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rms-pavia-doctoral-address.translist
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Patches:
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msgstr " "
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<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original">[en] <a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.en.html">English</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[fr] <a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.fr.html">français</a>
</span>
+<span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a>
</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.html" hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.fr.html" title="français" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html
diff -N rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru.html 30 Dec 2022 15:30:19 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>РеÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑиÑÑждение докÑоÑÑкой
ÑÑепени - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.ru.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.ru.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>РеÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑиÑÑждение докÑоÑÑкой ÑÑепени:
инноваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑоÑиÑна, когда на каÑÑÑ
+поÑÑавлена Ñвобода</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>24 ÑенÑÑбÑÑ 2007 года РиÑаÑÐ´Ñ Ð¡ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñла
пÑиÑвоена поÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑоÑÑкаÑ
+ÑÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑеÑе вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234138/http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/Ateneo/Organidigoverno/Rettore/articolo1229.html">УнивеÑÑиÑеÑом
+Ðавии</a> (ÐÑалиÑ). СÑолмен наÑал Ñ ÐºÑиÑики
пеÑеоÑенки инноваÑии в оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
+вÑÑÑÑпление пÑедÑдÑÑего оÑаÑоÑа на Ñом же
меÑопÑиÑÑии.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑеÑемонии, запиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐлеÑÑандÑо Ð Ñбини.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p>ÐнноваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑва, и
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени ÑÑи богаÑÑÑва могÑÑ
+пÑиводиÑÑ Ðº обÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑкономиÑеÑкомÑ
пÑоÑвеÑаниÑ, оÑобенно еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+неолибеÑалÑной Ñкономики, коÑоÑаÑ
помеÑала Ð±Ñ ÑÑомÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо инноваÑÐ¸Ñ ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñом, ÑÑо
важнее богаÑÑÑв и даже ÑкономиÑеÑкого
+пÑоÑвеÑаниÑ. ÐнноваÑией бÑла демокÑаÑиÑ,
инноваÑией бÑл ÑаÑизм. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²
+ÐÑалии Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼ инноваÑÐ¸Ñ Ñголовного
пÑеÑÐ»ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑбаков за ÑпаÑение
+ÑÑопаÑÑиÑ
в моÑе <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a>.
ÐнноваÑии
+могÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑÑмÑÑ ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñвободе, а
ÑÑо важнее, Ñем ÑÑо-либо
+еÑе. ÐнноваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
обÑеÑÑвенной ÑолидаÑноÑÑи, положиÑелÑно
+или оÑÑиÑаÑелÑно.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо когда Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваем ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий пÑогÑеÑÑ Ð² вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
нике
+или в пÑогÑаммиÑовании, ÑамÑй важнÑй
вопÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй нÑжно
+задаваÑÑ — как ÑÑо ÑкажеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑей
Ñвободе? Ðак ÑÑо ÑкажеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+наÑей обÑеÑÑвенной ÑолидаÑноÑÑи?
ФоÑмалÑно ÑÑо пÑогÑеÑÑ, но дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ли
+ÑÑо пÑогÑеÑÑ Ñ ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва и
ÑÑики, или наобоÑоÑ?</p>
+
+<p>Ðа вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹ деÑÑелÑноÑÑи в ÑÑеÑе
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, по меÑе Ñого как
+компÑÑÑеÑÑ ÑазвивалиÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñого, Ñем
полÑзовалиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ ÑпеÑиалиÑÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑнÑÑзиаÑÑÑ, в Ñо, Ñем полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, бÑл поÑазиÑелÑнÑй
+ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий пÑогÑеÑÑ, и он ÑопÑовождалÑÑ
коÑмаÑнÑм обÑеÑÑвеннÑм и ÑÑиÑеÑким
+ÑегÑеÑÑом. ÐейÑÑвиÑелÑно, поÑÑи вÑÑкий,
кÑо полÑзÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами, ÑÑал
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ в ÑамкаÑ
ÑоÑиалÑной
ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñе
+как дикÑаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РазÑабоÑÑик пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо
она делаеÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ ÐµÑ,
+ÑазÑабоÑÑик конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
делаÑÑ, а ÑÑо не можеÑе. Ð
+конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо она Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸. Так
ÑÑо пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑаÑ, как вÑ
+дÑмаеÑе, ваÑа, ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ. Ðна
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ.
