеÑи (1) лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑпÑоекÑÑвали
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали на Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð°ÑемблеÑа "
-"комп'ÑÑеÑа <abbr title=\"Programmed Data Processor\">PDP</abbr>-10
компанÑÑ "
-"Digital, одного з великиÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв ÑÑÑÑ
епоÑ
и. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑа Ñк Ñлена "
-"ÑпÑлÑноÑи, ÑÑаÑного Ñ
акеÑа ÐШÐ, полÑгала в
полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми."
+"ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð¨Ð (Ð´Ð°Ð»Ñ ÐШÐ) коÑиÑÑÑвалаÑÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ "
+"<acronym title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym>
(ÐеÑÑмÑÑна "
+"ÑиÑÑема подÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ), ÑÐºÑ ÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
акеÑи (1)
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑпÑоекÑÑвали Ñ "
+"напиÑали на Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð°ÑемблеÑа комп'ÑÑеÑа <abbr
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+"\">PDP</abbr>-10 компанÑÑ Digital, одного з великиÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв ÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ñ
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+"ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑа Ñк Ñлена ÑпÑлÑноÑи, ÑÑаÑного Ñ
акеÑа ÐШÐ, полÑгала в полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ "
+"ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -102,13 +99,13 @@
"could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change "
"it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program."
msgstr ""
-"Ðи не називали ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами “вÑлÑними
пÑогÑамами”, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
-"Ñо Ñакого ÑеÑмÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑнÑвало; але Ñаме
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-"ÑнÑого ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ компанÑÑ Ñ
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-"пÑогÑамоÑ, ми завжди з ÑадÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñли
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ÑоÑÑ "
-"коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð¼Ñй Ñа ÑÑкавоÑ
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-"поглÑнÑÑи на виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ, Ñоб його
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-"ÑозÑбÑаÑи на запÑаÑÑини Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ
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+"Ðи не називали ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами “вÑлÑними
пÑогÑамами”, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо "
+"Ñакого ÑеÑмÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑнÑвало; але Ñаме Ñим
вони Ñ Ð±Ñли. Ðоли лÑди з ÑнÑого "
+"ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ компанÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑли
пеÑенеÑÑи або ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, ми "
+"завжди з ÑадÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñли Ñм Ñе. ЯкÑо ви
баÑили, Ñо Ñ
ÑоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ "
+"незнайомÑй Ñа ÑÑÐºÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, ви
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+"виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ, Ñоб його можна бÑло
пÑоÑиÑаÑи, змÑниÑи або ÑозÑбÑаÑи на "
+"запÑаÑÑини Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -116,16 +113,16 @@
"is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to "
"recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who "
"loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination "
-"of the two. See my article, <a "
-"href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>On Hacking</a>."
+"of the two. See my article, <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-";
+"hacking.html\">On Hacking</a>."
msgstr ""
"(1) ÐÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñлова “Ñ
акеє Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ
“зломлÑÐ²Ð°Ñ "
"заÑ
иÑÑÑ” помилка, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
зобов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñобам маÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ "
"ÑнÑоÑмаÑÑÑ. Ðи, Ñ
акеÑи, вÑдмовлÑÑмоÑÑ
визнаваÑи Ñе знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¹ пÑодовжÑÑмо "
-"вживаÑи Ñе Ñлово в знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “Ñой, Ñ
Ñо
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Ñо "
-"оÑÑимÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñд гÑи дÑмки, або
комбÑнаÑÑÑ Ñ Ñого, Ñ "
-"ÑнÑого”. Ðив. Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a
href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/";
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акеÑÑÑво”</a>."
+"вживаÑи Ñе Ñлово в знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “Ñой, Ñ
Ñо
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Ñ Ñого, Ñ ÑнÑого”. Ðив. "
+"Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>
“"
+"ÐÑо Ñ
акеÑÑÑво”</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The collapse of the community"
@@ -139,12 +136,12 @@
"becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs "
"composing ITS were obsolete."
msgstr ""
-"СиÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑзко змÑнилоÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑкÑ
вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокÑв XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ, коли "
-"компанÑÑ Digital пÑипинила поÑÑаÑаннÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ PDP-10. ÐÑ "
-"аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑа, виÑонÑена Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑжна длÑ
ÑÑÑÑдеÑÑÑиÑ
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пÑоÑÑоÑи, ÑÐºÑ "
-"ÑÑавали доÑÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
. Це
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-"ÑÐºÑ Ñкладали ITS, заÑÑаÑÑли."
+"СиÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑзко змÑнилоÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑкÑ
вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокÑв XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ, "
+"коли компанÑÑ Digital пÑипинила поÑÑаÑаннÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ PDP-10. ÐÑ "
+"аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑа, виÑонÑена Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑжна длÑ
ÑÑÑÑдеÑÑÑиÑ
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+"ÑозÑиÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° мÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð°Ð´ÑеÑнÑ
пÑоÑÑоÑи, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑавали доÑÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ñ "
+"вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
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пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ñкладали ITS, "
+"заÑÑаÑÑли."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -158,11 +155,11 @@
msgstr ""
"ÐÑомада Ñ
акеÑÑв ÐШРвже ÑозвалилаÑÑ
незадовго до ÑÑого. У 1981 ÑоÑÑ "
"вÑддÑлилаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Symbolics, Ñка
пеÑеманила майже вÑÑÑ
Ñ
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-"знелÑднÑла гÑомада бÑла не в змозÑ
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи Ñебе (в ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¡ÑÑва "
-"ÐÐµÐ²Ñ “ХакеÑи” опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ, а
Ñакож дана ÑÑна каÑÑина "
-"ÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑлÑноÑи Ñ ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑ ÑозквÑÑÑ.) Ðоли в
1982 ÑоÑÑ ÐШРкÑпила Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ "
-"PDP-10, адмÑнÑÑÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑила
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ "
-"ÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Digital замÑÑÑÑ ITS."
+"знелÑднÑла гÑомада бÑла не в змозÑ
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи Ñебе (в ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¡ÑÑва ÐÐµÐ²Ñ "
+"“ХакеÑи” опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ, а Ñакож
дана ÑÑна каÑÑина ÑÑÑÑ "
+"ÑпÑлÑноÑи Ñ ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑ ÑозквÑÑÑ.) Ðоли в
1982 ÑоÑÑ ÐШРкÑпила Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ PDP-10, "
+"адмÑнÑÑÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑила коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ "
+"Digital замÑÑÑÑ ITS."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -170,25 +167,23 @@
"operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a "
"nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy."
msgstr ""
-"У ÑÑÑаÑниÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв ÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ñ
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,
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-"влаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, але жодна з ниÑ
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неÑозголоÑеннÑ, Ñоб оÑÑимаÑи Ñ
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ÑайлÑв."
+"У ÑÑÑаÑниÑ
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ÑайлÑв."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to "
"help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The rule made "
"by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you share with your "
-"neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to make "
-"them.”"
+"neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to make them."
+"”"
msgstr ""
"Це ознаÑало, Ñо пеÑÑим кÑоком Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑом бÑла обÑÑÑнка не "
"допомагаÑи ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ ÑÑÑÑдовÑ. СпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ
гÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñла забоÑонена. ÐÑавило, "
"вÑÑановлене влаÑниками невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, ÑÑвеÑджÑвало: “ЯкÑо ви "
"обмÑнÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð·Ñ ÑвоÑм ÑÑÑÑдом, Ñо ви
пÑÑаÑ. ЯкÑо вам поÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ "
-"бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ "
-"змÑни, пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи ÑÑ
”."
+"бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð¼Ñни, пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи ÑÑ
”."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -202,34 +197,33 @@
"publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only "
"one way to look at the issue."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑмка пÑо Ñе, Ñо ÑÑÑпÑлÑна ÑиÑÑема
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного "
-"забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑема, в ÑкÑй
кажÑÑÑ, Ñо вам не дозволено "
-"обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами або змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ
анÑиÑоÑÑалÑна, Ñо "
-"вона нееÑиÑна, Ñо вона пÑоÑÑо непÑавилÑна,
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
ÑиÑаÑÑв може "
-"ÑÑаÑи неÑподÑванкоÑ. Ðле Ñо Ñе ми могли б
ÑказаÑи пÑо ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ "
-"на ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñоз'ÑднÑÑ Ð»Ñдей Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв
ÑобиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð¾Ñадними? ЧиÑаÑÑ, "
-"Ñким ÑÑ Ð´Ñмка здаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑподÑваноÑ,
можливо, пÑийнÑли гÑомадÑÑÐºÑ "
-"ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñк Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ ÑÑдили пÑо
Ð½ÐµÑ "
-"Ñ ÑеÑмÑнаÑ
, запÑопонованиÑ
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑвами, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑними "
-"пÑогÑамами. ÐидавÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам довго Ñ
наполегливо пÑаÑÑвали над Ñим, Ñоб "
-"пеÑеконаÑи лÑдей, Ñо на Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð°
дивиÑиÑÑ ÑÑлÑки з однÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÑÑ."
+"ÐÑмка пÑо Ñе, Ñо ÑÑÑпÑлÑна ÑиÑÑема
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ "
+" ÑиÑÑема, в ÑкÑй кажÑÑÑ, Ñо вам не
дозволено обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами "
+"або змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ
анÑиÑоÑÑалÑна, Ñо
вона нееÑиÑна, Ñо вона пÑоÑÑо "
+"непÑавилÑна, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
ÑиÑаÑÑв може
ÑÑаÑи неÑподÑванкоÑ. Ðле Ñо Ñе ми могли "
+"б ÑказаÑи пÑо ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑомÑ,
Ñо Ñоз'ÑднÑÑ Ð»Ñдей Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв "
+"ÑобиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð¾Ñадними? ЧиÑаÑÑ, Ñким ÑÑ Ð´Ñмка
здаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑподÑваноÑ, можливо, "
+"пÑийнÑли гÑомадÑÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñк Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð½Ñ "
+"ÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ ÑÑдили пÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ ÑеÑмÑнаÑ
,
запÑопонованиÑ
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑвами, ÑÐºÑ "
+"займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами.
ÐидавÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам довго Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ "
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Ñо на Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° дивиÑиÑÑ "
+"ÑÑлÑки з однÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their "
-"“rights” or “stopping <a "
-"href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">piracy</a>”, what they "
-"actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is "
-"in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked "
-"to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them."
+"When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their “"
+"rights” or “stopping <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#Piracy\">piracy</a>”, what they actually <em>say</em> is "
+"secondary. The real message of these statements is in the unstated "
+"assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked to accept "
+"without examination. Let's therefore examine them."
msgstr ""
"Ðоли видавÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
“здÑйÑненнє ÑвоÑÑ
“ "
-"пÑав” або “пÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ <a
href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Pi"
-"racy\"> "
-"пÑÑаÑÑÑва</a>”, Ñе, Ñо вони <em>кажÑÑÑ</em> "
-"наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгоÑÑдним. СпÑавжнÑй змÑÑÑ
ÑиÑ
заÑв полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² "
-"невиÑловлениÑ
пÑипÑÑеннÑÑ
, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
вважаÑÑÑ Ñамо ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð·ÑозÑмÑлими Ñ "
-"ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑийнÑÑи без
пеÑевÑÑки. ÐÑже, давайÑе ÑÑ
пеÑевÑÑимо."
+"пÑав” або “пÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ <a
href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#Piracy\"> пÑÑаÑÑÑва</a>”, Ñе, Ñо вони
<em>кажÑÑÑ</em> наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñ "
+"дÑÑгоÑÑдним. СпÑавжнÑй змÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
заÑв
полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² невиÑловлениÑ
пÑипÑÑеннÑÑ
, "
+"ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вважаÑÑÑ Ñамо ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð·ÑозÑмÑлими
Ñ ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑийнÑÑи "
+"без пеÑевÑÑки. ÐÑже, давайÑе ÑÑ
пеÑевÑÑимо."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -240,13 +234,12 @@
"reject this view; copyright is not a natural right, but an artificial "
"government-imposed monopoly that limits the users' natural right to copy."
msgstr ""
-"Ðдне з пÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ
пÑогÑамниÑ
компанÑÑÑ
Ñ "
-"незапеÑеÑне пÑиÑодне пÑаво володÑÑи
пÑогÑамами Ñ Ñим Ñамим володÑÑи "
-"Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вÑÑма коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. (ЯкÑо б Ñе бÑло "
-"пÑиÑодним пÑавом, Ñо незалежно вÑд Ñого,
ÑкÑлÑки Ñкоди Ñе Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ñ "
-"ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ, ми не могли б запеÑеÑÑваÑи.)
ЦÑкаво, Ñо конÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ñа "
-"ÑÑидиÑна ÑÑадиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкидаÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑоÑкÑ
зоÑÑ; авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво не Ñ "
-"пÑиÑодним, Ñе ÑÑÑÑна монополÑÑ, введена
деÑжавоÑ, Ñка "
+"Ðдне з пÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ
пÑогÑамниÑ
компанÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð¿ÐµÑеÑне "
+"пÑиÑодне пÑаво володÑÑи пÑогÑамами Ñ Ñим
Ñамим володÑÑи Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вÑÑма "
+"коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. (ЯкÑо б Ñе бÑло
пÑиÑодним пÑавом, Ñо незалежно "
+"вÑд Ñого, ÑкÑлÑки Ñкоди Ñе завдаÑ
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ, ми не могли б запеÑеÑÑваÑи.) "
+"ЦÑкаво, Ñо конÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ñа ÑÑидиÑна
ÑÑадиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкидаÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð¾ÑÑ; "
+"авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво не Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑодним, Ñе ÑÑÑÑна
монополÑÑ, введена деÑжавоÑ, Ñка "
"обмежÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑодне пÑаво коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв
копÑÑваÑи."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -268,13 +261,13 @@
"seemed plausible, before the free software movement demonstrated that we can "
"make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it."
msgstr ""
-"ТÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
не бÑло би пÑогÑам, Ñкими "
-"можна бÑло б коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ (Ñи нÑколи не
з'ÑвилоÑÑ Ð± пÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ "
-"Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ Ñи ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑноÑ
задаÑÑ), ÑкÑо б ми не запÑопонÑвали "
-"компанÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑами. Це пÑипÑÑеннÑ, можливо, "
-"здавалоÑÑ Ð¿ÑавдоподÑбним до Ñого, Ñк ÑÑÑ
за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне "
-"забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав, Ñо ми
можемо зÑобиÑи безлÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑниÑ
"
-"пÑогÑам, не накладаÑÑи на ниÑ
ланÑÑгÑв."
+"ТÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
не бÑло би пÑогÑам, Ñкими можна "
+"бÑло б коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ (Ñи нÑколи не
з'ÑвилоÑÑ Ð± пÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ "
+"Ñи ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ), ÑкÑо б ми не
запÑопонÑвали компанÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ "
+"коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами. Це
пÑипÑÑеннÑ, можливо, здавалоÑÑ "
+"пÑавдоподÑбним до Ñого, Ñк ÑÑÑ
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пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ "
+"пÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав, Ñо ми можемо зÑобиÑи
безлÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, не накладаÑÑи "
+"на ниÑ
ланÑÑгÑв."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -285,22 +278,20 @@
"other people is the basis of society."
msgstr ""
"ЯкÑо ми вÑдÑ
илÑÑмо ÑÑ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑдимо
пÑо ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÐ°Ð»Ñ "
-"звиÑайного здоÑового ÒлÑздÑ, вÑддаÑÑи
пÑÑоÑиÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам, Ñо ми пÑиÑ
одимо "
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виÑновкÑв. ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ "
-"змÑнÑваÑи пÑогÑами пÑд ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑеби Ñ
обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо "
-"допомога ÑнÑим лÑдÑм ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¾ÑновÑ
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва."
+"звиÑайного здоÑового ÒлÑздÑ, вÑддаÑÑи
пÑÑоÑиÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам, Ñо ми "
+"пÑиÑ
одимо до зовÑÑм ÑнÑиÑ
виÑновкÑв.
ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑÑв Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи "
+"вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи пÑогÑами пÑд ÑвоÑ
поÑÑеби Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"Ñо допомога ÑнÑим лÑдÑм ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¾ÑновÑ
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning behind "
-"this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page, <a "
-"href=\"/philosophy/why-free.html\"> "
-"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
+"this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page, <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-free.html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
msgstr ""
"ТÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑнÑо мÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑин, Ñо пÑизводÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑого "
-"виÑновкÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ñ ÑиÑаÑа до
ÑÑоÑÑнки <a href=\"/philosophy/why-"
-"free.html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
+"виÑновкÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ñ ÑиÑаÑа до
ÑÑоÑÑнки <a href=\"/philosophy/why-free."
+"html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "A stark moral choice"
@@ -311,8 +302,8 @@
"With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible. Instead, I "
"faced a stark moral choice."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑкÑлÑки Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ñомада зникла, Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг
пÑодовжÑваÑи жиÑи, Ñк ÑанÑÑе. "
-"ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого пеÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑав ÑвеÑдий
моÑалÑний вибÑÑ."
+"ÐÑкÑлÑки Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ñомада зникла, Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг
пÑодовжÑваÑи жиÑи, Ñк ÑанÑÑе. ÐамÑÑÑÑ "
+"ÑÑого пеÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑав ÑвеÑдий
моÑалÑний вибÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -322,12 +313,11 @@
"nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other people to "
"betray their fellows too."
msgstr ""
-"ÐайлегÑе бÑло пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑвÑÑÑ
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного "
-"забезпеÑеннÑ, пÑдпиÑÑÑÑи договоÑи пÑо
неÑозголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑÑÑи не допомагаÑи "
-"ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ "
+"ÐайлегÑе бÑло пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑвÑÑÑ
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, "
+"пÑдпиÑÑÑÑи договоÑи пÑо неÑозголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
обÑÑÑÑÑи не допомагаÑи ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ "
"бÑаÑовÑ-Ñ
акеÑÑ. ШвидÑе за вÑе, Ñ Ñакож ÑÑав
би ÑозÑоблÑÑи пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ "
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збÑлÑÑÑÑÑи Ñаким Ñином ÑиÑк на "
-"ÑнÑиÑ
лÑдей, Ñоб вони Ñеж зÑадили ÑвоÑÑ
побÑаÑимÑв."
+"випÑÑкали б на ÑмоваÑ
неÑозголоÑеннÑ,
збÑлÑÑÑÑÑи Ñаким Ñином ÑиÑк на ÑнÑиÑ
"
+"лÑдей, Ñоб вони Ñеж зÑадили ÑвоÑÑ
побÑаÑимÑв."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -336,10 +326,10 @@
"building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the "
"world a worse place."
msgstr ""
-"Я мÑг би заÑоблÑÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³ÑоÑÑ, Ñ
можливо, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло б ÑÑкаво "
-"пиÑаÑи пÑогÑами. Ðле Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð², Ñо в кÑнÑÑ
ÑвоÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ñ'ÑÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° "
-"минÑÐ»Ñ Ñоки, в ÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð±ÑдÑвав ÑÑÑни, Ñоб
Ñоз'ÑднаÑи лÑдей, Ñ Ð²ÑдÑÑÑ, "
-"Ñо Ñ Ð¿ÑовÑв ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ, ÑоблÑÑи ÑвÑÑ
гÑÑÑим."
+"Я мÑг би заÑоблÑÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³ÑоÑÑ, Ñ
можливо, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло б ÑÑкаво пиÑаÑи "
+"пÑогÑами. Ðле Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð², Ñо в кÑнÑÑ ÑвоÑÑ
каÑ'ÑÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° минÑÐ»Ñ Ñоки, в "
+"ÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð±ÑдÑвав ÑÑÑни, Ñоб Ñоз'ÑднаÑи лÑдей,
Ñ Ð²ÑдÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð¿ÑовÑв ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ, "
+"ÑоблÑÑи ÑвÑÑ Ð³ÑÑÑим."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -353,12 +343,12 @@
msgstr ""
"Я вже вÑдÑÑв на ÑобÑ, Ñо бÑваÑ, ÑкÑо ÑнÑÑ
пÑдпиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¿Ñо "
"неÑозголоÑеннÑ, коли Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð²ÑдмовивÑÑ
даÑи Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ ÐШРвиÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ "
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(ÐÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑнкÑÑй "
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Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг ÑказаÑи ÑобÑ, Ñо "
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ÑоÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ðµ. Я дÑже "
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подÑлиÑиÑÑ Ð· нами; Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг вÑÑаÑи на його "
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ÑнÑиÑ
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(ÐÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑнкÑÑй Ñ ÑÑй "
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з Ñим пÑинÑеÑом пÑоÑÑо "
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ÑобÑ, Ñо договоÑи пÑо "
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дÑже ÑозлÑÑивÑÑ, коли вÑн "
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вÑÑаÑи на його мÑÑÑе Ñ ÑобиÑи Ñе,"
+" Ñ Ñодо вÑÑÑ
ÑнÑиÑ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -378,9 +368,9 @@
"asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could write, so as to "
"make a community possible once again?"
