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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.... |
Date: |
Fri, 6 May 2022 08:06:36 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 22/05/06 08:06:36
Modified files:
gnu : rms-lisp.uk.html
gnu/po : rms-lisp.uk-en.html rms-lisp.uk.po
help/po : evaluation.translist evaluation.uk.po
philosophy : free-doc.uk.html
philosophy/po : free-doc.uk-en.html free-doc.uk.po x.translist
x.uk.po
Added files:
help : evaluation.uk.html
help/po : evaluation.uk-en.html
philosophy : x.uk.html
philosophy/po : x.uk-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/help/evaluation.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/help/po/evaluation.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/help/po/evaluation.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/help/po/evaluation.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-doc.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/x.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/x.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/x.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/x.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html 1 Jan 2022 14:30:31 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/rms-lisp.uk.html 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,24 +1,32 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-diff.html"
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-11-02" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐÑй доÑвÑд ÑобоÑи з ÐsÑпом Ñ ÑозвиÑок GNU
Emacs - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного
+<title>ÐÑй доÑвÑд ÑобоÑи з ÐÑÑпом Ñ ÑозвиÑок
GNU Emacs â ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU â Фонд вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; }
+-->
+</style>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.uk.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.uk.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>ÐÑй доÑвÑд ÑобоÑи з ÐÑÑпом Ñ ÑозвиÑок GNU
Emacs</h2>
-<blockquote><p>(ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñомови Ð ÑÑаÑда СÑолмена,
виголоÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ 28 жовÑÐ½Ñ 2002 ÑокÑ
-на ÐÑжнаÑоднÑй конÑеÑенÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÐÑÑпÑ).</p></blockquote>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñомови Ð ÑÑаÑда СÑолмена,
виголоÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ 28 жовÑÐ½Ñ 2002 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÐÑжнаÑоднÑй конÑеÑенÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÐÑÑпÑ.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<p>ÐÑкÑлÑки жодна з моÑÑ
звиÑайниÑ
пÑомов
не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкого вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÐÑÑпа,
Ñо Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° з ниÑ
не пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑÑогоднÑÑнÑого виÑÑÑпÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
@@ -26,33 +34,34 @@
доводилоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи доÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
ÑобоÑи, пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð· ÐÑÑпом, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ,
мабÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñо ÑозказаÑи.</p>
-<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑа зÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ÐÑÑпом ÑÑалаÑÑ, коли
Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑав поÑÑбник ÐÑÑп 1.5 Ñ
-ÑÑаÑÑиÑ
клаÑаÑ
. Саме ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ вÑазила
ÑдеÑ, Ñо може бÑÑи Ñака мова
+<p>ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑа зÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ÐÑÑпом ÑÑалаÑÑ, коли
Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑав поÑÑбник ÐÑÑпа 1.5
+Ñ ÑÑаÑÑиÑ
клаÑаÑ
. Саме ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ вÑазила
ÑдеÑ, Ñо може бÑÑи Ñака мова
пÑогÑамÑваннÑ. ÐожливÑÑÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи
Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑÑе з'ÑвилаÑÑ Ñ
мене, коли Ñ Ð±Ñв на молодÑиÑ
кÑÑÑаÑ
в
ÐаÑваÑÐ´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñав ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÐÑÑпа
-Ð´Ð»Ñ PDP-11. Це бÑла дÑже маленÑка
маÑина — Ñ Ð½Ñй бÑло ÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
-зÑазок 8k пам'ÑÑÑ,— Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ
напиÑаÑи ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²
-ÑиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´. Це залиÑало Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑоÑ
и
мÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
. Це бÑло до Ñого, Ñк Ñ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ <abbr title="Programmed Data Processor â пÑогÑамованого
обÑобника
+даниÑ
">PDP</abbr>-11. Це бÑла дÑже маленÑка
маÑина: Ñ Ð½Ñй бÑло деÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ»Ñ 8
+кРпам'ÑÑÑ — й Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¾ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑÑÑ
+команд. Це залиÑало Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑоÑ
и мÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
даниÑ
. Це бÑло до Ñого, Ñк Ñ
дÑзнавÑÑ, Ñк виглÑдаÑÑÑ ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами,
ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемнÑ
завданнÑ.</p>
<p>Я поÑав виконÑваÑи ÑобоÑи над ÑпÑавжнÑоÑ
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа з Ðжоном-РУайÑом
вÑдÑазÑ, коли мене пÑийнÑли Ñ <abbr
title="Massachusetts Institute of
-Technology">MIT</abbr>. ТÑди мене пÑийнÑв не Ðжон-Ð, а
РаÑÑелл ÐоÑÑÑкеÑ, Ñо
-бÑло велÑми ÑÑонÑÑно з оглÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñе, Ñо
ÑÑапилоÑÑ Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ — вÑн,
-вÑÑогÑдно, ÑилÑно пÑо Ñе ÑкодÑвав.</p>
-
-<p>У ÑÑмдеÑÑÑÑ Ñоки XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ, до Ñого,
Ñк Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² полÑÑизÑвалоÑÑ
-внаÑлÑдок жаÑ
ливиÑ
подÑй, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñобив
одне ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑам за
-ÑнÑими, Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ниÑ
не мали жодного
ÑÑоÑÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÐÑÑпа. Ðле водноÑÐ°Ñ Ñ
-пиÑав ÑекÑÑовий ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs. ЦÑкава дÑмка,
закладена в Emacs, полÑгала в
-ÑомÑ, Ñо в нÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸
-ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑованÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑомÑ
пÑд ÑаÑ
-ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло
заванÑажÑваÑи Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸. Ðожна бÑло
-пÑдÑедагÑваÑи пÑогÑами, Ñкими
коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм пÑодовжÑваÑи
ÑедагÑваÑи
-ними. ÐÑже, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑиÑÑема, коÑиÑна не
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе-Ñаки пÑд
-ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло
пÑогÑамÑваÑи. Я не знаÑ, Ñи Ñе бÑла пеÑÑа
-Ñака ÑиÑÑема, але Ñе ÑоÑно бÑв пеÑÑий Ñакий
ÑедакÑоÑ.</p>
+Technology â ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑкий ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
нологÑй">MIT</abbr>. ТÑди мене
+пÑийнÑв не Ðжон-Ð, а РаÑÑелл ÐоÑÑÑкеÑ, Ñо
бÑло велÑми ÑÑонÑÑно з оглÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°
+Ñе, Ñо ÑÑапилоÑÑ Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ — вÑн,
ÑмовÑÑно, ÑилÑно пÑо Ñе ÑкодÑвав.</p>
+
+<p>У ÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокаÑ
XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ, до Ñого,
Ñк Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑизÑвали
+Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо пиÑав ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾
ÑÑзноманÑÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñз
+ÑкиÑ
не мали жодного ÑÑоÑÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÐÑÑпа. Ðле
водноÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñав ÑекÑÑовий
+ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs. ЦÑкава дÑмка, закладена в Emacs,
полÑгала в ÑомÑ, Ñо в нÑомÑ
+бÑла мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкÑ
команди ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй
+ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑованÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑомÑ
пÑд ÑÐ°Ñ ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑедакÑоÑ
+можна бÑло заванÑажÑваÑи Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸.
Ðожна бÑло пÑдÑедагÑваÑи пÑогÑами,
+Ñкими коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм пÑодовжÑваÑи
ÑедагÑваÑи ними. ÐÑже, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла
+ÑиÑÑема, коÑиÑна не Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñ
вÑе-Ñаки пÑд ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
+можна бÑло пÑогÑамÑваÑи. Я не знаÑ, Ñи Ñе
бÑла пеÑÑа Ñака ÑиÑÑема, але Ñе
+ÑоÑно бÑв пеÑÑий Ñакий ÑедакÑоÑ.</p>
<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð°ÑмоÑÑеÑа побÑдови гÑганÑÑÑкиÑ
,
ÑкладниÑ
пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²
ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑедагÑваннÑ, а поÑÑм
обмÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ з ÑнÑими лÑдÑми, живила дÑÑ
@@ -61,37 +70,37 @@
поÑÑÑбна. Ðи обмÑнÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамами з
ÑÑÑма, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑлÑки Ñ
оÑÑв ними
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ, пÑогÑами бÑли лÑдÑÑким
знаннÑм. ÐÑож, Ñ
оÑа Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
оÑганÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки, Ñка б
поÑднÑвала Ñе, Ñк ми обмÑнÑвалиÑÑ
-пÑогÑамами Ð·Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑваннÑм Emacs, Ñ
пеÑеконаний, Ñо мÑж ними бÑв
-зв'Ñзок можливо, неÑÑвÑдомлений. Я
дÑмаÑ, Ñо Ñаме пÑиÑода наÑого
-ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ð¿Ñивела до ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs Ñ
-зÑобила його Ñаким, Ñким вÑн бÑв.</p>
+пÑогÑамами, з облаÑÑÑваннÑм Emacs, Ñ
пеÑеконаний, Ñо мÑж ними бÑв
+зв'Ñзок — можливо, неÑÑвÑдомлений. Я
дÑмаÑ, Ñо Ñаме пÑиÑода
+наÑого ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð² ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ð¿Ñивела до ÑÑвоÑеннÑ
+Emacs Ñ Ð·Ñобила його Ñаким, Ñким вÑн бÑв.</p>
<p>У пеÑвÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs ÐÑÑпа не бÑло. ÐовоÑ
низÑкого ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ —
-неÑÑеÑпÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
аÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ PDP-10. ÐнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ, Ñкий
-ми пиÑали, наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑавÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Emacs, вÑн
пиÑавÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ TECO <a
-href="#tf1">[1]</a>. Це бÑв Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑекÑÑовий ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ
вкÑай поÑвоÑна мова
-пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, наÑÑÑлÑки поÑвоÑна,
наÑкÑлÑки Ñе Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾. ÐÑиÑина
+неÑнÑеÑпÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ — бÑв
аÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ PDP-10. ÐнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ,
+Ñкий ми пиÑали, наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑавÑÑ Ð½Ðµ длÑ
Emacs, вÑн пиÑавÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ <abbr
+title="Text Editor and COrrector â ÑедакÑоÑа й коÑекÑоÑа
+ÑекÑÑÑ">TECO</abbr>. Це бÑли наÑÑ ÑекÑÑовий
ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ Ð²ÐºÑай поÑвоÑна мова
+пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ â наÑÑÑлÑки поÑвоÑна,
наÑкÑлÑки Ñе Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾. ÐÑиÑина
бÑла в ÑомÑ, Ñо вона не бÑла ÑпÑоекÑована
Ñк мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, а наÑомÑÑÑÑ
-Ñк мова ÑедакÑоÑа Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´. ÐÑли ÑакÑ
команди, Ñк “5l”, Ñо
-ознаÑало “пеÑеÑÑнÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° п'ÑÑÑ
ÑÑдкÑв”, або “i” з
-наÑÑÑпним ÑÑдком Ñа <em>ESC</em> Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
вÑÑавиÑи Ñей ÑÑдок. Ðожна
-бÑло набÑаÑи ÑÑдок, Ñкий бÑв поÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ
команд, Ñкий називавÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
-ÑÑдком. ÐÑн завеÑÑÑвавÑÑ Ñимволами <em>ESC</em>
<em>ESC</em>, Ñ ÑодÑ
-поÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑвалаÑÑ.</p>
+Ñк мова ÑедакÑоÑа Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´. ÐÑли ÑакÑ
команди, Ñк <code>5l</code>, Ñо
+ознаÑало <code>пеÑеÑÑнÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° п'ÑÑÑ
ÑÑдкÑв</code>, або <code>i</code> з
+наÑÑÑпним ÑÑдком Ñа ESC Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
вÑÑавиÑи Ñей ÑÑдок. Ðожна бÑло набÑаÑи
+ÑÑдок, Ñкий бÑв поÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´, Ñкий
називавÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑдком. ТодÑ
+ви двÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑкали ESC â Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑлÑдовнÑÑÑÑ
виконÑвалаÑÑ.</p>
<p>ÐÑÑм лÑди Ñ
оÑÑли доповниÑи ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ
заÑобами пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ додали
-деÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ñоби. ÐапÑиклад, однÑÑÑ Ð· пеÑÑиÑ
бÑла додана конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ ÑиклÑ, Ñе
-бÑли <em><</em> <em>></em>. ÐÐµÑ Ð¾ÑоÑÑвали
команди, Ñ Ñе бÑв Ñикл. ÐÑли
-ÑнÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·ÑозÑмÑÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸, Ñкими можна бÑло
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñмовного виÑ
одÑ
-з ÑиклÑ. ÐÑи ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs ми <a
href="#foot-1">(1)</a> додали
-можливÑÑÑÑ ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑдпÑогÑам з
Ñменами. Ðо Ñого Ñе бÑв нÑби ÐейÑик, Ñ
+деÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ñоби. ÐапÑиклад, однÑÑÑ Ð· пеÑÑиÑ
бÑла додана конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ ÑиклÑ:
+<code>< ></code>. ÐÐµÑ Ð¾ÑоÑÑвали команди, Ñ Ñе
бÑв Ñикл. ÐÑли ÑнÑÑ
+незÑозÑмÑÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð¸, Ñкими можна бÑло
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñмовного виÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·
+ÑиклÑ. ÐÑи ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Emacs ми <a
href="#foot-1">[1]</a> додали
+можливÑÑÑÑ ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑдпÑогÑам з
Ñменами. Ðо Ñого Ñе бÑв нÑби ÐейÑик, а в
назваÑ
пÑдпÑогÑам могло бÑÑи ÑÑлÑки по
однÑй бÑквÑ. ÐиÑаÑи на ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ
-пÑогÑами бÑло важко, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ допиÑали
пÑогÑамÑ, Ñоб Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
могли маÑи довгÑ
+пÑогÑами бÑло важко, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ допиÑали
пÑогÑамÑ, Ñоб Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
могли бÑÑи довгÑ
назви. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñам бÑли Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ñ
иÑÑомÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñоби; здаÑÑÑÑÑ, заÑÑб
“unwind-protect” ÐÑÑп запозиÑив з TECO.</p>
<p>Ðи поÑали закладаÑи доÑиÑÑ Ñ
иÑÑомÑдÑÑ
заÑоби, Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑв поÑвоÑний
-ÑинÑакÑиÑ, Ñкий ÑÑлÑки-но можна пÑидÑмаÑи,
Ñ Ñе пÑаÑÑвало лÑди
+ÑинÑакÑиÑ, Ñкий ÑÑлÑки-но можна пÑидÑмаÑи,
Ñ Ñе пÑаÑÑвало — лÑди
вÑе одно бÑли Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи на ÑÑомÑ
Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами. ÐÑевидним ÑÑоком бÑло
Ñе, Ñо Ñака мова, Ñк TECO, неÑпÑоекÑована Ñк
мова пÑогÑамÑваннÑ,— Ñ
Ñ
ибним ÑлÑÑ
ом. Ðова, на ÑкÑй ви бÑдÑÑÑе
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑозÑиÑеннÑ, повинна
@@ -99,115 +108,114 @@
пÑоекÑÑваÑи Ñк Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ.