Ðомпании, Ñакие как Microsoft и Apple,
+пÑоекÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñвои пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Windows Vista — пÑежде вÑего Ñаг впеÑед в
огÑаниÑении
+полÑзоваÑелÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ badvista.org. Ркогда ÑÑо
+законÑиÑÑÑ, вне ÑÑен ÑÑого Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ наклейки ÑÑой кампании,
+еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе помоÑÑ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм,
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
ÑдÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
+Vista.</p>
+
+<p>Apple пÑоекÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей. ÐÑо
+извеÑÑно как “ÑиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление
огÑаниÑениÑми”. ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ð»Ð¸ в
+вÑÑÑÑплениÑÑ
пÑоÑив Apple ÑоÑно Ñак же, как
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ð»Ð¸ в вÑÑÑÑплениÑÑ
+пÑоÑив Microsoft. См. defectivebydesign.org, где
пÑиводиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾
+Ñом, как пÑинÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑие.</p>
+
+<p>Google пÑоекÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей. Такова пÑиÑода клиенÑÑкой
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Google Earth: она Ñделана
+Ñак, как она Ñделана, наÑоÑно, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÑеÑ
, кÑо полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+еÑ. Само Ñобой, ÑÑо не ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑазвиваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ демокÑаÑиÑеÑким
конÑÑолем ÑвоиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей. С ÑеÑÑÑÑмÑ
+Ñвободами — Ñвободой ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ
пÑогÑаммой, как вам Ñгодно,
+изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма делала, ÑÑо вам
+Ñгодно, Ñвободой ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑоÑнÑе
копии ÑÑеди дÑÑгиÑ
(Ñ.е. Ñвободой
+помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑедÑ) и Ñвободой
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ñвоей измененной
+веÑÑии (Ñ.е. Ñвободой вноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в Ñвое
ÑообÑеÑÑво) — Ñ ÑÑими
+ÑеÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ Ñвободами полÑзоваÑели,
индивидÑалÑно и коллекÑивно, опÑеделÑÑÑ
+ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑало бÑÑÑ, ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
могÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей.
ÐÑоекÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑ,
+возможно, ÑолÑко когда еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÐºÑаÑоÑ,
когда Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ
+конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма бÑдеÑ
делаÑÑ, а ÑÑо не бÑдеÑ. Ðогда Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелей еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолÑ, когда они
могÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе
+вÑÑиÑлениÑ, Ñогда ни Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñла Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑзÑваÑÑ
+вÑедоноÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей, или ÑпиониÑÑ Ð·Ð°
+полÑзоваÑелÑми, или нападаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
полÑзоваÑелей. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ MacOS или
+Windows Vista, Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑдаеÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° милоÑÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑика ÑÑой
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. У ÑÑиÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков еÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ
пÑинÑдиÑелÑно изменÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñи
+пÑогÑаммÑ, как ÑолÑко им заÑ
оÑеÑÑÑ, каждÑй
Ñаз, когда маÑина подклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ðº
+ÑеÑи. У полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе Ð½ÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
возможноÑÑи ÑказаÑÑ <i>да</i> или
+<i>неÑ</i>. СиÑÑема пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой один
болÑÑой ÑеÑнÑй Ñ
од.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñо ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами <em>вÑ</em>
опÑеделÑеÑе, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑ. Так ÑÑо он бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑлÑживаÑÑ
ваÑ, вмеÑÑо Ñого ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑгнеÑаÑÑ
+ваÑ. ÐопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, Ñаким
обÑазом,— <em>не</em>
+ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий вопÑÐ¾Ñ — ÑÑо вопÑоÑ
ÑÑиÑеÑкий, ÑоÑиалÑнÑй и
+полиÑиÑеÑкий. ÐÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ñав Ñеловека,
коÑоÑÑе Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>РазÑабоÑÑики неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
говоÑÑÑ: “ÐикакиÑ
пÑав, конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ñ
+наÑ, конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ, Ð¼Ñ ÑÑебÑем
полной влаÑÑи над Ñем, ÑÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑ; Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем
ÑеализовÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе ÑÑнкÑии и
позволим
+вам ими полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, но Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñем Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
ÑпиониÑÑ Ð·Ð° вами, пока Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
+полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ оÑобÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в лÑбое
вÑемє. Ð ÑазÑабоÑÑики
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑважаÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑвободÑ, и
ÑÑо ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑзанноÑÑÑ Ð»Ñбого
+ÑазÑабоÑÑика пÑогÑамм: ÑважаÑÑ ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑÑиÑ
+пÑогÑамм. ÐзгоÑовление неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑгнеÑаÑÑиÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑ, иногда
+доÑ
одно, но никогда не ÑÑиÑно, ÑÑого
никогда не должно бÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñение
ÑÑого в жизнÑ. Я, в одиноÑкÑ, могÑ
+говоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑо, но Ñ, в одиноÑкÑ, не могÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо ÑеалÑноÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑановиÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ демокÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелей пÑогÑамм. Ð ÑÑа Ñвобода и
демокÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ, ÑÑобÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñвободой и демокÑаÑией в
дÑÑгиÑ
аÑпекÑаÑ
жизни. Уже ÑейÑаÑ
+некоÑоÑÑе из ÑамÑÑ
болÑÑиÑ
пÑовайдеÑов
ÐнÑеÑнеÑа в СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑаÑ
+пÑоводÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑеÑкÑÑ ÑензÑÑÑ
ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑпной оÑганизаÑии под
+названием truthout, ее ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð²Ñ, возможно,
видели, truthout.org, не даÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ñвоим подпиÑÑикам ÑеÑез
Yahoo, Hotmail и WebTV. Ð ÑÑо делаÑÑ
+Ñже болÑÑе недели, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° жалобÑ
многиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑÑиÑ
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доÑÑигли ÑоÑки, когда они могÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+беÑпокоиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо о ниÑ
говоÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе нам доÑоги,
пÑеобÑазÑÑÑÑÑ, когда Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ¼
+ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ
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+когда полÑзÑемÑÑ ÑиÑÑовой ÑеÑ
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ÑÑого пеÑеоÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаивали на Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑем, бÑли под
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+
+<p>Ðе вÑÑкий Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑом, не
вÑÑкий ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñно вникаÑÑ Ð²
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одимоÑÑÑ,
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Ñвоего племÑнника-пÑогÑаммиÑÑа
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+дÑÑгими полÑзоваÑелÑми и нанÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑа в ÑкладÑинÑ. Ð Ñже Ñо, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ
+Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
изÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, бÑдеÑ
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поÑÑи навеÑнÑка кÑо-Ñо еÑе, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
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+<p>СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñобенно ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑами — и вообÑе
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ÑÑовней —
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+Ð½ÐµÑ — во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, на ÑÑовне
ÑÑики.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¸ меÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
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ÑбеÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги, ÑÑо оÑевидное
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+
+<p>Ðне говоÑили, ÑÑо ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Microsoft
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+пÑинÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñкие ÑиÑÑÑие Ñепи Windows Vista длÑ
ÑабоÑников ÑÑого
+ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа. ÐаÑем Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑо
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+обÑаÑиÑÑ ÑнивеÑÑиÑÐµÑ Ð² инÑÑÑÑменÑ
навÑзÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑгнеÑаÑÑиÑ
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Ðни понÑли, ÑÑо еÑли они пÑоÑолкнÑÑ
+Ñвои пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑебнÑе заведениÑ, Ñо
ÑÑаÑиеÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ и
+ÑÑанÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
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завиÑимоÑÑÑ. Ð Ñаким обÑазом, когда они
+законÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑебное заведение, бÑдÑÑе
ÑвеÑенÑ, Microsoft и Ñе дÑÑгие компании
+болÑÑе не пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ копий Ñо Ñкидкой. Ð
Ñж Ñем более Ñем компаниÑм, в
+коÑоÑÑе пойдÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑкники, копий
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+ÑазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм пÑоводÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в
ÑÑебнÑе заведениÑ, заÑем пÑоводÑÑ Ð°ÑеÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑва и далÑÑе вÑе ниже, до Ñамого дна.
