# Spanish translations of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/right-to-read.html # Copyright (C) 1999, 2004, 2010-2014, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the original article. # Carlos Rega , 1999. # Jorge A.Colazo . 2004. # Miguel Abad Pérez, 2004 # puigpe, 2010 # Alejandro Luis Bonavita , 2011. # André Silva , 2011. # Daniel Riaño , 2012. # Dora Scilipoti , 2012-2014, 2016. # msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: right-to-read.html\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2016-07-15 23:25+0000\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2016-10-03 23:41+0100\n" "Last-Translator: Dora Scilipoti \n" "Language-Team: Spanish \n" "Language: es\n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" "X-Outdated-Since: 2016-07-13 17:55+0000\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n!=1);\n" "X-Generator: Poedit 1.5.4\n" #. type: Content of: msgid "The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation" msgstr "El derecho a leer - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation" #. type: Content of: <h2> msgid "The Right to Read" msgstr "El derecho a leer" # type: Content of: <p> #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>" msgstr "" "por <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></" "a>" #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue of <cite>Communications " "of the ACM</cite> (Volume 40, Number 2).</em>" msgstr "" "<em>Este artículo se publicó en febrero de 1997 en <cite>Communications of " "the ACM</cite> (Vol. 40, Número 2).</em>" #. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> msgid "" "From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of articles about the " "antecedents of the Lunarian Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096." msgstr "" "De <cite>El camino a Tycho</cite>, una colección de artículos sobre los " "antecedentes de la Revolución Lunar, publicado en Luna City en 2096." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa Lenz " "asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless she could " "borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There was no one she " "dared ask, except Dan." msgstr "" "Para Dan Halbert el viaje a Tycho comenzó en la universidad, cuando un día " "Lissa Lenz le pidió prestado el ordenador. El suyo se había averiado, y a " "menos que consiguiera otro, sería reprobada en su trabajo fin de trimestre. " "No se atrevía a pedírselo a nadie excepto a Dan." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent her his " "computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go " "to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very " "idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since " "elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong—something " "that only pirates would do." msgstr "" "Esto puso a Dan en un dilema. Tenía que ayudarla, pero si le prestaba su " "ordenador ella podría leer sus libros. Dejando de lado el peligro de " "enfrentarse a una condena de muchos años de cárcel por permitir que otra " "persona leyera sus libros, la sola idea le turbó al principio. Como a todo " "el mundo, desde la escuela primaria le habían enseñado que compartir libros " "es sucio y malo, cosa de piratas." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software Protection " "Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software class, Dan had " "learned that each book had a copyright monitor that reported when and where " "it was read, and by whom, to Central Licensing. (They used this information " "to catch reading pirates, but also to sell personal interest profiles to " "retailers.) The next time his computer was networked, Central Licensing " "would find out. He, as computer owner, would receive the harshest " "punishment—for not taking pains to prevent the crime." msgstr "" "Además, no había muchas posibilidades de evitar que la APS —la " "Autoridad de Protección del Software— lo descubriese. En sus clases de " "programación Dan había aprendido que todo libro tenía un control de " "copyright que informaba a la Oficina Central de Licencias de cuándo, dónde y " "quién lo había leído. Usaban esa información no solo para atrapar a los " "piratas de la lectura, sino también para vender perfiles personales a las " "empresas. La próxima vez que su ordenador se conectase a la red, la Oficina " "Central de Licencias lo descubriría y él, como propietario del ordenador, " "recibiría un durísimo castigo por no tomar las medidas adecuadas para evitar " "el delito." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She might " "want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she came from a " "middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition, let alone her " "reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way she could graduate. " "He understood this situation; he himself had had to borrow to pay for all " "the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those fees went to the " "researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for an academic career, he " "could hope that his own research papers, if frequently referenced, would " "bring in enough to repay this loan.)" msgstr "" "Naturalmente, no estaba dicho que Lissa tuviera la intención de leer sus " "libros. Probablemente necesitaba el ordenador solo para escribir el " "proyecto. Pero Dan sabía que Lissa provenía de una familia de clase media " "que a duras penas se podía permitir pagar la matrícula, y mucho menos las " "tasas de lectura. Leer sus libros podía ser la única manera que tenía de " "terminar la carrera. Dan entendía la situación: él mismo había pedido un " "préstamo para costearse los artículos de investigación que leía (el 10% de " "ese dinero iba a parar a los investigadores que los habían escrito, y como " "Dan pretendía hacer carrera en la universidad, esperaba que sus propios " "artículos de investigación, en caso de ser citados frecuentemente, le " "reportaran los suficientes beneficios como para pagar el préstamo)." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the " "library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to pay. " "There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages without " "government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial and nonprofit " "journal publishers had begun charging fees for access. By 2047, libraries " "offering free public access to scholarly literature were a dim memory." msgstr "" "Más tarde Dan descubrió que había habido un tiempo en el que todo el mundo " "podía ir a una biblioteca y leer artículos, incluso libros, sin tener que " "pagar. Había investigadores que podían leer miles de páginas sin necesidad " "de becas de biblioteca. Pero desde los años noventa del siglo anterior, " "tanto las editoriales comerciales como las no comerciales habían empezado a " "cobrar por el acceso a los artículos. En 2047, las bibliotecas que ofrecían " "acceso público y gratuito a los artículos académicos eran ya solo un vago " "recuerdo." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central Licensing. " "They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in software, Frank " "Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool, and used it to skip " "over the copyright monitor code when reading books. But he had told too " "many friends about it, and one of them turned him in to the SPA for a reward " "(students deep in debt were easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank " "was in prison, not for pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger." msgstr "" "Por supuesto que había formas de evitar los controles de la APS y de la " "Oficina Central de Licencias, pero eran ilegales. Dan había tenido un " "compañero de clase en Programación, Frank Martucci, que había conseguido un " "depurador ilegal y lo usaba para eludir el control de copyright de los " "libros. Pero se lo había contado a demasiados amigos, y uno de ellos lo " "denunció a la APS para obtener una recompensa (era fácil inducir a la " "traición a los estudiantes endeudados). En 2047 Frank estaba en la cárcel, " "pero no por lecturas piratas, sino por posesión de un depurador." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have debugging " "tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD or downloadable " "over the net. But ordinary users started using them to bypass copyright " "monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this had become their principal " "use in actual practice. This meant they were illegal; the debuggers' " "developers were sent to prison." msgstr "" "Dan supo más tarde que había habido un tiempo en el que cualquiera podía " "tener un depurador. Incluso había herramientas de depuración libres " "disponibles en CD o que se podían descargar de la red, pero los usuarios " "comunes empezaron a usarlas para saltarse los controles de copyright, y " "finalmente un juez dictaminó que este se había convertido en el principal " "uso que se les daba en la práctica. Eso quería decir que eran ilegales, y " "los desarrolladores de esas herramientas de depuración fueron a parar a la " "cárcel." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger vendors in " "2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to officially licensed and " "bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in software class was kept behind " "a special firewall so that it could be used only for class exercises." msgstr "" "Obviamente, los programadores necesitan herramientas de depuración, pero en " "2047 los vendedores de estas herramientas solo distribuían copias numeradas, " "y solo a programadores registrados y autorizados. El depurador que Dan había " "usado en sus clases de programación estaba detrás de un cortafuegos especial " "para que solo se pudiese utilizar en los ejercicios de clase." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a " "modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free " "kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around the " "turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like debuggers—" "you could not install one if you had one, without knowing your computer's " "root password. And neither the FBI nor Microsoft Support would tell you " "that." msgstr "" "También se podían eludir los controles de copyright instalando un núcleo de " "sistema modificado. Con el tiempo Dan averiguó que a principios de siglo " "habían existido núcleos, e incluso sistemas operativos completos, que eran " "libres. Pero ahora no solo eran ilegales, como los depuradores, sino que " "—aun en caso de poseer uno de tales sistemas o núcleos— tampoco " "se podían instalar sin conocer la clave del administrador de nuestro " "ordenador, cosa que ni el FBI ni el servicio técnico de Microsoft estaban " "dispuestos a revelar." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he " "couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to speak " "with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask for help, " "that could mean she loved him too." msgstr "" "Dan llegó a la conclusión de que no podía prestarle sin más el ordenador a " "Lissa. Sin embargo, no podía negarse a ayudarla porque estaba enamorado de " "ella. Cada oportunidad de hablarle lo llenaba de alegría, y el hecho de que " "le hubiese pedido ayuda podía significar que ella también lo amaba." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more unthinkable—he " "lent her the computer, and told her his password. This way, if Lissa read " "his books, Central Licensing would think he was reading them. It was still " "a crime, but the SPA would not automatically find out about it. They would " "only find out if Lissa reported him." msgstr "" "Dan resolvió el dilema haciendo algo aún más inconcebible: le prestó el " "ordenador y le dio su clave. De esa manera, si Lissa leía sus libros, la " "Oficina Central de Licencias pensaría que quien estaba leyéndolos era él. " "Seguía siendo un delito, pero la APS no lo detectaría automáticamente: solo " "podrían descubrirlo si Lissa lo denunciaba." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his own " "password, it would be curtains for both of them as students, regardless of " "what she had used it for. School policy was that any interference with " "their means of monitoring students' computer use was grounds for " "disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did anything " "harmful—the offense was making it hard for the administrators to check " "on you. They assumed this meant you were doing something else forbidden, " "and they did not need to know what it was." msgstr "" "Si se descubría que le había dado su clave a Lissa, la carrera universitaria " "acabaría para ambos, independientemente del uso que ella le hubiera dado a " "la clave. La política de la universidad era que cualquier interferencia en " "los métodos que utilizaba para controlar el uso de los ordenadores era " "motivo para tomar medidas disciplinarias. No importaba si se había hecho o " "no algún daño, el delito consistía en el mero hecho de dificultar el " "control. Se daba por sentado que se estaba haciendo algo prohibido, no era " "preciso saber qué exactamente." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly. Instead " "they were banned from the school computer systems, and would inevitably fail " "all their classes." msgstr "" "Generalmente no se expulsaba a los estudiantes por este motivo —al " "menos no directamente. Más bien, se les prohibía el acceso a las redes de " "ordenadores de la universidad, con lo que inevitablemente serían reprobados " "en todas las asignaturas." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started only in " "the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began using computers. " "Previously, universities maintained a different approach to student " "discipline; they punished activities that were harmful, not those that " "merely raised suspicion." msgstr "" "Dan supo más tarde que ese tipo de políticas universitarias habían empezado " "en la década de 1980, cuando los estudiantes comenzaron a usar ordenadores " "masivamente. Antes de eso, las universidades mantenían una actitud diferente " "en relación con la disciplina estudiantil: se castigaban las actividades " "perniciosas, no las que simplemente levantaran sospechas." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to their " "marriage, and also led them to question what they had been taught about " "piracy as children. The couple began reading about the history of " "copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on copying, and even " "the original United States Constitution. They moved to Luna, where they " "found others who had likewise gravitated away from the long arm of the SPA. " "When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the universal right to read soon " "became one of its central aims." msgstr "" "Lissa no denunció a Dan a la APS Su decisión de ayudarla los condujo al " "matrimonio y también a que cuestionasen lo que les habían enseñado acerca de " "la piratería cuando eran niños. Empezaron a leer acerca de la historia del " "copyright, la Unión Soviética y sus restricciones sobre la copia, e incluso " "leyeron la Constitución original de los Estados Unidos de América. Se " "marcharon a Luna<a href=\"#TransNote1\" id=\"TransNote1-rev\"><sup>[1]</" "sup></a>, donde se encontraron con otros que al igual que ellos intentaban " "librarse del largo brazo de la APS Cuando empezó el Levantamiento de Tycho, " "en 2062, el derecho universal a leer se convirtió en una de sus proclamas " "fundamentales." #. type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\">Join our mailing list " "about the dangers of eBooks</a>." msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\">Inscríbase a nuestra " "lista de correo sobre los peligros de los libros electrónicos</a>." #. type: Content of: <div><h3> msgid "Author's Notes" msgstr "Notas del autor" # | This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the # | future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive # | society shaped by the [-enemies-] {+unjust forces+} that use # | “pirate” as propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that # | society. I have tried to project it [-from today so as to sound even-] # | {+forwards into something+} more {+visibly+} oppressive. See <a # | href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">“Piracy”</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li> #| msgid "" #| "This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the " #| "future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive " #| "society shaped by the enemies that use “pirate” as " #| "propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society. I have tried to " #| "project it from today so as to sound even more oppressive. See <a href=\"/" #| "philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">“Piracy”</a>." msgid "" "This story is supposedly a historical article that will be written in the " "future by someone else, describing Dan Halbert's youth under a repressive " "society shaped by the unjust forces that use “pirate” as " "propaganda. So it uses the terminology of that society. I have tried to " "project it forwards into something more visibly oppressive. See <a href=\"/" "philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">“Piracy”</a>." msgstr "" "Este relato es un artículo histórico ficticio supuestamente escrito por " "alguien en el futuro. En él se narra la juventud de Dan Halbert en una " "sociedad modelada por poderes injustos que utilizan el término «pirata» de " "manera engañosa y partidista. El artículo emplea la terminología propia de " "esa sociedad. He tratado de trasladar ese uso del lenguaje al futuro, a una " "sociedad en la que su opresividad resulta más patente. Véase <a href=\"/" "philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy\">«Piratería»</a>. " #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "Computer-enforced restrictions on lending or reading books (and other kinds " "of published works) are known as DRM, short for “Digital Restrictions " "Management”. To eliminate DRM, the Free Software Foundation has " "established the <a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\">Defective by " "Design</a> campaign. We ask for your support." msgstr "" "Las restricciones informáticas impuestas sobre el préstamo o la lectura de " "libros (y otros tipos de publicaciones) se conocen como DRM, sigla en inglés " "de “Digital Restrictions Management” (gestión digital de " "restricciones). Para acabar con el DRM, la fundación Free Software " "Foundation ha emprendido la campaña <a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org" "\">Defective by Design</a>, para la que solicitamos su apoyo." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "The following note has been updated several times since the first " "publication of the story." msgstr "" "La siguiente nota ha sido actualizada varias veces después de la primera " "publicación del cuento." # | The {+battle for the+} right to read is [-a battle-] {+already+} being # | [-fought today.-] {+fought.+} Although it may take 50 years for our # | [-present way of life-] {+past freedoms+} to fade into obscurity, most of # | the specific {+repressive+} laws and practices described above have # | already been proposed; [-many-] {+some+} have been enacted into law in the # | US and elsewhere. In the US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act # | (DMCA) [-established the legal basis-] {+gave explicit government # | backing+} to [-restrict-] the [-reading and lending of computerized books # | (and other works-] {+computer-enforced restrictions known+} as [-well).-] # | {+DRM, by making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a # | crime.+} The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 # | copyright [-directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted-] # | {+directive,+} in [-2006, mere possession of-] a [-copy of DeCSS, the free # | program to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.-] {+form not quite as # | strong.+} #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> #| msgid "" #| "The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may take " #| "50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most of the " #| "specific laws and practices described above have already been proposed; " #| "many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the US, the " #| "1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal basis " #| "to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and other " #| "works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions in a " #| "2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law adopted in " #| "2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program to decrypt " #| "video on a DVD, is a crime." msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is already being fought. Although it may " "take 50 years for our past freedoms to fade into obscurity, most of the " "specific repressive laws and practices described above have already been " "proposed; some have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In the " "US, the 1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) gave explicit " "government backing to the computer-enforced restrictions known as DRM, by " "making the distribution of programs that can break DRM a crime. The " "European Union imposed similar restrictions in a 2001 copyright directive, " "in a form not quite as strong." msgstr "" "La batalla por el derecho a leer se está librando ya en la actualidad. " "Aunque pudieran pasar 50 años antes de que nuestras libertades de antaño " "desaparecieran, muchas de las leyes y practicas represivas descritas en el " "relato ya han sido propuestas, y en algunos casos promulgadas, tanto en los " "EE. UU. como en otros países. En 1998, mediante la <abbr title=\"Digital " "Millenium Copyright