ФакÑиÑно, ми виÑвили, Ñо найкÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ
пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
ÑÑлей бÑв ÐÑÑп.</p>
-<p>Це вÑдкÑив ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг <a
href="#foot-2">(2)</a>. ÐÑн напиÑав веÑÑÑÑ
-Emacs на MacLisp в Multics, Ñ Ð²Ñн пиÑав ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
на MacLisp
-пÑÑмолÑнÑйним меÑодом. Сам ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
повнÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñаний на ÐÑÑпÑ. Emacs
-Ð´Ð»Ñ Multics мав великий ÑÑпÑÑ
пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
команд
-ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло Ñаким зÑÑÑним, Ñо навÑÑÑ
ÑекÑеÑаÑки в його конÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñали
-навÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼. Ðони
коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбником, Ñке Ñ
ÑоÑÑ
напиÑав
-Ñ Ð² ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñло показано, Ñк доповнÑваÑи Emacs,
але Ñам не говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
+<p>Це вÑдкÑив ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг <a
href="#foot-2">[2]</a>. ÐÑн напиÑав веÑÑÑÑ
+Emacs на MacLisp в Multics, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
MacLisp-команди бÑли пÑоÑÑÑ Ð¹
+зÑозÑмÑлÑ. Сам ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв повнÑÑÑÑ
напиÑаний на ÐÑÑпÑ. Emacs Ð´Ð»Ñ Multics
+мав великий ÑÑпÑÑ
— пÑогÑамÑваннÑ
новиÑ
команд ÑедагÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло
+Ñаким зÑÑÑним, Ñо навÑÑÑ ÑекÑеÑаÑки в його
конÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñали навÑаннÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼. Ðони коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ
напиÑаним кимоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбником, Ñ ÑкомÑ
+бÑло показано, Ñк доповнÑваÑи Emacs, але Ñам
не говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
пÑогÑамÑваннÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑеÑаÑок, ÑкÑ
дÑмали, Ñо не можÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи, Ñе не
вÑдлÑкÑвало. Ðони ÑиÑали поÑÑбник,
виÑвлÑли, Ñо можÑÑÑ ÑобиÑи ÑоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑне,
Ñ Ð²ÑилиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи.</p>
<p>ÐÑож, ÐеÑÐ½Ñ Ð·ÑозÑмÑв, Ñо заÑÑоÑÑнок —
пÑогÑама, Ñка ÑобиÑÑ ÑоÑÑ
-коÑиÑне Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
ÐÑÑп Ñ ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ можеÑе
-доповнÑваÑи, пеÑепиÑÑÑÑи пÑогÑами на
ÐÑÑпÑ,— наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´Ñже Ñ
оÑоÑий
+коÑиÑне Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ — вÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñв
ÐÑÑп Ñ ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ можеÑе
+доповнÑваÑи, пеÑепиÑÑÑÑи пÑогÑами на
ÐÑÑпÑ, — наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´Ñже Ñ
оÑоÑий
ÑпоÑÑб навÑиÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваÑи. Це даÑ
лÑдÑм можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи невеликÑ
-пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
коÑиÑнÑ, Ñого в
бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°ÑÑей ви напевно не
-можеÑе. Ðони можÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑимÑваÑи заоÑ
оÑеннÑ
вÑд пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+пÑогÑами, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
коÑиÑнÑ; ÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑедовиÑа не даÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑакоÑ
+змоги. Ðони можÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑимÑваÑи заоÑ
оÑеннÑ
вÑд пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑамиÑ
на ÑÑадÑÑ, де Ñе найважÑе — коли
вони не дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо можÑÑÑ
-пÑогÑамÑваÑи,— поки вони не дÑйдÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
ÑоÑки, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вже ÑÑали
+пÑогÑамÑваÑи, — поки вони не дÑйдÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
ÑоÑки, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вже ÑÑали
пÑогÑамÑÑÑами.</p>
<p>У Ñей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ñди поÑали мÑÑкÑваÑи, Ñк
оÑÑимаÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñбне на плаÑÑоÑмÑ,
де Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа. У
MacLisp Ð´Ð»Ñ Multics бÑв
компÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñа ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ — Ñе
бÑла повнÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑнаÑена ÑиÑÑема
ÐÑÑп — але лÑдÑм коÑÑÑлоÑÑ
впÑовадиÑи подÑбне на ÑнÑиÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
,
-де Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло вже напиÑаного
компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐаÑпа. ÐÑ, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ
-компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐаÑпа, ви не можеÑе напиÑаÑи
веÑÑ ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ —
-вÑн бÑв би занадÑо повÑлÑним, оÑобливо
пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, ÑкÑо б довелоÑÑ
-виконÑваÑи ÐиÑп на ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑÑ. Таким
Ñином, ми ÑозÑобили гÑбÑиднÑ
-ÑеÑ
нÑкÑ. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ, Ñоб пиÑаÑи
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÐÑÑпа Ñ
-низÑкоÑÑÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑедакÑоÑа Ñазом,
ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑини ÑедакÑоÑа ÑÑавали
+де Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло вже напиÑаного
компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐÑÑпа. ÐÑ, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ
+компÑлÑÑоÑа ÐÑÑпа, ви не можеÑе напиÑаÑи
веÑÑ ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ —
+вÑн бÑв би занадÑо повÑлÑним, оÑобливо
пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, Ñкби довелоÑÑ
+виконÑваÑи ÐÑÑп на ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑÑ. ЧеÑез
Ñе ми ÑозÑобили гÑбÑиднÑ
+ÑеÑ
нÑкÑ. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ, Ñоб пиÑаÑи
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÐÑÑпа й
+низÑкоÑÑÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñ ÑаÑÑини ÑедакÑоÑа Ñазом:
ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑини ÑедакÑоÑа ÑÑавали
вбÑдованими заÑобами ÐÑÑпа. Це бÑли б
бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ ÑаÑÑини, в опÑимÑзаÑÑÑ ÑкиÑ
ми вÑдÑÑвали необÑ
ÑднÑÑÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
вже ÑвÑдомо пÑакÑикÑвали Ñ
пеÑвÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо бÑли Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ñми
виÑокоÑÑÐ²Ð½ÐµÐ²Ñ ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
-пеÑеÑеалÑзÑвали на маÑиннÑй мовÑ,
пеÑеÑобивÑи ÑÑ
на пÑимÑÑиви
-TECO. ÐапÑиклад, бÑв пÑимÑÑив TECO длÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ (наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
-оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи Ñз Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑомÑ
Ñо деÑÐºÑ Ð· Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑомÑÑÑкиÑ
-ÑаÑÑин ÑобоÑи виконÑвалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° виÑомÑ
ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ TECO). Ðожна бÑло
-виконÑваÑи вÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ, напиÑавÑи пÑогÑамÑ
на TECO, але вона бÑла занадÑо
-повÑлÑноÑ, Ñак Ñо ми опÑимÑзÑвали ÑÑ,
пеÑеноÑÑÑи ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑÑ Ð½Ð° маÑиннÑ
-мовÑ. ТÑÑ (в гÑбÑÐ¸Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
нÑки) ми
ÑкоÑиÑÑалиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑдеÑÑ: велика ÑаÑÑина
-ÑедакÑоÑа бÑде напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, але
Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑаÑÑини, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло
-виконÑваÑи оÑобливо Ñвидко, бÑдÑÑÑ
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° низÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвнÑ.</p>
+вÑÑлили Ñе Ñаз на маÑиннÑй мовÑ,
пеÑеÑобивÑи ÑÑ
на пÑимÑÑиви
+TECO. ÐапÑиклад, бÑв пÑимÑÑив TECO длÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ (наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñе длÑ
+оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи з Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑомÑ
Ñо деÑÐºÑ Ð· Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑомÑÑÑкиÑ
+ÑобÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑвалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° виÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвнÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ TECO). Ðожна бÑло б виконÑваÑи
+вÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° TECO, але
Ñе бÑло занадÑо повÑлÑно, Ñож
+ми опÑимÑзÑвали Ñе, пеÑенÑÑÑи ÑаÑÑинÑ
пÑогÑами на маÑÐ¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ. ТÑÑ (Ñ
+гÑбÑиднÑй ÑеÑ
нÑÑÑ) ми ÑкоÑиÑÑалиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶
ÑдеÑÑ: велика ÑаÑÑина ÑедакÑоÑа
+бÑде напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, але Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑаÑÑини, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло виконÑваÑи
+оÑобливо Ñвидко, бÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
низÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвнÑ.</p>
<p>Таким Ñином, коли Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñав ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгÑ
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ Emacs, Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑимÑвавÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑ
еми. Ðова низÑкого ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑе не бÑла
маÑÐ¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ, Ñе бÑв СÑ. СÑ
виÑвилаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑ, еÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
пеÑеноÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, пÑизнаÑениÑ
длÑ
Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
на
кÑÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Unix. Там бÑв ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ
ÐÑÑпа, але Ñ ÑеалÑзÑвав заÑоби длÑ
виÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑпеÑÑалÑниÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑедагÑваннÑ
-безпоеÑеднÑо на Ð¡Ñ ÑÑди вÑ
одили
манÑпÑлÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑеÑами ÑедакÑоÑа,
-вÑÑавка ÑекÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑок, ÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
ÑайлÑв, Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑеÑа на
-екÑанÑ, ÑпÑавлÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñкнами ÑедакÑоÑа.</p>
-
-<p>ÐоÑеÑÑ Ñе бÑв не пеÑÑий Emacs, напиÑаний на
Ð¡Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав в Unix. ÐеÑÑий бÑв
-напиÑаний ÐжеймÑом ÐоÑлÑнгом, його
називали GosMacs. РниÑ
вийÑла дивна
-ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ. СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñн, здавалоÑÑ,
пеÑебÑвав пÑд впливом ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑамоÑ
+безпоÑеÑеднÑо на Ð¡Ñ — ÑÑди вÑ
одили
манÑпÑлÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑеÑами
+ÑедакÑоÑа, вÑÑавка ÑекÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑаÑок,
ÑиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑайлÑв, оновленнÑ
+бÑÑеÑа на екÑанÑ, ÑпÑавлÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñкнами
ÑедакÑоÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑеÑÑ, Ñе бÑв не пеÑÑий Emacs, напиÑаний на
Ð¡Ñ Ð¹ виконÑваний на
+Unix. ÐеÑÑий â GosMacs â бÑв напиÑаний ÐжеймÑом
ÐоÑлÑнгом. Рним ÑÑапилаÑÑ
+дивна ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ. СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñн, здавалоÑÑ,
пеÑебÑвав пÑд впливом ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑамоÑ
аÑмоÑÑеÑи обмÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑпÑвÑобÑÑниÑÑва
поÑаÑкового Emacs. Я ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑкав
поÑаÑковий Emacs Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñдей в
ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
нологÑÑномÑ
-ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐеÑ
Ñо заÑ
оÑÑв пеÑенеÑÑи його на
Twenex ÑпоÑаÑкÑ
+ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐеÑ
Ñо заÑ
оÑÑв пеÑенеÑÑи його на
Twenex — ÑпоÑаÑкÑ
ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав ÑÑлÑки Ñ ÐеÑÑмÑÑнÑй
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ»Ñ ÑаÑÑ, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
-коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð² ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðони пеÑенеÑли
його на Twenex, Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо в
-ÑвÑÑÑ Ð±Ñло кÑлÑка ÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑиÑлÑвалÑниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, в ÑкиÑ
поÑенÑÑйно можна бÑло
-його заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи. Ðи поÑали поÑиÑеннÑ
ÑеÑед ниÑ
Ñз пÑавилом “ ви
+коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ Ð² ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðони пеÑенеÑли
його на Twenex, Ñ Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо
+в ÑвÑÑÑ Ð±Ñло кÑлÑка ÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑиÑлÑвалÑниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, в ÑкиÑ
поÑенÑÑйно можна
+бÑло його заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи. Ðи поÑали
поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑед ниÑ
Ñз пÑавилом “ви
Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑилаÑи назад ÑвоÑ
полÑпÑеннє, Ñоб ми вÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ оÑÑимÑваÑи
з ÑÑого коÑиÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ
Ñо нÑколи не намагавÑÑ
ÑÑежиÑи за доÑÑиманнÑм ÑÑого, але
наÑкÑлÑки Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ, лÑди дÑйÑно
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑвали.</p>
<p>Ð ÐоÑлÑнг, на пеÑÑиÑ
поÑаÑ
, здавалоÑÑ,
бÑав Ñ ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ. ÐÑн напиÑав
пÑдÑÑÑник, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñн називав ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑ
Emacs, ÑподÑваÑÑиÑÑ, Ñо ÑнÑÑ
-Ñлени ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва бÑдÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑаÑÑваÑи
ÑÑ, поки вона не заÑлÑгожиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
-назви. Це бÑв пÑавилÑний пÑдÑ
Ñд до
ÑпÑлÑноÑи пÑоÑиÑи ÑÑ
+Ñлени ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва бÑдÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑаÑÑваÑи
ÑÑ, поки вона не заÑлÑжиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
+назви. Це бÑв пÑавилÑний пÑдÑ
Ñд до
ÑпÑлÑноÑи — пÑоÑиÑи ÑÑ
пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑпÑÑваÑи пÑогÑамÑ. Ðле
пÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑÑого його ÑÑавленнÑ,
здаÑÑÑÑÑ, змÑнилоÑÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñн пÑодав пÑогÑамÑ
однÑй компанÑÑ.</p>
<p>Ð Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвав над ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU
(вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ ÑипÑ
Unix, ÑÐºÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо Ñ
Ñо помилково називаÑ
“Linux”). ÐÑлÑного
ÑедакÑоÑа Emacs, Ñкий пÑаÑÑвав би в Unix, не
ÑÑнÑвало. ÐÑоÑе бÑв Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ
-знайомий, Ñкий бÑав ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ Emacs
ÐоÑлÑнга. ÐоÑлÑнг пеÑедав йомÑ,
-по елекÑÑоннÑй поÑÑÑ, дозвÑл поÑиÑÑваÑи
його влаÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑн запÑопонÑвав
-Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
виÑвив, Ñо в Emacs ÐоÑлÑнга не бÑло
+знайомий, Ñкий бÑав ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ Emacs
ÐоÑлÑнга, коÑÑий надав йомÑ
+е-поÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ñл поÑиÑÑваÑи влаÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ.
Ðнайомий запÑопонÑвав менÑ
+ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñвив,
Ñо в Emacs ÐоÑлÑнга не бÑло
ÑпÑавжнÑого ÐÑÑпа. РнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла мова
пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, вÑдома Ñк
-“mocklisp”, вÑн ÑинÑакÑиÑно виглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ñк
ÐиÑп, але Ñ Ð½ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ
-ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÐиÑпа. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами не
бÑли даними Ñ Ð½Ðµ виÑÑаÑало жиÑÑÑво
+“mocklisp”, вона ÑинÑакÑиÑно виглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ñк
ÐÑÑп, але в нÑй немаÑ
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÐÑÑпа. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами не
бÑли даними Ñ Ð½Ðµ виÑÑаÑало жиÑÑÑво
важливиÑ
елеменÑÑв ÐÑÑпа. Ðого
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑами даниÑ
бÑли ÑÑдки, ÑиÑла Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
ÑнÑÑ ÑпеÑÑалÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±'ÑкÑи.</p>
-<p>Я пÑийÑов до виÑновкÑ, Ñо не можÑ
ÑкоÑиÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñим, Ñ Ð±Ñв змÑÑений замÑниÑи
+<p>Я дÑйÑов виÑновкÑ, Ñо коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ñим
неможливо, Ñож бÑв змÑÑений замÑниÑи
Ñе вÑе. ÐеÑÑим кÑоком бÑло напиÑаннÑ
ÑпÑавжнÑого ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑа ÐÑÑпа. Я
поÑÑÑпово пеÑебазÑвав ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑинÑ
ÑедакÑоÑа на ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑи даниÑ
-ÐÑÑпа замÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаниÑ
Ñак-ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ
даниÑ
, ÑÑвоÑивÑи можливÑÑÑÑ
+ÐÑÑпа замÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑзÑкоÑпеÑÑалÑзованиÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
, ÑÑвоÑивÑи можливÑÑÑÑ
Ð²Ð¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ÑедакÑоÑа Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð½ÑпÑлÑÑÑй ними Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
на ÐÑÑпÑ.</p>
-<p>Ðдиним винÑÑком бÑло вÑдобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
диÑплеÑ. Ðовгий ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
-диÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÑ Ð±Ñло ÑнÑим ÑвÑÑом. РедакÑоÑ
вÑÑÑпав Ñ ÑвÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе
-поÑинало пÑоводиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ абÑолÑÑно
оÑобливими ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑами даниÑ
, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑкиÑ
не
-бÑло безпеÑного збоÑÑ ÑмÑÑÑÑ, не бÑло
безпеÑниÑ
пеÑеÑиванÑ, Ñ Ð² Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
-можна бÑло виконÑваÑи нÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам на
ÐÑÑпÑ. Ð ÑиÑ
пÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñе
-змÑнили заÑаз можна виконÑваÑи
пÑогÑами на ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð¿Ñд ÑаÑ
-пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ. Це дÑже зÑÑÑно.</p>
+<p>Ðдиним винÑÑком бÑв показ на диÑплеÑ.