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑож, Ñ ÑÑкав ÑпоÑÑб, Ñким пÑогÑамÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñг
би ÑобиÑи ÑоÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑе. Я "
-"запиÑав Ñебе, Ñи не бÑло пÑогÑами або
пÑогÑам, ÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¼Ñг би напиÑаÑи з "
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Ñ Ð¼Ñг би напиÑаÑи з Ñим, Ñоб "
+"ÑпÑлÑноÑа Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑÑала можливоÑ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -394,12 +384,12 @@
msgstr ""
"ÐÑдповÑÐ´Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑÑна: Ñо бÑло поÑÑÑбно
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Ñого, Ñоб пÑиÑÑÑпиÑи до "
-"коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑом. ЯкÑо Ñ
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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msgid "Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):"
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "GNU software and the GNU system"
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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ÐÑлÑка пеÑеÑкод вноÑÑÑÑ "
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ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑÑ Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑаÑи ÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "The following four sections discuss these challenges."
@@ -1698,10 +1643,10 @@
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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@@ -1711,10 +1656,10 @@
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1725,13 +1670,12 @@
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1739,9 +1683,9 @@
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"support them.)"
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Nonfree libraries"
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"Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, "
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1796,10 +1737,10 @@
"substantial collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title=\"K "
"Desktop Environment\">KDE</acronym>."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑж 1996 Ñ 1998 Ñоками ÑнÑа невÑлÑна
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1811,22 +1752,21 @@
"millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea "
"that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux бÑли не в змозÑ
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msgid ""
"The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and "
"Harmony."
msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1862,19 +1802,18 @@
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msgstr ""
"У лиÑÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ñ 1998 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ ÑозÑобники Qt
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1883,10 +1822,10 @@
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
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#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
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#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
@@ -2323,5 +2246,3 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ðновлено:"
-
-
Index: server/irc-rules.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/irc-rules.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- server/irc-rules.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:30 -0000 1.22
+++ server/irc-rules.sq.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:32 -0000 1.23
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/po/irc-rules.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/server/po/irc-rules.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/server/po/irc-rules.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/server/irc-rules.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Rregulla dhe udhëzime për kanalet zyrtare IRC mbi GNU-në dhe
FSF-në</h2>
<p>IRC-ja (Internet Relay Chat) sjell një burim të mrekullueshëm për
lidhjen
@@ -165,7 +172,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:30 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/server.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/server.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- server/server.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:30 -0000 1.15
+++ server/server.sq.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:32 -0000 1.16
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/po/server.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/server/po/server.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/server/po/server.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/server/server.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/server/po/server.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Rreth Shërbyesve GNU</h2>
<p>Kemi <a href="/server/irc-rules.html">rregullat tona për kanale zyrtarë
IRC
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:30 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/tasks.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/tasks.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- server/tasks.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:33 -0000 1.26
+++ server/tasks.sq.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:32 -0000 1.27
@@ -10,6 +10,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/po/tasks.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/server/po/tasks.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/server/po/tasks.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/server/tasks.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Punë që duhen bërë për www.gnu.org</h2>
<p>
@@ -143,7 +150,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:33 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/standards/webmaster-quiz.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/standards/webmaster-quiz.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- server/standards/webmaster-quiz.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:36 -0000
1.20
+++ server/standards/webmaster-quiz.sq.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:35 -0000
1.21
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/server/standards/webmaster-quiz.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Provë për Vullnetar Webmaster</h2>
<p><strong>Dëshironi të përfshiheni me www.gnu.org?</strong> Në qofshi i
@@ -91,7 +98,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:36 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/devel.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/devel.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- software/devel.ca.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:37 -0000 1.26
+++ software/devel.ca.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:36 -0000 1.27
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/software/devel.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/software/po/devel.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Recursos de desenvolupament GNU</h2>
<p>Aquesta pà gina descriu els serveis de desenvolupament disponibles per als
@@ -266,7 +273,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:37 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/devel.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/devel.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- software/devel.pl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:37 -0000 1.24
+++ software/devel.pl.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:36 -0000 1.25
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.pl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.pl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/software/devel.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/software/po/devel.pl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Zasoby GNU dla deweloperów</h2>
<p>Ta strona opisuje usÅugi jakie dostÄpne sÄ
dla deweloperów
na maszynach
@@ -275,7 +282,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:37 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/devel.sq.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/devel.sq.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- software/devel.sq.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:37 -0000 1.13
+++ software/devel.sq.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:36 -0000 1.14
@@ -8,6 +8,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.sq.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.sq.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/po/devel.sq.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/software/devel.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/software/po/devel.sq-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.sq.html" -->
<h2>Burime GNU për Programim</h2>
<p>Kjo faqe përshkruan shërbimet e passhme për programim për zhvilluesa
GNU në
@@ -258,7 +265,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
U përditësua më:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:37 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/reliability.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/reliability.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- software/reliability.ca.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:37 -0000 1.22
+++ software/reliability.ca.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:37 -0000 1.23
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/reliability.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/po/reliability.ca.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/po/reliability.ca.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/software/reliability.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>El programari lliure és més fiable!</h2>
<p>Els partidaris del <a
@@ -143,7 +150,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:37 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/reliability.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/reliability.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- software/reliability.pl.html 28 Feb 2013 19:13:38 -0000 1.26
+++ software/reliability.pl.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:37 -0000 1.27
@@ -9,6 +9,13 @@
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/reliability.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/po/reliability.pl.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/po/reliability.pl.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/software/reliability.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2013-08-12" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Wolne oprogramowanie jest bardziej niezawodne!</h2>
<p>Apologeci <a
@@ -160,7 +167,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2013/02/28 19:13:38 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/po/devel.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/devel.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- software/po/devel.ca-diff.html 21 Jan 2013 19:27:58 -0000 1.1
+++ software/po/devel.ca-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:37 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,10 +11,12 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<title>GNU Development Resources - GNU Project - Free Software
-Foundation (FSF)</title>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>GNU Development Resources
+- GNU Project - Free Software
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<h2>GNU Development Resources</h2>
<p>This page describes the development services available for GNU
@@ -207,10 +209,9 @@
<p>Another useful option for pre-release testing is the <a
href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers">platform-testers
mailing list</a>. Time permitting, the people on this list build
-pre-releases on a wide variety of platforms upon request. <span
class="removed"><del><strong>(Additional
-volunteers for making the test builds</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>(Volunteers
-to handle testing requests</em></ins></span> are <span
class="removed"><del><strong>most welcome!)</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>needed! Just subscribe to the list and
-start participating.)</p></em></ins></span>
+pre-releases on a wide variety of platforms upon request. (Volunteers
+to handle testing requests are needed! Just subscribe to the list and
+start participating.)</p>
<p>In contrast to the Hydra tool described above, the platform-testers
list works essentially by hand, so each method has its advantages and
@@ -224,12 +225,13 @@
volunteers on the list.</p>
-<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
with the webmasters first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
- and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
<div id="footer">
@@ -237,24 +239,58 @@
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.<br />
-Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
-<a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
-
-<p>Please see the <a
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
of this article.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
<p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/01/21 19:27:58 $
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html
diff -N gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.uk.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:28 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1075 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" -->
+
+<title>ÐÑо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, ФСÐÐ,
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ, ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<h2>ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Ð ÑÑаÑд
СÑолмен</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑблÑковано в ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ <em>ÐÑдкÑиÑÑ
виÑ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи</em>. Ð ÑÑаÑд
+СÑолмен <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
нÑколи не
+бÑв пÑиÑ
илÑником “вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
кодє</a>, але вÑн
+пеÑедав ÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñоб ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑли
+вÑдÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑй ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>ÐеÑÑе гÑомада обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами</h3>
+<p>
+Ðоли в 1971 ÑоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав пÑаÑÑваÑи в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>, Ñ
ÑÑав
+ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ñомади обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами, Ñка
ÑÑнÑвало пÑоÑÑгом багаÑÑоÑ
+ÑокÑв. ÐбмÑн пÑогÑамами не обмежÑвавÑÑ
наÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑоÑ; вÑн бÑв
+Ñак Ñамо ÑÑаÑий, Ñк комп'ÑÑеÑи, подÑбно до
Ñого, Ñк обмÑн ÑеÑепÑами, Ñак
+Ñамо ÑÑаÑий, Ñк кÑлÑнаÑÑÑ. Ðле ми займалиÑÑ
Ñим бÑлÑÑе, нÑж ÑнÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð¨Ð (Ð´Ð°Ð»Ñ ÐШÐ) коÑиÑÑÑвалаÑÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñд назвоÑ
+<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym>
(ÐеÑÑмÑÑна
+ÑиÑÑема подÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ), ÑÐºÑ ÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
акеÑи (1)
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑпÑоекÑÑвали Ñ
+напиÑали на Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð°ÑемблеÑа комп'ÑÑеÑа <abbr
title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-10 компанÑÑ Digital, одного з
великиÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв ÑÑÑÑ
+епоÑ
и. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑа Ñк Ñлена ÑпÑлÑноÑи,
ÑÑаÑного Ñ
акеÑа ÐШÐ, полÑгала в
+полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми.</p>
+<p>
+Ðи не називали ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами “вÑлÑними
пÑогÑамами”, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо
+Ñакого ÑеÑмÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑнÑвало; але Ñаме Ñим
вони Ñ Ð±Ñли. Ðоли лÑди з ÑнÑого
+ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ компанÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑли
пеÑенеÑÑи або ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, ми
+завжди з ÑадÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñли Ñм Ñе. ЯкÑо ви
баÑили, Ñо Ñ
ÑоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+незнайомÑй Ñа ÑÑÐºÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, ви завжди
могли попÑоÑиÑи поглÑнÑÑи на
+виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ, Ñоб його можна бÑло
пÑоÑиÑаÑи, змÑниÑи або ÑозÑбÑаÑи на
+запÑаÑÑини Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами.</p>
+<p>
+(1) ÐÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñлова “Ñ
акеє Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ
“зломлÑваÑ
+заÑ
иÑÑÑ” помилка, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
зобов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñобам маÑовоÑ
+ÑнÑоÑмаÑÑÑ. Ðи, Ñ
акеÑи, вÑдмовлÑÑмоÑÑ
визнаваÑи Ñе знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¹ пÑодовжÑÑмо
+вживаÑи Ñе Ñлово в знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “Ñой, Ñ
Ñо
лÑбиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи, Ñ
Ñо оÑÑимÑÑ
+Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñд гÑи дÑмки, або комбÑнаÑÑÑ
Ñ Ñого, Ñ
+ÑнÑого”. Ðив. Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>
+“ÐÑо Ñ
акеÑÑÑво”</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÐ°Ð³Ð¸Ð±ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð³Ñомади</h3>
+<p>
+СиÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑзко змÑнилоÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑкÑ
вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокÑв XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ,
+коли компанÑÑ Digital пÑипинила поÑÑаÑаннÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ PDP-10. ÐÑ
+аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑа, виÑонÑена Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑжна длÑ
ÑÑÑÑдеÑÑÑиÑ
, не могла пÑиÑодним Ñином
+ÑозÑиÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° мÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð°Ð´ÑеÑнÑ
пÑоÑÑоÑи, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑавали доÑÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ñ
+вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
. Це ознаÑало, Ñо майже вÑÑ
пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ñкладали ITS,
+заÑÑаÑÑли.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑомада Ñ
акеÑÑв ÐШРвже ÑозвалилаÑÑ
незадовго до ÑÑого. У 1981 ÑоÑÑ
+вÑддÑлилаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Symbolics, Ñка пеÑеманила
майже вÑÑÑ
Ñ
акеÑÑв з ÐШÐ, Ñ
+знелÑднÑла гÑомада бÑла не в змозÑ
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи Ñебе (в ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð¡ÑÑва ÐевÑ
+“ХакеÑи” опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ, а Ñакож
дана ÑÑна каÑÑина ÑÑÑÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑи Ñ ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑ ÑозквÑÑÑ.) Ðоли в
1982 ÑоÑÑ ÐШРкÑпила Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ PDP-10,
+адмÑнÑÑÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑила коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ
+Digital замÑÑÑÑ ITS.</p>
+<p>
+У ÑÑÑаÑниÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑÑв ÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ñ
и, ÑакиÑ
,
Ñк VAX або 68020, бÑли ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑнÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, але жодна з ниÑ
не бÑла
вÑлÑноÑ: доводилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑдпиÑÑваÑи
+договÑÑ Ð¿Ñо неÑозголоÑеннÑ, Ñоб оÑÑимаÑи Ñ
оÑа б копÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваниÑ
ÑайлÑв.</p>
+<p>
+Це ознаÑало, Ñо пеÑÑим кÑоком Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑом бÑла обÑÑÑнка не
+допомагаÑи ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ ÑÑÑÑдовÑ. СпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ
гÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñла забоÑонена. ÐÑавило,
+вÑÑановлене влаÑниками невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам,
ÑÑвеÑджÑвало: “ЯкÑо ви
+обмÑнÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð·Ñ ÑвоÑм ÑÑÑÑдом, Ñо ви
пÑÑаÑ. ЯкÑо вам поÑÑÑбнÑ
+бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð¼Ñни, пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи ÑÑ
”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑмка пÑо Ñе, Ñо ÑÑÑпÑлÑна ÑиÑÑема
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑема, в ÑкÑй кажÑÑÑ,
Ñо вам не дозволено
+обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами або змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ
анÑиÑоÑÑалÑна, Ñо вона
+нееÑиÑна, Ñо вона пÑоÑÑо непÑавилÑна, длÑ
деÑкиÑ
ÑиÑаÑÑв може ÑÑаÑи
+неÑподÑванкоÑ. Ðле Ñо Ñе ми могли б ÑказаÑи
пÑо ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑомÑ,
+Ñо Ñоз'ÑднÑÑ Ð»Ñдей Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв ÑобиÑÑ
безпоÑадними? ЧиÑаÑÑ, Ñким ÑÑ Ð´Ñмка
+здаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑподÑваноÑ, можливо, пÑийнÑли
гÑомадÑÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñк Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑ
або ÑÑдили пÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ ÑеÑмÑнаÑ
,
+запÑопонованиÑ
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑвами, ÑкÑ
займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами. ÐидавÑÑ
+пÑогÑам довго Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ пÑаÑÑвали над
Ñим, Ñоб пеÑеконаÑи лÑдей, Ñо на
+Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° дивиÑиÑÑ ÑÑлÑки з однÑÑÑ
позиÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ðоли видавÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
“здÑйÑненнє ÑвоÑÑ
“
+пÑав” або “пÑÐ¸Ð¿Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy"> пÑÑаÑÑÑва</a>”,
Ñе, Ñо
+вони <em>кажÑÑÑ</em> наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑгоÑÑдним.
СпÑавжнÑй змÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
заÑв
+полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² невиÑловлениÑ
пÑипÑÑеннÑÑ
, ÑкÑ
вони вважаÑÑÑ Ñамо ÑобоÑ
+зÑозÑмÑлими Ñ ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво пÑоÑÑÑÑ
пÑийнÑÑи без пеÑевÑÑки. ÐÑже, давайÑе
+ÑÑ
пеÑевÑÑимо.</p>
+<p>
+Ðдне з пÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ
пÑогÑамниÑ
компанÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð¿ÐµÑеÑне
+пÑиÑодне пÑаво володÑÑи пÑогÑамами Ñ Ñим
Ñамим володÑÑи Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вÑÑма
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. (ЯкÑо б Ñе бÑло
пÑиÑодним пÑавом, Ñо незалежно
+вÑд Ñого, ÑкÑлÑки Ñкоди Ñе завдаÑ
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ, ми не могли б запеÑеÑÑваÑи.)
+ЦÑкаво, Ñо конÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ñа ÑÑидиÑна
ÑÑадиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкидаÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð¾ÑÑ;
+авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво не Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑодним, Ñе ÑÑÑÑна
монополÑÑ, введена деÑжавоÑ, Ñка
+обмежÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑодне пÑаво коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв
копÑÑваÑи.</p>
+<p>
+ÐнÑе невиÑловлене пÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð²
ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñдине, Ñо важливо в
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ — Ñе Ñе, ÑÐºÑ ÑобоÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð°
дозволÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ виконÑваÑи; Ñо
+наÑ, коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв комп'ÑÑеÑÑв, не повинно
ÑÑÑбÑваÑи, Ñкого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво
+нам дозволено маÑи.</p>
+<p>
+ТÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
не бÑло би пÑогÑам, Ñкими можна
+бÑло б коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ (Ñи нÑколи не
з'ÑвилоÑÑ Ð± пÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ
+Ñи ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ), ÑкÑо б ми не
запÑопонÑвали компанÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑами ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами. Це
пÑипÑÑеннÑ, можливо, здавалоÑÑ
+пÑавдоподÑбним до Ñого, Ñк ÑÑÑ
за вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ
+пÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав, Ñо ми можемо зÑобиÑи
безлÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, не накладаÑÑи
+на ниÑ
ланÑÑгÑв.</p>
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ми вÑдÑ
илÑÑмо ÑÑ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑдимо
пÑо ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑ
+звиÑайного здоÑового ÒлÑздÑ, вÑддаÑÑи
пÑÑоÑиÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам, Ñо ми
+пÑиÑ
одимо до зовÑÑм ÑнÑиÑ
виÑновкÑв.
ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑÑв Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи
+вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи пÑогÑами пÑд ÑвоÑ
поÑÑеби Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами, ÑомÑ
+Ñо допомога ÑнÑим лÑдÑм ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¾ÑновÑ
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва.</p>
+<p>
+ТÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑнÑо мÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑин, Ñо пÑизводÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑого
+виÑновкÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ñ ÑиÑаÑа до
ÑÑоÑÑнки <a
+href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>ТвеÑдий моÑалÑний вибÑÑ</h3>
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð³Ñомада зникла, Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг
пÑодовжÑваÑи жиÑи, Ñк ÑанÑÑе. ÐамÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑого пеÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑав ÑвеÑдий
моÑалÑний вибÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐайлегÑе бÑло пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑвÑÑÑ
невÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ,
+пÑдпиÑÑÑÑи договоÑи пÑо неÑозголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
обÑÑÑÑÑи не допомагаÑи ÑвоÑмÑ
+бÑаÑовÑ-Ñ
акеÑÑ. ШвидÑе за вÑе, Ñ Ñакож ÑÑав
би ÑозÑоблÑÑи пÑогÑами, ÑкÑ
+випÑÑкали б на ÑмоваÑ
неÑозголоÑеннÑ,
збÑлÑÑÑÑÑи Ñаким Ñином ÑиÑк на ÑнÑиÑ
+лÑдей, Ñоб вони Ñеж зÑадили ÑвоÑÑ
побÑаÑимÑв.</p>
+<p>
+Я мÑг би заÑоблÑÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³ÑоÑÑ, Ñ
можливо, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло б ÑÑкаво пиÑаÑи
+пÑогÑами. Ðле Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð², Ñо в кÑнÑÑ ÑвоÑÑ
каÑ'ÑÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° минÑÐ»Ñ Ñоки, в
+ÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð±ÑдÑвав ÑÑÑни, Ñоб Ñоз'ÑднаÑи лÑдей, Ñ
вÑдÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð¿ÑовÑв ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ,
+ÑоблÑÑи ÑвÑÑ Ð³ÑÑÑим.</p>
+<p>
+Я вже вÑдÑÑв на ÑобÑ, Ñо бÑваÑ, ÑкÑо ÑнÑÑ
пÑдпиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
+неÑозголоÑеннÑ, коли Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð²ÑдмовивÑÑ
даÑи Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ ÐШРвиÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ
+пÑогÑами ÑпÑавлÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñим пÑинÑеÑом.
(ÐÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑнкÑÑй Ñ ÑÑй
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñизводило до Ñого, Ñо ÑобоÑа
з Ñим пÑинÑеÑом пÑоÑÑо
+виводила з Ñебе.) Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг ÑказаÑи
ÑобÑ, Ñо договоÑи
+пÑо неÑозголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ — Ñе ÑоÑÑ
невинне. Я дÑже ÑозлÑÑивÑÑ,
+коли вÑн вÑдмовивÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑлиÑиÑÑ Ð· нами; Ñ Ð½Ðµ
мÑг вÑÑаÑи на його мÑÑÑе Ñ
+ÑобиÑи Ñе, Ñ Ñодо вÑÑÑ
ÑнÑиÑ
.</p>
+<p>
+ÐнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²ÑÑÑÑ, пÑоÑÑоÑ, але непÑиÑмноÑ,
бÑла б можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÑÑи галÑзÑ
+обÑиÑлÑвалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
нÑки. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð´ÑбноÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑÑли б на ÑкодÑ,
+але вони вÑе-Ñаки пÑопали даÑемно. Я не бÑв
би винен в Ñоз'ÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв комп'ÑÑеÑÑв, але
Ñим не Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе вÑдбÑвалоÑÑ Ð±.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑож, Ñ ÑÑкав ÑпоÑÑб, Ñким пÑогÑамÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñг
би ÑобиÑи ÑоÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑе. Я запиÑав
+Ñебе, Ñи не бÑло пÑогÑами або пÑогÑам, ÑÐºÑ Ñ
мÑг би напиÑаÑи з Ñим, Ñоб
+ÑпÑлÑноÑа Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑÑала можливоÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑдповÑÐ´Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑÑна: Ñо бÑло поÑÑÑбно
наÑампеÑед — Ñе опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема. Ð¦Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами жиÑÑÑво Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
Ñого, Ñоб пÑиÑÑÑпиÑи до
+коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑом. ЯкÑо Ñ
опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема, Ñо можна ÑобиÑи багаÑо;
+без Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° комп'ÑÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можна пÑаÑÑваÑи
взагалÑ. РвÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¾ б бÑÑи
ÑпÑлÑноÑа ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑÑÑиÑ
+Ñ
акеÑÑв — Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ могли б запÑоÑÑваÑи
бÑдÑ-кого пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+наÑ. Ркожний бÑв би в Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
комп'ÑÑеÑом, не поÑинаÑÑи з
+змови, Ñка позбавлÑÑ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ дÑÑзÑв.</p>
+<p>
+У мене Ñк Ñ ÑозÑобника опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
бÑли поÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑобоÑи
+навиÑки. Так Ñо, Ñ
оÑа Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ мÑг ÑвеÑдо
ÑозÑаÑ
овÑваÑи на ÑÑпÑÑ
, Ñ
+ÑÑвÑдомлÑвав, Ñо Ñама Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð±Ñала мене
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑави. Я виÑÑÑив зÑобиÑи
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑмÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð· Unix, з Ñим Ñоб вона бÑла
пеÑеноÑна Ñ Ñоб коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
+Unix могли легко пеÑейÑи на неÑ. Ðазва
“GNU” бÑло обÑано з
+Ñ
акеÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑадиÑÑÑ Ñк ÑекÑÑÑивне
ÑкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑази “GNU's Not
+Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+ÐпеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑлÑки ÑдÑо,
Ñкого ледве доÑÑаÑнÑо длÑ
+Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. У ÑÑмдеÑÑÑÑ Ñоки
XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ Ð² кожнÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñо заÑлÑговÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
назви, вÑ
одили ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ¸,
+аÑемблеÑи, компÑлÑÑоÑи, ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑи,
налагоджÑваÑÑ, ÑекÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑедакÑоÑи,
+поÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñа багаÑо ÑнÑого. Ðони
бÑли в ITS, вони бÑли в Multics,
+вони бÑли в VMS, вони бÑли Ñ Ð² Unix. Ðони бÑдÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð² опеÑаÑÑйнÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑзнÑÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑв ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ñлова, пÑипиÑÑванÑ
Ð¥ÑÐ»ÐµÐ»Ñ (1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ ЯкÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ за Ñебе, Ñ
Ñо бÑде за мене?<br />
+ ЯкÑо Ñ ÑÑлÑки за Ñебе, Ñ
Ñо Ñ Ñакий?<br />
+ ЯкÑо не заÑаз, Ñо коли?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+Ð ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑаÑи пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU бÑло заÑноване на
ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвленнÑ.</p>
+<p>
+(1) Як аÑеÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлÑдовником бÑдÑ-ÑкиÑ
ÑелÑгÑйниÑ
лÑдеÑÑв, але ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
+виÑвлÑÑ, Ñо заÑ
оплÑÑÑÑ Ñим, Ñо Ñказав Ñ
Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð· ниÑ
.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑлÑний вÑд Ñлова волÑ</h3>
+<p>
+ТеÑмÑн “вÑлÑна пÑогÑама” ÑнодÑ
ÑозÑмÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑÑно —
+вÑн не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкого вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ваÑÑоÑÑÑ.
ÐÑн вÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ волÑ. Таким
+Ñином, оÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑама вÑлÑна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, конкÑеÑного
коÑиÑÑÑваÑа, ÑкÑо:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Ðи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи пÑогÑамÑ, Ñк вам
завгодно, в бÑдÑ-ÑкиÑ
ÑÑлÑÑ
.</li>
+
+ <li>Ðи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñд ÑвоÑ
поÑÑеби. (Щоб ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²ÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла
+пÑакÑиÑно здÑйÑненна, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½ бÑÑи
доÑÑÑп до поÑаÑкового ÑекÑÑÑ,
+оÑкÑлÑки вноÑиÑи змÑни в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· виÑ
Ñдного ÑекÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñайно важко.)</li>
+
+ <li>Ðи вÑлÑно пеÑеÑозповÑÑджÑваÑи копÑÑ,
безкоÑÑовно або за гÑоÑÑ.</li>
+
+ <li>Ðи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑÑваÑи змÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑами Ñак, Ñоб ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво могло
+оÑÑимÑваÑи коÑиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд ваÑиÑ
полÑпÑенÑ.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки “вÑлÑний” вÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
волÑ, а не ваÑÑоÑÑÑ, мÑж
+пÑодажем копÑй Ñ Ð²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами
Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÑпеÑеÑноÑÑÑ. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñвобода
+пÑодаваÑи копÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑво важлива: збÑÑники
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, пÑодаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+компакÑ-диÑкаÑ
, Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи, Ñ ÑÑ
пÑодаж — важливий
+ÑпоÑÑб оÑÑимаÑи коÑÑи на ÑозвиÑок вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Таким Ñином, пÑогÑама,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди не можÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑи в ÑÑ Ð·Ð±ÑÑники,
не Ñ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеоднознаÑнÑÑÑÑ Ñлова “вÑлÑний”
пÑивела до довгиÑ
поÑÑкÑв
+алÑÑеÑнаÑив, але нÑÑ
Ñо не знайÑов кÑаÑого
ÑеÑмÑна. РанглÑйÑÑкÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑе
+ÑлÑв Ñ Ð½ÑанÑÑв, нÑж в бÑдÑ-ÑкÑй ÑнÑÑй, але в
нÑй не виÑÑаÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑого
+однознаÑного Ñлова, Ñке ознаÑаÑ
“вÑлÑний” вÑд Ñлова “
+волє найближÑе до ÑÑого
знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑ
одиÑÑ Ñлово
+“ÑозкÑÑий”. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑиви, Ñк
“ звÑлÑнений”,
+“волє (“пÑогÑами волє) Ñ
“вÑдкÑиÑий”,
+маÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ невÑÑне знаÑеннÑ, або ÑкийÑÑ
ÑнÑий недолÑк.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑогÑами GNU Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU</h3>
+<p>
+РозÑобка ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми - Ñе дÑже великий
пÑоекÑ. Щоб зÑобиÑи Ñе доÑÑжним, Ñ
+виÑÑÑив адапÑÑваÑи Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑовÑваÑи, де
ÑÑлÑки можливо, ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑини
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ð· Ñамого
поÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑив заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи TeX в
+ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑоÑмаÑÑваннÑ
ÑекÑÑÑ; ÑеÑез кÑлÑка ÑокÑв Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑив
+ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ X Window замÑÑÑÑ
Ñого, Ñоб пиÑаÑи Ñе Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑконнÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÑиÑ
Ñа ÑнÑиÑ
подÑбниÑ
Ñим
ÑÑÑеннÑм ÑиÑÑема GNU — Ñе
+не Ñе ж Ñаме, Ñо збÑÑка вÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам GNU.
СиÑÑема GNU вклÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, ÑкÑ
+не Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами GNU пÑогÑами, ÑкÑ
ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑнÑими лÑдÑми Ñ
+пÑоекÑами Ñ ÑÑ
влаÑниÑ
ÑÑлÑÑ
, але Ñкими ми
можемо ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони
+вÑлÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐоÑаÑок пÑоекÑÑ</h3>
+<p>
+У ÑÑÑÐ½Ñ 1984 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑлÑнивÑÑ Ð· MIT Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав
пиÑаÑи пÑогÑами GNU. ÐÑÑи
+з MIT бÑло необÑ
Ñдно, Ñоб ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ змÑг
пеÑеÑкодиÑи поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ GNU в
+ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Якби Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑивÑÑ Ð²
ÑÑаÑÑ, ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñг би заÑвиÑи,
+Ñо ÑобоÑа належиÑÑ Ð¹Ð¾Ð¼Ñ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²'ÑзаÑи ÑвоÑ
влаÑÐ½Ñ Ñмови поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ навÑÑÑ
+пеÑеÑвоÑиÑи ÑобоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Я не мав намÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ñи
+Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ ÑобоÑÑ ÑÑлÑки, Ñоб поÑÑм побаÑиÑи,
Ñк вона ÑÑане непоÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+Ñого, заÑади Ñого вона задÑмÑвалаÑÑ
ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ гÑомади
+обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑоÑе пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð£ÑнÑÑон, ÑодÑÑнÑй кеÑÑвник
ÐШÐ, лÑб'Ñзно запÑоÑив мене
+пÑодовжÑваÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑами
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐеÑÑÑ ÐºÑоки</h3>
+<p>
+ÐезабаÑом пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ÑганÑзаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU Ñ
поÑÑв пÑо ÐабÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного
+ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑоÑÑв вÑдомого
Ñакож Ñк VUCK. (ÐолландÑÑке Ñлово
+“вÑлÑний” пиÑеÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑез <em>v</em>.) Це
бÑв компÑлÑÑоÑ,
+ÑпÑоекÑований Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑобоÑи з багаÑÑма
мовами, вклÑÑаÑÑи Ð¡Ñ Ñ ÐаÑкалÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+пÑдÑÑимки багаÑÑоÑ
ÑÑлÑовиÑ
маÑин. Я
напиÑав його авÑоÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñав, Ñи не
+може GNU ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñим компÑлÑÑоÑом.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑн вÑдповÑв з наÑмÑÑкоÑ, заÑвивÑи, Ñо
ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑÐµÑ Ð²ÑлÑний, а
+компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ñ. Таким Ñином, Ñ
виÑÑÑив, Ñо моÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU ÑÑане багаÑомовний
багаÑоплаÑÑоÑмний компÑлÑÑоÑ.</p>
+<p>
+СподÑваÑÑиÑÑ ÑникнÑÑи необÑ
ÑдноÑÑÑ
пиÑаÑи веÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑамомÑ, Ñ Ð´ÑÑÑав
+виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑоÑа мови ÐаÑÑелÑ.
Це бÑв багаÑоплаÑÑоÑмний
+компÑлÑÑоÑ, ÑозÑоблений в ÐÑвеÑмоÑÑÑкÑй
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÐоÑÑенÑа. ÐÑн
+пÑдÑÑимÑвав ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
ÐаÑкалÑ, задÑÐ¼Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñк ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ
+пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð±Ñв напиÑаний на ÑÑй мовÑ.
Я додав ÑнÑеÑÑÐµÐ¹Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¡Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав
+пеÑеноÑиÑи його на комп'ÑÑÐµÑ Motorola 68000. Ðле
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¾ÑÑ ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÑÑи Ñе,
+коли Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñвив, Ñо компÑлÑÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно
багаÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ³Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð¹Ñ ÑÑекового пÑоÑÑоÑÑ, а
+доÑÑÑпна ÑиÑÑема Unix 68000 допÑÑкала ÑÑлÑки
64k.</p>
+<p>
+ÐоÑÑм Ñ ÑÑвÑдомив, Ñо компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐаÑÑелÑ
ÑÑнкÑÑонÑвав, пеÑеÑвоÑÑÑÑи веÑÑ
+вÑ
Ñдний Ñайл в ÑинÑакÑиÑне деÑево,
пеÑеводÑÑи вÑе деÑево в ланÑÑжок “
+ÑнÑÑÑÑкÑÑй”, а поÑÑм генеÑÑÑÑи веÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдний Ñайл, не звÑлÑнÑÑÑи
+пам'ÑÑÑ Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑапÑ. Ð Ñей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
пÑийÑов до виÑновкÑ, Ñо менÑ
+доведеÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи новий компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·
нÑлÑ. Ðовий компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ñдомий Ñк
+<acronym title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</acronym>; з
компÑлÑÑоÑа
+ÐаÑÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² нÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÑÑого не
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ, але Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ
адапÑÑваÑи Ñа
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи пÑепÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡Ñ, Ñкий Ñ
напиÑав. Ðле Ñе ÑÑалоÑÑ ÐºÑлÑка ÑокÑв
+поÑомÑ; ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав над GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+Я поÑав пÑаÑÑваÑи над GNU Emacs Ñ Ð²ÐµÑеÑнÑ
1984 ÑокÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑкÑ
+1985 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ можна бÑло поÑинаÑи
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ. Це дозволило менÑ
+поÑаÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑемами Unix длÑ
ÑедагÑваннÑ; оÑкÑлÑки вÑиÑиÑÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ vi або ed Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло не ÑÑкаво,
до ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿Ñоводив ÑедагÑваннÑ
+на ÑнÑиÑ
видаÑ
маÑин.</p>
+<p>
+У Ñей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей поÑало виникаÑи
Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ GNU Emacs, Ñо
+поÑÑавило пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñк його
поÑиÑÑваÑи. ÐвиÑайно, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÑÑÑив його на
+ÑеÑвеÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð½Ñмного ftp на комп'ÑÑеÑÑ MIT, Ñким
Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑвавÑÑ. (Цей
+комп'ÑÑеÑ, prep.ai.mit.edu, ÑÑав, Ñаким Ñином,
оÑновним ÑайÑом ftp длÑ
+поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ GNU; коли ÑеÑез кÑлÑка ÑокÑв його
ÑпиÑали, ми пеÑенеÑли Ñе Ñм'Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑвÑй новий ÑеÑÐ²ÐµÑ ftp. Ðле в Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
заÑÑкавлениÑ
лÑдей не бÑли в
+ÐнÑеÑнеÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли оÑÑимаÑи копÑÑ Ð· ftp.
ÐÑже, пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло в ÑомÑ, Ñо
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñм казаÑи?</p>
+<p>
+Я мÑг би ÑказаÑи: “ÐнайдÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, Ñ
Ñкого Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑежа Ñ Ñкий зÑобиÑÑ
+вам копÑÑ”. Ðбо Ñ Ð¼Ñг би ÑобиÑи Ñе, Ñо Ñ
Ñобив з поÑаÑковим Emacs длÑ
+PDP-10 ÑказаÑи Ñм: “ÐадÑÑлÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑÑÑÑÐºÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð·
+маÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ñа звоÑоÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð´ÑеÑоÑ, Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑлÑ
вам ÑÑ Ð· запиÑаним на нÑй
+Emacs”. Ðле Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ не бÑло ÑобоÑи, Ñ Ñ ÑÑкав
ÑпоÑоби заÑоблÑÑи на
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
. Так Ñо Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñив, Ñо
бÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑилаÑи ÑÑÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑÑм, комÑ
+вона поÑÑÑбна, за 150 долаÑÑв. Таким Ñином
Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпив до комеÑÑÑйного
+поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ñ ÑÑав
пÑедÑеÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ñй, ÑÐºÑ Ð² наÑÑ Ð´Ð½Ñ
+поÑиÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ коÑиÑÑÑваÑа пÑогÑама
вÑлÑна?</h3>
+<p>
+ЯкÑо пÑогÑама вÑлÑна, коли вона виÑ
одиÑÑ Ð·
ÑÑк авÑоÑа, Ñе не обов'Ñзково
+ознаÑаÑ, Ñо вона бÑде вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑкого,
Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ñ ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ. ÐапÑиклад, <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware">пÑогÑами
+в ÑÑÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð±Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ</a> (пÑогÑами, на
ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ поÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑÑке
+пÑаво) вÑлÑнÑ; але бÑдÑ-Ñ
Ñо може зÑобиÑи
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑÑкаÑÑÑ ÑакоÑ
+пÑогÑами. ÐодÑбним Ñином, багаÑо вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам знаÑ
одÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд дÑÑÑ
+авÑоÑÑÑкого пÑава, але вони поÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
пÑд пÑоÑÑими необмежÑвалÑними
+лÑÑензÑÑми, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑкаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
модиÑÑкаÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ð¥ÑеÑÑомаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑлÑÑÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми
Ñ ÑиÑÑема X Window. РозÑоблена
+в MIT Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑена Ñк Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
пÑд необмежÑвалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑÑ,
+вона незабаÑом бÑла оÑвоÑна ÑÑзними
комп'ÑÑеÑними компанÑÑми. Ðони додали X
+до ÑвоÑÑ
невÑлÑниÑ
ÑиÑÑем Unix, поÑÑавлÑÑÑи
ÑÑ ÑÑлÑки в двÑÐ¹ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð»ÑдÑ,
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑили на Ð½ÐµÑ Ñой Ñамий договÑÑ
пÑо неÑозголоÑеннÑ. Ð¦Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ X бÑли
+не бÑлÑÑе вÑлÑнÑ, нÑж Unix.</p>
+<p>
+РозÑобники ÑиÑÑеми X Window не вважали Ñе
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ — вони
+ÑÑого Ñекали, Ñ Ñе вÑдповÑдало ÑÑ
нÑм
намÑÑам. ÐÑ
меÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñла не волÑ, а
+ÑÑлÑки “ÑÑпÑÑ
”, Ñкий визнаÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ñк
“велике ÑиÑло
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв”. Ðм бÑло вÑе одно, Ñи Ñ Ñ
ÑиÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв волÑ; вони
+дбали ÑÑлÑки пÑо Ñе, Ñоб коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð±Ñли
ÑиÑленнÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Це пÑизвело до паÑадокÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ, за
ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ ÑпоÑоби пÑдÑаÑ
ÑнкÑ
+кÑлÑкоÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдповÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñи вÑлÑна пÑогÑама? Якби ви
+ÑÑдили на пÑдÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ, Ñо надаÑÑÑÑÑ
Ñмовами лÑÑензÑÑ MIT, Ñо ви б Ñказали,
+Ñо X вÑлÑна. Ðле ÑкÑо б ви мÑÑÑли волÑ
ÑеÑеднÑого коÑиÑÑÑваÑа X, вам
+довелоÑÑ Ð± ÑказаÑи, Ñо вона невÑлÑна.
ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв X пÑаÑÑвало з
+невÑлÑними веÑÑÑÑми, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавлÑлиÑÑ Ð·
ÑиÑÑемами Unix, а не з вÑлÑноÑ
+веÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐопÑлеÑÑ Ñа GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐ¾Ñ GNU бÑло даÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑам волÑ, а не
пÑоÑÑо бÑÑи попÑлÑÑноÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
+поÑÑÑбно бÑло заÑÑоÑÑваÑи Ñмови
ÑозповÑÑдженнÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ñгли б
пеÑеÑвоÑеннÑ
+пÑогÑам GNU Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами. ÐеÑод, Ñким
ми коÑиÑÑÑÑмоÑÑ, називаÑÑÑÑÑ
+“копÑлеÑÑом”.(1)</p>
+<p>
+ÐопÑлеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑÑким пÑавом,
але пеÑевеÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, Ñоб воно
+ÑлÑжило ÑÑлÑм, пÑоÑилежниÑ
Ñим, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑкиÑ
воно зазвиÑай викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ:
+замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñоб бÑÑи заÑобом обмеженнÑ
пÑогÑами, воно ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñобом
+збеÑÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи пÑогÑами.</p>
+<p>
+ЦенÑÑалÑна ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ,
Ñо ми даÑмо вÑÑм дозвÑл виконÑваÑи
+пÑогÑамÑ, копÑÑваÑи пÑогÑамÑ, змÑнÑваÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑÑваÑи змÑненÑ
+веÑÑÑÑ — але не додаваÑи дозвÑл ÑвоÑ
влаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ. Таким
+Ñином, жиÑÑÑво Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ñвободи, ÑкÑ
визнаÑаÑÑÑ “вÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑамє, гаÑанÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, Ñ
кого Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ; вони ÑÑаÑÑÑ
+невÑдÑÑжÑваними пÑавами.</p>
+<p>
+Щоби копÑлеÑÑ Ð±Ñв дÑÑвим, змÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
Ñеж Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи вÑлÑнÑ. Це
+гаÑанÑÑÑ, Ñо ÑобоÑа, заÑнована на наÑÑй,
ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи,
+ÑкÑо ÑÑ Ð¿ÑблÑкÑÑÑÑ. Ðоли пÑогÑамÑÑÑи, ÑкÑ
пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑÑÑами, безоплаÑно
+покÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами GNU, Ñаме копÑлеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
наймаÑам ÑказаÑи:
+“Ðам не можна обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ñими
змÑнами, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми збиÑаÑмоÑÑ
+ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, Ñоб зÑобиÑи ÑвоÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами”.</p>
+<p>
+Ðимога, Ñо змÑни Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи вÑлÑнÑ,
ÑÑÑоÑно, ÑкÑо ми Ñ
оÑемо гаÑанÑÑваÑи
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ коÑиÑÑÑваÑа пÑогÑами.
ÐомпанÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ñобили невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми X Window, зазвиÑай вноÑили змÑни,
Ñоб пеÑенеÑÑи ÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвоÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни бÑли
Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑвнÑно з найÑиÑÑим
+оÑ
опленнÑм ÑиÑÑеми X, але вони не бÑли
ÑÑивÑалÑнÑ. Якби внеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñн
+випÑавдовÑвало вÑÐ´Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам Ñ
ÑвободÑ, бÑдÑ-Ñ
Ñо легко б ÑкоÑиÑÑавÑÑ
+Ñим випÑавданнÑм.</p>
+<p>
+У зв'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ð· Ñим Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо
поÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами з невÑлÑними
+виÑ
Ñдними ÑекÑÑами. Таке поÑднаннÑ
неминÑÑе бÑло б невÑлÑним; ÑкÑо невÑлÑноÑ
+ÑаÑÑини бÑакÑÑ Ð±ÑдÑ-ÑкиÑ
Ñвобод, ÑиÑ
Ñвобод бÑакÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами в
+ÑÑломÑ. ÐопÑÑÑиÑи ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑполÑÑеннÑ
ознаÑало б вÑдкÑиÑи пÑолом, доÑÑаÑнÑй, Ñоб
+поÑопиÑи коÑабелÑ. ÐÑже, вимога пеÑекÑиÑи
ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð³Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÐºÑиÑиÑно длÑ
+копÑлеÑÑÑ: вÑе, Ñо додаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾
поÑднÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñд копÑлеÑÑом, маÑ
+бÑÑи Ñаким, Ñоб велика комбÑнована веÑÑÑÑ
Ñакож бÑла вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ñоб на неÑ
+поÑиÑÑвавÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑом.</p>
+<p>
+ÐонкÑеÑна ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
заÑÑоÑовÑÑмо в бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам
+GNU — Ñе загалÑна гÑомадÑÑка лÑÑензÑÑ
GNU, або ÑкоÑоÑено GNU
+GPL. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸ копÑлеÑÑÑ, Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²
оÑобливиÑ
обÑÑавинаÑ
. ÐоÑÑбники
+GNU Ñакож випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд копÑлеÑÑом
лÑвомÑ, але ми коÑиÑÑÑÑмоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
+пÑоÑÑÑÑим видом копÑлеÑÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо длÑ
поÑÑбникÑв не поÑÑÑбна ÑÑÑ ÑкладнÑÑÑÑ
+GNU GPL.(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1) У 1984 Ñи 1985 ÑоÑÑ Ðон ХопкÑÐ½Ñ (Ñнак з
багаÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑвоÑ) надÑÑлав
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑа. Ðа конвеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñн напиÑав кÑлÑка
кÑмедниÑ
виÑловÑв, зокÑема Ñаке:
+“ÐопÑлеÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñава
заÑевеÑÑованє. Я ÑкоÑиÑÑавÑÑ
+виÑазом “копÑлеÑÑ ” в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸
конÑепÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑеннÑ, над ÑкоÑ
+Ñ Ð² Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав.</p>
+
+<p>
+(2) ÐаÑаз Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ коÑиÑÑÑÑмоÑÑ
<a href="/licenses/fdl.html">
+ÐÑÑензÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ GNU </a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ</h3>
+
+<p>У мÑÑÑ Ð·ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑеÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Emacs зÑоÑÑав, пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU ÑÑали
+залÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑнÑÑ Ð»Ñди, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ виÑÑÑили, Ñо
поÑа Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑкаÑи Ñонди. ÐÑже, в
+1985 ÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑвоÑили <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Фонд вÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</a> (ФÐÐÐ),
благодÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑганÑзаÑÑÑ, Ñка
+коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñковими пÑлÑгами, длÑ
ÑозвиÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ. ФÐÐÐ Ñакож взÑв на Ñебе
дÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs на
+ÑÑÑÑÑкаÑ
; згодом вона доповнилаÑÑ
додаваннÑм на ÑÑÑÑÑÐºÑ ÑнÑиÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам (Ñк GNU, Ñак Ñ Ð½Ðµ GNU), а Ñакож пÑодажем
вÑлÑниÑ
поÑÑбникÑв.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑ ÑаÑи доÑ
Ñд ФÐÐÐ ÑкладавÑÑ
здебÑлÑÑого з пÑибÑÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñд пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ñй
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ñа ÑнÑиÑ
пов'ÑзаниÑ
з Ñим
поÑлÑг (компакÑ-диÑкÑв з виÑ
Ñдним
+ÑекÑÑом, компакÑ-диÑкÑв з двÑйковими
Ñайлами, ÑÑдово ÑоздÑÑкованиÑ
+поÑÑбникÑв — вÑе Ñе Ð·Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ñ
змÑнÑваÑи поÑиÑÑваÑи далÑ) Ñ
+диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв «Ð»Ñкѻ (диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв,
в ÑкиÑ
ми ÑÑанÑлÑвали
+повний збÑÑник пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаноÑ
клÑÑнÑом плаÑÑоÑми). СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¤ÐÐÐ Ñк Ñ
+ÑанÑÑе <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";>пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбники
Ñа ÑнÑий ÑоваÑ</a>,
+але оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑв вÑн оÑÑимÑÑ Ð·
ÑленÑÑкиÑ
внеÑкÑв. Ðи можеÑе
+пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ФÐÐРна <a
href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>СпÑвÑобÑÑники Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали Ñ
+пÑдÑÑимÑвали деÑÐºÑ ÐºÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑÑв
пÑогÑам GNU. ÐÐ²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð±ÑлÑÑ Ð¿ÑимÑÑÐ½Ñ -
+бÑблÑоÑека Ð¡Ñ Ñа командний ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ.
ÐÑблÑоÑека GNU Ð¡Ñ - Ñе Ñе, Ñо
+кожна пÑогÑама, Ñка пÑаÑÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux,
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð²'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ð·
+Linux. Ðона бÑла ÑозÑоблена ÑÑаÑним
ÑпÑвÑобÑÑником Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¾Ð¼
Ðак-ÒÑеÑом. Ðомандний ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ, Ñкий
+заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑем GNU/ Linux -
Ñе <acronym title="Bourne
+Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, ÐÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ° ÐаÑÑна (1),
ÑозÑоблений
+ÑпÑвÑобÑÑником ФÐÐÐ ÐÑайÑном ФокÑом.</p>
+
+<p>Ðи ÑÑнанÑÑвали ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÑ ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо меÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU бÑли не
+ÑÑлÑки коÑÑи або ÑеÑедовиÑе ÑозÑобки.
ÐаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñла повна опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема, а ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами бÑли поÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
доÑÑÐ³Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑи.</p>
+
+<p>(1) “ÐÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½ÐºÐ° ÐаÑÑна”
гÑа ÑлÑв, побÑдована на
+Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ “Ðболонка ÐаÑÑна” — Ñак
називали звиÑайний
+командний ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Unix.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑдÑÑимка вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам</h3>
+
+<p>ФÑлоÑоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÐ´ÐºÐ¸Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ ÑиÑоко
поÑиÑенÑ
+дÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑикÑ, але вона не пÑоÑи
пÑдпÑиÑмниÑÑва. Ðоли пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑва
+поважаÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, ми
бажаÑмо Ñм ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑодаж копÑй Emacs ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ з
ÑÑзновидÑв пÑдпÑиÑмниÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ,
+заÑнований на вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
. Ðоли ФÐÐÐ
взÑв ÑÑ ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñебе, менÑ
+знадобивÑÑ ÑнÑий ÑпоÑÑб заÑоблÑÑи на
жиÑÑÑ. Я знайÑов Ñакий ÑпоÑÑб пÑодажÑ
+поÑлÑг, пов'ÑзаниÑ
з вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами,
ÑÐºÑ Ñ ÑозÑобив. СÑди вÑ
одило
+навÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑакиÑ
пÑедмеÑÑв, Ñк
пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ GNU Emacs, налаÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ GCC Ñ
+ÑозÑобка пÑогÑам (здебÑлÑÑого —
пеÑенеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ GCC на новÑ
+плаÑÑоÑми).</p>
+
+<p>СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½ з ÑиÑ
видÑв дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ
пÑакÑикÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑким ÑиÑлом
+коÑпоÑаÑÑй. ÐÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð±ÑÑники
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам на компакÑ-диÑкаÑ
; ÑнÑÑ
+пÑодаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлÑги з пÑдÑÑимки ÑÑзного
ÑÑвнÑ, поÑинаÑÑи вÑд вÑдповÑдей на
+запиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ñа випÑавленнÑ
помилок Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÑнÑÑÑÑи додаваннÑм новиÑ
+ÑеÑйозниÑ
ÑÑнкÑÑй. Ðи навÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑинаÑмо
зÑÑÑÑÑÑаÑи компанÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑ
+вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами Ñ Ð·Ð¾ÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
випÑÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамниÑ
+пÑодÑкÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднак бÑдÑÑе ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÑке ÑиÑло
компанÑй, ÑÐºÑ Ð°ÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñебе з
+ÑеÑмÑном “вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код”,
наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑновÑÑÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑва на невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
, ÑкÑ
пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами. ЦÑ
+компанÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑми з ÑозÑобки
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам — вони
+займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, Ñа
пÑодÑкÑи ÑÑ
заманÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв геÑÑ
+вÑд Ñвободи. Ðони називаÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами
“пакеÑами додаÑковоÑ
+ÑÑнноÑÑÑ”. Це показÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑнноÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
Ñ
оÑÑли б змÑÑиÑи наÑ
+заÑвоÑÑи: пÑÑоÑиÑÐµÑ Ð·ÑÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
ÑвободоÑ. ЯкÑо ми ÑÑнÑÑмо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑе,
+ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑи “пакеÑами
з деÑÑÑиÑом Ñвободи”.</p>
+
+<h3>ТеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑÑлÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑновна меÑа GNU - бÑÑи вÑлÑним пÑогÑамним
забезпеÑеннÑм. ÐавÑÑÑ ÑкÑо б Ñ
+GNU не бÑло ÑеÑ
нÑÑниÑ
пеÑеваг пеÑед Unix, Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
бÑла б ÑоÑÑалÑна пеÑевага -
+дозвÑл коÑиÑÑÑваÑам ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи, Ñ
еÑиÑна пеÑевага - повага Ñвободи
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðле бÑло пÑиÑодно заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи в ÑобоÑÑ
вÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑи Ñ
оÑоÑоÑ
+пÑакÑики напÑиклад, динамÑÑне
ÑозмÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
, Ñоб
+ÑникнÑÑи довÑлÑниÑ
ÑÑкÑованиÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑозмÑÑ, або обÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÑ Ð²ÑÑÑ
можливиÑ
+8-ÑозÑÑдниÑ
кодÑв ÑкÑÑзÑ, де Ñе Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑенÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа додаÑок, ми вÑдмовилиÑÑ Ð²Ñд влаÑÑивоÑ
Unix опÑимÑзаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
+невеликÑÑозмÑÑи пам'ÑÑÑ, виÑÑÑивÑи не
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи 16-ÑозÑÑÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини (бÑло
+ÑÑно, Ñо 32-ÑозÑÑÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини бÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾
Ñого ÑаÑÑ, поки ÑиÑÑема GNU
+бÑдезавеÑÑена), Ñ Ð½Ðµ намагаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼'ÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо ÑÑлÑки воно
+непеÑевиÑÑвало мегабайÑа. У пÑогÑамаÑ
, длÑ
ÑкиÑ
обÑобка дÑже великиÑ
ÑайлÑв
+не бÑла жиÑÑÑво важлива, ми ÑекомендÑвали
пÑогÑамÑÑÑам ÑиÑаÑи веÑÑвÑ
Ñдний
+Ñайл в пам'ÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм ÑканÑваÑи його
вмÑÑÑ, не ÑÑÑбÑÑÑиÑÑ
+пÑовведеннÑ-виведеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐавдÑки Ñим ÑÑÑеннÑм багаÑо пÑогÑам GNU
змогли пеÑевеÑÑиÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð·
+Unix по надÑйноÑÑÑ Ñ ÑвидкоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐодаÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи</h3>
+
+<p>Ðо мÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñк ÑепÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU
зÑоÑÑала, лÑди ÑÑали пÑопонÑваÑи в
+Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñини пÑд ÑпÑавлÑннÑм Unix.
Ðони бÑли дÑже коÑиÑнÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо
+найпÑоÑÑÑÑий ÑпоÑобом ÑозÑобки
компоненÑÑв GNU полÑгав Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑого в
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи компоненÑи ÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми один за ÑнÑим. Ðле Ñ
+зв'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ð· Ñим виникла еÑиÑна пÑоблема: Ñи
вÑÑним Ñ Ñе, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð±Ñла
+копÑÑ Unix.</p>
+
+<p>Unix бÑла (Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ) невÑлÑноÑ, а
згÑдно ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU нам не
+ÑлÑд коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами.
Ðле заÑÑоÑÑвавÑи Ñой же Ñ
Ñд
+мÑÑкÑванÑ, Ñкий пÑиводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ виÑновкÑ, Ñо
наÑилÑÑÑво з меÑÐ¾Ñ ÑамозаÑ
иÑÑÑ
+випÑавдане, Ñ Ð·Ñобив виÑновок, Ñо
заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑного пакеÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ðµ,
+коли Ñе кÑиÑиÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑозÑобки вÑлÑноÑ
замÑни, Ñка допомогла б ÑнÑим
+пÑипиниÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ñим невÑлÑним
пакеÑом.</p>
+
+<p>Ðле Ñ
оÑа Ñе бÑло випÑавдане зло, вÑе-Ñаки
Ñе бÑло зло. СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑбÑлÑÑе
+Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкиÑ
копÑй Unix, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми замÑнили
ÑÑ
на вÑлÑнÑопеÑаÑÑйнÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми. ЯкÑо ми не могли замÑниÑи
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñинина вÑлÑнÑ, ми
+замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого замÑнÑвали маÑинÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>СпиÑок Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ GNU</h3>
+
+<p>У мÑÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÑйÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU Ñ Ð·Ð±ÑлÑÑеннÑ
ÑиÑла знайдениÑ
або ÑозÑоблениÑ
+ÑиÑÑемниÑ
компоненÑÑв в ÑкийÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑало коÑиÑно ÑклаÑÑи ÑпиÑок
+неÑÑÑнениÑ
пÑогалин. Ðи коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ ÑозÑобникÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð±
+пиÑали вÑдÑÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑаÑÑини. Цей ÑпиÑок ÑÑав
вÑдомий Ñк “СпиÑок завданÑ
+GNU”. Ðа додаÑок до вÑдÑÑÑнÑÑ
компоненÑÑв
Unix ми заноÑили ÑÑди ÑÑзнÑ
+ÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑи з напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам Ñ
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ, ÑкÑ, Ñк ми дÑмали,
+зобов'Ñзана ÑÑÑимÑваÑи по-ÑпÑавжнÑомÑ
повна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+
+<p>СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ (1) Ñ “СпиÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ GNU”
навÑÑд Ñи залиÑилиÑÑ
+ÑкÑ-небÑÐ´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñи Unix вÑÑ ÑÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли виконанÑ, кÑÑм
+кÑлÑкоÑ
неÑÑÑоÑниÑ
. Ðле ÑпиÑок мÑÑÑиÑÑ
багаÑо пÑоекÑÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ñг би
+назваÑи “пÑогÑамами (заÑÑоÑÑнками)”.
ÐÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑ,
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑе, нÑж Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑзÑкого клаÑÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, бÑло б коÑиÑно
+додаÑи до опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми.</p>
+
+<p>У ÑпиÑок Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ
гÑи — Ñ Ñак бÑло з Ñамого
+поÑаÑкÑ.Ð Unix вÑ
одили ÑгÑи, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ GNU вони,
пÑиÑодно, Ñеж повиннÑ
+вÑ
одиÑи. ÐÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ³Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема ÑÑмÑÑноÑÑÑ
не ÑÑоÑла, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не повÑоÑÑвали
+ÑпиÑокÑгоÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð±Ñли в Unix. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого ми
запиÑали ÑÑлий ÑпекÑÑ ÑÑзного
+ÑодÑÑгоÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ б ÑподобаÑиÑÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам.</p>
+
+<p>(1) Це бÑло напиÑано в 1998 ÑоÑÑ. Ðз 2009 ÑокÑ
ми бÑлÑÑе не пÑдÑÑимÑÑмо
+довгий ÑпиÑок завданÑ. СпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑво
ÑозÑоблÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñак Ñвидко,
+Ñо ми не можемо навÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдÑлÑдковÑваÑи ÑÑ
ÑÑÑ. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÑпиÑок
+виÑокопÑÑоÑиÑеÑниÑ
пÑоекÑÑв - набагаÑо
коÑоÑÑий ÑпиÑок пÑоекÑÑв, до
+здÑйÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑкиÑ
ми Ñ
оÑемо заоÑ
оÑиÑи лÑдей
пеÑÑ Ð·Ð° вÑе.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑблÑоÑеÑна GNU GPL</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑблÑоÑека GNU Ð¡Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑÑ Ð¾Ñобливий
ÑÑзновид копÑлеÑÑÑ, Ñкий
+називаÑÑÑÑÑ ÐÑблÑоÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑандаÑÑноÑ
гÑомадÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑÑ GNU (1), Ñка
+Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ñл компонÑваÑи з ÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑблÑоÑекоÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами. ÐавÑÑо бÑв
+зÑоблений винÑÑок?</p>
+
+<p>Це не бÑло ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипÑ; немаÑ
пÑинÑипÑ, за ким невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамнÑ
+пÑодÑкÑи маÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво вклÑÑаÑи в Ñебе наÑÑ
пÑогÑами. (ÐавÑÑо вноÑиÑи внеÑок Ñ
+пÑоекÑ, в оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñкого лежиÑÑ Ð²Ñдмова
дÑлиÑиÑÑ Ð· нами ÑезÑлÑÑаÑами?)
+ÐаÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ LGPL Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑеки Ð¡Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ длÑ
бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑеки - Ñе
+пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑблÑоÑека Ð¡Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ;
бÑдÑ-Ñка невÑлÑна ÑиÑÑема або
+компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· бÑблÑоÑекоÑ
СÑ. ÐÑже, ÑкÑо б ми зÑобили ÑвоÑ
+бÑблÑоÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¡Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑлÑки Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñо Ñе не надало б
+вÑлÑним пÑогÑамами нÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеваги —
Ñе ÑÑлÑки ÑÑвоÑило б ÑÑимÑл
+не коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑекоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми Ñе не вÑÑно: в ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU (Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑÐ»Ñ GNU/Linux)
+бÑблÑоÑека GNU Ð¡Ñ Ñдина бÑблÑоÑека
СÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñмови поÑиÑеннÑ
+бÑблÑоÑеки GNU Ð¡Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑÑ, Ñи можна
ÑкомпÑлÑваÑи невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU. ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÐµÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑини, по ÑкÑй
ÑлÑд дозволÑÑи невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
+в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, але Ð·Ñ ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑки
зоÑÑ Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñо ÑÑ
забоÑона
+ÑилÑнÑÑе вÑдвеÑÑала б лÑдей вÑд
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU, нÑж заоÑ
оÑÑвала б
+ÑозÑоблÑÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами. ÐÑÑ ÑомÑ
заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐÑблÑоÑеÑноÑ
+GPL гаÑне ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑне ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
бÑблÑоÑеки СÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
бÑблÑоÑек ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑне ÑÑÑеннÑ
поÑÑÑбно пÑиймаÑи окÑемо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+випадкÑ. Ðоли бÑблÑоÑека виÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑпеÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ, Ñка може допомогÑи в
+напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам певниÑ
видÑв, Ñо ÑкÑо
випÑÑÑиÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ñд GPL, обмежÑÑÑи лиÑе
+вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, Ñе бÑде одним Ñз
ÑпоÑобÑв допомогÑи ÑозÑобникам ÑнÑиÑ
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, надаÑÑи Ñм пеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑед
невÑлÑним пÑогÑамним
+забезпеÑеннÑм.</p>
+
+<p>РозглÑнемо GNU Readline, бÑблÑоÑекÑ,
ÑозÑобленÑ, Ñоб ÑеалÑзÑваÑи ÑедагÑваннÑ
+командного ÑÑдка Ð´Ð»Ñ BASH. Readline випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ
пÑд звиÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ GNU GPL, а не
+ÐÑблÑоÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ GPL. Це, можливо, Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑжÑÑ
заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Readline, але Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+Ñе не вÑÑаÑа. У Ñой же ÑÐ°Ñ ÑонайменÑе один
коÑиÑний додаÑок зÑобили вÑлÑноÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ñаме Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб вÑн мÑг
викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Readline, а Ñе ÑеалÑний
+вигÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи.</p>
+
+<p>У ÑозÑобникÑв невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ñ
пеÑеваги, Ñо надаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð³ÑоÑима;
+ÑозÑобникам вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам поÑÑÑбно
ÑÑвоÑÑваÑи пеÑеваги один Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. Я
+ÑподÑваÑÑÑ, Ñо наÑÑане денÑ, коли Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
бÑде великий збÑÑник бÑблÑоÑек пÑд
+GPL, Ñ ÑкиÑ
Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ñв, доÑÑÑпниÑ
длÑ
невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Цей збÑÑник
+бÑде надаваÑи коÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ Ñк
бÑдÑвелÑниÑ
блокÑв Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам, доповнÑваÑимеÑÑÑÑ Ñа з ÑаÑом
ÑÑане ÑеÑйозним важелем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑÑого
+ÑозвиÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам.</p>
+
+<p>(1) Ð¦Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñаз називаÑÑÑÑÑ ÐенÑоÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð³ÑомадÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑÑ
+GNU, Ñоб не наводиÑи на дÑмкÑ, нÑби вÑÑ
бÑблÑоÑеки зобов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
+неÑ. ÐодÑобиÑÑ Ð´Ð¸Ð². Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">“Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ не ÑлÑд
заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи
+ÐенÑÑ GPL Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑпноÑ
бÑблÑоÑеки”</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>ТвоÑÑа неÑеÑплÑÑка?</h3>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑк Реймонд каже, Ñо “бÑдÑ-Ñка Ñ
оÑоÑа
ÑобоÑа з пÑогÑамÑваннÑ
+поÑинаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑобиÑÑоÑ
ÑвоÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑплÑÑки
+ÑозÑобника”. Ðоже бÑÑи, ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñак Ñ
вÑдбÑваÑÑÑÑÑ, але багаÑо важливиÑ
+пÑогÑам GNU бÑли ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
оÑÑимаÑи Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйнÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑ
поÑодило ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑне
планÑваннÑ, а не ÑмпÑлÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐапÑиклад, ми ÑозÑобили бÑблÑоÑеки GNU СÑ,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Unix
+поÑÑÑбна бÑблÑоÑека СÑ, BASH ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо в
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Unix
+поÑÑÑбен командний ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ, GNU
tar ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑипÑ
+Unix поÑÑÑбна пÑогÑама tar. Те ж Ñаме вÑÑно Ñ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ
влаÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам — компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ GNU СÑ, GNU Emacs Ñ GNU
Make. </p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами GNU ÑозÑобленÑ, Ñоб боÑоÑиÑÑ
з конкÑеÑними загÑозами наÑÑй
+волÑ. ÐокÑема, ми ÑозÑобили gzip, Ñоб
замÑниÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Compress, Ñка бÑла
+вÑÑаÑена Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва ÑеÑез паÑенÑи на
<abbr>LZW</abbr>. Ðи знайÑли лÑдей
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑозÑобки Lesstif, а пÑзнÑÑе оÑганÑзÑвали
<acronym title="GNU Network
+Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym> Ñ Harmony, Ñоб
виÑÑÑÑваÑи
+пÑоблеми, Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ невÑлÑними
бÑблÑоÑеками (див. нижÑе). Ðи
+ÑозÑоблÑÑмо GNU Privacy Guard, Ñоб замÑниÑи
попÑлÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑ
+ÑиÑÑÑваннÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ðµ повиннÑ
вибиÑаÑи мÑж конÑÑденÑÑйнÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+ÑвободоÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐвиÑайно, Ñ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¸Ñали ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами,
з'ÑвлÑвÑÑ ÑнÑеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑÑÑ ÑобоÑи,
+Ñ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñди додали до ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам багаÑо
можливоÑÑей Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
+влаÑниÑ
поÑÑеб Ñа ÑнÑеÑеÑÑв. Ðле Ñе не
пÑиÑина ÑÑнÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐеÑподÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑозÑобки</h3>
+<p>
+Ðа поÑаÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU Ñ ÑÑвлÑв ÑобÑ, Ñо ми
ÑозÑобимо вÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, а
+поÑÑм випÑÑÑимо ÑÑ ÑÑлком. Ðле вийÑло
по-ÑнÑомÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки кожен ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU бÑв
ÑеалÑзований в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix, кожен
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ñг пÑаÑÑваÑи в ÑиÑÑемаÑ
Unix
задовго до поÑви Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
+GNU. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð· ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам ÑÑали попÑлÑÑними, Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñали ÑозÑиÑÑваÑи
+Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑиÑи ÑÑ
на ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑмÑÑнÑ
веÑÑÑÑ Unix, а ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми.</p>
+<p>
+У ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑÑавали
набагаÑо еÑекÑивнÑÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑали
+ÑÑнанÑовÑ, Ñак Ñ Ð»ÑдÑÑÐºÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑи в пÑоекÑ
GNU. Ðле Ñе Ñакож, ймовÑÑно,
+вÑддалило завеÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÑнÑмалÑноÑ
пÑаÑÑÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми на декÑлÑка ÑокÑв,
+оÑкÑлÑки ÑÐ°Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв GNU йÑло на
пÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÑ ÑиÑ
пеÑенеÑениÑ
веÑÑÑй Ñ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑÑей до ÑÑнÑÑÑиÑ
компоненÑÑв, замÑÑÑÑ Ñого Ñоб пеÑеÑ
одиÑи
+до напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ вÑдÑÑÑнÑого
компоненÑа за ÑнÑим.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+Ðо 1990 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ ÑиÑÑема GNU бÑла майже
завеÑÑена; Ñдиним ÑеÑйозним
+вÑдÑÑÑнÑм компоненÑом бÑло ÑдÑо. Ðи
виÑÑÑили ÑеалÑзÑваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑо Ñк збÑÑкÑ
+ÑеÑвеÑниÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑв, Ñо виконÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Mach.
Mach —мÑкÑоÑдÑо, Ñке
+ÑозÑоблÑлоÑÑ Ð² УнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ
ÐаÑнегÑ-Ðеллона, а поÑÑм — в
+УнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð®Ñи; GNU Hurd збÑÑка
ÑеÑвеÑÑв (ÑобÑо ÑабÑн GNU),
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Mach Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑзнÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑдÑа Unix. ÐоÑаÑок ÑозÑобки
+вÑддаливÑÑ, бо ми Ñекали, коли Mach випÑÑÑÑÑÑ
в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Ñк
+бÑло обÑÑÑно.</p>
+<p>
+ÐднÑÑÑ Ð· пÑиÑин, по ÑкиÑ
ми обÑали ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð°ÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑÑ, бÑло Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑникнÑÑи
+Ñого, Ñо здавалоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ñим в ÑÑй ÑобоÑÑ:
налагоджÑваÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑдÑа, не
+маÑÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого зневадника ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного ÑекÑÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ ÑаÑÑина ÑобоÑи бÑла
+виконана в Mach, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ збиÑалиÑÑ
налагоджÑваÑи ÑеÑвеÑи Hurd Ñк коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкÑ
+пÑогÑами з Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ GDB. Ðле на Ñе, Ñоб
зÑобиÑи Ñе можливим, пÑÑло моÑе
+ÑаÑÑ, а багаÑопоÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑеÑвеÑи, ÑкÑ
ÑозÑилали один Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑдомленнÑ,
+виÑвилиÑÑ Ð´Ñже важкими в налагодженнÑ.
ÐоÑÑÐ³Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑабÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи Hurd
+ÑозÑÑгнÑлоÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð³Ñ Ñоки.</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ пеÑедбаÑалоÑÑ, Ñо ÑдÑо GNU бÑде
називаÑиÑÑ Hurd. ÐеÑÑа назва
+бÑла “Alix” на ÑеÑÑÑ Ð¶Ñнки, Ñка
бÑла в Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ
+коÑ
аноÑ. Ðона, бÑдÑÑи ÑиÑÑемним
адмÑнÑÑÑÑаÑоÑом Unix, звеÑнÑла ÑвагÑ, Ñо ÑÑ
+Ñм'Ñ ÑкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² звиÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
емÑ
найменÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑй ÑиÑÑеми Unix; жаÑÑома
+вона Ñказала ÑвоÑм дÑÑзÑм: “комÑ-небÑдÑ
ÑлÑд бÑло б назваÑи ÑдÑо в моÑ
+ÑеÑÑÑ”. Я нÑÑого не вÑдповÑв, але
виÑÑÑив зÑобиÑи Ñй ÑÑÑпÑиз, назвавÑи
+ÑдÑо “Alix”.</p>
+<p>
+Ðле згодом ÑÑановиÑе змÑнилоÑÑ. Ðайкл
(ÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÑ Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ) ÐÑÑнелл, головний
+ÑозÑобник ÑдÑа, волÑв Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ “Hurd” Ñ
пеÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Alix на певнÑ
+ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑдÑа ÑÑ, Ñо пеÑеÑ
оплÑвала
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸ Ñа обÑоблÑла
+ÑÑ
, ÑозÑилаÑÑи повÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑвеÑÑв Hurd.</p>
+<p>
+Ðгодом ми з ÐлÑÐºÑ ÑозÑйÑлиÑÑ, а вона
змÑнила Ñм'Ñ; незалежно вÑд ÑÑого
+аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑа Hurd змÑнилаÑÑ Ñак, Ñо
бÑблÑоÑека Ð¡Ñ ÑÑала ÑозÑилаÑи
+повÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑвеÑÑв безпоÑеÑеднÑо, Ñ Ð²
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ Alix зник з
+ÑиÑÑеми.</p>
+<p>
+Ðле до Ñого, Ñк вÑе Ñе ÑÑалоÑÑ, ÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð¹
наÑÑапив на назвÑ
+“Alix” Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ Hurd Ñ Ð·Ð³Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð²
пÑо Ñе в ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð·
+неÑ. Так Ñо можливÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи ÑдÑо, назване
на ÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ñла.</p>
+
+<h3>Linux Ñа GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+GNU Hurd непÑидаÑне Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑкденного
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не знаÑмо, Ñи бÑде
+воно коли-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑидаÑне. У аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑного ÑÑÑеннÑ, пÑийнÑÑого на оÑновÑ
+поÑенÑÑйниÑ
можливоÑÑей, Ñ Ð¿Ñоблеми, Ñо
випливаÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑеднÑо з гнÑÑкоÑÑÑ
+аÑÑ
ÑÑекÑÑÑи Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·ÑозÑмÑло, Ñи можна ÑÑ
виÑÑÑиÑи.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа ÑаÑÑÑ, Ñ ÑнÑе ÑдÑо. У 1991 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ ÐÑнÑÑ
ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ ÑозÑобив ÑÑмÑÑне з
+Unix ÑдÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð² його Linux. У 1992 ÑоÑÑ Ð²Ñн
зÑобив його вÑлÑноÑ
+пÑогÑамоÑ; поÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Linux з не зовÑÑм повноÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU дало Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ. (ÐвиÑайно, поÑднаннÑ
бÑло Ñамо по ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑоÑ.)
+Саме завдÑки Linux ми можемо ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑпÑавжнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑваÑи на однÑй з
+веÑÑÑй ÑиÑÑеми GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Ðи називаÑмо ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми
“GNU/Linux”, Ñоб виÑазиÑи ÑÑ
+Ñклад Ñк поÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU з Linux в ÑкоÑÑÑ
ÑдÑа.</p>
+
+<h3>Ðиклики Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð±ÑÑнÑомÑ</h3>
+<p>
+Ðи довели, Ñо ми здаÑÐ½Ñ ÑозÑоблÑÑи ÑиÑокий
ÑпекÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Це не
+ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ми непеÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑÑимнÑ.
ÐÑлÑка пеÑеÑкод вноÑÑÑÑ
+невизнаÑенÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñе майбÑÑнÑ; подоланнÑ
ÑÑ
поÑÑебÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ñ
иÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑйкоÑÑÑ Ñ
+наполегливоÑÑÑ, ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑгом довгиÑ
ÑокÑв. Це Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑÑÑоÑÑÑ, ÑкÑ
+виÑвлÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коли вони ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑÑ Ð½ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑаÑи ÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+У наÑÑÑпниÑ
ÑоÑиÑÑоÑ
ÑоздÑлаÑ
обговоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸.</p>
+
+<h3>СекÑеÑна апаÑаÑÑÑа</h3>
+<p>
+У виÑобникÑв апаÑаÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñинки
ÑпоÑÑеÑÑгаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·ÑоÑÑаÑÑа ÑенденÑÑÑ
збеÑÑгаÑи
+ÑпеÑиÑÑкаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑекÑеÑÑ. Це
ÑÑкладнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
дÑайвеÑÑв,
+поÑÑÑбниÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб Linux Ñ XFree86 могли
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи новÑ
+апаÑаÑÑÑÑ. СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
ÑиÑÑеми, але Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑде ÑÑ
+завÑÑа, ÑкÑо ми не зможемо пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи
завÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи.</p>
+<p>
+ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑпоÑоби Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ
пÑоблеми. ÐÑогÑамÑÑÑи можÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑи
+звоÑоÑÐ½Ñ ÑозÑобкÑ, Ñоб з'ÑÑÑваÑи, Ñк
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ. РеÑÑа з наÑ
+можÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¸ÑаÑи апаÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñка
пÑдÑÑимÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами; по мÑÑÑ
+Ñого, Ñк наÑÑ ÑÑди бÑдÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑваÑиÑÑ,
збеÑÑгаÑи ÑпеÑиÑÑкаÑÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑÑ
+бÑде ÑÑаваÑи каÑаÑÑÑоÑÑÑно невигÑдно.</p>
+<p>
+ÐвоÑоÑна ÑозÑобка - велика ÑобоÑа; Ñи
бÑдÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑÑÑи, ÑÑÑÑÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑкиÑ
виÑÑаÑило б на ÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÑйÑненнÑ? Так,
ÑкÑо ми виÑ
оваÑмо ÑÑÑйкÑ
+пеÑеконанÑÑÑÑ, Ñо вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами - ÑпÑава
пÑинÑипÑ, а закÑиÑÑ Ð´ÑайвеÑи
+непÑипÑÑÑимÑ. Чи багаÑо Ñ
Ñо з наÑ
виÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð²Ñ Ð³ÑоÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ Ñ
оÑа б ÑÑоÑ
и
+ÑаÑÑ, Ñоб ми могли коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑними
дÑайвеÑами? Так, ÑкÑо ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+володÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑде ÑÑдкÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+(ÐаÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ 2008 ÑокÑ: ÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема Ñакож
ÑÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ BIOS. ÐÑнÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑна BIOS,
+звана coreboot; пÑоблема полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² оÑÑиманнÑ
ÑпеÑиÑÑкаÑÑй на маÑини, Ñоб
+coreboot мÑг ÑÑ
пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи.)</p>
+
+<h3>ÐевÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑеки</h3>
+<p>
+ÐевÑлÑна бÑблÑоÑека, Ñка пÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
ÑпÑавлÑннÑм вÑлÑниÑ
опеÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑем,
+дÑÑ Ñк паÑÑка Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. ÐÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑобливоÑÑÑ
+бÑблÑоÑеки - Ñе пÑиманка, ÑкÑо ви
коÑиÑÑÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð±ÑблÑоÑекоÑ, ви поÑÑаплÑÑÑе в
+паÑÑкÑ, бо ваÑа пÑогÑама не може бÑÑи
коÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми. (СÑÑого кажÑÑи, ми могли б
пÑиÑднаÑи ваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑ, але вона не
+бÑде <em>пÑаÑÑваÑи</em>, ÑкÑо Ñй бÑде
бÑакÑваÑи бÑблÑоÑеки.) ÐÑÑÑе Ñого:
+ÑкÑо пÑогÑама, Ñка коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑноÑ
бÑблÑоÑекоÑ, ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑноÑ, вона
+може заманиÑи в паÑÑÐºÑ ÑнÑиÑ
нÑÑого не
пÑдозÑÑÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамÑÑÑÑв.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑÑим випадком ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми ÑÑала
бÑблÑоÑека Motif, Ñе Ñ
+вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
. ХоÑа вÑлÑниÑ
опеÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑем Ñе не ÑÑнÑвало, бÑло ÑÑно,
+ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ ÑÑане Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Motif згодом.
ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU вÑдповÑв двома
+заÑ
одами: вÑн пÑоÑив окÑемиÑ
ÑозÑобникÑв
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи вÑлÑнÑ
+бÑблÑоÑеки елеменÑÑв ÑпÑавлÑÐ½Ð½Ñ X, а не
ÑÑлÑки Motif, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив знайÑи
+кого-небÑдÑ, Ñ
Ñо напиÑав би вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÑнÑ
Motif. РобоÑа зайнÑла багаÑо
+ÑокÑв; Lesstif, ÑозÑоблена гÑÑÐ¿Ð¾Ñ “ÐолоднÑ
пÑогÑамÑÑÑи”, ÑÑала
+доÑÑаÑнÑо еÑекÑивноÑ, Ñоб пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑкÑв Motif, ÑÑлÑки
+в 1997 ÑоÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑж 1996 Ñ 1998 Ñоками ÑнÑа невÑлÑна
бÑблÑоÑека гÑаÑÑÑного ÑнÑеÑÑейÑÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑа, названа Qt, заÑÑоÑовÑвалаÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñного маÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
+Ñ Ð³ÑаÑÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑедовиÑÑ <acronym title="K Desktop
+Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux бÑли не в змозÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ KDE, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми не
+могли коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑблÑоÑекоÑ.
Ðднак деÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑалÑники
+ÑиÑÑем GNU/Linux, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑÑимÑвалиÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам ÑÑвоÑо, додавали KDE
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми оÑÑимÑÑÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·
пÑдвиÑеними можливоÑÑÑми, але
+Ñз Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑвободоÑ. ÐÑÑпа KDE акÑивно заоÑ
оÑÑвала ÑнÑиÑ
пÑогÑамÑÑÑÑв
+заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи Qt, Ñ Ð¼ÑлÑйони новиÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Linux нÑколи не оÑÑвала
+дÑмка, Ñо ÑÑÑ Ñ ÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема. СÑановиÑе
бÑло дÑже ÑÑмним.</p>
+<p>
+СпÑлÑноÑа вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдповÑло на пÑоблемÑ
+двомазаÑ
одами: ÑеÑедовиÑем GNOME Ñ
бÑблÑоÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ñ Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, ÐеÑежеве об'ÑкÑне моделÑне ÑеÑедовиÑе
GNU - пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð³ÑаÑÑÑного
+ÑеÑедовиÑа GNU. ÐапоÑаÑкований Ñ 1997 ÑоÑÑ
ÐÑгелем де Ðказа Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑÑиманий
+Red Hat Software GNOME поклав ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° меÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñоби гÑаÑÑÑного
+ÑеÑедовиÑа, але з заÑÑоÑÑваннÑм виклÑÑно
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. У нÑого Ñ Ñ
+ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеваги, ÑакÑ, Ñк пÑдÑÑимка
кÑлÑкоÑ
мов, а не ÑÑлÑки СÑ++. Ðле
+головним його пÑизнаÑеннÑм бÑла Ñвобода:
не поÑÑÑбно бÑло коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ
+жодними невÑлÑними пÑогÑамами.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony - ÑÑмÑÑна бÑблÑоÑека Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼Ñни,
ÑпÑоекÑована Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, аби бÑло
+можливо виконÑваÑи пÑогÑами KDE без Qt.</p>
+<p>
+У лиÑÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ñ 1998 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ ÑозÑобники Qt
оголоÑили пÑо змÑÐ½Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ, Ñка,
+коли вона бÑде пÑоведена, повинна зÑобиÑи
Qt вÑлÑноÑ. Це неможливо довеÑÑи,
+але Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, Ñо ÑаÑÑково Ñе бÑло викликано
ÑÑÑÑÑим вÑдгÑком ÑпÑлÑноÑи на
+пÑоблемÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñодила Qt, коли бÑла
невÑлÑноÑ. (Ðова лÑÑензÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·ÑÑÑна й
+неÑпÑаведлива, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
пÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð¾
ÑникаÑи Qt.)</p>
+<p>
+[ÐаÑÑÑпне заÑваженнÑ: Ñ Ð²ÐµÑеÑÐ½Ñ 2000 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Qt
бÑла випÑÑена пÑд GNU GPL, Ñо,
+по ÑÑÑÑ, виÑÑÑило ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ.]</p>
+<p>
+Як ми вÑдповÑмо на ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑпокÑÑливÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑекÑ? Чи бÑде ÑÑÑ Ð³Ñомада
+ÑозÑмÑÑи необÑ
ÑднÑÑÑÑ ÑникаÑи паÑÑки, Ñи
багаÑо з Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑомÑнÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°
+зÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑодÑÑÑ ÑеÑÐ¹Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ?