Act\">DMCA</abbr> (Ley de Copyright del Milenio " "Digital), el Gobierno de los EE. UU. respaldó explícitamente el DRM, " "convirtiendo en delito la distribución de programas que pudieran vulnerar " "esas restricciones digitales. En la Unión Europea se impusieron en 2001 " "restricciones similares, aunque no tan fuertes, mediante una directiva sobre " "el copyright. " #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "The US campaigns to impose such rules on the rest of the world through so-" "called “free trade” treaties. <a href=\"https://stallman.org/" "business-supremacy-treaties.html\"> Business-supremacy treaties</a> is a " "more fitting term for them, since they are designed to give business " "dominion over nominally democratic states. The DMCA's policy of " "criminalizing programs that break DRM is one of many unjust policies that " "these treaties impose across a wide range of fields." msgstr "" "Los EE. UU. tratan de imponer esas normas al resto del mundo mediante los " "llamados tratados de «libre comercio». Pero sería más apropiado llamarlos <a " "href=\"https://stallman.org/business-supremacy-treaties.html\">tratados de " "supremacía empresarial</a>, ya que están diseñados para otorgar al mundo de " "los negocios el dominio sobre Estados teóricamente democráticos. La política " "de la DMCA de criminalizar los programas que permiten saltarse el DRM es una " "de las muchas políticas injustas que esos tratados imponen en multitud de " "ámbitos. " #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "The US has imposed DMCA requirements on Australia, Panama, Colombia and " "South Korea through bilateral agreements, and on countries such as Costa " "Rica through another treaty, CAFTA. Obama has escalated the campaign with " "two new proposed treaties, the TPP and the TTIP. The TPP would impose the " "DMCA, along with many other wrongs, on 12 countries on the Pacific Ocean. " "The TTIP would impose similar strictures on Europe. Americans should demand " "their congressional representatives reject the attempt to approve the TPP in " "the lame-duck session after the 2016 election." msgstr "" "Los EE. UU. han impuesto requisitos similares a los contenidos en la DMCA en " "Australia, Panamá, Colombia y Corea del Sur mediante acuerdos bilaterales, y " "en países como Costa Rica mediante otro tratado, el CAFTA. Obama ha " "intensificado la campaña con la propuesta de dos nuevos tratados: TTP y " "TTIP. El TTP impondría la DMCA, además de muchos otros perjuicios, a doce " "países del Pacífico. El TTIP impondría restricciones similares en Europa. " "Los estadounidenses deberían exigir a sus representantes en el Congreso que " "se opongan al intento de aprobar el TTP en la sesión previa a la " "constitución del nuevo Congreso tras la elecciones de 2016. " #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "With Windows Vista, Microsoft admitted it had built in a back door: " "Microsoft can use it to forcibly install software “upgrades,” " "even if users consider them rather to be downgrades. It can also order all " "machines running Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main " "purpose of Vista's clampdown on users was to impose DRM that users can't " "overcome." msgstr "" "Microsoft ha admitido la incorporación en Windows Vista de una puerta " "trasera: Microsoft puede usarla para instalar por la fuerza " "«actualizaciones» de software, incluso aunque los usuarios las consideren " "más bien «involuciones». También puede ordenar a todas las máquinas " "equipadas con Vista que rehúsen ejecutar ciertos controladores de " "dispositivos. El principal propósito de las medidas restrictivas de Vista " "era imponer a los usuarios un DRM que no pudieran saltarse. " #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "Even the World Wide Web Consortium has fallen under the shadow of the " "copyright industry; it is on the verge of approving a DRM system as an " "official part of the web specifications." msgstr "" "La sombra de la industria del copyright planea incluso sobre el <cite>World " "Wide Web Consortium</cite>, que está a punto de aprobar un sistema DRM como " "parte oficial de las especificaciones de la red." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "Nonfree software tends to have <a href=\"/proprietary/\">abusive features of " "many kinds</a>, which support the conclusion that <a href=\"/philosophy/free-" "software-even-more-important.html\">you can never trust a nonfree program</" "a>. We must insist on free (libre) software only, and reject nonfree " "programs." msgstr "" "El software que no es libre suele presentar <a href=\"/proprietary/\">todo " "tipo de características abusivas</a>, lo que respalda la conclusión de que " "<a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">nunca se " "puede confiar en un programa que no sea libre</a>. Debemos exigir software " "libre, y rechazar programas privativos." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002. This " "is the idea that the FBI and Microsoft will keep the root passwords for your " "personal computers, and not let you have them." msgstr "" "Una de las ideas que se presentan en este cuento se hizo realidad en 2002. " "Es la idea de que el FBI y Microsoft guarden las claves de administrador de " "los ordenadores personales, y no las entreguen a los usuarios." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "The proponents of this scheme gave early versions names such as “" "trusted computing” and “Palladium”, but as ultimately put " "into use, it is called “secure boot”." msgstr "" "Los promotores de esta idea ponían a las versiones iniciales nombres como " "«computación confiable» y «Palladium», aunque últimamente lo llaman " "«arranque seguro»." # | What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; # | no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and # | encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. # | This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with # | Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on [-his-] # | {+per+} own computer. {+Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf # | of the FBI when asked: it already <a # | href=\"/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html\">shows the NSA security bugs # | in Windows</a> to exploit.+} #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> #| msgid "" #| "What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; " #| "no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and " #| "encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. " #| "This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with " #| "Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on his own " #| "computer." msgid "" "What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional sense; no " "person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a signature and " "encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored in your computer. " "This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web sites that cooperate with " "Microsoft, the ultimate control over what the user can do on per own " "computer. Microsoft is likely to use that control on behalf of the FBI when " "asked: it already <a href=\"/proprietary/malware-microsoft.html\">shows the " "NSA security bugs in Windows</a> to exploit." msgstr "" "Lo que Microsoft conserva no es exactamente una contraseña en el sentido " "tradicional del término, o sea, nadie la teclea en un terminal. Se trata más " "bien de una clave de firma y cifrado que se corresponde con una segunda " "clave almacenada en el ordenador del usuario. Esto confiere a Microsoft, y " "potencialmente a cualquier sitio web que colabore con Microsoft, el control " "último sobre lo que el usuario puede hacer en su propio ordenador. Es " "probable que Microsoft utilice este control a petición del FBI: ya le enseña " "a la NSA los errores de seguridad de Windows para que pueda aprovecharse de " "ellos." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "Secure boot can be implemented in a way that permits the user to specify the " "signature key and decide what software to sign. In practice, PCs designed " "for Windows 10 carry only Microsoft's key, and whether the machine's owner " "can install any other system (such as GNU/Linux) is under Microsoft's " "control. We call this <em>restricted boot</em>." msgstr "" "El arranque seguro se puede implementar de modo que permita al usuario " "especificar la clave y decidir qué programa de firma utilizar. En la " "práctica, los PC diseñados para Windows 10 llevan solo la clave de " "Microsoft, y aunque el propietario de la máquina pueda instalar cualquier " "otro sistema (como GNU/Linux), lo hará bajo el control de Microsoft. A esto " "lo llamamos <em>arranque restringido</em>." # | [-When-]{+In 1997, when+} this story was first [-written,-] {+published,+} # | the SPA was threatening small Internet service providers, demanding they # | permit the SPA to monitor all users. Most ISPs surrendered when # | threatened, because they [-cannot-] {+could not+} afford to fight back in # | court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, California, refused the # | demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped the suit, but # | [-obtained-] the [-DMCA, which-] {+DMCA+} gave [-them-] {+it+} the power # | [-they-] {+it+} sought. #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> #| msgid "" #| "When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small Internet " #| "service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all users. " #| "Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot afford to " #| "fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, " #| "California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later " #| "dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the power they " #| "sought." msgid "" "In 1997, when this story was first published, the SPA was threatening small " "Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor all " "users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they could not afford " "to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in Oakland, " "California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The SPA later dropped " "the suit, but the DMCA gave it the power it sought." msgstr "" "Cuando se escribió esta historia por primera vez, en 1997, la SPA estaba " "amenazando a pequeños proveedores de servicios de Internet (<abbr title=" "\"Internet Service Provider\">ISP</abbr>), exigiéndoles que le permitieran " "espiar a todos los usuarios. La mayoría de los ISP se rindieron ante la " "amenaza porque no pueden permitirse litigar en los tribunales. Uno de estos " "proveedores, <cite>Community ConneXion</cite> de Oakland, California rechazó " "esas exigencias y fue demandado. Posteriormente la SPA retiró la demanda; " "sin embargo, la DMCA le otorgó el poder que buscaba." # | The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has # | been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. # | The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts # | like one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it # | invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror # | campaign in Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people # | sharing software would be [-raped.-] {+raped in prison.+} #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> #| msgid "" #| "The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has " #| "been replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. " #| "The BSA is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts " #| "like one. Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it " #| "invites people to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror " #| "campaign in Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people " #| "sharing software would be raped." msgid "" "The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association, has been " "replaced in its police-like role by the Business Software Alliance. The BSA " "is not, today, an official police force; unofficially, it acts like one. " "Using methods reminiscent of the erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people " "to inform on their coworkers and friends. A BSA terror campaign in " "Argentina in 2001 made slightly veiled threats that people sharing software " "would be raped in prison." msgstr "" "La SPA (que en el relato aparece como APS) es la sigla de la <cite>Software " "Publishers Association</cite>, ha sido reemplazada en su labor cuasipolicial " "por la <cite>Business Software Alliance</cite>. Hoy en día la BSA no es un " "cuerpo policial oficial, aunque de hecho actúa como tal. Con métodos que " "recuerdan a los empleados en la antigua Unión Soviética, invitan a la gente " "a informar sobre las actividades de sus compañeros de trabajo y amigos. En " "una campaña de terror organizada por la BSA en Argentina, en 2001, se " "lanzaron veladas amenazas de que las personas que comparten software serían " "violadas en prisión." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "The university security policies described above are not imaginary. For " "example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this message " "upon login:" msgstr "" "Las políticas de seguridad descritas anteriormente no son imaginarias. Por " "ejemplo, un ordenador de una universidad del área de Chicago mostraba este " "mensaje al iniciar una sesión:" #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><blockquote><p> msgid "" "This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using this " "computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority are " "subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and recorded " "by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals improperly " "using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the activities of " "authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this system expressly " "consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such monitoring reveals " "possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of University regulations " "system personnel may provide the evidence of such monitoring to University " "authorities and/or law enforcement officials." msgstr "" "Este sistema es para el uso exclusivo de usuarios autorizados. Las personas " "que utilicen este sistema informático sin autorización o abusen de sus " "permisos están sometidas al control y al registro de todas sus actividades " "por parte de los administradores del sistema. Durante la monitorización de " "quienes usan indebidamente el sistema o mientras se efectúen tareas de " "mantenimiento, las actividades de los usuarios autorizados también podrán " "ser monitorizadas. Toda persona que use este sistema acepta expresamente " "dicha monitorización y se le advierte que si la monitorización revelase " "posibles pruebas de actividades ilegales o violación de los reglamentos de " "la Universidad, los administradores del sistema podrán entregar a las " "autoridades universitarias y/o los agentes de la ley las pruebas derivadas " "de dicha monitorización." #. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p> msgid "" "This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most " "everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it." msgstr "" "Es una curiosa forma de entender la Cuarta Enmienda: presionar a casi todo " "el mundo para que acceda a renunciar de antemano a los derechos que la " "enmienda les otorga. " #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "Bad News" msgstr "Malas noticias" # | The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is # | organized, while we are not, so it is going against us. [-Here are # | articles about bad things that have happened since the original # | publication of this article.-] #. type: Content of: <p> #| msgid "" #| "The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is " #| "organized, while we are not, so it is going against us. Here are " #| "articles about bad things that have happened since the original " #| "publication of this article." msgid "" "The battle for the right to read is already in progress, The enemy is " "organized, while we are not, so it is going against us." msgstr "" "La batalla por el derecho a leer ya está en marcha. El enemigo está " "organizado pero nosotros no, lo cual nos perjudica. " #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Today's commercial ebooks <a href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\"> " "abolish readers' traditional freedoms</a>. Amazon's e-book reader product, " "which I call the “Amazon Swindle” because it's designed to " "swindle readers out of the traditional freedoms of readers of books, is run " "by software with several demonstrated <a href=\"/proprietary/malware-kindle-" "swindle.html\">Orwellian functionalities</a>. Any one of them calls for " "rejecting the product completely:" msgstr "" "Los libros electrónicos de hoy en día <a href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-" "ebooks.html\"> acaban con las libertades tradicionales de los lectores. El " "lector electrónico de Amazon, al cual llamo “Amazon Swindle” <a " "href=\"#TransNote2\" id=\"TransNote2-rev\"><sup>[2]</sup></a> utiliza el " "engaño para privar a los usuarios de dichas libertades mediante la ejecución " "de un software con demostradas funcionalidades<a href=\"/proprietary/malware-" "kindle-swindle.html\">”orwelianas”. Cualquiera de ellas es motivo suficiente " "para rechazar por completo el producto." #. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> msgid "" "It spies on everything the user does: it reports which book the user is " "reading, and which page, and it reports when the user highlights text, and " "any notes the user enters." msgstr "" "Espía todo lo que el usuario hace: da parte sobre qué libro está leyendo, y " "qué página, e informa cuando el usuario marca un texto o hace alguna " "anotación." #. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> msgid "It has DRM, which is intended to block users from sharing copies." msgstr "Tiene DRM, para evitar que los usuarios compartan copias." #. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> msgid "" "It has a back door with which Amazon can remotely erase any book. In 2009, " "it erased thousands of copies of 1984, by George Orwell." msgstr "" "Tiene una puerta trasera que permite a Amazon borrar por control remoto " "cualquier libro. En 2009 borraron miles de copias de 1984, de George Orwell." #. type: Content of: <ul><li><p> msgid "" "In case all that isn't Orwellian enough, there is a universal back door with " "which Amazon can remotely change the software, and introduce any other form " "of nastiness." msgstr "" "Por si todo eso no fuera suficientemente “orwelliano”, hay una puerta " "trasera universal mediante la cual Amazon puede cambiar el software por " "control remoto, y hacer cualquier otra fechoría." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "Amazon's e-book distribution is oppressive, too. It identifies the user and " "records what books the user obtains. It also requires users to agree to an " "antisocial contract that they won't share copies with others. My conscience " "tells me that, if I had agreed to such a contract, the lesser evil would be " "to defy it and share copies anyway; however, to be entirely good, we should " "not agree to it in the first place." msgstr "" "La distribución de los libros electrónicos de Amazon también es despótica. " "Identifica al usuario y registra los libros que obtiene. También exige a los " "usuarios que acepten el antisocial contrato por el que no deberán compartir " "copias con nadie. Mi conciencia me dice que, habiendo firmado tal contrato, " "el mal menor sería desobedecerlo y compartir copias; sin embargo, lo que " "sería bueno del todo es no aceptar tal contrato desde el principio." #. type: Content of: <p> msgid "" "If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need to " "organize and fight. The FSF's <a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\"> " "Defective by Design</a> campaign has made a start; subscribe to the " "campaign's mailing list to lend a hand. And <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/" "associate\">join the FSF</a> to help fund our work." msgstr "" "Si queremos parar las malas noticias y producir alguna buena, tenemos que " "organizarnos y luchar. La campaña de la FSF<a href=\"http://" "defectivebydesign.org\"> Defective by Design</a> (Defectuoso a propósito) ya " "ha comenzado; inscríbase en la lista de correo de la campaña para colaborar, " "y únase a la FSF para ayudar a financiar nuestra labor." #. type: Content of: <h3> msgid "References" msgstr "Referencias" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "The administration's “White Paper”: Information Infrastructure " "Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">sic</" "a>] and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working " "Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995)." msgstr "" "El «Libro Blanco» de la administración: <cite>Information Infrastructure " "Task Force, Intellectual Property</cite> [<a href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html" "\">sic</a>] <cite>and the National Information Infrastructure: The Report of " "the Working Group on Intellectual Property</cite> [sic] <cite>Rights (1995)</" "cite>." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html\">An " "explanation of the White Paper: The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, " "Wired, Jan. 1996" msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html" "\">Explicación del «Libro Blanco»: <cite>The Copyright Grab</cite></a>, " "<cite>Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</cite>." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm\">Sold Out</a>, " "James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996" msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm\"><cite>Sold Out</" "cite></a>, <cite>James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</cite>." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-" "people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html\">Public Data or " "Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996." msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://web.archive.org/web/20130508120533/http://www.interesting-" "people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html\">Public Data or " "Private Data</a>, Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996." #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://www.public-domain.org/\">Union for the Public Domain</" "a>—an organization which aims to resist and reverse the overextension " "of copyright and patent powers." msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://www.public-domain.org/\"><cite>Union for the Public Domain</" "cite></a>, una organización cuyo objetivo es resistir y revertir la excesiva " "extensión de los poderes del copyright y de las patentes." #. type: Content of: <blockquote><p> msgid "" "This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-" "software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected " "Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>." msgstr "" "Este ensayo está publicado en el libro <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/" "free-software-free-society/\"><cite>Software libre para una sociedad libre: " "Selección de ensayos de Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>." #. type: Content of: <h5> msgid "Other Texts to Read" msgstr "Otros textos para leer" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Philosophy of the GNU Project</a>" msgstr "<a href=\"/philosophy/philosophy.html\">Filosofía del Proyecto GNU</a>" #. type: Content of: <ul><li> msgid "" "<a href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-" "protection--just-say-no.html\" id=\"copy-protection\">Copy Protection: Just " "Say No</a>, published in Computer World." msgstr "" "<a href=\"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2596679/networking/copy-" "protection--just-say-no.html\" id=\"copy-protection\"><cite>Copy Protection: " "Just Say No</cite></a>, publicado en <cite>Computer World</cite>." #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes. #. type: Content of: <div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*" msgstr " " # type: Content of: <div><p> #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden" "\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways " "to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions " "can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden" "org></a>." msgstr "" "Envíe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden" "\"><address@hidden></a>. Existen también <a href=\"/contact/\">otros " "medios para contactar</a> con la FSF. <br /> Para avisar de enlaces rotos y " "proponer otras correcciones o sugerencias, diríjase a <a href=\"mailto:" "address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>." # #. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, #. replace it with the translation of these two: #. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality #. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. #. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard #. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"> #. <address@hidden></a>.</p> #. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of #. our web pages, see <a #. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations #. README</a>. #. type: Content of: <div><div><p> msgid "" "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html" "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting " "translations of this article." msgstr "" "El equipo de traductores al español se esfuerza por ofrecer traducciones " "fieles al original y de buena calidad, pero no estamos libres de cometer " "errores.<br /> Por favor envíe sus comentarios y sugerencias sobre las " "traducciones a <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><web-" "address@hidden></a>. </p><p>Consulte la <a href=\"/server/standards/" "README.translations.html\">Guía para las traducciones</a> para obtener " "información sobre la coordinación y el envío de traducciones de las páginas " "de este sitio web." #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard " "Stallman" msgstr "" "Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard " "Stallman" #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "" "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://" "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-" "NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>." msgstr "" "Esta página está bajo licencia <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://" "creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES\">Creative Commons " "Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional</a>." #. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits. #. type: Content of: <div><div> msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*" msgstr "" "<strong>Notas de traducción</strong> <br /> <br /><a href=\"#TransNote1-rev" "\" id=\"TransNote1\">[1]</a> Luna, también en inglés original.<a href=" "\"#TransNote2-rev\" id=\"TransNote2\">[2]</a> El nombre del producto es " "“Kindle”, que suena parecido a Swindle, timo o estafa en castellano. " "<strong>Traducción: Carlos Rega, 1999.</strong>. Revisiones: Jorge A.Colazo, " "Miguel Abad Pérez, puigpe, Alejandro Luis Bonavita, André Silva, Daniel " "Riaño." # type: Content of: <div><p> #. timestamp start #. type: Content of: <div><p> msgid "Updated:" msgstr "Última actualización:" #~ msgid "" #~ "In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the SSSCA " #~ "that would require every new computer to have mandatory copy-restriction " #~ "facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following the Clipper chip and " #~ "similar US government key-escrow proposals, this shows a long-term trend: " #~ "computer systems are increasingly set up to give absentees with clout " #~ "control over the people actually using the computer system. The SSSCA " #~ "was later renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, which was glossed as the " #~ "“Consume But Don't Try Programming Act”." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En 2001 el senador Hollings —que recibe financiamiento de la " #~ "empresa Disney— propuso un proyecto de ley llamado <acronym title=" #~ "\"Security Systems Standards and Certification Act\">SSSCA</acronym> (Ley " #~ "de certificación y estándares para los sistemas de seguridad), con el " #~ "cual se requeriría que en cada computadora nueva se implementen funciones " #~ "para restringir la realización de copias, de modo tal que dichas " #~ "restricciones no puedan ser evadidas por los usuarios. En la misma línea " #~ "que la del <cite>Clipper chip</cite> y otras propuestas similares del " #~ "gobierno de los EE. UU. sobre la custodia de claves de encriptación, esta " #~ "es una tendencia de mucho tiempo: los sistemas de computación se " #~ "configuran cada vez más para ceder a poderosos terceros ausentes el " #~ "control de las personas que utilizan tales sistemas. Posteriormente la " #~ "sigla SSSCA se cambió por la impronunciable <acronym title=\"Consumer " #~ "Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act\">CBDTPA</acronym>, que " #~ "sería más correcto llamar «<cite>Consume But Don't Try Programming Act</" #~ "cite>» (Ley «consuma pero ni siquiera intente programar»)." #~ msgid "" #~ "The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter. They " #~ "are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not press " #~ "these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control, the danger " #~ "is once again higher." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Poco después los republicanos tomaron el control del Senado de los EE. " #~ "UU. Ellos están menos atados a Hollywood que los demócratas, por eso no " #~ "presionaron tanto con estas propuestas. Ahora que los demócratas " #~ "retomaron el control, el peligro se ha incrementado nuevamente." #~ msgid "" #~ "In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed “Free " #~ "Trade” Area of the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules " #~ "on all the countries in the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the " #~ "so-called free trade treaties, which are actually designed to give " #~ "business increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like " #~ "the DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by " #~ "Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and others." #~ msgstr "" #~ "En 2001 los EE. UU. comenzaron a intentar utilizar la propuesta del Área " #~ "de «Libre Comercio» de las Américas (ALCA), tratado que impone las mismas " #~ "normas en todos los países del hemisferio occidental. El ALCA es uno de " #~ "los tratados llamados de «libre comercio» que están realmente diseñados " #~ "para dar a las empresas mayor poder sobre los gobiernos democráticos; la " #~ "imposición de leyes como la DMCA es típica de este espíritu. El ALCA fue " #~ "efectivamente eliminado por Lula, el presidente de Brasil, que rechazó la " #~ "exigencia de la DMCA y otras similares." #~ msgid "" #~ "Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such as " #~ "Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade” " #~ "agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another treaty, " #~ "CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a “free " #~ "trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador had adopted " #~ "something like the DMCA in 2003." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Desde entonces, los EE. UU. han impuesto requisitos similares a países " #~ "como Australia y México mediante acuerdos bilaterales de «libre " #~ "comercio», y a países como Costa Rica a través de otro tratado llamado " #~ "CAFTA. El Presidente de Ecuador, Correa, se negó a firmar un tratado de " #~ "«libre comercio» con los EE. UU., pero he oído que Ecuador aprobó una " #~ "ley similar a la DMCA en 2003." #~ msgid "" #~ "The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as “trusted " #~ "computing” and “Palladium”. We call it <a href=\"/" #~ "philosophy/can-you-trust.html\">“treacherous computing”</a> " #~ "because the effect is to make your computer obey companies even to the " #~ "extent of disobeying and defying you. This was implemented in 2007 as " #~ "part of <a href=\"http://badvista.org/\">Windows Vista</a>; we expect " #~ "Apple to do something similar. In this scheme, it is the manufacturer " #~ "that keeps the secret code, but the FBI would have little trouble getting " #~ "it." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Los impulsores de este esquema le han dado nombres tales como " #~ "«computación confiable» y «Palladium». Nosotros lo llamamos <a href=\"/" #~ "philosophy/can-you-trust.html\">«computación traicionera»</a>, porque el " #~ "efecto es hacer que su ordenador obedezca a las empresas hasta el punto " #~ "de desobedecerle y desafiarle a usted. Esto se implementó en 2007 como " #~ "parte de <a href=\"http://badvista.org/\">Windows Vista</a>; suponemos " #~ "que Apple hará algo similar. En este esquema, es el fabricante el que " #~ "conserva el código secreto, pero el FBI no tendría dificultad para " #~ "conseguirlo." #~ msgid "" #~ "Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft can " #~ "forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running Vista to " #~ "refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of Vista's many " #~ "restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions Management) that " #~ "users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we have established the " #~ "<a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\"> Defective by Design</a> " #~ "campaign." #~ msgstr "" #~ "Windows Vista también otorga poderes adicionales a Microsoft; por " #~ "ejemplo, Microsoft puede instalar actualizaciones por la fuerza, como así " #~ "también hacer que todos los equipos se nieguen a ejecutar un controlador " #~ "de dispositivo determinado. El objetivo principal de las muchas " #~ "restricciones de Vista es la imposición del DRM (Gestión Digital de " #~ "Restricciones) que los usuarios no pueden superar. Debido a esta amenaza " #~ "de los DRM hemos puesto en pie la campaña <a href=\"http://" #~ "DefectiveByDesign.org\"><cite>Defective by Design</cite></a>." #~ msgid "" #~ "Today's commercial ebooks <a href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html" #~ "\"> abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a>" #~ msgstr "" #~ "Los libros comerciales electrónicos de hoy en día <a href=\"/philosophy/" #~ "the-danger-of-ebooks.html\">privan a los lectores de sus libertades " #~ "tradicionales</a>." #~ msgid "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html\"> A " #~ "\"biology textbook\" web site</a> that you can access only by signing a " #~ "<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse\"> contract not " #~ "to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can revoke at will." #~ msgstr "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html\"> El sitio " #~ "web de un «Manual de Biología»</a> al que se puede acceder únicamente " #~ "después de haber firmado <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/principles/" #~ "viewTermsOfUse\">un contrato que prohíbe prestarlo a otras personas</a> y " #~ "que el editor puede revocar unilateralmente en cualquier momento." #~ msgid "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-" #~ "books/\">Electronic Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of " #~ "books in electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to " #~ "read a copy." #~ msgstr "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.zdnet.com/article/seybold-opens-chapter-on-digital-" #~ "books/\"><cite>Electronic Publishing</cite>:</a> se trata de un artículo " #~ "sobre la distribución de libros en formato digital y sobre las cuestiones " #~ "de copyright que afectan el derecho a leerlos." #~ msgid "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR." #~ "aspx\">Books inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read books " #~ "and documents on a PC." #~ msgstr "" #~ "<a href=\"http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/news/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR." #~ "aspx\"><cite>Books inside Computers</cite>:</a> software para controlar " #~ "quiénes pueden leer libros y documentos almacenados en un ordenador."