Ðовгий ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð»ÐµÑ Ð±Ñло нÑби
+ÑнÑим ÑвÑÑом. РедакÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑпав Ñ ÑвÑÑ
пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе поÑинало
+пÑоводиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ абÑолÑÑно оÑобливими
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑами даниÑ
, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑкиÑ
не бÑло
+безпеÑного збоÑÑ ÑмÑÑÑÑ, не бÑло безпеÑниÑ
пеÑеÑиванÑ, Ñ Ð² Ñей ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ можна
+бÑло виконÑваÑи нÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам на ÐÑÑпÑ. Ð
ÑиÑ
пÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñе змÑнили: заÑаз
+можна виконÑваÑи пÑогÑами на ÐÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð¿Ñд ÑаÑ
пеÑемалÑовÑваннÑ. Це дÑже зÑÑÑно.</p>
-<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð´ÑÑга пÑогÑама Emacs бÑла “вÑлÑноÑ
пÑогÑамоє ÑÑÑаÑномÑ
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð´ÑÑга пÑогÑама Emacs бÑла “вÑлÑноÑ
пÑогÑамоє в ÑÑÑаÑномÑ
ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑого Ñлова — вона бÑла
ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑноÑ
кампанÑÑ Ð·Ð° звÑлÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам. СÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ, Ñо
кожен Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво вÑлÑно ÑобиÑи Ñе, Ñо ми Ñ
ÑÑаÑÑ ÑаÑи Ñобили в
ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑ
нологÑÑномÑ
ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, пÑаÑÑÑÑи Ñазом над пÑогÑамами Ñ
пÑаÑÑÑÑи з ÑÑÑма, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑлÑки бажав
пÑаÑÑваÑи з нами. Це ÑÑало оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñ
-за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑвÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ жиÑÑÑ Ð²
-ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ
пÑаÑÑйÑе над лÑдÑÑким знаннÑм Ñ
+за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ —
на оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑвÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ жиÑÑÑ Ð²
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ —
пÑаÑÑйÑе над лÑдÑÑким знаннÑм Ñ
не ÑÑовбиÑÑе Ð½Ñ Ð² кого на ÑлÑÑ
Ñ Ð´Ð¾
подалÑÑого заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñа подалÑÑого
поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð»ÑдÑÑкого знаннÑ.</p>
@@ -221,38 +229,38 @@
вÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ñизводило до
збоÑ.</p>
<p>ÐаÑина ÐÑÑпа бÑла в Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи
команди майже Ñак Ñамо Ñвидко, Ñк ÑÑ
-ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñини, але кожна команда... команда
<code>car</code> виконÑвала
-пеÑевÑÑÐºÑ ÑипÑв — ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ ви
намагалиÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи <code>car</code>
-вÑд ÑиÑла Ñ ÑкомпÑлованÑй пÑогÑамÑ, Ñе
негайно давало помилкÑ. Ðи побÑдÑвали
-маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема ÐÑÑпа. Ðона майже повнÑÑÑÑ
-бÑла напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, за винÑÑком ÑаÑÑин,
запиÑаниÑ
в мÑкÑокодÑ. Ðиник
-ÑнÑеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ виÑобниÑÑва маÑин, а Ñе
ознаÑало, Ñо поÑÑÑбно ÑÑвоÑиÑи компанÑÑ.</p>
+ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñини, але кожна команда, Ñк-оÑ
<code>car</code>, пеÑевÑÑÑла Ñипи
+даниÑ
— ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ ви намагалиÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи
<code>car</code> вÑд ÑиÑла
+Ñ ÑкомпÑлÑованÑй пÑогÑамÑ, Ñе негайно
давало помилкÑ. Ðи побÑдÑвали маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ
+Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема на
ÐÑÑпÑ. Ðона майже повнÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла
+напиÑана на ÐÑÑпÑ, за винÑÑком ÑаÑÑин,
запиÑаниÑ
мÑкÑокодом. Ðиник ÑнÑеÑеÑ
+до виÑобниÑÑва маÑин, а Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо
поÑÑÑбно ÑÑвоÑиÑи компанÑÑ.</p>
<p>ÐÑло два ÑÑзниÑ
ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, ÑкоÑ
повинна бÑÑи ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ. ÐÑÑнблеÑ
Ñ
оÑÑв ÑÑвоÑиÑи Ñе, Ñо вÑн називав “Ñ
акеÑÑÑкоє компанÑÑÑ. Це
-ознаÑало, Ñо Ñе бÑла б компанÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
ÑпÑавлÑннÑм Ñ
акеÑÑв Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑ ÑпÑиÑÑливо
-Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑв. ÐнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñла пÑдÑÑимка
кÑлÑÑÑÑи ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
-ÑнÑелекÑÑ <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>. Ðа жалÑ, Ñ
ÐÑÑнблеÑа не бÑло
-нÑÑкого дÑлового доÑвÑдÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з
гÑÑпи маÑини ÐÑÑпа говоÑили, Ñо
-вони ÑÑмнÑваÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² його ÑпÑоможноÑÑÑ Ñе
зÑобиÑи. Ðони дÑмали, Ñо ÑникнÑÑи
-зовнÑÑнÑÑ
капÑÑаловкладенÑ, Ñк вÑн
планÑвав, не вдаÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+ознаÑало, Ñо компанÑÑÑ ÐºÐµÑÑвали б Ñ
акеÑи
ÑпÑиÑÑливим Ñаме Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ
акеÑÑв
+Ñином. ÐнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñла пÑдÑÑимка кÑлÑÑÑÑи
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного
+ÑнÑелекÑÑ <a class="ftn" href="#foot-3">[3]</a>. Ðа жалÑ,
Ñ ÐÑÑнблеÑа
+не бÑло нÑÑкого дÑлового доÑвÑдÑ, ÑомÑ
ÑнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з гÑÑпи маÑини ÐÑÑпа
+говоÑили, Ñо вони ÑÑмнÑваÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² його
ÑпÑоможноÑÑÑ Ñе зÑобиÑи. Ðони дÑмали,
+Ñо ÑникнÑÑи зовнÑÑнÑÑ
капÑÑаловкладенÑ,
Ñк вÑн планÑвав, не вдаÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>Ðле ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñн Ñ
оÑÑв ÑникнÑÑи зовнÑÑнÑÑ
капÑÑаловкладенÑ? Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо коли Ñ
компанÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¸, вони беÑÑÑÑ
конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð² ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑки Ñ Ð½Ðµ
дозволÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ бÑÑи педанÑиÑним; а ÑкÑо ви
ÑкÑлÑки-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð½ÑиÑнÑ, Ñо
вони вÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° кеÑÑвнÑ
поÑÐ°Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-небÑÐ´Ñ ÑнÑого.</p>
-<p>ÐÑож, Ñ ÐÑÑнблеÑа бÑла дÑмка, Ñо вÑн
знайде клÑÑнÑа, Ñкий заплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
-комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑед. Ðони зÑбÑали б маÑини
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавили ÑÑ
йомÑ; оÑÑимÑÑÑи
-Ñаким Ñином доÑ
Ñд з ÑиÑ
комплекÑÑÑÑиÑ
,
вони змогли б кÑпиÑи комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ñе
-Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÐµÐºÑлÑкоÑ
маÑин, пÑодаÑи ÑÑ
, а поÑÑм
кÑпиÑи комплекÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑого
-ÑиÑла маÑин Ñ Ñак далÑ. ÐнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з гÑÑпи
дÑмали, Ñо Ñак пÑаÑÑваÑи не вийде.</p>
+<p>ÐÑож, Ñ ÐÑÑнблеÑа бÑла дÑмка, Ñо вÑн
знайде клÑÑнÑа, Ñкий плаÑиÑиме за
+Ñкладники напеÑед. Ðони збиÑали б маÑини й
поÑÑавлÑли ÑÑ
йомÑ; оÑÑимÑÑÑи
+Ñаким Ñином доÑ
Ñд Ñз ÑиÑ
ÑкладникÑв, вони
змогли б кÑпÑваÑи Ñкладники Ñе длÑ
+декÑлÑкоÑ
маÑин, пÑодаваÑи ÑÑ
Ñ ÐºÑпÑваÑи
Ñкладники Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑого ÑиÑла маÑин
+ÑоÑо. ÐнÑÑ Ð»Ñди з гÑÑпи дÑмали, Ñо Ñак
пÑаÑÑваÑи не вийде.</p>
-<p>ÐÑинблÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑив РаÑела ÐоÑÑÑкеÑа,
лÑдинÑ, Ñка найнÑла мене, а в згодом
+<p>ÐÑÑÐ½Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑив РаÑÑелла ÐоÑÑÑкеÑа,
лÑдинÑ, Ñка найнÑла мене, а згодом
пÑÑла з ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ Ñ
ÑÑвоÑила пÑибÑÑковÑ
-компанÑÑ. ÐважалоÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð Ð°Ñела Ñ Ð´Ñлова Ñ
ваÑка. ÐÑн пÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав ÑÑ
-дÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ
ваÑкÑ, ÑказавÑи лÑдÑм в гÑÑпÑ:
“ÐавайÑе кинемо ÐÑÑнблеÑа Ñ
-забÑдемо пÑо його ÑдеÑ; а ми ÑÑвоÑимо ÑнÑÑ
компанÑÑ”. ÐдаÑив Ñ ÑпинÑ,
+компанÑÑ. ÐважалоÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð Ð°ÑÑелла Ñ Ð´Ñлова
Ñ
ваÑка. ÐÑн пÑодемонÑÑÑÑвав ÑÑ
+дÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ
ваÑкÑ, ÑказавÑи лÑдÑм в гÑÑпÑ:
“ÐавайÑе кинемо ÐÑÑнблеÑа,
+забÑдемо пÑо його ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¹ ÑÑвоÑимо ÑнÑÑ
компанÑÑ”. ÐдаÑив Ñ ÑпинÑ,
зовÑÑм Ñк ÑпÑавжнÑй пÑдпÑиÑмеÑÑ. Ð¦Ñ Ð»Ñди
виÑÑÑили ÑÑоÑмÑваÑи компанÑÑ Ð¿Ñд
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ “Symbolics”, залÑÑаÑи зовнÑÑнÑй
капÑÑал, не бÑÑи
педанÑиÑними Ñ ÑобиÑи вÑе можливе, Ñоб
пеÑемогÑи.</p>
@@ -262,10 +270,9 @@
Ñо б ви дÑмали? Ðм Ñе вдалоÑÑ! У ниÑ
з'ÑвивÑÑ
пеÑÑий клÑÑнÑ, Ñ Ñм заплаÑили
напеÑед. Ðони збиÑали маÑини, пÑодавали ÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð±Ð¸Ñали Ñе Ñ Ñе. ÐÑеÑÑÑ-ÑеÑÑ
вони ÑÑали на ноги, незважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей в гÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ñм не
-допомагали. ÐомпанÑÑ Symbolics Ñакож поÑала
ÑÑпÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñло
-Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ, Ñо виÑоблÑÑÑÑ
маÑини-ÐÑÑпи. Ðоли в Symbolics
-зÑозÑмÑли, Ñо LMI не дÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÑÑаÑи в ÑÑÑбÑ,
вони ÑÑали ÑÑкаÑи ÑпоÑоби
-зÑÑйнÑваÑи ÑÑ.</p>
+допомагали. ÐомпанÑÑ Symbolics Ñакож поÑала
ÑÑпÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð´ÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ, ÑобÑо двÑ
+компанÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑÑвали Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑобниÑÑвÑ
ÐÑÑп-маÑин. Ðоли в Symbolics зÑозÑмÑли,
+Ñо LMI не дÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÑÑаÑи в ÑÑÑбÑ, вони ÑÑали
ÑÑкаÑи ÑпоÑоби зÑÑйнÑваÑи ÑÑ.</p>
<p>Таким Ñином, за вÑдÑ
одом з наÑоÑ
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑала “вÑйна” в
наÑÑй лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ. ÐÑдÑ
Ñд ÑÑавÑÑ, коли
компанÑÑ Symbolics пеÑеманила вÑÑÑ
@@ -276,44 +283,44 @@
двома компанÑÑми Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ñже дÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑгодÑ. Це
бÑв ÑÑиÑÑоÑоннÑй договÑÑ, Ñ ÑкомÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑвали виÑ
ÑднÑ
ÑекÑÑи ÑиÑÑеми маÑини ÐÑÑпа. Ð¦Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли надаваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в
коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ðле в договоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
-говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво
ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в ÑиÑÑемаÑ
ÑвоÑÑ
маÑин
-ÐÑÑпÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑвали Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ.
ÐÑÑ
Ñо не пеÑедбаÑав, Ñо гÑÑпÑ
+говоÑилоÑÑ, Ñо ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво
ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в ÑиÑÑемаÑ
ÑвоÑÑ
+ÐÑÑп-маÑин, ÑÐºÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑвали обидвÑ
компанÑÑ. ÐÑÑ
Ñо не пеÑедбаÑав, Ñо гÑÑпÑ
Ñ
акеÑÑв ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ
ÑозженÑÑÑ, але Ñак Ñ ÑÑалоÑÑ.</p>
-<p> ÐÑже, в Symbolics дозÑÑв план <a
href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. Ðони Ñказали
-лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ: “Ðи пÑодовжимо надаваÑи Ñ
ваÑе коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в
-ÑиÑÑемÑ, але вам не можна ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини ÐÑÑпа
-ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого ми надамо вам
доÑÑÑп до ÑиÑÑеми маÑини ÐÑÑпа
-Symbolics, Ñ Ð²Ð¸ зможеÑе пÑаÑÑваÑи на нÑй, але Ñе
вÑе, Ñо ви можеÑе ÑобиÑи.</p>
+<p> ÐÑже, в Symbolics дозÑÑв план <a
href="#foot-4">[4]</a>. Ðони Ñказали
+лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ: «Ðи пÑодовжимо надаваÑи Ñ
ваÑе коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, але вам не можна ÑозмÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
в
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐÑÑп-маÑини
+ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого ми надамо вам
доÑÑÑп до ÑиÑÑеми ÐÑÑп-маÑини
+Symbolics, Ñ Ð²Ð¸ зможеÑе пÑаÑÑваÑи на нÑй, але Ñе
вÑе, Ñо ви можеÑе ÑобиÑи.»</p>
-<p>Це ÑакÑиÑно ознаÑало, Ñо вони зажадали
вÑд Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑаÑи на ÑÑ Ñи ÑнÑÑ Ð±Ñк Ñ
+<p>Це ÑакÑиÑно ознаÑало, Ñо вони зажадали
вÑд Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑаÑи на Ñой Ñи ÑнÑий бÑк Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ веÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, або
веÑÑÑÑÑ Symbolics. Що б ми не
-вибÑали, Ñе визнаÑало б, в ÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
пÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑдоÑконаленнÑ. ЯкÑо б ми
+вибÑали, Ñе визнаÑало б, в ÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
пÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑдоÑконаленнÑ. Якби ми
пÑаÑÑвали над веÑÑÑÑÑ Symbolics Ñ
вдоÑконалÑвали ÑÑ, ми пÑдÑÑимÑвали б
-ÑÑлÑки Symbolics. ЯкÑо б ми коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ
веÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð¾ÑконалÑвали
+ÑÑлÑки Symbolics. Якби ми коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ
веÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð¾ÑконалÑвали
ÑÑ, ми надавали б ÑобоÑÑ Ð² ÑозпоÑÑдженнÑ
обоÑ
компанÑй, але в Symbolics
-ÑозÑмÑли, Ñо з наÑого Ð±Ð¾ÐºÑ Ñе бÑло б
пÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÐ¾Ñ LMI, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми допомагали б
-Ñм пÑодовжÑваÑи ÑÑнÑваннÑ. ÐÑож, нам не
дозволили залиÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ÑÑалÑними.</p>
+вважали Ñе пÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ñаме LMI з наÑого
бокÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ми допомагали б Ñм
+пÑодовжÑваÑи ÑÑнÑваннÑ. ÐÑож, нам не
дозволили залиÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ÑÑалÑними.</p>
<p>Ðж до ÑÑого моменÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑиймав ÑÑоÑонÑ
Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð· компанÑй, Ñ
оÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло
болÑÑе баÑиÑи, Ñо ÑÑалоÑÑ Ð· наÑим
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑвом Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамами. Ðле ÑепеÑ
компанÑÑ Symbolics пÑимÑÑÑвала мене до ÑÑого.
ÐÑже, намагаÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñи
компанÑÑ Lisp Machines Inc. вÑÑимаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð²Ñ <a
-href="#foot-5">(5)</a>, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав дÑблÑваÑи вÑÑ
полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини
+href="#foot-5">[5]</a>, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав дÑблÑваÑи вÑÑ
полÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñини
ÐÑÑпа, ÑÐºÑ Ñобили в Symbolics. Я пиÑав
еквÑваленÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñам (ÑобÑо
ÑекÑÑи пÑогÑам бÑли моÑми влаÑними).</p>
-<p>ЧеÑез деÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a> Ñ
пÑийÑов до виÑновкÑ, Ñо
-бÑло б найкÑаÑе, Ñкби Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ заглÑдав
Ñ ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи. Ðоли вони Ñобили
-оголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо випÑÑк попеÑеднÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ,
в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñв Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑкÑ, Ñ Ð±Ð°Ñив,
-ÑÐºÑ Ñам бÑли ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм впÑоваджÑвав
ÑÑ
. Ðо Ñого ÑаÑÑ, Ñк вони
-випÑÑкали оÑÑаÑоÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñеж випÑÑкав
ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>ЧеÑез деÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ <a href="#foot-6">[6]</a> Ñ
дÑйÑов виÑновкÑ, Ñо кÑаÑе
+за вÑе навÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ заглÑдаÑи в ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи.
Ðоли вони оголоÑÑвали пÑо випÑÑк
+випÑобÑвалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð¹ опиÑÑвали ÑÑ
нововведеннÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð¸Ð²Ð¸Ð²ÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ñам бÑли
+ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, а поÑÑм впÑоваджÑвав ÑÑ
. Ðо Ñого
ÑаÑÑ, Ñк вони випÑÑкали оÑÑаÑоÑнÑ
+веÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñеж випÑÑкав ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ.</p>
-<p>Таким Ñином, пÑоÑÑгом двоÑ
ÑокÑв Ñ Ð½Ðµ
давав Ñм покÑнÑиÑи з LMI, Ñ ÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ñ
+<p>Таким Ñином, пÑоÑÑгом двоÑ
ÑокÑв Ñ Ð½Ðµ
давав Ñм покÑнÑиÑи з LMI, Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð´Ð²Ñ
компанÑÑ Ð¿ÑодовжÑвали ÑобоÑÑ. Ðле Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑÑв виÑÑаÑаÑи Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð³Ñ Ñоки на Ñе, Ñоб
покаÑаÑи когоÑÑ, пÑоÑÑо заважаÑÑи злÑй
ÑпÑавÑ. Я побаÑив, Ñо вони покаÑанÑ
доÑиÑÑ ÒÑÑнÑовно, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони наÑÑапили
на конкÑÑенÑÑÑ, Ñка не йÑла Ñ Ð½Ðµ
-збиÑалаÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñи <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Тим
ÑаÑом пÑийÑла поÑа
+збиÑалаÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñи <a href="#foot-7">[7]</a>. Тим
ÑаÑом наÑÑала поÑа
поÑаÑи облаÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñке бÑло
зниÑено
ÑÑ
нÑми дÑÑми Ñа дÑÑми ÑнÑиÑ
.</p>
@@ -321,13 +328,13 @@
ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑкого ÑеÑ
нологÑÑного ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ вÑÑ
Ñ
акеÑи бÑли в ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑйна, ÑкÑ
ÑозпоÑала компанÑÑ Symbolics,
ÑпÑÑÑоÑила ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑÑкий ÑеÑ
нологÑÑний
ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑ, але в Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑдбÑвалиÑÑ
-Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ. ÐÑли лÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑипинÑли
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñе Ñазом ÑпÑÑÑоÑило
-наÑе ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑво, Ñ Ð²Ñд нÑого майже
нÑÑого не залиÑилоÑÑ.</p>
+й ÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ. ÐÑди пÑипинÑли дÑÑÑи ÑпÑлÑно,
Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñе Ñазом ÑпÑÑÑоÑило наÑе
+ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑво, Ñ Ð²Ñд нÑого майже нÑÑого
не залиÑилоÑÑ.</p>
-<p>Ðоли Ñ Ð¿Ñипинив каÑаÑи Symbolics, менÑ
довелоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ð´ÑваÑи, Ñо ÑобиÑи
-далÑ. ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло зÑобиÑи вÑлÑнÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñе бÑло
-ÑÑно Ñдиним ÑпоÑобом даÑи лÑдÑм
ÑпÑлÑно пÑаÑÑваÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÑнÑваÑиÑÑ
-бÑла вÑлÑна опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+<p>ÐÑипинивÑи каÑаÑи Symbolics, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¾ÑÑ
планÑваÑи наÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑ. ÐенÑ
+поÑÑÑбно бÑло зÑобиÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйнÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñе бÑло ÑÑно —
+Ñдиним ÑпоÑобом даÑи лÑдÑм ÑпÑлÑно
пÑаÑÑваÑи Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð±Ñла вÑлÑна
+опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
<p>СпеÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ñмав пÑо ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми на
Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ ÐÑÑпа, але ÑÑвÑдомив, Ñо з
ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑки зоÑÑ Ñе не добÑе. Щоб
оÑÑимаÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñбне до ÑиÑÑеми
@@ -337,98 +344,93 @@
звелоÑÑ Ð± до ÑогоÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑÑÐ°Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑоÑÑв
ÐÑÑпа Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
маÑин. ÐÑогÑами
бÑли б ÑвидÑими, але водноÑаÑ
неÑÑабÑлÑними. Так оÑ, Ñе пÑипÑÑÑимо, ÑкÑо
виконÑваÑи Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·
подÑлом ÑаÑÑ — ÑкÑо одна
-пÑогÑама Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð±Ñй, Ñе не каÑаÑÑÑоÑа, Ñе
ÑоÑÑ, Ñо ваÑа пÑогÑама ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑаÑÑ
-ÑобиÑÑ. Ðле Ñе Ñобило ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑиÑÑ Ð³Ð°ÑноÑ,
Ñоб пиÑаÑи на нÑй опеÑаÑÑйнÑ
+пÑогÑама Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð±Ñй, Ñе не каÑаÑÑÑоÑа, Ñе
ÑоÑÑ ÑÑлком оÑÑкÑване вÑд
+пÑогÑами. Ðле Ñе Ñобило ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑиÑÑ
гаÑноÑ, Ñоб пиÑаÑи на нÑй опеÑаÑÑйнÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдмовивÑÑ Ð²Ñд дÑмки пÑо
Ñе, Ñоб зÑобиÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° взÑÑеÑÑ
-маÑини ÐÑÑпа.</p>
+ÐÑÑп-маÑини.</p>
<p>ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑив зÑобиÑи
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Unix, в ÑкÑй бÑли б
-ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐиÑпа Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑвалÑниÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам. ЯдÑо бÑло б
-напиÑаним не на ÐÑÑпÑ, але ÐÑÑп Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñв
би. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñама ÑозÑобка ÑÑÑÑ
-опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
GNU, пÑивела мене до напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ GNU
-Emacs. РпÑоÑеÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿ÑагнÑв зÑобиÑи
абÑолÑÑно мÑнÑмалÑно можливÑ
-ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа. РозмÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам мав
надзвиÑайне знаÑеннÑ.</p>
+ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам. ЯдÑо бÑло б
напиÑаним
+не на ÐÑÑпÑ, але ÐÑÑп Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñв би. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñама
ÑозÑобка ÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми, опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU, пÑивела
мене до напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ GNU Emacs. Ð
+пÑоÑеÑÑ ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿ÑагнÑв зÑобиÑи абÑолÑÑно
мÑнÑмалÑно Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ
+ÐÑÑпа. РозмÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам мав надзвиÑайне
знаÑеннÑ.</p>
-<p>Ð Ñой ÑаÑ, в 1985 ÑоÑÑ, ÑÑнÑвали лÑди,
ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ одномегабайÑовÑ
+<p>У Ñой ÑаÑ, Ñ 1985 ÑоÑÑ, в деÑкиÑ
лÑдей
Ñе бÑли одномегабайÑовÑ
маÑини без вÑÑÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼'ÑÑÑ. Ðони Ñ
оÑÑли бÑÑи в Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи GNU
-Emacs. Це ознаÑало, Ñо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно
обмежÑваÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑкнайменÑим
-ÑозмÑÑом.</p>
+Emacs. Це ознаÑало, Ñо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑбно бÑло
ÑобиÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÑкнайменÑоÑ.</p>
-<p>ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиклÑÑноÑ
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла “while”,
-Ñка Ñ Ð²ÐºÑай пÑоÑÑоÑ. Ðе бÑло нÑÑкиÑ
ÑпоÑобÑв доÑÑÑокового виÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð· опеÑаÑоÑа
-“while”, доводилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анÑзмом виклÑÑенÑ
-або пеÑевÑÑÑÑи змÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиклÑ. Це показÑÑ,
Ñк далеко Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ñов Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
-на ÑозмÑÑ. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло “caar”,
“cadr” Ñ Ñак далÑ;
-“виÑавиÑи вÑе можливе” Ñаким
дÑÑ
ом бÑв пÑоÑÑкнÑÑий
+<p>ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиклÑÑноÑ
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла <code>while</code> Ñ
+пÑимÑÑивнÑй ÑоÑмÑ. Ðе бÑло нÑÑкиÑ
ÑпоÑобÑв
доÑÑÑокового виÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð· опеÑаÑоÑа
+<code>while</code>: доводилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑ
анÑзмом винÑÑкÑв або
+пеÑевÑÑÑÑи змÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑиклÑ. Це показÑÑ, Ñк
далеко Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ñов Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
на
+ÑозмÑÑ. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло <code>caar</code>, <code>cadr</code>
ÑоÑо;
+“виÑавиÑи вÑе можливе” — Ñаким
дÑÑ
ом бÑв пÑоÑÑкнÑÑий
GNU Emacs Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÐÑÑп з Ñамого поÑаÑкÑ.</p>
-<p>ÐÑозÑмÑло, маÑин заÑаз бÑлÑÑе Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ вже
Ñак не Ñобимо. Ðи заклали
-“caar”, “cadr” Ñ Ñак далÑ, Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñаз
пÑи Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
-могли б заклаÑÑи ÑнÑÑ ÑиклÑÑнÑ
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ. Ðи оÑ
оÑе ÑозÑиÑимо його в
деÑкиÑ
-межаÑ
, але ми не Ñ
оÑемо ÑозÑиÑÑваÑи його до
ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ ÐагалÑного ÐÑÑпа. Я одного
-ÑÐ°Ð·Ñ ÑеалÑзовÑвав ÐагалÑний ÐÑÑп на
маÑинÑ-ÐÑÑпÑ, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñн не Ñак вже
-ÑподобавÑÑ. Ðдна з ÑеÑей, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑÑаÑенно не подобаÑÑÑÑÑ
-аÑгÑменÑи-клÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ñлова <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.