УÑебнÑе Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñакого делаÑÑ
+не должнÑ. ÐÑо пÑоÑивоположно задаÑе
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незавиÑимого и Ñвободного обÑеÑÑва.
УÑебнÑе
+Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑаÑÑ ÑвоиÑ
ÑÑаÑиÑ
ÑÑ
бÑÑÑ Ð³Ñажданами ÑилÑного,
+ÑпоÑобного, незавиÑимого и Ñвободного
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+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, а не
неÑвободнÑми. Так ÑÑо ни на какиÑ
+кÑÑÑаÑ
в ÑÑом ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе не должнÑ
обÑÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо ÑÑанÑÑ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑнÑми
пÑогÑаммиÑÑами, еÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, по
+коÑоÑой иÑ
ÑÑебнÑе Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
пÑеподаваÑÑ Ð¸ пÑименÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо когда им иÑполнÑеÑÑÑ
ÑÑинадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ около Ñого,
+они ÑвлекаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами и Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑзнаÑÑ
вÑе о Ñом, как иÑ
компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸ иÑ
+ÑиÑÑема ÑÑнкÑиониÑÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо они ÑпÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑиÑелÑ: “Ðак ÑÑо
+ÑабоÑаеÑ?”, и еÑли ÑÑо неÑвободнаÑ
пÑогÑамма, ÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑиÑ:
+“Ð ÑожалениÑ, ÑÑо ÑекÑеÑ, ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑÑ
ÑÑо ÑзнаÑÑ”. Так ÑÑо
+здеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑа обÑазованиÑ. РеÑли ÑÑо
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма, ÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
+обÑÑÑниÑÑ Ð¾ÑновÑ, а поÑом ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐоÑ
иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, ÑиÑай его, и
+вÑе поймеÑÑ”. Ð ÑÑи пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ
пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ñеликом,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑвлеÑенÑ, и Ñак они наÑÑаÑÑÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ —
+пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо. ÐÑ
не нÑжно ÑÑиÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
оÑевидно, но пиÑаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑий ÑекÑÑ
пÑогÑамм — ÑÑо ÑовÑем
+дÑÑгое дело. ÐÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ,
ÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов и
+ÑоÑÑавлÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов. ТакÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
+ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, в ÑелÑÑ
воÑпиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑопоÑÑдоÑнÑÑ
+гÑаждан. ÐонимаеÑе, ÑÑебнÑе заведениÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑоÑÑо ÑакÑам, не
+пÑоÑÑо навÑкам, но пÑевÑÑе вÑего дÑÑ
Ñ
добÑой воли, пÑивÑÑке помогаÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
+ÑоÑедÑ. Так ÑÑо на каждом пÑедмеÑе, на
каждом ÑÑовне, должно бÑÑÑ Ñакое
+пÑавило: “УÑаÑиеÑÑ, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиноÑиÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² клаÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ должнÑ
+деÑжаÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ ÑебÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ
копиÑми Ñ Ð¾ÑÑалÑнÑми”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðднако ÑÑебное заведение должно
ÑледоваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑобÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑавилÑ; оно
+должно подаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑ. Так ÑÑо каждое
ÑÑебное заведение должно пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð²
+клаÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñ
помоÑÑÑ ÑвоиÑ
пÑогÑамм подаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑимеÑ
+пÑакÑики наÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑеловеÑеÑкиÑ
знаний и поÑÑÑÐ¾ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñо же вÑемÑ
+ÑилÑного, ÑпоÑобного, незавиÑимого и
Ñвободного обÑеÑÑва. Ð Ñакже пооÑÑениÑ
+дÑÑ
а добÑой воли, помоÑи дÑÑгим лÑдÑм.