ÐаÑе майбÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ñд наÑоÑ
+ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐаÑенÑи на пÑогÑами</h3>
+<p>
+ÐайнебезпеÑнÑÑа загÑоза, Ñо поÑÑала пеÑед
нами, виÑ
одиÑÑ Ð²Ñд паÑенÑÑв на
+пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑи алгоÑиÑми Ñа
оÑобливоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам за межÑ
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑеÑмÑн до двадÑÑÑи ÑокÑв. ÐаÑвки на
+паÑенÑи на алгоÑиÑм ÑÑиÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ LZW бÑли
Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² 1983 ÑоÑÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ доÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+можемо випÑÑкаÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами длÑ
ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑпÑавжнÑÑ
ÑÑиÑнÑÑиÑ
ÑайлÑв
+<abbr>GIF</abbr>. [Ðа 2009 ÑÑк ÑеÑмÑни дÑÑ
паÑенÑÑв минÑв.] Ð
+1998 ÑоÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑвоÑеннÑ
ÑÑиÑнÑÑого звÑкозапиÑÑ Ñ
+ÑоÑмаÑÑ <abbr>MP3</abbr> вилÑÑили з диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ
ÑеÑез боÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑного
+позовÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑпоÑоби боÑоÑÑби з паÑенÑами:
ми можемо ÑозÑÑкаÑи докази Ñого, Ñо
+паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÑйÑний, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ ÑÑкаÑи
алÑÑеÑнаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑпоÑоби виÑÑÑеннÑ
+завданнÑ. Ðле кожен з ÑиÑ
меÑодÑв пÑаÑÑÑ
ÑÑлÑки ÑнодÑ; коли не Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ñ
+Ñе, Ð½Ñ ÑнÑе, паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ пÑимÑÑиÑи вÑÑ
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами миÑиÑиÑÑ Ð·
+вÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑобливоÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ñ
оÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ. Що ми бÑдемо ÑобиÑи,
+коли Ñе ÑÑанеÑÑÑÑ?</p>
+<p>
+Ð¢Ñ Ð· наÑ, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑнÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами заÑади
Ñвободи, вÑе одно залиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·
+вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами. ÐÑи Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑобоÑи
ми бÑдемо обÑ
одиÑиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
+запаÑенÑованиÑ
оÑобливоÑÑей. Ðле лÑди, ÑкÑ
ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑомÑ, Ñо
+оÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд ниÑ
ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеваги,
ймовÑÑно, ÑкажÑÑÑ, Ñо пÑогÑами не
+випÑавдали ÑподÑванÑ, коли паÑенÑ
заÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
ÑозвиÑок. Таким Ñином, Ñ
оÑа
+коÑиÑно говоÑиÑи пÑо пÑакÑиÑнÑ
еÑекÑивнÑÑÑÑ “ базаÑноє ÑÑ
еми
+ÑозÑобки, надÑйнÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐµÑекÑивнÑÑÑÑ ÑкиÑ
оÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, ми не повиннÑ
+на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·ÑпинÑÑиÑÑ. Ðи Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи
пÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипи.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑлÑна докÑменÑаÑÑÑ</h3>
+<p>
+ÐайбÑлÑÑий деÑÑÑиÑ, Ñкий вÑдÑÑваÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, полÑгаÑ
+не в пÑогÑамаÑ
— вÑн полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð²
неÑÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑиÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
+поÑÑбникÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸ можемо вклÑÑаÑи в ÑвоÑ
ÑиÑÑеми. ÐокÑменÑаÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÑоÑна ÑаÑÑина бÑдÑ-Ñкого пакеÑа пÑогÑам;
коли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пакеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам
+Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑого вÑлÑного поÑÑбника, Ñе
ÑеÑÐ¹Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑпÑÑеннÑ. СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+багаÑо ÑакиÑ
пÑогалин.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑлÑна докÑменÑаÑÑÑ, Ñк Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами,
вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑвободоÑ, а не
+ваÑÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑиÑеÑÑй Ñвободи поÑÑбника
майже збÑгаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· кÑиÑеÑÑÑм Ñвободи
+пÑогÑами: Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÑм
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам певниÑ
Ñвобод. ÐоÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (в
+ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑйний пÑодаж) повинне
бÑÑи дозволено, в елекÑÑонномÑ
+виглÑÐ´Ñ Ñа на папеÑÑ, Ñоб поÑÑбник мÑг
ÑÑпÑоводжÑваÑи ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами.</p>
+<p>
+ÐозвÑл вноÑиÑи змÑни Ñакож жиÑÑÑво
важливий. ÐÐ·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ вважаÑ, Ñо
+важливо, Ñоб лÑдÑм бÑло дозволено
змÑнÑваÑи бÑдÑ-Ñкого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ
+книги. ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, Ñо ви або Ñ
зобов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñи дозвÑл
+змÑнÑваÑи ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñк ÑÑ, Ñо опиÑÑÑ
наÑÑ Ð´ÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди.</p>
+<p>
+Ðле Ñ Ð¾ÐºÑема пÑиÑина, по ÑкÑй Ñвобода змÑни
кÑиÑиÑна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Ðоли лÑди здÑйÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑвоÑ
пÑаво змÑнÑваÑи пÑогÑами Ñ
+додаÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ змÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¾ÑобливоÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо
вони ÑвÑдомÑ, Ñо вони бÑдÑÑÑ
+змÑнÑваÑи Ñакож поÑÑбники, Ñоб надаÑи
змÑненÑй пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑнÑ
+докÑменÑаÑÑÑ. ÐевÑлÑний поÑÑбник, Ñкий не
дозволÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑÑÑам бÑÑи
+ÑвÑдомими Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ñи ÑобоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ кÑнÑÑ, не
вÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебам наÑоÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑи.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑкого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñе, Ñк вноÑÑÑÑÑÑ
змÑни, не ÑÑановлÑÑÑ
+пÑоблеми. ÐапÑиклад, вимоги збеÑÑгаÑи
заÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава
+пеÑвÑÑного авÑоÑа, Ñмови ÑозповÑÑдженнÑ
або ÑпиÑок авÑоÑÑв ÑÑлком
+допÑÑÑимÑ. Також не ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми
вимога вклÑÑаÑи Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
+заÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо вони бÑли змÑненÑ, Ñ
навÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð° пÑо збеÑеженнÑ
+ÑÑлиÑ
ÑоздÑлÑв в незмÑÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð»ÑÐ´Ñ (до ÑиÑ
пÑÑ, поки ÑÑ ÑоздÑли пÑиÑвÑÑенÑ
+неÑеÑ
нÑÑним пиÑаннÑм). Такого ÑодÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми, ÑомÑ
+Ñо вони не заважаÑÑÑ ÑвÑдомомÑ
пÑогÑамÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑаÑÑовÑваÑи поÑÑбник Ñ
+вÑдповÑдноÑÑÑ Ñз змÑнами в пÑогÑамÑ.
ÐнÑими Ñловами, вони не пеÑеÑкоджаÑÑÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбником Ñ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑзÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ðднак повинна бÑÑи можливÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи
ÑвеÑÑ <em>ÑеÑ
нÑÑний</em> вмÑÑÑ
+поÑÑбника, а поÑÑм поÑиÑÑваÑи ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
вÑÑÑ
звиÑайниÑ
ноÑÑÑÑ
по вÑÑм
+звиÑайним каналам; в ÑнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑакÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑй
+ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ, бо поÑÑбник не вÑлÑний Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
поÑÑÑбно ÑнÑий поÑÑбник.</p>
+<p>
+Чи виÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам обÑзнаноÑÑÑ Ñа ÑÑÑÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñе,
+Ñоб ÑÑвоÑиÑи ÑвеÑÑ ÑпекÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
поÑÑбникÑв? У ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ñе майбÑÑнÑ
+Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð²Ñд ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>Ðи Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи пÑо ÑвободÑ</h3>
+<p>
+Ðа ÑÑогоднÑÑнÑми оÑÑнками ÑÑнÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ
мÑлÑйонÑв коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв ÑиÑÑем
+GNU/Linux, ÑакиÑ
Ñк Debian GNU/Linux Ñ Red Hat
+“Linux”. ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами набÑли ÑакÑ
пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеваги, Ñо
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð³ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾ ниÑ
по
ÑиÑÑо пÑакÑиÑниÑ
пÑиÑинаÑ
.</p>
+<p>
+ÐобÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑлÑдки ÑÑого оÑевиднÑ: зÑоÑÑаннÑ
ÑнÑеÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑозвиÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам, ÑиÑла клÑÑнÑÑв пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑв, Ñо
займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами,
+пÑдвиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¾Ñ
оÑеннÑ
компанÑй до ÑозÑобки комеÑÑÑйниÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам замÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамниÑ
пÑодÑкÑÑв.</p>
+<p>
+Ðле ÑнÑеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ пÑогÑам зÑоÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑвидÑе, нÑж
попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑ, на ÑкÑй
+вони ÒÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, а Ñе веде до
непÑиÑмноÑÑей. ÐаÑа здаÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдповÑдаÑи
на
+ÑÑÑдноÑÑ Ñа загÑози, опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñе,
залежиÑÑ Ð²Ñд наÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ ÑвеÑдо ÑÑоÑÑи за
+ÑвободÑ. Щоб гаÑанÑÑваÑи, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñого
гÑомади бÑде Ñака волÑ, нам поÑÑÑбно
+пеÑедаваÑи ÑÑ Ð´ÑÐ¼ÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð¼ коÑиÑÑÑваÑам по
мÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñк вони вÑÑÑпаÑÑÑ Ñ
+наÑÑ Ð³ÑомадÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ðле нам Ñе не вдаÑÑÑÑÑ: ÑобоÑи по залÑÑеннÑ
новиÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑй
+гÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо випеÑеджаÑÑÑ ÑобоÑи по
навÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
ÑивÑлÑним ноÑмам наÑоÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑи. Ðам поÑÑÑбно ÑобиÑи Ñ Ñе, Ñ ÑнÑе,
доÑÑимÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð¼Ñж Ñими
+двома видами дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>“ÐÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код”</h3>
+<p>
+РозповÑдаÑи новим коÑиÑÑÑваÑам пÑо
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑало важÑе Ñ 1998 ÑоÑÑ, коли
+ÑаÑÑина ÑпÑлÑноÑи виÑÑÑила пÑипиниÑи
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ ÑеÑмÑном âвÑлÑна
+пÑогÑамаâ Ñа замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого говоÑиÑи
âпÑогÑама з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодомâ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð· ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо виÑÑÑпав за Ñей ÑеÑмÑн,
пÑагнÑли ÑникнÑÑи плÑÑанини мÑж
+“вÑлÑним” Ñ
“безкоÑÑовним” — Ñе бÑла
+ÑозÑмна меÑа. Ðднак ÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑагнÑли залиÑиÑи
в ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
пÑинÑипÑв, ÑкÑ
+моÑивÑвали ÑÑÑ
за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, Ñ Ð°Ð¿ÐµÐ»ÑваÑи
+замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого до кеÑÑвникÑв Ñа
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑвам, багаÑо з ÑкиÑ
доÑÑимÑвалиÑÑ
+ÑдеологÑÑ, Ñка ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñе
Ñвободи, виÑе ÑдноÑÑÑ, виÑе
+пÑинÑиповоÑÑÑ. Таким Ñином, аÑгÑменÑаÑÑÑ
“вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
+кодє зоÑеÑеджена на можливоÑÑÑ
оÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑокоÑкÑÑниÑ
еÑекÑивниÑ
+пÑогÑам, але обÑ
одиÑÑ ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ,
ÑдноÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑиповоÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑнали пÑо “Linux” ÑÑкÑавий
пÑиклад Ñакого пÑдÑ
одÑ:
+вони Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ñеклами невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñо
пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд GNU/Linux. Ðоли
+з'ÑвиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑпний Motif або Qt, Ñи бÑдÑÑÑ ÑÑ
жÑÑнали заÑÑеÑÑгаÑи
+пÑогÑамÑÑÑÑв вÑд нÑого або вони бÑдÑÑÑ
його ÑекламÑваÑи?</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑдÑÑимка пÑдпÑиÑмниÑÑва може
збагаÑÑваÑи наÑÑ Ð³ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð· ÑÑзниÑ
ÑÑоÑÑн;
пÑи
+ÑнÑиÑ
ÑÑвниÑ
ÑмоваÑ
вона коÑиÑна. Ðле ÑкÑо
завойовÑваÑи ÑÑ
пÑдÑÑимкÑ, кажÑÑи
+Ñе менÑе пÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипи, Ñе може
пÑизвеÑÑи до каÑаÑÑÑоÑи; Ñе Ñе
+бÑлÑÑе поÑилÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐ±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ñж попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
Ñ ÑивÑлÑним виÑ
ованнÑм.</p>
+<p>
+“ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами” Ñ “вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код”
+опиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑлÑÑ-Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑ Ð¶ каÑегоÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам, але пÑо ÑвободÑ, пÑо
+ÑÑнноÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ говоÑÑÑÑ ÑÑзне. ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
пÑодовжÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑеÑмÑн
+“вÑлÑна пÑогÑама”, Ñоб виÑловиÑи
дÑмка, Ñо Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ñвобода
+взагалÑ, а не ÑÑлÑки ÑеÑ
нологÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>СпÑобÑйÑе!</h3>
+<p>
+ÐÑоÑизм Ðоди (“‘СпÑоб’ не
бÑває) звÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñе, але
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ вÑн не пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ. Ðоли Ñ Ñобив
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð¶Ðµ завжди
+ÑÑÑбÑвавÑÑ, Ñи Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ñ ÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ñи, Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ
знав напевно, Ñи бÑде доÑÑаÑнÑо
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ³Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑлÑ, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑÑ ÑÑ
ÑобоÑÑ. Ðле Ñ Ð²Ñе одно намагавÑÑ,
+ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо мÑж воÑогом Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñм мÑÑÑом не бÑло
нÑкого, кÑÑм мене. Ðа мÑй влаÑний
+подив деÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ вдавалоÑÑ; деÑÐºÑ Ð· моÑÑ
мÑÑÑ
впали. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ
одив ÑнÑий
+оÑоÑене мÑÑÑо Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑвавÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ñви. Ð
ÑаÑом Ñ Ð¿ÑивÑивÑÑ ÑÑкаÑи загÑози
+Ñ ÑÑавиÑи Ñебе мÑж ними Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñм мÑÑÑом,
закликаÑÑи ÑнÑиÑ
Ñ
акеÑÑв вÑÑаÑи поÑÑÑ
+Ð·Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ñ.</p>
+<p>
+СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑаÑÑо не ÑамоÑнÑй. Ð ÑадÑÑÑÑ Ñ
полегÑеннÑм Ñ Ð±Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑди Ñ
акеÑÑв,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñоб ÑÑимаÑи лÑнÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ñони,
Ñ Ñ ÑÑвÑдомлÑÑ, Ñо Ñе мÑÑÑо,
+можливо, виÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñей Ñаз.
Ðле небезпеки ÑоÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·
+кожним Ñоком Ñ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ компанÑÑ Microsoft вÑдкÑиÑо
боÑеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑи наÑоÑ
+гÑомади. Ðи не можемо дÑмаÑи, Ñо майбÑÑнÑ
Ñвободи забезпеÑено. Ðе дÑмайÑе
+Ñак! ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе збеÑегÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ,
ви Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑи гоÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑаÑи
+ÑÑ.</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Ð ÑÑаÑд
+СÑолмен</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk";>
лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Ðз зазнаÑеннÑм
+авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0
СполÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¨ÑаÑи</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:28 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.uk-en.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:30 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1050 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>About the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software,
Free Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>. Richard
+Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed
+this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
+be entirely absent from that book.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
+<p>
+When I started working at the
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>
+Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a
+software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing
+of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old
+as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we
+did it more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
+<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the
+Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
+<acronym title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of
+the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI
+Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
+<p>
+We did not call our software “free software”, because that
+term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from
+another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we
+gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and
+interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so
+that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make
+a new program.</p>
+<p>
+(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security
+breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We
+hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
+to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
+cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
+article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
+Hacking</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>The collapse of the community</h3>
+<p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and
+powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address
+spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly
+all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before.
+In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of
+the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable
+to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
+prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
+administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system
+instead of ITS.</p>
+<p>
+The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had
+their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you
+had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.</p>
+<p>
+This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not
+to help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The
+rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you
+share with your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes,
+beg us to make them.”</p>
+<p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system
+that says you are not allowed to share or change software—is
+antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as
+a surprise to some readers. But what else could we say about a system
+based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who
+find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software
+social system as a given, or judged it on the terms suggested by
+proprietary software businesses. Software publishers have worked long
+and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the
+issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
+“rights” or “stopping <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is
+asked to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
+<p>
+One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural
+right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If
+this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the
+public, we could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution and
+legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right,
+but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users'
+natural right to copy.</p>
+<p>
+Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
+software is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users
+should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.</p>
+<p>
+A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would
+never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not
+offer a company power over the users of the program. This assumption
+may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement
+demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without
+putting chains on it.</p>
+<p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues
+based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first,
+we arrive at very different conclusions. Computer users should be
+free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share
+software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
+<p>
+There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page,
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>A stark moral choice</h3>
+<p>
+With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible.
+Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.</p>
+<p>
+The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing
+nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.
+Most likely I would also be developing software that was released
+under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other
+people to betray their fellows too.</p>
+<p>
+I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing
+code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on
+years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life
+making the world a worse place.</p>
+<p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a
+nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT
+AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer. (The
+lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer
+extremely frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure
+agreements were innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share
+with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone
+else.</p>
+<p>
+Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the
+computer field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they
+would still be wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and
+restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.</p>
+<p>
+So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the
+good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could
+write, so as to make a community possible once again?</p>
+<p>
+The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.
+That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an
+operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
+the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again
+have a community of cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join.
+And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
+conspiring to deprive his or her friends.</p>
+<p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job.
+So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I
+was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with
+Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
+switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
+a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
+other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
+name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters,
+debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them,
+Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating
+system would include them too.</p>
+<p>
+Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+ If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+ If not now, when?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
+<p>
+(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p>
+
+<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
+<p>
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it
+has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore,
+is the definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs.
+ (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access
+ to the source code, since making changes in a program without
+ having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis
+ or for a fee.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program,
+ so that the community can benefit from your improvements.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no
+contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the
+freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold
+on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an
+important way to raise funds for free software development.
+Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these
+collections is not free software.</p>
+<p>
+Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long
+looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term.
+The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
+lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
+“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong
+meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3>
+<p>
+Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into
+reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software
+wherever that was possible. For example, I decided at the very
+beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years
+later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing
+another window system for GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Because of these decisions, and others like them,
+the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all
+GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU
+software, programs that were developed by other people and projects
+for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free
+software.</p>
+
+<h3>Commencing the project</h3>
+<p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere
+with distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the
+staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed
+their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a
+proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a large
+amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose:
+creating a new software-sharing community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly
+invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
+
+<h3>The first steps</h3>
+<p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free
+University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for
+“free” is written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler
+designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to
+support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU
+could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the
+GNU Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I
+obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a
+multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It
+supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed
+to be a system-programming language. I added a C front end, and began
+porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. But I had to give that
+up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack
+space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.</p>
+<p>
+I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
+entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
+into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the
+whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I
+concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new
+compiler is now known as <acronym title="GNU Compiler
Collection">GCC</acronym>;
+none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and
+use the C front end that I had written. But that was some years
+later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was
+beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems
+to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had
+done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.</p>
+<p>
+At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the
+question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the
+anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer,
+prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site;
+when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name
+to our new ftp server.) But at that time, many of the interested
+people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So
+the question was, what would I say to them?</p>
+<p>
+I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a
+<acronym title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I
+will mail it back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was
+looking for ways to make money from free software. So I announced
+that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In
+this way, I started a free software distribution business, the
+precursor of the companies that today distribute entire GNU/Linux
+system distributions.</p>
+
+<h3>Is a program free for every user?</h3>
+<p>
+If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author,
+this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone
+who has a copy of it. For example,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware"> public domain
+software</a> (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but
+anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it. Likewise, many
+free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive
+licenses which allow proprietary modified versions.</p>
+<p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.
+Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive
+license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They
+added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and
+covered by the same nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were
+no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
+not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
+that they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of
+counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question,
+“Is this program free?” If you judged based on the freedom
+provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say
+that X was free software. But if you measured the freedom of the
+average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software.
+Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix
+systems, not the free version.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft and the GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So
+we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
+from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is
+called “copyleft”.(1)</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
+of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it
+becomes a means for keeping the program free.</p>
+<p>
+The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
+run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
+modified versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their
+own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define “free
+software” are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become
+inalienable rights.</p>
+<p>
+For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This
+ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if
+it is published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers
+volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their
+employers from saying, “You can't share those changes, because
+we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the
+program.”</p>
+<p>
+The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to
+ensure freedom for every user of the program. The companies that
+privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to
+their systems and hardware. These changes were small compared with
+the great extent of X, but they were not trivial. If making changes
+were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone
+to take advantage of the excuse.</p>
+<p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code.
+Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms
+are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as
+well. To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to
+sink a ship. Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug
+this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program
+must be such that the larger combined version is also free and
+copylefted.</p>
+<p>
+The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU
+software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We
+have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
+GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
+copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary
+for manuals.(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
+including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
+used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
+I was developing at the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
+Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became
+involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek
+funding once again. So in 1985 we created
+the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
+a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The
+<acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
+other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
+free manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free
+software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code,
+CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to
+redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for
+which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's
+choice of platform). Today the FSF
+still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You
+can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
+number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library
+and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a
+GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by
+a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
+shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
+<acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne Again
+Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
+not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a
+complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name
+“Bourne Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p>
+
+<h3>Free software support</h3>
+
+<p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
+practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the
+users' freedom, we wish them success.</p>
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software
+business. When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way
+to make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free
+software I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such
+as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software
+development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a
+number of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on
+CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user
+questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even
+beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
+software products.</p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves
+with the term “open source” actually base their business
+on nonfree software that works with free software. These are not
+free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
+products tempt users away from freedom. They call these programs
+“value-added packages”, which shows the values they
+would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom
+more, we should call them “freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
+
+<h3>Technical goals</h3>
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage,
+allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the
+user's freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
+the work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
+wherever that made sense.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by
+deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit
+machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished),
+and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a
+megabyte. In programs for which handling very large files was not
+crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into
+core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.</p>
+
+<p>These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix
+counterparts in reliability and speed.</p>
+
+<h3>Donated computers</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because
+the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix
+system, and replace the components of that system one by one. But
+they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a
+copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's
+philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software. But,
+applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence
+in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to
+use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free
+replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today
+we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them
+with free operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's
+operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Task List</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system
+components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to
+make a list of the remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers
+to write the missing pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task
+List. In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various
+other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
+truly complete system ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential
+ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call
+“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a
+narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating
+system.</p>
+
+<p>Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the
+beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But
+compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
+list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
+different kinds of games that users might like.</p>
+
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
+task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't
+even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
+Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
+people to write.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3>
+
+<p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
+Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link
+proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?</p>
+
+<p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
+proprietary software products are entitled to include our code. (Why
+contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)
+Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of
+strategy.</p>
+
+<p>The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
+comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available
+only to free software would not have given free software any
+advantage—it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
+includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the
+distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is
+possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There
+is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU
+system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more
+to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of
+free applications. That is why using the Library GPL is a good
+strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
+considered on a case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job
+that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under
+the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other
+free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary
+software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
+command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the
+ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the
+amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at
+least one useful application has been made free software specifically
+so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides;
+free software developers need to make advantages for each other. I
+hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries
+that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing
+useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
+adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p>
+
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License,
+to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it.
+See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
+Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
+
+<h3>Scratching an itch?</h3>
+<p>
+Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by
+scratching a developer's personal itch.” Maybe that happens
+sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in
+order to have a complete free operating system. They come from a
+vision and a plan, not from impulse.</p>
+<p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system
+needs a C library, BASH because a Unix-like
+system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a
+tar program. The same is true for my own programs—the GNU C
+compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
+which had been lost to the community because of
+the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found
+people to develop LessTif, and more recently started
+<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
+and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
+libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
+replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not
+have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the
+work, and many features were added to them by various people for the
+sake of their own needs and interests. But that is not why the
+programs exist.</p>
+
+<h3>Unexpected developments</h3>
+<p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop
+the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it
+happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
+system, each component could run on Unix systems long before a
+complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular,
+and users began extending them and porting them—to the various
+incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
+funds and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also
+delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as
+GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding
+features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write
+one missing component after another.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a
+herd of GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the
+various jobs of the Unix kernel. The start of development was delayed
+as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been
+promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a
+source-level debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been
+done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as
+user programs, with GDB. But it took a long time to make that possible,
+and the multithreaded servers that send messages to each other have
+turned out to be very hard to debug. Making the Hurd work solidly has
+stretched on for many years.</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
+name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
+joke, she told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after
+me.” I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel
+named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main
+developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix
+to refer to a certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap
+system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
+independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would
+send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component
+disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the
+name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So
+she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
+
+<h3>Linux and GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know
+if it ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that
+result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not
+clear whether solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another
+kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a
+Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux
+free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system
+resulted in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a
+substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can
+actually run a version of the GNU system today.</p>
+<p>
+We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a
+combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel.</p>
+
+<h3>Challenges in our future</h3>
+<p>
+We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free
+software. This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.
+Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting
+them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting
+for years. It will require the kind of determination that people
+display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it
+away.</p>
+<p>
+The following four sections discuss these challenges.</p>
+
+<h3>Secret hardware</h3>
+<p>
+Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware
+specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers
+so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete
+free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot
+support tomorrow's computers.</p>
+<p>
+There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do
+reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The
+rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software;
+as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a
+self-defeating policy.</p>
+<p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
+sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a
+strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
+nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
+extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
+Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
+<p>
+(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well.
+There is a free BIOS, coreboot; the problem is getting specs
+for machines so that coreboot can support them.)</p>
+
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
+<p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap
+for free software developers. The library's attractive features are
+the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your
+program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly
+speaking, we could include your program, but it
+won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.) Even worse, if
+a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can
+lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the
+80s. Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was
+clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU
+Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software
+projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and
+by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif. The job
+took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became
+powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree
+<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit
+library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free
+software, the desktop
+<acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
+use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
+systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added
+KDE to their systems—producing a system with more capabilities,
+but less freedom. The KDE group was actively encouraging more
+programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “Linux users”
+had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.
+The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways:
+GNOME and Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop
+project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the
+support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop
+facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has technical
+advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not
+just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of
+any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it
+possible to run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license
+which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no
+way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the
+community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was
+nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it
+remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
+<p>
+[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
+which essentially solved this problem.]</p>
+<p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the
+whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will
+many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major
+problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>Software patents</h3>
+<p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
+years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
+1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
+compressed <acronym title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s.
+[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce
+<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.</p>
+<p>
+There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
+patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
+But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
+patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
+want. What will we do when this happens?</p>
+<p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
+free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the
+patented features. But those who value free software because they
+expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure
+when a patent holds it back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about
+the practical effectiveness of the “bazaar” model of
+development, and the reliability and power of some free software,
+we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom and principle.</p>
+
+<h3>Free documentation</h3>
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for
+free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online
+and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the
+program.</p>
+<p>
+Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I
+don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to
+modify all sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think
+you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this
+one, which describe our actions and our views.</p>
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual, too—so they can
+provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program.
+A nonfree manual, which does not allow programmers to be conscientious
+and finish the job, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.
+For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they
+don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to
+fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block the free
+software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of
+the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
+through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another
+manual.</p>
+<p>
+Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to
+produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future
+depends on philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>We must talk about freedom</h3>
+<p>
+Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
+systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”.
+Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are
+flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p>
+<p>
+The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing
+free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more
+ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software
+instead of proprietary software products.</p>
+<p>
+But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the
+philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to
+meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to
+stand firm for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we
+need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the
+community.</p>
+<p>
+But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our
+community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of
+our community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two
+efforts in balance.</p>
+
+<h3>“Open Source”</h3>
+<p>
+Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a
+part of the community decided to stop using the term “free
+software” and say “open source software”
+instead.</p>
+<p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated
+the free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead
+to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that
+places profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus,
+the rhetoric of “open source” focuses on the potential to
+make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom,
+community, and principle.</p>
+<p>
+The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they
+are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works
+with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these
+magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads
+for it?</p>
+<p>
+The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways;
+all else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by
+speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it
+makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education
+even worse.</p>
+<p>
+“Free software” and “open source” describe the
+same category of software, more or less, but say different things
+about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to
+use the term “free software”, to express the idea that
+freedom, not just technology, is important.</p>
+
+<h3>Try!</h3>
+<p>
+Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds
+neat, but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while
+anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be
+enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because
+there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising
+myself, I have sometimes succeeded.</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found
+another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time,
+I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my
+city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.</p>
+<p>
+Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I
+see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
+this city may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each
+year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We
+can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for
+granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
+defend it.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010
+Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html
diff -N server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/po/irc-rules.sq-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/server/irc-rules.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>GNU and FSF related IRC channels <span
class="removed"><del><strong>—</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>-</em></ins></span> GNU Project - Free
Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/po/irc-rules.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Rules and guidelines for the official GNU and FSF IRC
channels</h2>
+
+<p>IRC (Internet Relay Chat) provides a wonderful resource to connect
+free software users and developers together. Our channels try to be
+welcoming to both new people and long-time regulars. These guidelines
+exist with that goal in mind.</p>
+
+<p>Everyone who uses or contributes to free software is a valuable
+member of the free software community. The goal of the GNU and FSF
+IRC channels is to provide a place for the community to discuss things
+and talk about free software and other issues which affect the rights
+of computer users, such as Digital Restrictions Management.</p>
+
+<p><b>If you have problems with any of these channels, with trolls
or
+abusive members, please email us at: <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden">address@hidden</a>.</b></p>
+
+<h3>List of channels</h3>
+<p>This is a list of our channels.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/gnu">#gnu</a> —
+the <em>official</em> GNU Project Channel</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/gnu-women">#gnu-women</a>
— a channel for women in GNU and other free software</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/gnu-es">#gnu-es</a> —
GNU in Spanish</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/gnu-mx">#gnu-mx</a> —
Discussion
+ about GNU Mexico chapter</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/fsf">#fsf</a> —
Discussion about the
+<a href="http://www.fsf.org/">FSF (Free Software Foundation) and
fsf.org</a>
+</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/libreplanet">#libreplanet</a>
— Discussion of the LibrePlanet website, and <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/conference/">conference</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/emacs">#emacs</a> —
Discussion
+regarding <a href="/software/emacs/">Emacs</a></li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/hurd">#hurd</a> —
Discussion regarding
+<a href="/software/hurd/">Hurd</a></li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.gnu.org/grub">#grub</a> — for
the GNU bootloader, <a href="/software/grub/">GRUB</a>.</li>
+<li><a href="irc://irc.oftc.net/savannah">#savannah</a>
—
+<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah.GNU.org</a> hangout
channel</li>
+<li><a
href="irc://irc.gnu.org/gnu-webmasters">#gnu-webmasters</a> —
The
+<a href="http://www.gnu.org/people/webmeisters.html">GNU
Webmasters</a>
+ channel, for discussions about www.gnu.org</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Channel rules</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Respect — don't engage in racism or hate speech. People are
+ entitled to different opinions.</li>
+<li>Appropriate — think before you type, is your comment
appropriate?
+ Is it possible someone may misinterpret what you're saying in jest
+ as hateful speech?</li>
+<li>Keep it on topic — personal attacks, trolling/baiting or
flooding
+ (posting multiple repetitive lines or large amounts of code) of the
+ channel will not be tolerated.</li>
+<li>And finally — each GNU Project and FSF channel exists to
+ promote a specific aspect of GNU development or use; more generally,
+ they all exist to promote free software and software users' freedom.
+ Use the channel in ways that support these goals.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h3>Abuses will not be tolerated</h3>
+
+<p>IRC is not the exclusive playground of a few select individuals,
+and recently some users have been banned from various official
+channels. These bans are an unfortunate, but unfortunately necessary
+action in order to prevent further abuses from these users.</p>
+
+<p>Bans can be applied to a channel, or to all channels based on the
+severity or frequency of the abuses, at the discretion of the channel
+operators.</p>
+
+<p>Before you are banned, you will often be warned by an operator
+first, however this is not always practical and an operator may deem
+it unnecessary if a user has recently been kicked or banned.</p>
+
+<p>In an ideal world, there would be no need for IRC operators, but
+instead of trying to blame operators for this, blame the users who are
+not willing to be in our community.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Rules end here, but here are some helpful
suggestions…</p>
+
+<h3>Getting help</h3>
+
+<p>Speak to one of the operators. If an operator is unable to help
+you immediately, please be patient. Ask other members of the channel
+for help and contact details for the operator.</p>
+
+<p>You can find a list of operators by typing <tt>/msg chanserv
access
+#gnu list</tt> (where #gnu is the channel you are interested
in).</p>
+
+<h3>Freenode guidelines</h3>
+
+<p>Freenode also
+maintains <a href="http://freenode.net/channel_guidelines.shtml">a
+list of channel guidelines</a> which you should also consider.
+Certain discussions such as GNU vs BSD, vi
+vs <a href="/software/emacs/">Emacs</a> are often healthy to free
+software discussion and we encourage healthy debate.</p>
+
+<h3>Remember</h3>
+
+<p>IRC is there for everyone, not just seasoned GNU Developers. It is
+unreasonable to expect everyone to ignore a user who is misbehaving,
+and if you have a GNU or FSF cloak, you may be reassigned an
+“unaffiliated” cloak, in accordance
+with <a
href="http://freenode.net/policy.shtml#behaviorandcloaks">Freenode
+guidelines</a> if you continue to abuse your privileges.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000,
2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
+</p>
+<p>
+This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:33 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: server/po/server.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/po/server.sq-diff.html
diff -N server/po/server.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/po/server.sq-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/server/server.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- Parent-Version: 1.59
--></strong></del></span><!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>About GNU Servers
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/po/server.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>About GNU Servers</h2>
+
+<p>We have <a href="/server/irc-rules.html">rules for official GNU
and FSF IRC
+channels</a>.</p>
+
+<p>We have <a href="/server/mirror.html">information and advice
for those
+wishing to mirror ftp.gnu.org</a>. (We no longer suggest mirroring
+www.gnu.org.)</p>
+
+<p>For designing and authoring our web pages, we follow certain <a
+href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html">style guidelines</a>. If you
+would like to help, we have a list of <a
+href="/server/tasks.html">tasks</a> that need to be done on this web
+site. All our pages are <a
+href="http://www.anybrowser.org/campaign/">Best Viewed with Any
+Browser</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Just as we do not install proprietary software, we have a policy of
+not making links to pages that promote proprietary programs. We
+cannot make proprietary software disappear by not talking about it;
+information about proprietary software is widely available, and people
+who want it will get it somehow. But we prefer not to be participants
+in the process of advertising proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>We also confine all links to text that is commercial in its tone to a
+few of our pages, where the topic makes such links appropriate. This
+is so we can avoid appearing to share the widespread assumption that
+money and business are the highest value in life.</p>
+
+<p>Only <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
is used on
+this computer. The web server is the
+<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache web server</a>,
+which is distributed under the Apache license (a free software license).
+To support this server,
+we also use other free software developed by GNU volunteers
+and we maintain a <a href="/server/source/source.html">list of such
+software</a>.</p>
+
+<p>We currently host through TowardEX and the Markley Group, who have
graciously donated the
+bandwidth and colocation space for this system.</p>
+
+<p>The operating system is Trisquel GNU/Linux, which is one example of a
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> system. Trisquel
GNU/Linux
+is listed on <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">our list of free
+GNU/Linux-distributions</a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send <span class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span>
FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/contact/contact.html">other</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/contact/">other</em></ins></span>
ways to contact</a>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2013</em></ins></span> Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:34 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html
diff -N server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/po/tasks.sq-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/server/tasks.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Tasks to do for www.gnu.org
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/po/tasks.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Tasks to do for www.gnu.org</h2>
+
+<p>
+ Here are many possible tasks for improving the GNU web pages.
+ If you would like to help with one of them, please e-mail
+ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>
+ BEFORE you do any work on them.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="accessibility">Accessibility</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Investigate how www.gnu.org could provide better accessibility to
+ all regardless of disability.
+</p>
+<ul>
+ <li>A good place to start is the
+ <a href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/">Web Accessibility
+ Initiative (WAI)</a>.</li>
+ <li>Other resources on and off the web could also be
checked.</li>
+ <li>People at or near MIT could check with MIT's
+ <a href="http://web.mit.edu/atic/www/">Adaptive Technology for
+ Information and Computing</a> in person.</li>
+ <li>People who have access to similar centers at other schools,
+ organizations, and companies could check with them.</li>
+ <li>Disabled users of the web could also be interviewed, and perhaps
+ even added to the webmasters team for this task and others.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h3 id="conversions">Format Conversions</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>We are looking for people to volunteer to convert documentation
+ from various formats to the
+ <a href="/software/texinfo/texinfo.html">Texinfo</a>
+ format. This is something we need
+ occasionally. We would like to have a list of people we could ask
+ on these occasions. If you want to volunteer, please send mail to
+ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</li>
+ <li>Rewrite the various philosophy pages in
+ <a href="/software/texinfo/texinfo.html">Texinfo</a>
+ and
+ convert to HTML using texi2html.
+ They could then be easily included in:
+ <ul>
+ <li>the <a
href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GNUinfo">/gnu/GNUinfo</a>
+ subdirectory of
+ <a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/">ftp.gnu.org</a></li>
+ <li>the etc/ subdirectory of the GNU Emacs distribution</li>
+ <li>in the GNU system's Info tree</li>
+ <li>other useful locations.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="writing">Writing Web Pages</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>Write web pages for GNU programs that lacks web pages on our
server or
+ whose web pages are obsolete using our <a
+ href="/software/boilerplate_software.html">software boilerplate</a>
as a
+ template. Also read our <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.software.html">software page
+ standards</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h3 id="valid">Broken Links</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>
+ Help is needed
+ <a
href="/server/standards/README.webmastering.html#deadlink">repairing
+ broken links</a>. There are numerous
+ <a
href="/server/standards/README.webmastering.html#symlinks">symlinks</a>,
+ so please do not break these in your repair efforts. Time and
+ care is needed to track down broken links, and in most
+ cases find suitable replacements. Please ensure that our
+ <a
href="/server/standards/README.webmastering.html#addlink">linking</a>
+ <a
href="/server/standards/README.webmastering.html#pollinking">policy</a>
+ is followed in finding replacements.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="l10n">Localization</h3>
+
+<p>Help <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">translate
+GNU web pages</a> from English into other languages. You can either
+join an existing translation team, or form a new one. Check the
+<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html#TranslationsUnderway">existing
+translation teams</a>.</p>
+
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</em></ins></span>
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2004,
2005, 2006, 2007, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2008</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>2008, 2013</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
USA</address>
+<p>
+This</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This</em></ins></span> page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:34 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html
diff -N server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.sq-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:35
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/server/standards/webmaster-quiz.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Volunteer Webmaster Quiz
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/standards/po/webmaster-quiz.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Volunteer Webmaster Quiz</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Want to get involved with www.gnu.org?</strong>
If you're
+enthusiastic, and know HTML and a little bit about our work, we'd love
+to hear from you! As a volunteer GNU webmaster, you'll be doing great
+work to help support our mission.</p>
+
+<p>You can usefully help with webmastering in as little as an hour a
+week, or as much time as you have.</p>
+
+<p>To get started, answer the following questions as best as you can,
+and email them to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<ol>
+
+ <li>In your own words, what is the Free Software Foundation, and
+ what is its purpose?</li>
+
+ <li>What is open source?</li>
+
+ <li>What is free software?</li>
+
+ <li>Do you have any experience with graphic design?</li>
+
+ <li>Do you have any experience with CVS, Subversion or other version
+ control systems?</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+<p><strong>Ready? Email your completed quiz
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden want to be a GNU
+ Webmaster"><address@hidden></a>.</strong> (Please use
+<em>English</em> for your answers to the quiz.)</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
+Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:35 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: software/po/devel.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/devel.pl-diff.html
diff -N software/po/devel.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/devel.pl-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:38 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/software/devel.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>GNU Development Resources
+- GNU Project - Free Software
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>GNU Development Resources</h2>
+
+<p>This page describes the development services available for GNU
+developers on GNU Project machines. For full details of the privileges
+and responsibilities of GNU maintainers, please see the <a
+href="/prep/maintain/">Information for GNU Maintainers</a> document,
and
+also follow the <a href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding
Standards</a>.
+Also interesting to review may be the <a
+href="/help/evaluation.html#whatmeans">overview of what it means to be a
+GNU package</a>.</p>
+
+<p>With the abundance of inexpensive computers that can run <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, as well as the greater
+availability of Internet access, many GNU volunteers today have all the
+computer facilities they need. However, there are still advantages to
+having central computers where GNU volunteers can work together without
+having to make their own machines accessible to others.</p>
+
+<p>For that reason, the Free Software Foundation strongly encourages GNU
+software projects to use the machines at <code>gnu.org</code> as a
home
+base. Using these machines also benefits the GNU Project indirectly, by
+increasing public awareness of GNU, and spreading the idea of working
+together for the benefit of everyone.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="CVS">Savannah and version control</h3>
+
+<p>If you are developing an official GNU package, we strongly recommend
+using a public source control repository on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>, the GNU hosting server.
+To do this, first <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php">create yourself an
+account</a> and then <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/register/">register your GNU
package</a>.