Ðа мÑй поглÑд, Ñе
-виглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ зовÑÑм по-лÑÑпÑвÑÑки; ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
пиÑÑ Ñак, але Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¶Ñ Ð´Ð¾ мÑнÑмÑмÑ
-кÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑв, коли Ñ Ñе ÑоблÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Ðа ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑи GNU, пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð· ÐиÑпом, не
закÑнÑилиÑÑ. Ðгодом, пÑиблизно
-в 1995 ÑоÑÑ, ми ÑозмÑÑковÑвали над
оÑганÑзаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ Ð³ÑаÑÑÑного
-ÑобоÑого ÑеÑедовиÑа. ÐÑло ÑÑно, Ñо длÑ
пÑогÑам ÑеÑедовиÑа нам поÑÑÑбна мова
-пÑогÑамÑваннÑ, на ÑкÑй бÑла б напиÑана
знаÑна ÑÑ ÑаÑÑина, Ñоб зÑобиÑи його
-легко ÑозÑиÑÑваноÑ, Ñк ÑедакÑоÑ. ÐоÑÑало
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð° бÑÑи
-мова.</p>
-
-<p>У Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
ÑÑлей поÑилено
пÑоÑÑвавÑÑ TCL <a
-href="#tf2">[2]</a>. Я бÑв дÑже невиÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки пÑо
TCL, в оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑомÑ,
-Ñо Ñе бÑв не ÐÑÑп. ÐÑн виглÑдав злегка
подÑбним на ÐÑÑп, але ÑеманÑиÑно вÑн
-ним не бÑв, Ñ Ð²Ñн бÑв не Ñаким зÑозÑмÑлим.
ÐоÑÑм Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð² менÑ
-оголоÑеннÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Sun намагалаÑÑ
найнÑÑи кого-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑобоÑи
-над TCL, Ñоб зÑобиÑи його “ÑÑандаÑÑом
де-ÑакÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
-ÑозÑиÑенє в ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ. Ð Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñмав:
“Ðам поÑÑÑбно запобÑгÑи
-ÑÑомє. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ поÑали ÑобиÑи Scheme
ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑозÑиÑенÑ
-GNU. Ðе ÐагалÑний ÐÑÑп, бо вÑн бÑв занадÑо
великий. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ñла в ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñ
-Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñде ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme, ÑпÑоекÑований
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñки Ñак
-Ñамо, Ñк Ñе Ñобили з TCL. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑали б
ÑекомендÑваÑи Ñе Ñк бажаний пакеÑ
-ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам GNU.</p>
-
-<p>Родна ÑÑкава вигода, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° оÑÑимаÑи
з заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñакого поÑÑжноÑ
-мови, Ñк ваÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐÑÑпа, в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвинноÑ
мови ÑозÑиÑенÑ. Ðи можеÑе
-ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ пеÑеведеннÑм ÑÑ
на ваÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ. ЯкÑо ваÑа
-пеÑвинна мова TCL, ви не можеÑе легко
впÑовадиÑи ÐÑÑп
-пеÑеведеннÑм його на TCL. Ðле ÑкÑо ваÑ
пеÑвинна мова ÐÑÑп, Ñо
-неважко ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸,
пеÑеводÑÑи ÑÑ
. ÐаÑа ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñгала в ÑомÑ,
-Ñо ÑкÑо б кожний вÑдкÑиÑий додаÑок
пÑдÑÑимÑвав Scheme, Ñо ви могли б
-напиÑаÑи ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ TCL, Python або Perl на Scheme,
Ñка пеÑеводиÑÑ ÑÑ
-пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Scheme. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ могли б
заванÑажÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð² бÑдÑ-Ñкий додаÑок Ñ
-надбÑдовÑваÑи його пÑд ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑлÑÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ
Ñ Ð²Ñн пÑаÑÑвав би Ñ Ð· ÑнÑими
-надбÑдовами.</p>
-
-<p>Ðо ÑиÑ
пÑÑ, поки мови ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑлабкÑ,
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам доводиÑÑÑÑ
-заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑÑлÑки ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ Ñм
надаÑÑе. Що ознаÑаÑ, Ñо лÑдÑм,
-залÑбленим, в ÑÐºÑ Ð± Ñо не бÑло Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ,
доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾ÑоÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° вибÑÑ
-ÑозÑобникÑв додаÑкÑв кажÑÑи
ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами:
-“ÐакладÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, в ÑвÑй додаÑок
Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, а не
-його”. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ðµ
бÑде вибоÑÑ Ñким би
-додаÑком вони не коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ, вÑн пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ð· однÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ, Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
немаÑ
-ÑнÑого виÑ
одÑ. Ðле коли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑжна мова,
Ñка може ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ
-мови, пеÑеводÑÑи з ниÑ
, Ñо ви надаÑÑе
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð±ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ бÑлÑÑе
-не доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑи вÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð². Саме Ñе, Ñк
ми ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, зÑобиÑÑ Guile,
-Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдина, Ñка
ÑÑого лÑÑа пÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
-завеÑÑеннÑм ÑÑанÑлÑÑоÑа з Python на Scheme. Я не
знаÑ, Ñи повнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñн
-завеÑÑений, але ÑкÑо Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑкавлений Ñ
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ, неÑ
ай
-зв'ÑжеÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ на
майбÑÑнÑ.</p>
+<p>ÐÑозÑмÑло, маÑини заÑаз бÑлÑÑÑ, Ñож ми
вже Ñак не Ñобимо. Ðи заклали
+<code>caar</code>, <code>cadr</code> Ñ Ñак далÑ, Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñаз пÑи
Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ могли
+б заклаÑÑи ÑнÑÑ ÑиклÑÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ. Ðи оÑ
оÑе ÑозÑиÑимо його в деÑкиÑ
+межаÑ
, але ми не Ñ
оÑемо ÑозÑиÑÑваÑи його до
ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Common Lisp. Я одного ÑазÑ
+ÑеалÑзовÑвав Common Lisp на ÐÑÑп-маÑинÑ, й менÑ
вÑн не Ñак вже й
+ÑподобавÑÑ. Ðдна з ÑеÑей, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑÑÑаÑенно не подобаÑÑÑÑÑ, — Ñе
+аÑгÑменÑи â клÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ñлова <a
href="#foot-8">[8]</a>. Ðа мÑй поглÑд,
+вони виглÑдаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð¾Ð²ÑÑм не по-лÑÑпÑвÑÑки;
ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ Ñак, але Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¶Ñ Ð´Ð¾
+мÑнÑмÑÐ¼Ñ ÐºÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑв, коли Ñ Ñе
ÑоблÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑи GNU, пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð· ÐÑÑпом, не
закÑнÑилиÑÑ. Ðгодом, пÑиблизно
+в 1995 ÑоÑÑ, ми ÑозмÑÑковÑвали над
оÑганÑзаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ Ð³ÑаÑÑÑноÑ
+ÑÑÑлÑниÑÑ. ÐÑло ÑÑно, Ñо ÑÑÑлÑниÑнÑ
пÑогÑами нам поÑÑÑбно пиÑаÑи пеÑеважно
+ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, Ñка Ñобила б
ÑÑÑлÑниÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ ÑозÑиÑÑваноÑ, нÑби
+Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑедакÑоÑ. ÐоÑÑало пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñого, ÑкÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑи.</p>
+
+<p>У Ñой ÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑакиÑ
ÑÑлей поÑилено
пÑоÑÑвали <abbr title="Tool Command
+Language â Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÑдÑ">TCL</abbr>. Я бÑв
дÑже невиÑÐ¾ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки пÑо
+TCL, оÑкÑлÑки Ñе бÑв зовÑÑм не ÐÑÑп: TCL злегка
нагадÑÑ ÐÑÑп, але ÑеманÑиÑно
+вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¹ не Ñака елеганÑна. ÐоÑÑм
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ оголоÑеннÑ: компанÑÑ
+Sun намагалаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð½ÑÑи кого-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑобоÑи над TCL, Ñоб зÑобиÑи його
+“ÑÑандаÑÑом де-ÑакÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
ÑозÑиÑенє в ÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ. Ð Ñ
+подÑмав: “Ðам поÑÑÑбно запобÑгÑи
ÑÑомє. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ поÑали ÑобиÑи
+Scheme ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ GNU. Ðе Common
Lisp, бо вÑн бÑв занадÑо
+великий. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ñла в ÑомÑ, Ñоб ÑозÑобиÑи
ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme, ÑпÑоекÑований
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑÑнки по аналогÑÑ
з TCL, Ñ ÑадиÑи вÑÑм пÑогÑамам GNU
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Ñаме його Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑленнÑ
ÑозÑиÑенÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Родна ÑÑкава вигода, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° оÑÑимаÑи
з заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ¶Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸,
+Ñк ваÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÐÑÑпа, в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐ²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸
ÑозÑиÑенÑ. Ðи можеÑе вÑÑлÑваÑи
+ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ пеÑекладом ÑÑ
ваÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвинноÑ
мовоÑ. ЯкÑо ваÑа пеÑвинна
+мова — TCL, ви не можеÑе легко вÑÑлиÑи
ÐÑÑп пеÑекладом його на
+TCL. Ðле ÑкÑо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвинна мова — ÐÑÑп,
Ñо неважко ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи
+ÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, пеÑекладаÑÑи ÑÑ
. ÐаÑа ÑдеÑ
полÑгала в ÑомÑ, Ñо Ñкби кожний
+вÑдкÑиÑий заÑÑоÑÑнок пÑдÑÑимÑвав Scheme, Ñо
ви могли б напиÑаÑи на Scheme
+ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ TCL, Python або Perl, Ñка пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
Ñи ÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°
+Scheme. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ могли б заванÑажиÑи ÑÑ Ð²
бÑдÑ-Ñкий заÑÑоÑÑнок, надбÑдÑваÑи
+його ÑвоÑÑ ÑлÑÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ â й надбÑдова
ваÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑвала б Ñазом з
+ÑнÑими.</p>
+
+<p>ÐикоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑлабкиÑ
мов ÑозÑиÑеннÑ
пÑимÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи лиÑе
+ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ Ñм надаÑÑе. ТобÑо пÑиÑ
илÑникам ÑÑзниÑ
мов доводиÑÑÑÑ
+змагаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° вибÑÑ ÑозÑобникÑв
заÑÑоÑÑнкÑв, кажÑÑи ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами:
+«ÐакладÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, в ÑвÑй заÑÑоÑÑнок
Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ, а не його». Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑде вибоÑÑ: Ñким
би заÑÑоÑÑнком вони не
+коÑиÑÑÑвалиÑÑ, його Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ обÑано й Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
нема алÑÑеÑнаÑив. Ðле коли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+поÑÑжна мова, здаÑна ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи ÑнÑÑ
мови, пеÑекладаÑÑи ÑÑ
, Ñо ви надаÑÑе
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð±ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ бÑлÑÑе не
доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑи вÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð². Саме
+ÑÑого, Ñк ми ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, доÑÑгне Guile â
Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑнÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Scheme. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ
+лÑдина, Ñка ÑÑого лÑÑа пÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´
завеÑÑеннÑм ÑÑанÑлÑÑоÑа з Python на
+Scheme. Я не знаÑ, Ñи повнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñн завеÑÑений,
але ÑкÑо ви заÑÑÐºÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ â зв'ÑжÑÑÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка. ÐÑÑ
ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð¸ на майбÑÑнÑ.</p>
-<p>Я не говоÑив пÑо вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑеннÑ, але дозволÑÑе Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑко
+<p>Я Ñе не згадÑвав вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑеннÑ, але дозволÑÑе Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑко
ÑозповÑÑÑи вам ÑÑоÑ
и пÑо Ñе, Ñо Ñе ознаÑаÑ.