Ðаждое ÑÑебное заведение должно
+пеÑейÑи на ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ
пÑизÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, ÑеÑ
из ваÑ, кÑо пÑеподаеÑ,
+ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе,
вмеÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñем, ÑÑобÑ
+пÑеÑвоÑиÑÑ Ð² Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
од ÑÑого
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа на ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
+полноÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, в
ближайÑие годÑ. ÐÑо <em>можно</em>
+ÑделаÑÑ Ð² ближайÑие годÑ; ÑÑо ÑÑебÑеÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенного пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй
+год. ÐÑÑгие ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ñже
Ñделали ÑÑо, Ð²Ñ Ñоже можеÑе ÑÑо
+ÑделаÑÑ. Ðам ÑолÑко нÑжно оÑбÑоÑиÑÑ
ÑоÑиалÑнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑноÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑважиÑелÑнÑÑ
+пÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ниже и ниже.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑеÑ
из ваÑ, кÑо заинÑеÑеÑÑеÑÑÑ, поÑле
Ñого как Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÐµÐ¼ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð» и ÑÑÑ
+ÑеÑемониÑ, на ÑлиÑе Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ ÑаздаваÑÑ
ÑазнÑе веÑи из Фонда Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑоваÑÑ. Ð Ð²Ñ ÑможеÑе
+поддеÑжаÑÑ Ð¤Ð¾Ð½Ð´ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ, Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð° fsf.org и ÑÑав
+Ñленом-паÑÑнеÑом. ÐодÑобноÑÑи о движении
за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
+опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме GNU, а Ñакже о Ñом, где
найÑи полноÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux,
можно найÑи на gnu.org.</p>
+
+<p>ÐлагодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° внимание.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">ÐÑимеÑание</h3>
+
+<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a> Ðезадолго до
ÑеÑемонии нагÑаждениÑ
+СÑолмена ÑÑниÑÑкие ÑÑбаки, ÑпаÑÑие
поÑеÑпевÑиÑ
в моÑе коÑаблекÑÑÑение
+мигÑанÑов, бÑли <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45439513">
+аÑеÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² ÐÑалии</a> по Ð¾Ð±Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
ÑоÑÑаÑÑии в незаконной иммигÑаÑии.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this
+ regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2022 Richard Stallman<br />Copyright © 2022 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2022/12/30 15:30:19 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru-en.html
diff -N po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.ru-en.html 30 Dec 2022 15:30:20 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.97 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is
+at Stake - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-pavia-doctoral-address.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Pavia Doctoral Address: Innovation Is Secondary When Freedom Is at
+Stake</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>On September 24th, 2007, Richard Stallman received an
+<i>honoris causa</i> doctorate in Computer Engineering from the <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234138/http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/Ateneo/Organidigoverno/Rettore/articolo1229.html">University
of Pavia</a>, Italy. Stallman began by
+criticizing the overvaluing of innovation as a response to previous
+speakers at the same event.</p>
+
+<p>Here is the speech that he gave at the ceremony, transcribed by
+Alessandro Rubini.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p>Innovation can create riches, and once in a while those riches can
+lead to general economic prosperity, especially if you don't have
+neo-liberal economics to impede the result.</p>
+
+<p>But innovation affects things much more important than riches or even
+economic prosperity. Democracy was an innovation, fascism was an
+innovation. Today, in Italy, we see the innovation of placing criminal
+charges against fishermen for saving people from drowning in the
+sea <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a>.
+Innovations can directly affect our freedom, which is more important than
+anything else. Innovation can affect social solidarity, for good or for
+ill.</p>
+
+<p>So when we consider technical progress in computers or in software,
+the most important question to ask is: How does this affect our freedom?