+After it is created, you will be able to choose a version control
+system, create web pages for your package, manage permissions for
+contributors to the pages, and many other features.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="MailLists">Mailing lists</h3>
+
+<p>We operate mailing lists for GNU software packages as needed,
+including both hand-managed lists and automatically managed lists.</p>
+
+<p>When a GNU package is registered on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>, a web interface allows
+developers to create and manage mailing lists dedicated to their
+package.</p>
+
+<p>Each GNU package <em>name</em> ought to have at least a
bug-reporting
+list with the canonical name
<code>bug-<em>name</em>@gnu.org</code>,
+plus any aliases that may be useful. Using Savannah, you can create
+lists for your package with names like this. Some packages share the
+list address@hidden but we now encourage packages to set up their
+own individual lists.</p>
+
+<p>Packages can have other lists for announcements, asking for help,
+posting source code, for discussion among users, or whatever the package
+maintainer finds to be useful.</p>
+
+<p>Mailing list archives for automatically-managed lists are available
+at <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/">http://lists.gnu.org</a>, as
well as
+through the list manager. Archives for hand-maintained lists are
+generally kept in <code>/com/archive</code> on the GNU
machines.</p>
+
+<p>When a mailing list becomes large enough to justify it, we can set up
+a <code>gnu.*</code> newsgroup with a two-way link to the mailing
+list.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="WebServer">Web pages</h3>
+
+<p>The master GNU web server is <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/">http://www.gnu.org/</a>. We very strongly
+recommend that GNU packages use
+<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/</tt><i>package</i> as
their primary
+home page.</p>
+
+<p>Using Savannah, developers can create and maintain their own pages at
+that url via a CVS “web repository”, separate from the
+package's main source repository (which can use any supported version
+control system). <a href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Web-Pages">More
+information on maintaining GNU web pages</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="FTP">FTP</h3>
+
+<p>The primary ftp site for GNU software on <a
+href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu"><code>http://ftp.gnu.org/</code></a>,
+which is <a href="/prep/ftp.html">mirrored worldwide</a>. We very
+strongly recommend that all GNU packages upload their releases here (in
+addition to any other location you find convenient).</p>
+
+<p>We use a different server for test releases, so that people won't
+install them thinking they are ready for prime time. This server is <a
+href="ftp://alpha.gnu.org/"><code>ftp://alpha.gnu.org/</code></a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <a
+href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Automated-FTP-Uploads">Information
+for GNU Maintainers</a> document has complete details on the ftp upload
+process, which is the same for both servers.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="LoginAccounts">Login accounts</h3>
+
+<p>We provide shell login access to GNU machines to people who need them
+for work on GNU software. Having a login account is both a privilege and
+a responsibility, and they should be used only for your work on GNU.
+<a href="README.accounts.html">Instructions for obtaining an account
+machines</a> are written separately.</p>
+
+<p>On the general login machine, the <a
href="/software/gsrc/">gsrc</a>
+package developers maintain a hierarchy of the current GNU package
+releases (<tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live</tt>), compiled from the original
+sources. To use it, source
<tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live/setup</tt>.</p>
+
+<p>You can also <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/systems/sending-mail-via-fencepost">use a
+GNU account for email</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="Hydra">Hydra: Continuous builds and portability
testing</h3>
+
+<p>Continuous build tools (often referred to as continuous integration
+tools) allow programming errors to be spotted soon after they are
+introduced in a software project, which is particularly useful for
+cooperatively developed software.</p>
+
+<p><a href="http://nixos.org/hydra/">Hydra</a> is a free
continuous
+build tool based on the <a href="http://nixos.org/nix/">Nix</a>
package
+manager. Administrators of the <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/">Hydra
+instance at the Delft University of Technology</a> have generously
+offered <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu">slots for the GNU
+Project</a>. Projects on Hydra get re-built <em>at each
commit</em>
+or change in their dependencies, whichever comes first (dependencies
+<em>include</em> the standard build environment being used, which
+itself contains recent released versions of GCC, GNU make,
+etc.)</p>
+
+<p>Currently it can build software on GNU/Linux
(<tt>i686</tt> and
+<tt>x86_64</tt>) as well as FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris, and Cygwin,
and
+can cross-build for GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux on other architectures, and
+MinGW. It can provide code coverage reports produced using LCOV. In
+addition to source tarballs and Nix packages, it can build packages for
+<code>deb</code>- and <code>RPM</code>-based
distributions. Packages
+can be built against the latest versions of their dependencies; for
+instance, GnuTLS is built using GNU libtasn1 and GNU libgcrypt
+builds corresponding to their latest revision.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the <a
href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu">web
+interface</a>, Hydra can send notifications by email when the build
+status of a project changes—e.g., from
<code>SUCCEEDED</code> to
+<code>FAILED</code>. When a build fails, its log and build tree
are
+accessible from the web interface; the latter allows generated files
+(for example, <code>config.log</code> or
<code>testsuite.log</code>) to
+be inspected, which provides debugging hints.</p>
+
+<p>Any GNU software package can request a slot on Hydra. Each package
+must provide its own “build recipe” written in the Nix
+language (a <em>Nix expression</em>, in Nix parlance). <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git">Nix
+expressions for GNU projects</a> are available via Git. For simple
+projects using standard GNU build tools such as Automake and Autoconf,
+the recipe is usually fairly simple. For example, see the <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git/tree/patch/release.nix">recipe
+for GNU Patch</a>. You are welcome to ask for guidance on <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden">address@hidden</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After constructing your build recipe, email <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/hydra-users">address@hidden</a>
+and ask to be included in Hydra. Also make sure to become a member of
+the <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/hydra-recipes/"><code>hydra-recipes</code>
+project at Savannah</a>. This will allow you to customize your
+project's build job directly.</p>
+
+<p> For technical information about Hydra, please consult the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc/manual">
+manual of Hydra</a> (<a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc-pdf/manual">PDF</a>).
+For more details, please refer to the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/trunk/tarball/latest/download/1/nix/manual.html">Nix
+manual</a> and <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixpkgs/trunk/tarball/latest/download/2/manual.html">the
+Nixpkgs manual</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="platform-testers">platform-testers: Manual portability
testing</h3>
+
+<p>Another useful option for pre-release testing is the <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers">platform-testers
+mailing list</a>. Time permitting, the people on this list build
+pre-releases on a wide variety of platforms upon request. (Volunteers
+to handle testing requests are needed! Just subscribe to the list and
+start participating.)</p>
+
+<p>In contrast to the Hydra tool described above, the platform-testers
+list works essentially by hand, so each method has its advantages and
+disadvantages. Also, the platform-testers crew has access to a wider
+variety of platforms and compilers than the Hydra setup.</p>
+
+<p>So, if you have a pre-release, you can write to the mailing list,
+providing (1) the url to the tarball, (2) the planned date of
+the release, and (3) the email address to which build reports
+should be sent. The builds and reports are made by hand by the
+volunteers on the list.</p>
+
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:38 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: software/po/devel.sq-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/devel.sq-diff.html
diff -N software/po/devel.sq-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/devel.sq-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:40 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/software/devel.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>GNU Development Resources
+- GNU Project - Free Software
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>GNU Development Resources</h2>
+
+<p>This page describes the development services available for GNU
+developers on GNU Project machines. For full details of the privileges
+and responsibilities of GNU maintainers, please see the <a
+href="/prep/maintain/">Information for GNU Maintainers</a> document,
and
+also follow the <a href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding
Standards</a>.
+Also interesting to review may be the <a
+href="/help/evaluation.html#whatmeans">overview of what it means to be a
+GNU package</a>.</p>
+
+<p>With the abundance of inexpensive computers that can run <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, as well as the greater
+availability of Internet access, many GNU volunteers today have all the
+computer facilities they need. However, there are still advantages to
+having central computers where GNU volunteers can work together without
+having to make their own machines accessible to others.</p>
+
+<p>For that reason, the Free Software Foundation strongly encourages GNU
+software projects to use the machines at <code>gnu.org</code> as a
home
+base. Using these machines also benefits the GNU Project indirectly, by
+increasing public awareness of GNU, and spreading the idea of working
+together for the benefit of everyone.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="CVS">Savannah and version control</h3>
+
+<p>If you are developing an official GNU package, we strongly recommend
+using a public source control repository on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>, the GNU hosting server.
+To do this, first <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php">create yourself an
+account</a> and then <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/register/">register your GNU
package</a>.
+After it is created, you will be able to choose a version control
+system, create web pages for your package, manage permissions for
+contributors to the pages, and many other features.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="MailLists">Mailing lists</h3>
+
+<p>We operate mailing lists for GNU software packages as needed,
+including both hand-managed lists and automatically managed lists.</p>
+
+<p>When a GNU package is registered on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/">Savannah</a>, a web interface allows
+developers to create and manage mailing lists dedicated to their
+package.</p>
+
+<p>Each GNU package <em>name</em> ought to have at least a
bug-reporting
+list with the canonical name
<code>bug-<em>name</em>@gnu.org</code>,
+plus any aliases that may be useful. Using Savannah, you can create
+lists for your package with names like this. Some packages share the
+list address@hidden but we now encourage packages to set up their
+own individual lists.</p>
+
+<p>Packages can have other lists for announcements, asking for help,
+posting source code, for discussion among users, or whatever the package
+maintainer finds to be useful.</p>
+
+<p>Mailing list archives for automatically-managed lists are available
+at <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/">http://lists.gnu.org</a>, as
well as
+through the list manager. Archives for hand-maintained lists are
+generally kept in <code>/com/archive</code> on the GNU
machines.</p>
+
+<p>When a mailing list becomes large enough to justify it, we can set up
+a <code>gnu.*</code> newsgroup with a two-way link to the mailing
+list.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="WebServer">Web pages</h3>
+
+<p>The master GNU web server is <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/">http://www.gnu.org/</a>. We very strongly
+recommend that GNU packages use
+<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/</tt><i>package</i> as
their primary
+home page.</p>
+
+<p>Using Savannah, developers can create and maintain their own pages at
+that url via a CVS “web repository”, separate from the
+package's main source repository (which can use any supported version
+control system). <a href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Web-Pages">More
+information on maintaining GNU web pages</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="FTP">FTP</h3>
+
+<p>The primary ftp site for GNU software on <a
+href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu"><code>http://ftp.gnu.org/</code></a>,
+which is <a href="/prep/ftp.html">mirrored worldwide</a>. We very
+strongly recommend that all GNU packages upload their releases here (in
+addition to any other location you find convenient).</p>
+
+<p>We use a different server for test releases, so that people won't
+install them thinking they are ready for prime time. This server is <a
+href="ftp://alpha.gnu.org/"><code>ftp://alpha.gnu.org/</code></a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <a
+href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Automated-FTP-Uploads">Information
+for GNU Maintainers</a> document has complete details on the ftp upload
+process, which is the same for both servers.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="LoginAccounts">Login accounts</h3>
+
+<p>We provide shell login access to GNU machines to people who need them
+for work on GNU software. Having a login account is both a privilege and
+a responsibility, and they should be used only for your work on GNU.
+<a href="README.accounts.html">Instructions for obtaining an account
+machines</a> are written separately.</p>
+
+<p>On the general login machine, the <a
href="/software/gsrc/">gsrc</a>
+package developers maintain a hierarchy of the current GNU package
+releases (<tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live</tt>), compiled from the original
+sources. To use it, source
<tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live/setup</tt>.</p>
+
+<p>You can also <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/systems/sending-mail-via-fencepost">use a
+GNU account for email</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="Hydra">Hydra: Continuous builds and portability
testing</h3>
+
+<p>Continuous build tools (often referred to as continuous integration
+tools) allow programming errors to be spotted soon after they are
+introduced in a software project, which is particularly useful for
+cooperatively developed software.</p>
+
+<p><a href="http://nixos.org/hydra/">Hydra</a> is a free
continuous
+build tool based on the <a href="http://nixos.org/nix/">Nix</a>
package
+manager. Administrators of the <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/">Hydra
+instance at the Delft University of Technology</a> have generously
+offered <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu">slots for the GNU
+Project</a>. Projects on Hydra get re-built <em>at each
commit</em>
+or change in their dependencies, whichever comes first (dependencies
+<em>include</em> the standard build environment being used, which
+itself contains recent released versions of GCC, GNU make,
+etc.)</p>
+
+<p>Currently it can build software on GNU/Linux
(<tt>i686</tt> and
+<tt>x86_64</tt>) as well as FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris, and Cygwin,
and
+can cross-build for GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux on other architectures, and
+MinGW. It can provide code coverage reports produced using LCOV. In
+addition to source tarballs and Nix packages, it can build packages for
+<code>deb</code>- and <code>RPM</code>-based
distributions. Packages
+can be built against the latest versions of their dependencies; for
+instance, GnuTLS is built using GNU libtasn1 and GNU libgcrypt
+builds corresponding to their latest revision.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the <a
href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu">web
+interface</a>, Hydra can send notifications by email when the build
+status of a project changes—e.g., from
<code>SUCCEEDED</code> to
+<code>FAILED</code>. When a build fails, its log and build tree
are
+accessible from the web interface; the latter allows generated files
+(for example, <code>config.log</code> or
<code>testsuite.log</code>) to
+be inspected, which provides debugging hints.</p>
+
+<p>Any GNU software package can request a slot on Hydra. Each package
+must provide its own “build recipe” written in the Nix
+language (a <em>Nix expression</em>, in Nix parlance). <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git">Nix
+expressions for GNU projects</a> are available via Git. For simple
+projects using standard GNU build tools such as Automake and Autoconf,
+the recipe is usually fairly simple. For example, see the <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git/tree/patch/release.nix">recipe
+for GNU Patch</a>. You are welcome to ask for guidance on <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden">address@hidden</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After constructing your build recipe, email <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/hydra-users">address@hidden</a>
+and ask to be included in Hydra. Also make sure to become a member of
+the <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/hydra-recipes/"><code>hydra-recipes</code>
+project at Savannah</a>. This will allow you to customize your
+project's build job directly.</p>
+
+<p> For technical information about Hydra, please consult the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc/manual">
+manual of Hydra</a> (<a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc-pdf/manual">PDF</a>).
+For more details, please refer to the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/trunk/tarball/latest/download/1/nix/manual.html">Nix
+manual</a> and <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixpkgs/trunk/tarball/latest/download/2/manual.html">the
+Nixpkgs manual</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="platform-testers">platform-testers: Manual portability
testing</h3>
+
+<p>Another useful option for pre-release testing is the <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers">platform-testers
+mailing list</a>. Time permitting, the people on this list build
+pre-releases on a wide variety of platforms upon request. (Volunteers
+to handle testing requests are needed! Just subscribe to the list and
+start participating.)</p>
+
+<p>In contrast to the Hydra tool described above, the platform-testers
+list works essentially by hand, so each method has its advantages and
+disadvantages. Also, the platform-testers crew has access to a wider
+variety of platforms and compilers than the Hydra setup.</p>
+
+<p>So, if you have a pre-release, you can write to the mailing list,
+providing (1) the url to the tarball, (2) the planned date of
+the release, and (3) the email address to which build reports
+should be sent. The builds and reports are made by hand by the
+volunteers on the list.</p>
+
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:40 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html
diff -N software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/reliability.ca-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:41 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/software/reliability.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Free Software is More Reliable!
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/reliability.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Free Software is More Reliable!</h2>
+
+<p>Apologists
+for <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
+software</a> like to say,
+“<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> is a
nice
+dream, but we all know that only the proprietary system can produce
+reliable products. A bunch of hackers just can't do this.”</p>
+
+<p>Empirical evidence disagrees, however; scientific tests, described
+below, have found GNU software to be <em>more</em> reliable than
+comparable proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>This should not be a surprise; there are good reasons for the high
+reliability of GNU software, good reasons to expect free software will
+often (though not always) have high reliability.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUUtilitiesSafer">GNU Utilities Safer!</h3>
+
+<p>Barton P. Miller and his colleagues tested the reliability of Unix
+utility programs in 1990 and 1995. Each time, GNU's utilities came
+out considerably ahead. They tested seven commercial Unix systems as
+well as GNU. By subjecting them to a random input stream, they could
+“crash (with core dump) or hang (infinite loop) over 40% (in the
+worst case) of the basic utility programs…”</p>
+
+<p>These researchers found that the commercial Unix systems had a
+failure rate that ranged from 15% to 43%. In contrast, the failure
+rate for GNU was only 7%.</p>
+
+<p>Miller also said that, “the three commercial systems that we
+compared in both 1990 and 1995 noticeably improved in reliability, but
+still had significant rates of failure (the basic utilities from
+GNU/Linux still were noticeably better than those of the commercial
+systems).”</p>
+
+<p>For details, see their
+paper: <a
href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps">
+Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities
+and Services (postscript 223k)</a> by Barton
+P. Miller <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>,
+David Koski, Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy,
+Ajitkumar Natarajan, and Jeff Steidl.</p>
+
+<h3 id="WhyReliable">Why Free Software is More Reliable</h3>
+
+<p>It is no fluke that the GNU utilities are so reliable. There are
+good reasons why free software tends to be of high quality.</p>
+
+<p>One reason is that free software gets the whole community involved
+in working together to fix problems. Users not only report bugs, they
+even fix bugs and send in fixes. Users work together, conversing by
+email, to get to the bottom of a problem and make the software work
+trouble-free.</p>
+
+<p>Another is that developers really care about reliability. Free
+software packages do not always compete commercially, but they still
+compete for a good reputation, and a program which is unsatisfactory
+will not achieve the popularity that developers hope for. What's
+more, an author who makes the source code available for all to see
+puts his reputation on the line, and had better make the software
+clean and clear, on pain of the community's disapproval.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CancerClinicReliesOnFreeSoftware">Cancer Clinic Relies on Free
+Software!</h3>
+
+<p>The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota (the same
+Fargo which was the scene of a movie and a flood) uses
+Linux-based GNU systems precisely because reliability is essential. A
+network of GNU/Linux machines runs the information system, coordinates
+drug therapies, and performs many other functions. This network needs
+to be available to the Center's staff at a moment's notice.</p>
+
+<p>According to
+Dr. G.W. Wettstein <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+The proper care of our cancer patients would not be what it is today
+without [GNU/]Linux … The tools that we have been able to
+deploy from free software channels have enabled us to write and
+develop innovative applications which … do not exist through
+commercial avenues.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
+2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 <a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software
+Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:41 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html
diff -N software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/reliability.pl-diff.html 11 Oct 2013 08:10:41 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/software/reliability.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.75
--></em></ins></span>
+<title>Free Software is More Reliable!
+- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/reliability.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Free Software is More Reliable!</h2>
+
+<p>Apologists
+for <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary
+software</a> like to say,
+“<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> is a
nice
+dream, but we all know that only the proprietary system can produce
+reliable products. A bunch of hackers just can't do this.”</p>
+
+<p>Empirical evidence disagrees, however; scientific tests, described
+below, have found GNU software to be <em>more</em> reliable than
+comparable proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>This should not be a surprise; there are good reasons for the high
+reliability of GNU software, good reasons to expect free software will
+often (though not always) have high reliability.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUUtilitiesSafer">GNU Utilities Safer!</h3>
+
+<p>Barton P. Miller and his colleagues tested the reliability of Unix
+utility programs in 1990 and 1995. Each time, GNU's utilities came
+out considerably ahead. They tested seven commercial Unix systems as
+well as GNU. By subjecting them to a random input stream, they could
+“crash (with core dump) or hang (infinite loop) over 40% (in the
+worst case) of the basic utility programs…”</p>
+
+<p>These researchers found that the commercial Unix systems had a
+failure rate that ranged from 15% to 43%. In contrast, the failure
+rate for GNU was only 7%.</p>
+
+<p>Miller also said that, “the three commercial systems that we
+compared in both 1990 and 1995 noticeably improved in reliability, but
+still had significant rates of failure (the basic utilities from
+GNU/Linux still were noticeably better than those of the commercial
+systems).”</p>
+
+<p>For details, see their
+paper: <a
href="ftp://ftp.cs.wisc.edu/pub/paradyn/technical_papers/fuzz-revisited.ps">
+Fuzz Revisited: A Re-examination of the Reliability of Unix Utilities
+and Services (postscript 223k)</a> by Barton
+P. Miller <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>,
+David Koski, Cjin Pheow Lee, Vivekananda Maganty, Ravi Murthy,
+Ajitkumar Natarajan, and Jeff Steidl.</p>
+
+<h3 id="WhyReliable">Why Free Software is More Reliable</h3>
+
+<p>It is no fluke that the GNU utilities are so reliable. There are
+good reasons why free software tends to be of high quality.</p>
+
+<p>One reason is that free software gets the whole community involved
+in working together to fix problems. Users not only report bugs, they
+even fix bugs and send in fixes. Users work together, conversing by
+email, to get to the bottom of a problem and make the software work
+trouble-free.</p>
+
+<p>Another is that developers really care about reliability. Free
+software packages do not always compete commercially, but they still
+compete for a good reputation, and a program which is unsatisfactory
+will not achieve the popularity that developers hope for. What's
+more, an author who makes the source code available for all to see
+puts his reputation on the line, and had better make the software
+clean and clear, on pain of the community's disapproval.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CancerClinicReliesOnFreeSoftware">Cancer Clinic Relies on Free
+Software!</h3>
+
+<p>The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota (the same
+Fargo which was the scene of a movie and a flood) uses
+Linux-based GNU systems precisely because reliability is essential. A
+network of GNU/Linux machines runs the information system, coordinates
+drug therapies, and performs many other functions. This network needs
+to be available to the Center's staff at a moment's notice.</p>
+
+<p>According to
+Dr. G.W. Wettstein <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+<address@hidden></a>:</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+The proper care of our cancer patients would not be what it is today
+without [GNU/]Linux … The tools that we have been able to
+deploy from free software channels have enabled us to write and
+develop innovative applications which … do not exist through
+commercial avenues.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- If needed, change the copyright
block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002".
--></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the <span class="removed"><del><strong>FSF.<br />
+Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>FSF.
Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections or suggestions <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Please</strong></del></span>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the
original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please</em></ins></span> see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005,
+2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011 <a href="http://www.fsf.org">Free Software
+Foundation</a>, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States <span
class="removed"><del><strong>License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/10/11 08:10:41 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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