ÐиÑаз “вÑлÑна
пÑогÑама” пеÑедбаÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ ваÑÑÑÑÑÑ; воно
не ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ви оÑÑимаÑÑе ÑÑ
безкоÑÑовно. (Ðожливо, ви заплаÑили за
копÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ оÑÑимали копÑÑ
безкоÑÑовно.) Ðоно ознаÑаÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñк Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑа Ñ Ñвобода. ÐиÑÑÑво
важливо Ñе, Ñо ви вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи
пÑогÑамÑ, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð²ÑаÑи, Ñо вона
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поÑÑеби, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑозповÑÑджÑваÑи
-копÑÑ ÑеÑед ÑнÑиÑ
Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑблÑкÑваÑи
полÑпÑенÑ, ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ Ñо
-ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑлÑна пÑогÑама. ЯкÑо ви
коÑиÑÑÑÑÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, Ñо ви
-вÑÑаÑили жиÑÑÑво Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÑвободÑ, ÑомÑ
нÑколи ÑÑого не ÑобÑÑÑ.</p>
+ÑобиÑÑ, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ñд ÑвоÑ
поÑÑеби, вÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑозповÑÑджÑваÑи копÑÑ
+ÑнÑиÑ
Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑблÑкÑваÑи полÑпÑенÑ,
ÑозÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑ Ñо ознаÑаÑ
+вÑлÑна пÑогÑама. ЯкÑо ви коÑиÑÑÑÑÑеÑÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ, Ñо ви вÑÑаÑили
+жиÑÑÑво Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÑвободÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ñколи ÑÑого
не ÑобÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>ÐÑизнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ,
Ñоб полегÑиÑи лÑдÑм вÑÐ´Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñд
зневажаÑÑиÑ
ÑвободÑ, панÑÑÑиÑ
над
коÑиÑÑÑваÑем невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам наданнÑм
@@ -440,42 +442,43 @@
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑлÑне жиÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>СпÑвпÑаÑÑ — Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи. Ðи
звикли дÑмаÑи пÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ
-ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð· ÑоваÑиÑÑвом Ñк пÑо
пÑоÑилежноÑÑÑ. Ðле в Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ на
-однÑй ÑÑоÑонÑ. ÐÑи вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
ви
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи з ÑнÑими Ñ
+ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð· ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвом Ñк пÑо
пÑоÑилежноÑÑÑ. Ðле в Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ на
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ. ÐÑи вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
ви
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи з ÑнÑими й
допомагаÑи Ñамим ÑобÑ. ÐÑи невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
Ñ
ÑоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¼ÑнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вами Ñ
Ñоз'ÑднÑÑ Ð»Ñдей. Ðам не дозволÑÑÑÑ
обмÑнÑваÑиÑÑ Ð· ними, ви не вÑлÑнÑ
ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи або допомагаÑи ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ,
ÑоÑно Ñак Ñамо, Ñк ви не вÑлÑнÑ
-допомогÑи Ñамим ÑобÑ. Роз'ÑднанÑÑÑÑ Ñ
безпоÑаднÑÑÑÑ ÑÑан
+допомогÑи Ñамим ÑобÑ. Роз'ÑднанÑÑÑÑ Ñ
безпоÑаднÑÑÑÑ — ÑÑан
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами.</p>
<p>Ðи виÑобили запамоÑоÑливе ÑиÑло вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Ðи зÑобили Ñе, Ñо, Ñк
ÑÑвеÑджÑвалоÑÑ, ми нÑколи не зможемо
зÑобиÑи; Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
-з вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð»ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑкÑв,
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼, оÑевидно, Ñе багаÑо
+з вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð»ÑÑ
заÑÑоÑÑнкÑв, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼, оÑевидно, Ñе багаÑо
належиÑÑ Ð¿ÑойÑи. ÐÑож, нам поÑÑÑбна ваÑа
допомога. Я Ñ
оÑÑв би попÑоÑиÑи ваÑ
ÑÑаÑи добÑоволÑÑÑми пÑоекÑÑ GNU; допоможÑÑÑ
нам ÑозÑобиÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
-Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
завданÑ. ÐаглÑнÑÑе на <a href="/help/">
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допомогÑи. ЯкÑо ви
-Ñ
оÑеÑе замовиÑи ÑоÑÑ, на Ñе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·
домаÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнки. ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе
-поÑиÑаÑи пÑо ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
пиÑаннÑÑ
,
заглÑнÑÑе в /philosophy. ЯкÑо ви ÑÑкаÑÑе
-вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваннÑ,
заглÑнÑÑе в /directory, де заÑаз
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овано близÑко 1900 пакеÑÑв (Ñе
ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑÑина вÑÑÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
-пÑогÑам, ÑÐºÑ Ñ). ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, пиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ
пÑогÑами Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедавайÑе нам. ÐÑй
-збÑÑник наÑиÑÑв, “ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñ
вÑлÑне ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво”,
-знаÑ
одиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑодажÑ, Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ можна
пÑидбаÑи на <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>. ÐÑÑого
найкÑаÑого!</p>
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
завданÑ. ÐаглÑнÑÑе на <a
href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>
+за пÑопозиÑÑÑми Ñого, Ñк допомогÑи. ЯкÑо ви
Ñ
оÑеÑе замовиÑи ÑоÑÑ, на Ñе Ñ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð· домаÑнÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнки. ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе поÑиÑаÑи пÑо ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑкÑ
+пиÑаннÑ, заглÑнÑÑе в /philosophy. ЯкÑо ви
ÑÑкаÑÑе вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами длÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваннÑ, заглÑнÑÑе в /directory, де заÑаз
пеÑеÑаÑ
овано близÑко
+1900 пакеÑÑв (Ñе ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑÑинка вÑÑÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам ÑвÑÑÑ). ÐÑдÑ
+лаÑка, пиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедавайÑе
нам. ÐÑй збÑÑник наÑиÑÑв,
+“ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñ Ð²ÑлÑне
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво”, знаÑ
одиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑодажÑ, Ñ
+його можна пÑидбаÑи на www.gnu.org <a
+href="#foot-9">[9]</a>. УÑпÑÑного Ñ
акеÑÑÑва!</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+<h3 class="footnote">ÐиноÑки</h3>
<ol>
-<li id="foot-1">Ðай СÑÑл Ñклав поÑаÑковий
ÑимеÑÑиÑний набÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´ Emacs; поÑÑм ми з ним
+<li id="foot-1">Ðай СÑÑл ÑозÑобив поÑаÑковий
ÑимеÑÑиÑний набÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´ Emacs; поÑÑм ми з ним
поÑали ÑеалÑзовÑваÑи Emacs (на Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ TECO), але
пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑивалоÑ
-ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ ÑозÑобки СÑÑл поÑав вÑдÑ
одиÑи, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Emacs закÑнÑÑвав Ñ. ÐнÑÑ,
-зокÑема, Юджин ЧиÑÑаÑÐµÐ»Ð»Ñ Ñ Ðайк Ðак-Ðагон
внеÑли ÑвÑй внеÑок знаÑно
-пÑзнÑÑе.</li>
+ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ ÑозÑобки СÑÑл вÑомивÑÑ, Ñож
Emacs допиÑав Ñ. ÐнÑÑ, зокÑема
+Юджин ЧиÑÑаÑÐµÐ»Ð»Ñ Ð¹ Ðайк Ðакмегон, згодом
додали й ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑки.</li>
-<li id="foot-2">ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг ÑÑвеÑджÑÑ, Ñо
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ Emacs Ðана УайнÑеба длÑ
маÑини-ÐÑÑпа
+<li id="foot-2">ÐеÑÐ½Ñ ÐÑÑнбеÑг ÑÑвеÑджÑÑ, Ñо
ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ Emacs Ðена ÐайнÑеба длÑ
ÐÑÑп-маÑини
вийÑла ÑанÑÑе ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÑÑнбеÑга длÑ
Multics. Я пÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð±Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑ
помилкÑ.</li>
-<li id="foot-3">Ðлан ÒÑÑнблеÑа наÑкÑлÑки Ñ
ÑозÑмÑÑ, полÑгав Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб наймаÑи лÑдей з
+<li id="foot-3">Ðлан ÐÑÑнблеÑа, наÑкÑлÑки Ñ
ÑозÑмÑÑ, полÑгав Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб наймаÑи лÑдей з
лабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑмÑÑниÑÑвом, Ñоби вони
могли пÑодовжÑваÑи пÑаÑÑваÑи в
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ. Symbolics
замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого наймала ÑÑ
на повний
ÑобоÑий денÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пÑипинÑли
пÑаÑÑваÑи в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ.</li>
@@ -483,7 +486,7 @@
<li id="foot-4">Цей план базÑвавÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ (Ñ ÑÑй
пÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ ÑÑого не Ñказав Ñвно), Ñо в
поÑаÑковий пеÑÑод колиÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
акеÑи
ÐабоÑаÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑного ÑнÑелекÑÑ, Ñк Ñ
Symbolics, Ñак Ñ Ð² LMI, пÑодовжÑвали вноÑиÑи ÑвоÑ
змÑни в ÑиÑÑемÑ
-маÑини-ÐÑÑпа ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑа за
конÑÑакÑом ÑÑого не
+ÐÑÑп-маÑини ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ — Ñ
оÑа за
конÑÑакÑом ÑÑого не
вимагалоÑÑ. Ðлан Symbolics полÑгав Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб
пеÑеÑваÑи ÑÑ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ñ
одноÑÑоÑоннÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑдкÑ.</li>
@@ -494,22 +497,26 @@
<li id="foot-6">Ð ÑÑого ÑвеÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло зÑоблено
непÑавилÑний виÑновок, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ñколи-нÑколи
не заглÑдав Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Symbolics. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑ
йдеÑÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ñе Ñобив
ÑпоÑаÑкÑ. ÐиÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ Symbolics бÑв
доÑÑÑпний в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ, де Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð² пÑаво
-його ÑиÑаÑи Ñ ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ñаме Ñак Ñ
дÑзнававÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни.
+його ÑиÑаÑи, й ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ñаме Ñак Ñ
дÑзнававÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни.
-<p>Ðле Ñе ознаÑало, Ñо Ñ Ð±Ñв змÑÑений
вживаÑи оÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð·ÑÑиллÑ, Ñоб виÑÑÑÑваÑи
-ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑнÑомÑ, аби ÑникнÑÑи
копÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам Symbolics. ЧеÑез
-деÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð·Ñобив виÑновок, Ñо кÑаÑе
навÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ дивиÑиÑÑ. Так Ñ Ð¼Ñг пиÑаÑи
+<p>Ðле ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð±Ñв змÑÑений докладаÑи
оÑобливиÑ
зÑÑилÑ, Ñоб Ñозв'ÑзÑваÑи кожне
+Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-ÑнÑомÑ, аби ÑникнÑÑи
копÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам Symbolics. ЧеÑез деÑкий
+ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð·Ñобив виÑновок, Ñо кÑаÑе навÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
дивиÑиÑÑ. Так Ñ Ð¼Ñг пиÑаÑи
пÑогÑами Ñким завгодно найкÑаÑим Ñином, не
озиÑаÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñе, Ñо могло бÑÑи в
ÑекÑÑаÑ
Symbolics.</p></li>
-<li id="foot-7">Symbolics ÑкоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñловила в ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑилоÑÑ, Ñо моÑ
-ÑобоÑа, пеÑеÑкодивÑи ÑÑ
нÑм планом,
коÑÑÑвала компанÑÑ Symbolics мÑлÑйон
-долаÑÑв.</li>
+<li id="foot-7">Symbolics ÑкоÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñловила ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
пÑеÑензÑÑ, нÑби Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑа, пеÑеÑкодивÑи
+ÑÑ
нÑм планам, коÑÑÑвала компанÑÑ Symbolics
мÑлÑйон долаÑÑв.</li>
<li id="foot-8">Я не запеÑеÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо дÑже Ñкладна
Ñ Ð³ÑомÑздка ÑÑнкÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиймаÑ
аÑгÑменÑи-ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñлова. ТÑÑбÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ðµ
випадок, коли ними коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑакÑ
пÑоÑÑÑ ÑÑнкÑÑÑ, Ñк “member”.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-9">У 2021 ÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° пÑидбаÑи в <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition">
+GNU Press</a>.</li>
</ol>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -519,13 +526,13 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ñакож <a
-href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
-поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо Ñ
ибнÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¹ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p>
@@ -539,7 +546,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -568,8 +575,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc. (Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.)</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
(Фонд
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.)</p>
<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.uk"> лÑÑензÑÑ
@@ -586,11 +593,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2022/01/01 14:30:31 $
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html 21 Sep 2020 19:29:48 -0000 1.5
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk-en.html 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,13 +1,26 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2>
-<blockquote><p>(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the
-International Lisp Conference).</p></blockquote>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the
+International Lisp Conference, 28 Oct 2002.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none
of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.
@@ -19,8 +32,8 @@
could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance
to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
-Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine
-— it had something like 8k of memory — and I managed to write the
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine—it
+had something like 8k of memory—and I managed to write the
interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
@@ -29,7 +42,7 @@
once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
-what was to come — he must have really regretted that day.</p>
+what was to come—he must have really regretted that day.</p>
<p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
@@ -57,25 +70,25 @@
what it was.</p>
<p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
-language, the non-interpreted language — was PDP-10
+language, the non-interpreted language—was PDP-10
Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
for Emacs, it was written for <abbr title="Text Editor and
COrrector">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an
extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The
reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it
was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands
-like ‘5l’, meaning ‘move five lines’, or
-‘i’ and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
+like <code>5l</code>, meaning <code>move five lines</code>, or
+<code>i</code> and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which
was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it
would get executed.</p>
<p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming
facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a
-looping construct, which was < >. You would put those around
+looping construct, which was <code>< ></code>. You would put those
around
things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could
-be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we
-<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a> added facilities to have subroutines with
+be used to conditionally exit the loop. To make Emacs, we <a
+href="#foot-1">[1]</a> added facilities to have subroutines with
names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines
could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to
program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer
@@ -84,7 +97,7 @@
from TECO.</p>
<p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
-ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked — people were
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked—people were
able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a
programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
@@ -94,10 +107,10 @@
for that purpose was Lisp.</p>
<p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it
-was <a href="#foot-2">(2)</a>. He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics
+was <a href="#foot-2">[2]</a>. He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics
MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward
fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs
-proved to be a great success — programming new editing commands
+proved to be a great success—programming new editing commands
was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started
learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which
showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So
@@ -105,22 +118,22 @@
scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful
things and they learned to program.</p>
-<p>So Bernie saw that an application — a program that does something
-useful for you — which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
+<p>So Bernie saw that an application—a program that does something
+useful for you—which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
-do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use — at the
-stage where it's the hardest — where they don't believe they can
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use—at the
+stage where it's the hardest—where they don't believe they can
program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
<p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
-interpreter — it was a full-fledged Lisp system — but people wanted
+interpreter—it was a full-fledged Lisp system—but people wanted
to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
-compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp — it would be
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp—it would be
too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp. So
we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
@@ -145,7 +158,7 @@
machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
-purpose editing jobs directly in C — manipulating editor buffers,
+purpose editing jobs directly in C—manipulating editor buffers,
inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@
GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
-at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex — it
+at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex—it
originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used
at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
were a few hundred installations around the world that could
@@ -166,7 +179,7 @@
<p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
-the right approach to take towards a community — to ask them to join
+the right approach to take towards a community—to ask them to join
in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
@@ -178,7 +191,7 @@
to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that
version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real
Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as
-‘mocklisp’, which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
+“mocklisp,” which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
have the data structures of Lisp. So programs were not data, and vital
elements of Lisp were missing. Its data structures were strings,
numbers and a few other specialized things.</p>
@@ -195,17 +208,17 @@
redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
-since — it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
+since—it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
quite a convenient thing.</p>
-<p>This second Emacs program was ‘free software’ in the
-modern sense of the term — it was part of an explicit political
+<p>This second Emacs program was “free software” in the
+modern sense of the term—it was part of an explicit political
campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
at MIT, working together on software and working with
whomever wanted to work with us. That is the basis for the free
-software movement — the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
-the MIT AI lab — to be working on human knowledge, and
+software movement—the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
+the MIT AI lab—to be working on human knowledge, and
not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
disseminating human knowledge.</p>
@@ -219,8 +232,8 @@
crashed at some point.</p>
<p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
-those other machines, but each instruction — a <code>car</code>
instruction would
-do data typechecking — so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of
a number
+those other machines, but each instruction—a <code>car</code>
instruction would
+do data typechecking—so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of a
number
in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
@@ -231,7 +244,7 @@
like. Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a
“hacker” company. This meant it would be a company run by
hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal
-was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>.
+was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a class="ftn" href="#foot-3">[3]</a>.
Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so
other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he
could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment
@@ -284,7 +297,7 @@
systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that
the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p>
-<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. They
+<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">[4]</a>. They
said to the lab, “We will continue making our changes to the
system available for you to use, but you can't put it into
the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you
@@ -305,12 +318,12 @@
although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
community and the software. But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines
-Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">(5)</a> — I began duplicating all
+Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">[5]</a>—I began duplicating all
of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system. I
wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my
own).</p>
-<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a>, I came to the conclusion
+<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">[6]</a>, I came to the conclusion
that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they
made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what
the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real
@@ -321,7 +334,7 @@
want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an
evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because
they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to
-disappear <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start
+disappear <a href="#foot-7">[7]</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start
building a new community to replace the one that their actions and
others had wiped out.</p>
@@ -333,7 +346,7 @@
community and there wasn't much left.</p>
<p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
-next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear — the
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear—the
only way that people could work together and share was with a free
operating system.</p>
@@ -344,7 +357,7 @@
their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
-okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system — if one
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system—if one
program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
@@ -363,21 +376,21 @@
Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p>
<p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
-‘while’, which was extremely simple. There was no way to
-break out of the ‘while’ statement, you just had to do a
+<code>while</code>, which was extremely simple. There was no way to
+break out of the <code>while</code> statement, you just had to do a
catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows
how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have
-‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so on; “squeeze
+<code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so on; “squeeze
out everything possible” was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit
of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p>
<p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way
-any more. We put in ‘caar’ and ‘cadr’ and so
+any more. We put in <code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so
on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these
days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend
it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the
Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't
-like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.
+like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">[8]</a>.
They don't seem quite Lispy
to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do
that.</p>
@@ -420,14 +433,14 @@
<p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
-developers of applications — saying “Please, application
+developers of applications—saying “Please, application
developer, put my language into your application, not his
-language.” Then the users get no choices at all — whichever
+language.” Then the users get no choices at all—whichever
application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
choice of language and we don't have to have a language war
-anymore. That's what we're hoping ‘Guile’, our scheme
+anymore. That's what we're hoping Guile, our scheme
interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up
a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely
finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in
@@ -441,13 +454,13 @@
program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your
needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish
improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you
-are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't
+are using a nonfree program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't
ever do that.</p>
<p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to
-reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by
+reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, nonfree software by
providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the
-moral courage to reject the non-free software, when that means some
+moral courage to reject the nonfree software, when that means some
practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative
so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a
sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want
@@ -457,27 +470,29 @@
thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are
opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you
are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help
-yourself. With non-free software, somebody is dominating you and
+yourself. With nonfree software, somebody is dominating you and
keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're
not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to
help yourself. Divided and helpless is the state of users using
-non-free software.</p>
+nonfree software.</p>
<p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what
people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free
software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot
farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to
volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more
-jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to
+jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a> to
find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's
a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about
philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free
software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages
now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please
write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, “Free
-Software and Free Society”, is on sale and can be purchased at
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/">www.gnu.org</a>. Happy hacking!</p>
+Software and Free Society,” is on sale and can be purchased at
+www.gnu.org <a href="#foot-9">[9]</a>. Happy hacking!</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
<ol>
<li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs
command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO),
@@ -498,7 +513,7 @@
<li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state
explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab
hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their
-changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system — even though the
+changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system—even though the
contract did not require this. Symbolics' plan was to rupture this
cooperation unilaterally.</li>
@@ -524,11 +539,16 @@
<li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight
function takes keyword arguments. What bothers me is making simple
basic functions such as “member” use them.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-9">In 2021, this book can be purchased from <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition">
+GNU Press</a>.</li>
</ol>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -546,13 +566,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -573,7 +593,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -583,10 +603,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/09/21 19:29:48 $
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:32 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po 6 May 2022 11:45:29 -0000 1.24
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.uk.po 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.25
@@ -34,15 +34,12 @@
msgstr "ÐÑй доÑвÑд ÑобоÑи з ÐÑÑпом Ñ ÑозвиÑок
GNU Emacs"
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the "
-#| "International Lisp Conference)."
msgid ""
"Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the International Lisp "
"Conference, 28 Oct 2002."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñомови Ð ÑÑаÑда СÑолмена,
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-"на ÐÑжнаÑоднÑй конÑеÑенÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÐÑÑпÑ."
+"ÐÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñомови Ð ÑÑаÑда СÑолмена,
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+"ÐÑжнаÑоднÑй конÑеÑенÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÐÑÑпÑ."