+How does this affect our social solidarity? Technically speaking, it's
+progress, but is it really progress in social and ethical terms, or is it
+the opposite?</p>
+
+<p>During my career in programming, as computers developed from something
+used by a few specialists and enthusiasts into something that most people
+use, there has been tremendous technical progress and it was accompanied by
+ghastly social and ethical regression. In fact, nearly everyone who uses
+computers began using them under a social system that can only be described
+as dictatorship.</p>
+
+<p>The developer of the program controls what it does. If you use it, the
+developer controls what you can do, and what you can't do. And controls
+what it does to you. So that the software that you think is yours is not
+there to serve you. It is there to control you. Companies such as
+Microsoft and Apple designed their software specifically to restrict you.</p>
+
+<p>Windows Vista is primarily an advance in how to restrict the user, which
+is why we have the badvista.org campaign. And when this is over, outside
+the building I will offer you stickers from that campaign, if you wish to
+help teach people why they shouldn't downgrade to Vista.</p>
+
+<p>Apple designs software specifically to restrict the users. It's known
+as “Digital Restrictions Management,” or DRM. We have helped
+protests against Apple just as we helped protests against Microsoft. See
+the site defectivebydesign.org for more information and for how to
+participate.</p>
+
+<p>Google designs software specifically to restrict the user. That's the
+nature of the Google Earth client: it is made the way it is specifically to
+restrict the people who use it. Obviously, it's not free software, because
+free software develops under the democratic control of its users. With the
+four freedoms—the freedom to run the program as you wish, to study
+the source code and change it so the program does what you wish, the
+freedom to distribute exact copies to others (which is the freedom to help
+your neighbor), and the freedom to distribute copies of your modified
+version (which is the freedom to contribute to your community)—with
+these four freedoms the users, individually and collectively, are in
+charge.</p>
+
+<p>And therefore free software cannot be designed to restrict the users.
+To design to restrict the user is only possible when there is a dictator,
+when someone has power to control what the program will do and what it
+won't do. When the users have the control, when they can control their own
+computing, then nobody has the kind of power that would enable him to
+impose malicious features to restrict users or spy on users or attack
+users. If you use MacOS or Windows Vista, you are completely at the mercy
+of that system's developer. Those developers have the power to forcibly
+change your software in any way they like, whenever the machine is
+connected to the network. The user no longer has even the chance to say
+yes or no. The system is one big backdoor.</p>
+
+<p>But with free software, <em>you</em> are in charge of what the computer
+will do. So it will serve you, instead of subjugating you. The question
+of free software is therefore <em>not</em> a technical question, it's an
+ethical, social and political question. It's a question of the human
+rights that the users of software ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software developers say, “No rights, we are in
+control, we should be in control, we demand total power over what your
+computer does; we will implement certain features and let you use them, but
+meanwhile we may spy on you as you use them and we can take them away at
+any time.” But free software developers respect your freedom, and
+this is the ethical obligation of every software developer: to respect the
+freedom of the users of that software. Making proprietary user-subjugating
+software sometimes is profitable, but it is never ethical, and it should
+never happen.</p>
+
+<p>But it will be up to you to make that be true. I, alone, can say these
+things, but I, alone, cannot make them reality. We must all work together
+to establish freedom and democracy for the users of software. And this
+freedom and democracy is now essential to enjoy freedom and democracy in
+other aspects of life. Right now, some of the biggest Internet service
+providers in the United States are carrying out political censorship of
+email. A major organization called <cite>truthout</cite>, whose website
+you may have seen, truthout.org, is being blocked from sending mail to
+their subscribers by Yahoo and Hotmail and WebTV. And they have done this
+for more than a week, despite the complaints from many of the users of
+those companies. Apparently they think they have gone beyond the point
+where they have to care what anyone says about them.</p>
+
+<p>All the forms of freedom that we hold dear are transformed when we carry
+out the relevant activities through computers. We must <em>re</em>-found
+these freedoms in such a way that we can depend on them while we use
+digital technology. An essential part of this re-foundation is insisting
+that the software we use be under our control.</p>
+
+<p>Not everyone wants to be a programmer, not everyone will learn
+personally how to study the source code and change it. But in a world
+where your software is free, you can, if you feel it necessary, hire someone
+else to change it for you. You can persuade your cousin programmer to
+change it for you if you say it's really important. You can join together
+with other users and pool your funds to hire a programmer. And the simple
+fact that there are millions of programmers who can study and change the
+software will mean that if the software is malicious, almost certainly
+somebody else, who has the requisite skills, will find that and correct it,
+and you will get the corrected version without any special effort of your
+own. So we all benefit, programmers and non-programmers alike, from the
+freedoms that free software grants to us. The freedom to cooperate and the
+freedom to control our own lives personally. They go together because both
+of them are the opposite of being under the power of the dictatorial
+software developer that unilaterally make decisions that nobody else can
+change.</p>
+
+<p>Free software has a special connection with universities—and
+indeed all schools of all levels—because free software supports
+education, proprietary software forbids education. There is no
+compatibility between education and proprietary software, not at the
+ethical level.</p>
+
+<p>The source code and the methods of free software are part of human
+knowledge. The mission of every school is to disseminate human knowledge.