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@@ -58,17 +55,6 @@
"мабÑÑÑ, Ñ Ñо ÑозказаÑи."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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-#| "with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I wrote a Lisp "
-#| "interpreter for the <abbr title=\"Programmed Data Processor\">PDP</"
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-#| "instructions. This gave me some room for a little bit of data. That was "
-#| "before I got to see what real software was like, that did real system "
-#| "jobs."
msgid ""
"My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual in high "
"school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there could be a "
@@ -80,24 +66,18 @@
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-#| "come — he must have really regretted that day."
msgid ""
"I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White once I "
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@@ -108,9 +88,8 @@
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ÑеалÑзаÑÑÑÑ ÐÑÑпа з Ðжоном-РУайÑом "
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-#| "The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to reject "
-#| "freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by providing free "
-#| "software to replace it. For those who don't have the moral courage to "
-#| "reject the non-free software, when that means some practical "
-#| "inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative so that you "
-#| "can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a sacrifice in "
-#| "practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want to make it easier "
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-#| "they're on the same side. With free software you are free to cooperate "
-#| "with other people as well as free to help yourself. With non-free "
-#| "software, somebody is dominating you and keeping people divided. You're "
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-#| "We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what "
-#| "people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free "
-#| "software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot farther "
-#| "to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to volunteer for the "
-#| "GNU project; help us develop free software for more jobs. Take a look at "
-#| "<a href=\"/help/\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to find suggestions for "
-#| "how to help. If you want to order things, there's a link to that from the "
-#| "home page. If you want to read about philosophical issues, look in /"
-#| "philosophy. If you're looking for free software to use, look in /"
-#| "directory, which lists about 1900 packages now (which is a fraction of "
-#| "all the free software out there). Please write more and contribute to us. "
-#| "My book of essays, “Free Software and Free Society”, is on "
-#| "sale and can be purchased at <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/\">www.gnu.org</"
-#| "a>. Happy hacking!"
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
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#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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-#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
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msgid ""
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Index: help/po/evaluation.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/help/po/evaluation.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- help/po/evaluation.translist 15 Mar 2020 18:34:43 -0000 1.13
+++ help/po/evaluation.translist 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.14
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
<span dir="ltr">[de] <a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/help/evaluation.de.html">Deutsch</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[es] <a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/help/evaluation.es.html">español</a> </span>
<span dir="ltr">[fr] <a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/help/evaluation.fr.html">français</a> </span>
+<span dir="ltr">[uk] <a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
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<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
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+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
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<!-- end translist file -->
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retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
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#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: philosophy/free-doc.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-doc.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/free-doc.uk.html 30 May 2021 08:31:19 -0000 1.13
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@@ -1,85 +1,87 @@
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- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-doc.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-diff.html"
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+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-doc.en.html" -->
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+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
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-<title>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑлÑним пÑогÑамам поÑÑÑбна
вÑлÑна докÑменÑаÑÑÑ - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+<title>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑлÑним пÑогÑамам поÑÑÑбна
вÑлÑна докÑменÑаÑÑÑ â ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU â Фонд
вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
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-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.uk.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.uk.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑлÑним пÑогÑамам поÑÑÑбна вÑлÑна
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-
-<blockquote class="announcement"><p>
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-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">ÐÑÑензÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ GNU</a></li>
-</ul>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>
-ÐайбÑлÑÑе Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
опеÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
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ÑаÑÑина бÑдÑ-Ñкого пакеÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам; коли
+ÐайбÑлÑÑе вÑлÑним опеÑаÑÑйним ÑиÑÑемам
бÑакÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑогÑам; найбÑлÑÑим
+деÑÑÑиÑом Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбники, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸ могли
б додаваÑи в ÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми. ÐагаÑо
+ÑÐºÑ Ð· наÑиÑ
найважливÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑам не
ÑкомплекÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸
+ÑнÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑми. ÐокÑменÑаÑÑÑ â ÑÑÑоÑна
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-Ðдного ÑазÑ, багаÑо ÑокÑв ÑомÑ, Ñ Ð´Ñмав пÑо
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ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
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+видавниÑÑва Ð'Ð ÐµÐ¹Ð»Ñ ÐÑÑоÑÑейÑÑ, Ñке
опÑблÑкÑвало ÑÑ
на обмежÑвалÑниÑ
ÑмоваÑ
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бÑло
забоÑонено, а виÑ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ñ Ñайли не бÑли
доÑÑÑпнÑ
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вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ. </p>
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ÑиÑ
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ÑÑÑи, Ñк коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ GNU з
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(на пÑевеликий Ð¶Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑ
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заÑ
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вÑн пиÑе Ñ Ñким вÑн збиÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
-допомогÑи пÑоекÑÑ GNU а поÑÑм вÑн
обманÑвав Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑÑ, поÑÑнÑÑÑи
-Ñим, Ñо вÑн пÑдпиÑав з видавÑем конÑÑакÑ
пÑо Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° поÑÑбник, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
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+допомогÑи пÑоекÑÑ GNU — а поÑÑм вÑн
обманÑвав Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑÑ,
+поÑÑнÑÑÑи Ñим, Ñо вÑн пÑдпиÑав Ñз видавÑем
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<p>
ÐважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо вмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи гаÑноÑ
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ÑеÑед пÑогÑамÑÑÑÑв неÑаÑÑо, ми навÑÑд Ñи
можемо дозволиÑи ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑаÑаÑи
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ñаким Ñином.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary"><p>
+<a href="https://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">ÐÑиÑднÑйÑеÑÑ
до наÑого
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книг</a>.
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+
<p>
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дÑÑкаÑÑÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ Ñаме по
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пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñеж <a
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+доÑÑÑпна Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð»ÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного кодÑ, а ÑÑ
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ÐÑиÑеÑÑй Ñвободи поÑÑбника пÑиблизно
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Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÑм коÑиÑÑÑваÑам певниÑ
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Ñином, Ñоб поÑÑбник мÑг ÑÑпÑоводжÑваÑи
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виглÑÐ´Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ на папеÑÑ. ÐозвÑл вноÑиÑи
-змÑни Ñеж жиÑÑÑво важливий. </p>
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поÑÑбник мÑг ÑÑпÑоводжÑваÑи ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ
+пÑогÑами в ÑнÑеÑнеÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ на папеÑÑ. ÐозвÑл
вноÑиÑи змÑни Ñеж жиÑÑÑво
+важливий. </p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">ÐÑÑензÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ GNU</a></li>
+</ul>
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У загалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, Ñо
важливо, аби лÑдÑм бÑло дозволено
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наÑÑ Ð´ÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ наÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди. </p>
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-Ðле Ñ Ð¾Ñоблива пÑиÑина, по ÑкÑй Ñвобода
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+Ðле Ñ Ð¾Ñоблива пÑиÑина, з ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ñвобода
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оÑобливоÑÑÑ, Ñо, ÑкÑо вони ÑвÑдомÑ,
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пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ могли надаÑи
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ÑоÑнÑÑе, вимагаÑ, Ñоб вони пиÑали
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вони модиÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами), не
-задоволÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебам наÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи. </p>
+ÑвÑдомими Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑÑваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ñ (а
ÑоÑнÑÑе, Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑепиÑÑваÑи
+поÑÑбник заново пÑи змÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами), не
задоволÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑеби наÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи.</p>
<p>
ХоÑа повна забоÑона модиÑÑкаÑÑй
непÑийнÑÑна, деÑкого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
меÑод
-модиÑÑкаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми.
ÐапÑиклад, ÑÑлком допÑÑÑимо вимога
+модиÑÑкаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми.
ÐапÑиклад, ÑÑлком пÑийнÑÑна вимога
збеÑÑгаÑи ÑпиÑок авÑоÑÑв або повÑдомленнÑ
пÑо авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава пеÑвÑÑного
-авÑоÑа Ñ ÑмоваÑ
поÑиÑеннÑ. Також не
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми вимога вклÑÑаÑи в
-змÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо
вони бÑли змÑненÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ ÑÑлÑ
-ÑоздÑли, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ дозволено Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ñи, нÑ
змÑнÑваÑи, до ÑиÑ
пÑÑ, поки ÑÑ
-ÑоздÑли пÑиÑвÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑ
нÑÑним пиÑаннÑм.
(У деÑкиÑ
поÑÑбникаÑ
GNU ÑакÑ
-ÑоздÑли Ñ.)</p>
+авÑоÑа й Ñмови поÑиÑеннÑ. Також не
ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми вимога додаваÑи в
+змÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо
вони бÑли змÑненÑ; й навÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñона
+видалÑÑи Ñи змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑоздÑли, ÑкÑо
ÑÑ ÑоздÑли пÑиÑвÑÑено неÑеÑ
нÑÑним
+пиÑаннÑм. (ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбники GNU мÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑоздÑли.)</p>
<p>
-Такого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑÑ
пÑоблеми, бо на пÑакÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не
+Такого ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑановлÑÑÑ
пÑоблеми, бо на пÑакÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не
пеÑеÑкоджаÑÑÑ ÑвÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑÑÑÑ
адапÑÑваÑи докÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ змÑненоÑ
пÑогÑами. ÐнÑими Ñловами, вони не
заважаÑÑÑ ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбником
Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÑÑоÑ. </p>
<p>
Ðднак повинна бÑÑи можливÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи
ÑвеÑÑ <em>ÑеÑ
нÑÑний</em> змÑÑÑ
-поÑÑбника, а поÑÑм поÑиÑÑваÑи ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ, за
+поÑÑбника, а поÑÑм поÑиÑÑваÑи ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ,
вÑÑма звиÑайними каналами; в ÑнÑомÑ
Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÑ ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ;
Ñакий поÑÑбник не вÑлÑний, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
поÑÑÑбний ÑнÑий поÑÑбник. </p>
@@ -133,29 +133,30 @@
ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ.</p>
<p>
-ÐнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
поÑÑбники пÑийнÑÑними з ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ пÑиÑини,
-по ÑкÑй багаÑо Ñ
Ñо Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑийнÑÑними
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами: вони ÑозглÑдаÑÑÑ
+ÐнÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
поÑÑбники пÑийнÑÑними з ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ пÑиÑини, з
+ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо Ñ
Ñо Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑийнÑÑними
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами: вони ÑозглÑдаÑÑÑ
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð· ÑÑÑо пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑки зоÑÑ, не
заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑи кÑиÑеÑÑÑ Ñвободи. ЦÑ
лÑди вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
дÑмкаÑ
, але оÑкÑлÑки ÑÑ
дÑмки ÒÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑÑемÑ
-ÑÑнноÑÑей, в ÑкÑй Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑ ÑвободÑ, вони
не можÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи зÑазком Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
з
-наÑ, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑнÑÑ ÑвободÑ. </p>
+ÑÑнноÑÑей, в ÑкÑй Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑ ÑвободÑ, вони
не можÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи зÑазком Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
+Ñз наÑ, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑнÑÑ ÑвободÑ. </p>
<p>
-ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑозповÑдайÑе лÑдÑм пÑо ÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ. Ðи Ñк Ñ ÑанÑÑе пÑогÑаÑмо Ñ
-поÑÑбникаÑ
невÑлÑним виданнÑм. ЯкÑо ми
бÑдемо ÑозповÑдаÑи, Ñо невÑлÑноÑ
-докÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑÑаÑнÑо, можливо, Ñе
один ÑоловÑк, Ñкий Ñ
оÑе допомогÑи GNU
-ÑкладаннÑм докÑменÑаÑÑÑ, вÑаÑно
ÑÑвÑдомиÑÑ, Ñо ÑпеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñн повинен зÑобиÑи
-ÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ. </p>
+ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑозповÑдайÑе лÑдÑм пÑо ÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ. Ðи доÑÑ Ð²ÑÑаÑаÑмо поÑÑбники
+ÑеÑез влаÑниÑÑке видавниÑÑво. ЯкÑо ми
поÑиÑимо Ñой ÑакÑ, Ñо невÑлÑноÑ
+докÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ доÑÑаÑнÑо, Ñо наÑÑÑпна
лÑдина, Ñо пÑагнÑÑиме допомогÑи GNU
+ÑкладаннÑм докÑменÑаÑÑÑ, зможе вÑаÑно
ÑÑвÑдомиÑи, Ñо головне в ÑÑй
+докÑменÑаÑÑÑ â ÑÑ Ñвобода. </p>
<p>
Ðи можемо Ñакож закликаÑи комеÑÑÑйниÑ
видавÑÑв пÑодаваÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбники з
копÑлеÑÑом замÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑниÑ
авÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
пÑав. Ðдин Ñз ÑпоÑобÑв допомогÑи
-ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевÑÑиÑи Ñмови
ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбника пеÑед Ñим, Ñк ви
-кÑпиÑе його, Ñ Ð²ÑддаваÑи пеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð·
копÑлеÑÑом замÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ без
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ — пеÑевÑÑÑÑи Ñмови
ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑбника пеÑед Ñим, Ñк
+ви кÑпиÑе його, Ñ Ð²ÑддаваÑи пеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ
з копÑлеÑÑом замÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ без
нÑого.</p>
<p>
[ÐÑимÑÑка: Ðи пÑдÑÑимÑÑмо <a
href="/doc/other-free-books.html"> ÑÑоÑÑнкÑ, на
ÑкÑй пеÑеÑаÑ
Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ ÑнÑиÑ
видавÑÑв</a>].</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -165,13 +166,13 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
-<p>ÐÑдÑ-лаÑка надÑилайÑе до FSF & запиÑи
ÑÑоÑовно GNU на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. Також ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
<a
-href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑлÑÑ
и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð²'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ñз</a> FSF. <br
/>ÐÑдÑ-лаÑка
-надÑилайÑе неÑобоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñа ÑнÑÑ
випÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° адÑеÑÑ <a
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо Ñ
ибнÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¹ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p>
@@ -185,14 +186,17 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
-ÐÑдÑ-лаÑка, пеÑеглÑнÑÑе <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Ñайл README
ÑÑоÑовно
-пеÑекладÑв</a> Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб оÑÑимаÑи
ÑнÑоÑмаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо кооÑдинÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
-Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ.</p>
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -211,14 +215,13 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2016 Фонд вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ,
-Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (Фонд
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.)</p>
<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.uk"> лÑÑензÑÑ
-Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives (<em>Ðз зазнаÑеннÑм
-авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 4.0
ÐÑжнаÑодна</a>.</p>
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (<em>Ðз
+зазнаÑеннÑм авÑоÑÑÑва â Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв 4.0 ÐÑжнаÑодна</em>)</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -230,11 +233,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2021/05/30 08:31:19 $
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-en.html 18 Nov 2016 07:32:55 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/po/free-doc.uk-en.html 6 May 2022 12:06:36 -0000 1.11
@@ -1,21 +1,18 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
-<title>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-doc.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
-<h2>Why Free Software needs Free Documentation</h2>
-
-<blockquote class="announcement"><p>
-<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list
-about the dangers of eBooks</a>.
-</p></blockquote>
-
-<ul>
-<li><a href="/copyleft/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
-</ul>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Why Free Software Needs Free Documentation</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
@@ -29,14 +26,15 @@
Once upon a time, many years ago, I thought I would learn Perl. I got
a copy of a free manual, but I found it hard to read. When I asked
Perl users about alternatives, they told me that there were better
-introductory manuals—but those were not free.</p>
+introductory manuals—but those were not free (not
+freedom-respecting).</p>
<p>
Why was this? The authors of the good manuals had written them for
O'Reilly Associates, which published them with restrictive
terms—no copying, no modification, source files not
-available—which exclude them from the free software
-community.</p>
+available—which made them nonfree, thus excluded them from the
+Free World.</p>
<p>
That wasn't the first time this sort of thing has happened, and (to
@@ -52,12 +50,19 @@
Given that writing good English is a rare skill among programmers, we
can ill afford to lose manuals this way.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary"><p>
+<a href="https://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html">Join our mailing list
+about the dangers of eBooks</a>.
+</p></div>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+
<p>
Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
price. The problem with these manuals was not that O'Reilly
Associates charged a price for printed copies—that in itself is
fine. (The Free Software Foundation
-<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">sells printed
+<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">sells printed
copies</a> of free <a href="/doc/doc.html">GNU manuals</a>, too.) But
GNU manuals are available in source code form, while these manuals are
available only on paper. GNU manuals come with permission to copy and
@@ -70,6 +75,10 @@
permitted, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program,
on line or on paper. Permission for modification is crucial too.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/licenses/fdl.html">The GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
+</ul>
+
<p>
As a general rule, I don't believe that it is essential for people to
have permission to modify all sorts of articles and books. The issues
@@ -146,10 +155,11 @@
<p>
[Note: We maintain a <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">page
that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -167,13 +177,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -194,8 +204,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 2019, 2021 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -205,10 +215,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/11/18 07:32:55 $
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:36 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-doc.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-doc.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- philosophy/po/free-doc.uk.po 6 May 2022 11:45:28 -0000 1.23
+++ philosophy/po/free-doc.uk.po 6 May 2022 12:06:36 -0000 1.24
@@ -21,9 +21,6 @@
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#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
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#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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Index: philosophy/po/x.translist
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/x.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/po/x.translist 28 Apr 2021 13:00:45 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/po/x.translist 6 May 2022 12:06:36 -0000 1.15
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<span dir="ltr">[nl] <a lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
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<span dir="ltr">[pl] <a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
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<span dir="ltr">[ru] <a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
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<span dir="ltr">[zh-tw] <a lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
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<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
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<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
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<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="zh-tw" hreflang="zh-tw"
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<!-- end translist file -->
Index: philosophy/po/x.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/x.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/x.uk.po 6 May 2022 11:45:28 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/x.uk.po 6 May 2022 12:06:36 -0000 1.2
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+#
+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#. to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
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#. <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
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-"ÐеÑеклад: ÐÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐикÑла <a
href=\"mailto:vegan@libre.net.ua\">"
-"<vegan@libre.net.ua></a>, 2022."
+"ÐеÑеклад: ÐÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐикÑла <a
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#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: help/evaluation.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: help/evaluation.uk.html
diff -N help/evaluation.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ help/evaluation.uk.html 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/help/evaluation.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>РозглÑд пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU â ÐÑоÑÐºÑ GNU â
Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/help/po/evaluation.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<h2>РозглÑд пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU</h2>
+
+<h3 id="submit">Як запÑопонÑваÑи GNU ÑвоÑ
пÑогÑамÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ЯкÑо ви напиÑали пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¹ бажаÑÑе
запÑопонÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑкÑÑ GNU, ми дÑже
+вам вдÑÑнÑ! Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка мÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð½ÐºÐµÑÑ,
Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ пÑи надÑиланнÑ
+пакÑнка допоможе нам оÑÑимаÑи вÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¹ ÑкнайÑкоÑÑÑе ÑÑ
+ÑозглÑнÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, не поÑпÑÑайÑе пÑи заповненнÑ
анкеÑи. Ðи оÑоÑмили ÑÑ Ñк
+моноÑиÑинний ÑекÑÑ, Ñкий ви можеÑе
ÑкопÑÑваÑи на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¹ доповниÑи
+вÑдповÑдÑми. ÐаповнивÑи анкеÑÑ, надÑÑлÑÑÑ
ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑим ÑекÑÑом (без HTML) на
+<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p>GNU â Ñе не пÑоÑÑо добÑÑка коÑиÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, а <a
+href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">ÑÑлÑÑна опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема,
100% ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ â вÑлÑне
+пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ</a>. Щоб ÑиÑÑема GNU
залиÑалаÑÑ ÑеÑ
нÑÑно поÑлÑдовноÑ,
+вÑÑ ÑÑ ÑаÑÑини мÑÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи ÑÑмÑÑними. ÐÑи
ÑозглÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ оÑÑнÑÑмо, наÑкÑлÑки Ñа
+Ñи ÑнÑа пÑогÑама паÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU â Ñк ÑеÑ
нÑÑно, Ñак Ñ ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑки â а
+Ñакож наÑкÑлÑки вона ÑкÑÑна, зÑÑÑна й
загалом вÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñним
+оÑÑкÑваннÑм. СпиÑаÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° звÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
ÑозглÑд, Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен (оÑÑлÑник GNU)
+ÑÑ
валÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑне ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, пÑиймаÑи
внеÑок Ñи нÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐокÑема ÑеÑез Ñе ми зазвиÑай не
пÑиймаÑмо ÑиÑ
новиÑ
пакÑнкÑв, ÑÑнкÑÑонал
+ÑкиÑ
ÑÑÑÑÑво дÑблÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑÑÑ Ñз <a
href="/manual/manual.html">Ñже наÑвниÑ
+пакÑнкÑв GNU</a>. ÐÑкÑлÑки GNU â поÑлÑдовна
ÑиÑÑема, ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ
+Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдводиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÑемий пакÑнок,
Ñкий ÑаÑ
ÑвÑинÑм Ñ ÑаÑ
ÑвÑÑм Ñз його
+галÑÐ·Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑÑо вдоÑконалÑваÑи ÑпÑлÑноÑ
пÑаÑеÑ, замÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð»ÑÑÑ
+поодинÑÑ ÑозÑоблÑваниÑ
пакÑнкÑв, кожен Ñз
ÑкиÑ
виконÑÑ ÑÑагменÑ
+завданнÑ. Таким Ñином, ÑаÑÑо доÑеÑнÑÑе
додаÑи маленÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ вже
+наÑвного пакÑнка, а не видÑлÑÑи Ñй окÑемий
пакÑнок. (Ð ÑÑÑоÑиÑниÑ
пÑиÑин
+ÑÑнкÑÑонал деÑкиÑ
пакÑнкÑв GNU вÑе ж
пеÑеÑинаÑÑÑÑÑ. Це не ÑпÑоÑÑовÑÑ
+загалÑного пÑинÑипÑ.)</p>
+
+<p>Також ÑнаÑлÑдок ÑÑого Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾
ÑÑпÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ GNU поÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
+ÑоÑмалÑноÑÑÑ, оÑкÑлÑки беÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
ÑÑпÑовÑд певного Ñкладника пÑоÑкÑÑ GNU,
+ви в межаÑ
ÑÑого ÑÑпÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼ÑÑиÑе
погоджÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмÑваÑи Ñазом Ñз пÑоÑкÑом
+GNU в ÑпÑлÑнÑй мÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñвободи пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Разом з анкеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑимо пÑоÑиÑаÑи Ñакож
полÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ <a
+href="/prep/maintain/">ÑÑпÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ GNU</a> й <a
+href="/prep/standards/">ÑÑандаÑÑи ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ GNU</a>. <a
+href="#whatmeans">ÐÑдÑÑмок клÑÑовиÑ
пÑнкÑÑв
полÑÑики</a> наводимо внизÑ, але
+бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, пÑоглÑнÑÑе докÑменÑи
повнÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЯкÑо ви випÑÑкаÑÑе пакÑнок вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, але не бажаÑÑе заповнÑваÑи
+анкеÑÑ Ð¹/або Ñей пакÑнок не вÑдповÑдаÑ
вимогам до оÑÑÑÑйниÑ
пакÑнкÑв GNU, ми
+вÑе ж бÑдемо ÑадÑ, ÑкÑо ви додаÑÑе його до <a
+href="https://directory.fsf.org">каÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам</a>, меÑа Ñкого â
+пеÑелÑÑиÑи вÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнки вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ще Ñаз дÑкÑÑмо за ваÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑкавленÑÑÑÑ
GNU.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="whatmeans">Що Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑÑи
пакÑнком GNU</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑ Ñк rms Ñоз'ÑÑнÑÑ, Ñо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑÑи пакÑнком GNU, а Ñакож ÑкÑ
+вÑдповÑдалÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедбаÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑпÑовÑд
пакÑнка GNU.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами до набоÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнкÑв GNU
ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ÑÑ ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹
+ÑозÑобники погоджÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· пÑоÑкÑом GNU в
ÑомÑ, Ñо Â«Ð¦Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑама Ñ ÑаÑÑиноÑ
+пÑоÑкÑÑ GNU й випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд егÑÐ´Ð¾Ñ GNU», й
зазнаÑаÑÑÑ Ñе в ÑамÑй
+пÑогÑамÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑÐºÑ GNU пÑизнаÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑ Ñ
ÑÑпÑовÑдникÑв пакÑнкÑв. СпеÑÑÑ Ñе ÑÑ
+поÑаÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники, ÑкÑ
бажаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи на Ñебе
+вÑдповÑдалÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑпÑовÑд пакÑнка вÑд
ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑкÑÑ GNU. Ðи ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ,
+Ñо вони займаÑимÑÑÑÑÑ Ñим довгоÑÑÑоково,
але ÑкÑо вони не маÑимÑÑÑ ÑакоÑ
+змоги, ми ÑÑкаÑимемо ÑнÑиÑ
ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑ Ñ
ÑÑпÑовÑдникÑв. ÐÑогÑама
+залиÑаÑимеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнком GNU, доки пÑоÑÐºÑ GNU
не ÑÑ
валиÑÑ ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑ ÑпиÑаÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑами, Ñо Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнками GNU, ми зазвиÑай
ÑозмÑÑÑÑмо на
+<code>ftp.gnu.org</code> (вÑÑм, можемо поÑилаÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑнÑий ftp-ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð½Ð° ваÑ
+вибÑÑ, ÑкÑо вÑн дозволÑÑ Ð·'ÑднаннÑ
бÑдÑ-ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¹ звÑдÑÑÑлÑ).</p>
+
+<p>Це ознаÑаÑ, Ñо оÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ±ÑайÑÑ
пÑогÑами ÑлÑд бÑÑи на
+<code>www.gnu.org</code>, а Ñаме за адÑеÑоÑ
+<code>/software/ÐÐ ÐÐÐ ÐÐÐ</code>. ТобÑо пеÑедаÑÑи
комÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑоÑÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка, давайÑе Ñм Ñаме ÑÑ
URL-адÑеÑÑ. ÐожеÑе викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
+ÑнÑий ÑÐ°Ð¹Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑоÑинниÑ
Ñем, напÑиклад
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнок ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ñ
+ÑозÑобникÑв пакÑнка, а Ñакож длÑ
ÑозмÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð· даниÑ
. (ÐÑобимо винÑÑок Ñ
+ÑозмÑÑÑимо вебÑÑоÑÑнки деÑнде, ÑкÑо
виникне ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñна пÑдÑÑава.)</p>
+
+<p>Таким Ñином ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники
даÑÑÑ Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑидÑлÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ ÑÑмÑÑноÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑами з ÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU, а пÑоÑÐºÑ GNU
заоÑ
оÑÑÑ ÑнÑиÑ
ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑ Ñ
+ÑÑпÑовÑдникÑв GNU пÑидÑлÑÑи ÑвагÑ
ÑÑмÑÑноÑÑÑ ÑÑ
нÑÑ
пÑогÑам Ñз ваÑоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Що ознаÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑмÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам мÑж ÑобоÑ
â Ñе пеÑеважно пÑакÑиÑне пиÑаннÑ,
+Ñке залежиÑÑ Ð²Ñд деÑалей ÑобоÑи ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. Ðле Ñ ÐºÑлÑка загалÑниÑ
+пÑинÑипÑв. ÐеÑÐºÑ ÑоздÑли ÑÑандаÑÑÑв кодÑ
GNU маÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмий вплив на
+ÑÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми. ÐокÑема Ñе
ÑÑандаÑÑи налаÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¹ збÑÑки
+пÑогÑами, а Ñакож ÑÑандаÑÑи паÑамеÑÑÑв
командного ÑÑдка. Ðажливо, Ñоб ÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑами GNU доÑÑимÑвали ÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑи â в
ÑÑÑÑ
ÑкладникаÑ
, до ÑкиÑ
ÑÑ
+можливо заÑÑоÑÑваÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ÐнÑим важливим ÑÑандаÑÑом GNU Ñ Ñе, Ñо до
пÑогÑам GNU Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÑи докÑменÑаÑÑÑ
+в ÑоÑмаÑÑ Texinfo. Це ÑÑандаÑÑний ÑоÑмаÑ
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ GNU, Ñкий можливо
+авÑомаÑиÑно пеÑеводиÑи в ÑÑзноманÑÑнÑ
ÑнÑÑ ÑоÑмаÑи. ÐожеÑе викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
+DocBook Ñи ÑнÑий доÑеÑний ÑоÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо
+авÑомаÑиÑне пеÑÐµÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ до Texinfo
повеÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑкÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑи.</p>
+
+<p>ЯкÑо бажаÑÑе зÑобиÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ GNU
ÑозÑиÑÑваноÑ, викоÑиÑÑовÑйÑе <a
+href="/software/guile/guile.html">Guile</a> Ñк мовÑ
пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑозÑиÑенÑ,
+ÑкÑо Ñе можливо. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами маÑÑÑ
пÑдÑÑави заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑоÑÑ ÑнÑе, але
+пÑоÑимо за ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ
викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Ñаме Guile.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ GNU ÑлÑд викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
найновÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ, ÑекомендованоÑ
+пÑоÑкÑом GNU, а не бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ
вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ. ÐлÑ
+бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнкÑв Ñе ознаÑаÑ
викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ GNU GPL «веÑÑÑÑ 3 або новÑÑоÑ».</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑогÑама GNU не Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑадиÑи
викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ â
й не
+Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑÑ Ñи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
на Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ. <a
+href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">ÐампанÑÑ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑнÑ
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ</a> вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам вкÑай важлива Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑкÑÑ GNU; наÑа
позиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñиме знаÑно бÑлÑÑÑ
+вагÑ, ÑкÑо ми не оÑлаблÑваÑимемо ÑÑ
поÑадами звеÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ невÑлÑноÑ
+докÑменÑаÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐживаÑи коÑекÑÐ½Ñ ÑеÑмÑни в деÑкиÑ
пиÑаннÑÑ
важливо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñ Ð²ÑÑого пÑоÑкÑÑ
+GNU. Тож ÑозÑаÑ
овÑÑмо, Ñо ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑ Ð¹
ÑÑпÑовÑдники пÑогÑам GNU Ñе
+доÑÑимÑваÑимÑÑÑ. ÐапÑиклад, Ñайли
докÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð¹ коменÑаÑÑ Ð² пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑÑÑ
+згадÑваÑи GNU/Linux, а не лиÑе ÑдÑо Linux, коли
йдеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ; а
+ÑеÑмÑн «вÑлÑна пÑогÑама» доÑеÑнÑÑий за
ÑеÑмÑн «вÑдкÑиÑий код». ÐÑкÑлÑки
+пÑогÑама GNU випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд егÑÐ´Ð¾Ñ GNU, Ñй
не ÑлÑд виÑловлÑваÑи позиÑÑй,
+пÑоÑилежниÑ
поглÑдам пÑоÑкÑÑ GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Щоб зÑобиÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнком GNU,
пеÑедаваÑи авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава FSF
+необов'Ñзково; Ñе окÑеме пиÑаннÑ. ЯкÑо ви
пеÑедаÑÑе авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава FSF, Ñо
+FSF ÑÑдиÑимеÑÑÑÑ Ð· Ñими, Ñ
Ñо поÑÑÑÑваÑиме
Ñмови GPL Ñодо ваÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами;
+ÑкÑо ви збеÑежеÑе авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава, Ñо
пÑавовий ÑÑпÑовÑд бÑде ваÑоÑ
+вÑдповÑдалÑнÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Як ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑ Ñи ÑÑпÑовÑдник пакÑнка
GNU, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, пÑдÑÑимÑйÑе зв'Ñзок
+Ñз пÑоÑкÑом GNU. Ðоли ÑÑоÑовно ваÑого
пакÑнка Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð° пÑоблема, нам
+поÑÑÑбно повÑдомиÑи Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи з
вами ÑÑ Ñозв'Ñзок. ÐÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
+доводиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑи Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñозв'ÑзÑваÑи
ÑпÑлÑно з ÑнÑими ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑми й
+ÑÑпÑовÑдниками ÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми, Ñо ÑÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐºÑлÑкоÑ
пакÑнкÑв
+Ñазом. Ðи навÑÑд Ñи вÑдволÑкаÑимемо ваÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑе, нÑж Ñаз на ÑÑк, але пÑоÑимо
+забезпеÑиÑи нам можливÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð²'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ð· вами
ÑÑоÑовно ÑакиÑ
пÑоблем.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑоÑкий пеÑелÑк <a
href="/software/maintainer-tips.html">поÑад
+ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÑм Ñ ÑÑпÑовÑдникам GNU</a>
мÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑний оглÑд Ñого, Ñо ваÑÑо
+ÑобиÑи пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ñого, Ñк Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнок ÑÑаÑ
ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ GNU.</p>
+
+<p>ÐокладнÑÑе â в ÑиÑ
докÑменÑаÑ
:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/prep/maintain/">ÐоÑÑбник Ñз ÑÑпÑоводÑ
пÑогÑам GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/prep/standards/">СÑандаÑÑи ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ GNU</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑÐ´ÐµÑ GNU й вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
викладено в ÑакиÑ
допиÑаÑ
:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">ÐÑоÑÐºÑ GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Що Ñаке вÑлÑна
пÑогÑама?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">ÐаÑегоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">УниканнÑ
ÑÑйнÑвниÑ
компÑомÑÑÑв</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Слова,
недоÑеÑÐ½Ñ (Ñи небезпеÑнÑ)
+ÑеÑез пÑдÑекÑÑ Ñи помилковÑÑÑÑ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен. ЧÐÐ
пÑо GNU/Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ЧомÑ
вÑдкÑиÑий
+виÑ
Ñдний код не пеÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑна
пÑогÑама</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="questionnaire">ÐнкеÑа: пÑопонÑÑ GNU ÑвоÑ
пÑогÑамÑ</h3>
+
+<pre>
+* ÐагалÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ
+** Чи Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ доÑÑимÑваÑи полÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ GNU?
+ ЯкÑо ваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñде пÑийнÑÑо до
ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU, Ñе ознаÑаÑ,
+ Ñо ви ÑÑанеÑе ÑÑпÑовÑдниÑÐµÑ Ñи
ÑÑпÑовÑдником GNU, а Ñе в ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑгÑ
+ ознаÑаÑ, Ñо вам ÑÑеба доÑÑимÑваÑи
полÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ GNU Ñодо ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами GNU.
+ (Це пÑдÑÑмок. ÐоÑÑбник Ñз ÑÑпÑоводÑ
опиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе докладнÑÑе.)
+
+** Ðазва й веÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка:
+
+** Ðовне Ñм'Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑки Ñи авÑоÑа <е-поÑÑа>:
+
+** URL-адÑеÑа Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнки пакÑнка (ÑкÑо
маÑÑе):
+
+** URL-адÑеÑа tar-аÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного кодÑ:
+ ÐÑоÑимо надаÑи аÑÑ
Ñв випÑÑкÑ, Ñоб ми
змогли його ÑозглÑнÑÑи незалежно
+ вÑд Ñого, загалÑнодоÑÑÑпний вÑн Ñи нÑ.
ЯкÑо не маÑÑе кÑди його
+ виванÑажиÑи, вкладÑÑÑ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ до лиÑÑа.
+
+** ÐоÑоÑкий Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка:
+
+
+* Ðод
+** ÐалежноÑÑÑ:
+ ÐÑоÑимо пеÑелÑÑиÑи залежноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка
(Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного кодÑ, бÑблÑоÑеки ÑоÑо.).
+
+** ÐалаÑÑÑваннÑ, збÑÑка, вÑÑановленнÑ:
+ ÐакÑÐ½ÐºÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ð²'Ñзково викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
Autoconf/Automake, але обов'Ñзково
+ доÑÑимÑваÑи ÑÑандаÑÑи GNU. ÐавÑÑÑ
пакÑнки, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ поÑÑÑбно збиÑаÑи,
+ мÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑимÑваÑи ÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑи, Ñоб пÑи
вÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ бÑло
+ звиÑним Ñином зазнаÑиÑи ÑÑлÑовÑ
каÑалоги ÑоÑо. ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, пеÑеглÑнÑÑе:
+ https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Configuration.html
+ https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Makefile-Conventions.html
+
+** ÐокÑменÑаÑÑÑ:
+ ÐикоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Texinfo
(https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/)
+ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð²'Ñзково. Радимо
напиÑаÑи довÑÐ´ÐºÑ Ð¹ ÑнÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ
+ Ñк один поÑÑбник. ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка,
пеÑеглÑнÑÑе:
+ https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/GNU-Manuals.html
+
+** ÐнÑеÑнаÑÑоналÑзаÑÑÑ:
+ ЯкÑо бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ ÑÑдки пакÑнка виднÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑкам Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам,
+ зÑобÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¸Ð¼ пеÑеклад ÑÑ
ÑнÑими
мовами за Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ GNU Gettext:
+ https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
+
+** ÐоÑÑÑпнÑÑÑÑ:
+ ÐÑоÑимо зазнаÑиÑи оÑобливоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка,
ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑкоджаÑи його <a
+ href="/accessibility/accessibility.html">доÑÑÑпноÑÑÑ</a>:
+ напÑиклад, викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑпеÑÑалÑзованиÑ
API.
+
+** Ðезпека:
+ ÐÑоÑимо опиÑаÑи вÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±ÐµÐ·Ð¿ÐµÑнÑ
оÑобливоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнка: ÑкÑ
+ кÑипÑогÑаÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑми вÑн
заÑÑоÑовÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð±ÐµÑÑгаÑ,
+ ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ Ð¹Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ ÑоÑо.
+
+* ÐÑÑензÑваннÑ:
+ Як Ñама пÑогÑама, *Ñак Ñ Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑ
залежноÑÑÑ* (ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑблÑоÑеки ÑоÑо)
+ мÑÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи вÑлÑним пÑогÑамним
забезпеÑеннÑм, Ñоб ÑÑ
бÑло можливо додаÑи
+ до GNU. ÐазвиÑай оÑÑÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами GNU ÑлÑд
випÑÑкаÑи пÑд
+ GNU GPL веÑÑÑÑ 3 Ñи бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ,
а докÑменÑаÑÑÑ GNU ÑлÑд
+ випÑÑкаÑи пÑд GNU FDL веÑÑÑÑ 1.3 Ñи бÑдÑ-ÑкоÑ
новÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ.