+Proprietary software is not part of human knowledge. It's secret,
+restricted knowledge which schools are not allowed to disseminate. Schools
+that recognize this exclude proprietary software from their grounds. And
+this is what every school should do. Not only to save money, which is an
+obvious advantage that will appeal immediately to many school
+administrators, but for ethical reasons as well. For instance, why do many
+proprietary software developers offer discounts, or even gratis copies of
+their nonfree software to schools and students?</p>
+
+<p>I'm told that Microsoft offered a discount to those who wish to accept
+the shiny new chains of Windows Vista to the employees of this university.
+Why would they do such a thing? Is it because they wish to contribute to
+education? Obviously not. Rather, Microsoft and other similar companies
+wish to convert the university into an instrument for imposing the
+dependency on the user-subjugating software on society as a whole. They
+figured that if they get their software into schools, then students will
+learn to use it, and become dependent on it. They will develop a
+dependency. And thus after they graduate you can be sure that Microsoft
+and these other companies would no longer offer them discounted copies.
+And especially, the companies that these former students go to work for
+will not be offered discounted copies. So, the software developers push on
+the schools, then push on arresting society and push it deep into a pit.
+This is not something schools should do. This is the opposite of the
+mission of the school, which is to build a strong, capable, independent and
+free society. Schools should teach their students to be citizens of a
+strong, capable, independent and free society. And this means teaching
+them to use free software, not proprietary software. So none of the
+classes in this university should teach proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>For those who will be great programmers, there is another reason why
+their schools must teach and use free software. Because when they get to
+the age of 13 or so, they are fascinated with software and they want to
+learn everything about how their computer and their system are functioning.
+So they will ask the teacher, “How does this work?,” and if
+this is proprietary software, the teacher has to say, “I'm sorry,
+it's a secret, you can't find out.” So there is no room for
+education. But if it's free software, the teacher can explain the basic
+subject and then say, “Here is the source code, read this and you'll
+understand everything.” And those programmers will read the whole
+source code because they are fascinated, and this way they will learn
+something very important: how to write software well. They don't need to
+be taught how to program, because for them programming is obvious, but
+writing good code is a different story. You have to learn that by reading
+lots of code and writing lots of code. Only free software provides that
+opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>But there is a particular reason, for the sake of education in good
+citizenship. You see, schools must teach not just facts, not just skills,
+but above all the spirit of good will, the habit of helping your neighbor.
+So every class, at every level, should have this rule: “Students, if
+you bring software to class, you may not keep it for yourself, you must
+share copies with the rest of the class.”</p>
+
+<p>However, the school has to practice its own rule; it has to set a good
+example. So every school should bring only free software to class, and set
+an example with its software of the practice of disseminating human
+knowledge while building a strong, capable, independent and free society.
+And encouraging the spirit of good will, of helping other people. Every
+school must migrate to free software, and I call on you, those of you who
+are faculty, or staff, or students of this university, to work together to
+bring about the migration of this university to free software, completely
+to free software, within a few years. It <em>can</em> be done in a few
+years; it requires taking a substantial step each year. Other universities
+are doing this or have done it, you can do it too. You only have to reject
+social inertia as a valid reason for going deeper and deeper into the
+pit.</p>
+
+<p>For those of you who are interested, after we leave this hall and this
+ceremony, outside I will have various things from the Free Software
+Foundation that you might be interested in. And you can support the Free
+Software Foundation by going to fsf.org and become an associate member.
+For more information about the free software movement and the GNU operating
+system, and for where to find the entirely free distributions of the
+GNU/Linux operating system please look at gnu.org.</p>
+
+<p>Thank you.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+
+<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a>
+Shortly before Stallman's award ceremony, some Tunisian fishermen who had
+rescued shipwrecked migrants at sea were <a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115214946/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45439513">
+arrested in Italy</a> on charges of facilitating illegal immigration.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken
+links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this
+ regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
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+
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing
+translations of this article.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2022 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/12/30 15:30:20 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
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