+
+ ÐеÑеглÑнÑÑе https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html â
+ пÑакÑиÑний поÑÑбник Ñз ÑозÑÑзненнÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
(Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑлей GNU) Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑниÑ
+ лÑÑензÑй. ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, зазнаÑÑе ÑоÑнÑ
URL-адÑеÑи вÑÑÑ
викоÑиÑÑаниÑ
+ лÑÑензÑй, ÑкиÑ
нема в пеÑелÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй
ÑÑоÑÑнÑÑ.
+
+
+* СÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑкÑи вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам:
+ РозкажÑÑÑ, Ñо моÑивÑвало Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи
ÑвÑй пакÑнок, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑкайÑе
+ Ñк мÑнÑмÑм Ñ ÐаÑÐ°Ð»Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
(https://www.gnu.org/directory/)
+ пÑоÑкÑи, ÑÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð½Ð° ваÑ. ЯкÑо вони ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ,
пÑоÑимо Ñакож опиÑаÑи,
+ Ñим Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнок пÑинÑипово вÑдмÑнний.
+
+* ÐÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ ÑнÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ, коменÑаÑÑ Ñи
запиÑаннÑ:
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>ÐаповнивÑи анкеÑÑ, надÑÑлÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð½Ð° <a
+href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<!-- [too many volunteers is counterproductive for this task]
+<h3 id="eval">
+Helping evaluate software for GNU</h3>
+
+<p>From time to time (but not at the moment), we can use additional
+volunteers to commit to helping evaluate the software we are offered
+through the procedures above. Timeliness is of the utmost importance in
+doing an evaluation. The main goal of doing the evaluations is not to
+be an expert in the field (a common misconception), but to get a general
+understanding of the program on the one hand, and how it meets certain
+very specific criteria on the other (we use a standard form to guide
+evaluations).</p>
+
+<p>It is also not critical to be a systems expert. Many packages are
+offered in a state that is too difficult to compile, let alone run.
+This does not mean the evaluation cannot be completed! Considering the
+overall goal of the package, plus looking at the source code, is nearly
+always enough to do a useful evaluation. In general, it is neither
+necessary nor desirable to examine the minutiae of a given program; this
+tends to stall the evaluation endlessly.</p>
+
+<p>Doing evaluations is generally a very educational experience.
+Evaluators often learn about (usually) interesting projects which would
+never otherwise cross their path, as well gaining familiarity with GNU
+guidelines and Free Software in general. It helps the GNU
+Project and the Free Software Foundation as well.</p>
+
+<p>If you are interested in helping with this task for GNU, please email
+<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>,
+which will reach the coordinators of the group of volunteers that does
+evaluations.</p>
+-->
+<h3>ÐнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби допомогÑи пÑоÑкÑÑ GNU</h3>
+
+<p>ÐожеÑе допомагаÑи GNU <a
href="/help/help.html">багаÑÑма ÑÑзними</a> ÑлÑÑ
ами
+â ÑеÑ
нÑÑними й не ÑÑлÑки.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐагалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи до ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU можеÑе
надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. Рй <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐÑо Ñ
Ð¸Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¹
+ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пиÑаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐокладаÑмо вÑÑÑ
зÑÑилÑ, Ñоб пеÑеклад бÑв
ÑоÑним Ñ ÑкÑÑним. ÐнодÑ
+пÑипÑÑкаÑмоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ðº. ÐÑоÑимо надÑилаÑи
коменÑаÑÑ Ð¹ пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо
+пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p><p>Як
+ми пеÑекладаÑмо вебÑÑоÑÑнки й Ñк нам Ñ
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñи, ÑозповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">поÑÑбник Ñз
пеÑекладÑ</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc. (Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ)</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.uk"> лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (<em>Ðз
+зазнаÑеннÑм авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 4.0
+ÐÑжнаÑодна</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐеÑеклад: ÐÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐикÑла <a
+href="mailto:vegan@libre.net.ua"><vegan@libre.net.ua></a>, 2022.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:32 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: help/po/evaluation.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: help/po/evaluation.uk-en.html
diff -N help/po/evaluation.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ help/po/evaluation.uk-en.html 6 May 2022 12:06:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>GNU Software Evaluation
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/help/po/evaluation.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>GNU Software Evaluation</h2>
+
+<h3 id="submit">Offering software to GNU</h3>
+
+<p>If you have written software which you would like to offer to the GNU
+Project, thank you very much! This page includes a questionnaire to be
+completed when sending us your package, so that we can get the information
+needed and evaluate it as quickly as possible.</p>
+
+<p>Please take your time filling out the questionnaire. We've written
+it as preformatted text so you can copy it to your system and fill it out
+with some care. When you're done, please email it to <a
+href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>
+(as plain text).</p>
+
+<p>GNU is not simply a collection of useful programs, but a <a
+href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">unified operating system that is 100% free
+software</a>. Thus, to keep the GNU system technically coherent, we
+make sure that the parts fit well together. So the evaluators judge
+programs based on how well they fit into the GNU system, both
+technically and philosophically, as well as on their quality, usability,
+and the other characteristics you would expect. Based on the
+evaluators' report, Richard Stallman (the Chief GNUisance) makes the
+final decision on whether to accept the contribution.</p>
+
+<p>One consequence of this is that we generally do not accept new
+packages that substantially overlap with an <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">existing GNU package</a>. As a coherent
+system, it is better for GNU to have a given package to do a given job,
+and people in that area to contribute to and improve that package,
+working together, instead of having many packages that each do different
+parts of a job, each developed on its own. Similarly, a small program
+often fits better as part of an existing package than being a new
+package of its own. (GNU does have a number of such overlapping
+packages today, generally for historical reasons. This does not obviate
+the general principle.)</p>
+
+<p>Another consequence is that becoming a GNU maintainer is a somewhat
+formal process, since affiliating with the GNU project as a maintainer
+means you must agree to work—within the confines of the
+maintenance—with the GNU project's mission for software
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>So, in addition to the questionnaire, please read the GNU policies in
+the <a href="/prep/maintain/">Information for Maintainers of GNU
+Software</a> as well as the <a href="/prep/standards/">GNU
+Coding Standards</a>. A <a href="#whatmeans">summary of the major
+policies</a> given below, but please also look through the full
+documents.</p>
+
+<p>If you have released a free software package but don't wish to fill
+out the questionnaire and/or meet the requirements for official GNU
+packages, we still encourage you to list it at the <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org">Free Software Directory</a>. We want
+the Directory to cover all released free software packages.</p>
+
+<p>Thanks again for your interest in GNU.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="whatmeans">What it means for a program to be a GNU package</h3>
+
+<p>Here's the explanation, from rms, of what it means for a program to
+be a GNU package, which also explains the responsibilities of a GNU
+package maintainer.</p>
+
+<p>Making a program GNU software means that its developers and the GNU
+project agree that “This program is part of the GNU project,
+released under the aegis of GNU”—and say so in the
+program.
+</p>
+
+<p>The GNU Project appoints package maintainers—initially the
+main developers, or those of them who wish to be appointed—to
+take responsibility for the package on the behalf of the GNU project.
+We hope it won't happen, but if they step down, we look for other
+maintainers. The program remains a GNU package unless/until the GNU
+project decides to decommission it.</p>
+
+<p>Being a GNU package means that we normally put the program on
+<code>ftp.gnu.org</code> (although we can instead refer to your choice
+of ftp site, as long as it allows connections from anyone
+anywhere).</p>
+
+<p>This means that the official web site for the program should be on
+<code>www.gnu.org</code>, specifically in
+<code>/software/PROGRAMNAME</code>. Whenever you give out the URL for
+the package home page, you would give this address. It is ok to use
+another site for secondary topics, such as pages meant for people
+helping develop the package, and for running data bases. (We can make
+an exception and put the web pages somewhere else if there is a really
+pressing reason.)</p>
+
+<p>It means that the developers agree to pay attention to making the
+program work well with the rest of the GNU system—and conversely
+that the GNU project will encourage other GNU maintainers to pay
+attention to making their programs fit in well with it.</p>
+
+<p>Just what it means to make programs work well together is mainly a
+practical matter that depends on what the program does. But there are
+a few general principles. Certain parts of the GNU coding standards
+directly affect the consistency of the whole system. These include
+the standards for configuring and building a program, and the
+standards for command-line options. It is important to make all GNU
+programs follow these standards, where they are applicable.</p>
+
+<p>Another important GNU standard is that GNU programs should come with
+documentation in Texinfo format. That is the GNU standard documentation
+format, and it can be converted automatically into various other
+formats. You can use DocBook or any other suitable format for the
+documentation sources, as long as converting it automatically into
+Texinfo gives good results.</p>
+
+<p>If a GNU program wants to be extensible, it should use
+<a href="/software/guile/guile.html">Guile</a> as the programming
+language for extensibility, if possible. For some programs there's a
+reason to do things differently, but please use Guile if that is
+feasible.</p>
+
+<p>A GNU program should use the latest version of the license that the
+GNU Project recommends—not just any free software license. For
+most packages, this means using the GNU GPL, “version 3 or
+later.”</p>
+
+<p>A GNU program should not recommend use of any non-free program, and
+it should not refer the user to any non-free documentation for free
+software. The <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">campaign for free
+documentation</a> to go with free software is a major focus of the GNU
+project; to show that we are serious about it, we must not undermine
+our position by recommending documentation that isn't free.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally there are issues of terminology which are important
+for the success of the GNU project as a whole. So we expect
+maintainers of GNU programs to follow them. For example, the
+documentation files and comments in the program should speak of
+GNU/Linux systems, rather than calling the whole system
+“Linux”, and should use the term “free
+software” rather than “open source”. Since a GNU
+program is released under the auspices of GNU, it should not say
+anything that contradicts the GNU Project's views.</p>
+
+<p>For a program to be GNU software does not require transferring
+copyright to the FSF; that is a separate question. If you transfer
+the copyright to the FSF, the FSF will enforce the GPL for the program
+if someone violates it; if you keep the copyright, enforcement will be
+up to you.</p>
+
+<p>As the GNU maintainer of the package, please make sure to stay in
+touch with the GNU Project. If we come across a problem relating to
+the package, we need to tell you about it, and to discuss with you how
+to solve it. Sometimes we will need to ask you to work with other
+maintainers to solve a problem that involves using multiple packages
+together. This probably will happen less than once a year, but please
+make sure we can contact you in case it does happen.</p>
+
+<p>This short list of <a href="/software/maintainer-tips.html">tips for
+GNU maintainers</a> may be a useful overview of some things to do after
+your package becomes part of GNU.</p>
+
+<p>More details are available in these documents:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/prep/maintain/">Information For Maintainers of GNU
+ Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding Standards</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+<p>For the basic ideas of GNU and free software, please read these
+ essays:</p>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">The GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+ Nonfree Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous
+ Compromises</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Words to Avoid (or
+ Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard
+ Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="questionnaire">Questionnaire for offering software to GNU</h3>
+
+<pre>
+* General Information
+** Do you agree to follow GNU policies?
+ If your program is accepted to be part of the GNU system, it means
+ that you become a GNU maintainer, which in turn means that you will
+ need to follow GNU policies in regards to that GNU program.
+ (Summarized above, see maintainers document for full descriptions.)
+
+** Package name and version:
+
+** Author Full Name <Email>:
+
+** URL to package home page (if any):
+
+** URL to source tarball:
+ Please make a release tarball for purposes of evaluation, whether
+ or not you publicly release it. If you don't have
+ anywhere to upload it, send it as an attachment.
+
+** Brief description of the package:
+
+
+* Code
+** Dependencies:
+ Please list the package's dependencies (source language, libraries, etc.).
+
+** Configuration, building, installation:
+ It might or might not use Autoconf/Automake, but it must meet GNU
+ standards. Even packages that do not require compilation
+ must follow these standards, so installers have a uniform way to
+ define target directories, etc. Please see:
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Configuration.html
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Makefile-Conventions.html
+
+** Documentation:
+ We require using Texinfo (http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/)
+ for documentation, and recommend writing both reference and tutorial
+ information in the same manual. Please see
+ http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/GNU-Manuals.html
+
+** Internationalization:
+ If your package has any user-visible strings, please make them
+ translatable to other languages using GNU Gettext:
+ http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
+
+** Accessibility:
+ Please discuss any <a
+ href="/accessibility/accessibility.html">accessibility issues</a>
+ with your package, such as use of relevant APIs.
+
+** Security:
+ Please discuss any possible security issues with your package:
+ cryptographic algorithms being used, sensitive data being stored,
+ possible elevation of privileges, etc.
+
+* Licensing:
+ Both the software itself *and all dependencies* (third-party
+ libraries, etc.) must be free software in order to be included in
+ GNU. In general, official GNU software should be released under the
+ GNU GPL version 3 or any later version, and GNU documentation should
+ be released under the GNU FDL version 1.3 or any later version.
+
+ Please see http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/license-list.html for a
+ practical guide to which licenses are free (for GNU's purposes) and
+ which are not. Please give specific url's to any licenses involved
+ that are not listed on that page.
+
+
+* Similar free software projects:
+ Please explain what motivated you to write your package, and search
+ at least the Free Software Directory (http://www.gnu.org/directory/)
+ for projects similar to yours. If any exist, please also explain
+ what the principal differences are.
+
+* Any other information, comments, or questions:
+
+</pre>
+
+<p>Again, please email the questionnaire to <a
+href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>
+when it is done.</p>
+
+
+<!-- [too many volunteers is counterproductive for this task]
+<h3 id="eval">Helping evaluate software for GNU</h3>
+
+<p>From time to time (but not at the moment), we can use additional
+volunteers to commit to helping evaluate the software we are offered
+through the procedures above. Timeliness is of the utmost importance in
+doing an evaluation. The main goal of doing the evaluations is not to
+be an expert in the field (a common misconception), but to get a general
+understanding of the program on the one hand, and how it meets certain
+very specific criteria on the other (we use a standard form to guide
+evaluations).</p>
+
+<p>It is also not critical to be a systems expert. Many packages are
+offered in a state that is too difficult to compile, let alone run.
+This does not mean the evaluation cannot be completed! Considering the
+overall goal of the package, plus looking at the source code, is nearly
+always enough to do a useful evaluation. In general, it is neither
+necessary nor desirable to examine the minutiae of a given program; this
+tends to stall the evaluation endlessly.</p>
+
+<p>Doing evaluations is generally a very educational experience.
+Evaluators often learn about (usually) interesting projects which would
+never otherwise cross their path, as well gaining familiarity with GNU
+guidelines and Free Software in general. It helps the GNU
+Project and the Free Software Foundation as well.</p>
+
+<p>If you are interested in helping with this task for GNU, please email
+<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>,
+which will reach the coordinators of the group of volunteers that does
+evaluations.</p>
+-->
+
+<h3>Other ways to help the GNU Project</h3>
+
+<p>There are <a href="/help/help.html">many other ways</a> of helping
+GNU, both technical and non-technical.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org"><gnueval@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
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+
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+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
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+
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+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:32 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/x.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/x.uk.html
diff -N philosophy/x.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/x.uk.html 6 May 2022 12:06:34 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/x.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐаÑÑка X Window System â ÐÑоÑÐºÑ GNU â Фонд
вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
+ content="GNU, FSF, Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ, Ñвобода, Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен,
+rms, вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description"
+ content="Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен ÑозповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑ
Ñ, Ñо ÑÑвоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйнÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ." />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/x.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.uk.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.uk.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ÐаÑÑка X Window System</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</address>
+
+<p>
+ÐопÑлеÑÑ Ñи не копÑлеÑÑ? Ðдне з вÑÑниÑ
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи вÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ. ÐÐ´ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ
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+вÑдповÑдаÑи вогнем, ÑобÑо Ñо нам ÑлÑд
пÑдкÑÑплÑваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñого кодÑ
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лÑÑензÑÑ GNU (GNU GPL) â один Ñз
+пÑикладÑв лÑÑензÑй Ñз копÑлеÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐºÑ ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам надаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевагÑ
+ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· копÑлеÑÑÑ. XFree86, <a
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+Ñа ÑнÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· копÑлеÑÑÑ
ÒÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑдмовлÑÑи нÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ â
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Ñо пÑагне поклаÑÑи ваÑÑ
ÑобоÑÑ Ð² оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ
+ÑнÑиÑ
. ÐÑÑензÑÑÑи без копÑлеÑÑÑ, ви нÑкомÑ
не ÑкодиÑе, але вÑÑаÑаÑÑе нагодÑ
+акÑивно заÑ
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змÑнÑваÑи й поÑиÑÑваÑи пÑогÑамне
+забезпеÑеннÑ. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ забезпеÑÑÑ
копÑлеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐагаÑо ÑокÑв ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X бÑв головним
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+моÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑи, Ñак Ñ Ñинив ÑиÑк, аби
ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам вÑдмовлÑлиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑаÑи ÑвоÑ
пÑогÑами копÑлеÑÑом. ÐоÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑи
+зводилиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, Ñо вÑдмовлÑÑи негаÑно.
ТиÑк мав Ñой виглÑд, Ñо
+диÑÑÑибÑÑив X вÑдмовлÑв Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам
Ñз копÑлеÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X запÑовадив ÑакÑ
полÑÑикÑ? Ðо ÑÑпÑÑ
ом можливо вважаÑи ÑÑзнÑ
+ÑеÑÑ. ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X ÑлÑмаÑив ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñк
попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ, а Ñаме Ñк коÑпоÑаÑивне
+поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ X Window System (базовиÑ
ÑÑнкÑÑй длÑ
гÑаÑÑÑниÑ
ÑнÑеÑÑейÑÑв). Це
+ознаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¾ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ IT-компанÑÑм: Ñого
вони пÑагнÑли, в ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñм Ñ
+допомагав ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐазвиÑай IT-компанÑÑ Ð¿ÑодаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑниÑÑкÑ
пÑогÑами. Ðони пÑагнÑли, Ñоб
+ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
жеÑÑвÑвали Ñм ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи. ÐÑÑме
+пÑоÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñак вÑиниÑи лÑди зÑÑÑÑÑÑали б
ÑмÑÑ
ом. Ðле ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X зÑмÑв
+пÑезенÑÑваÑи Ñаке пÑоÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñк
алÑÑÑÑÑÑÑиÑне. «ÐеÑÑвÑймо Ñазом ÑвоÑ
ÑобоÑи
+виÑобниÑÑвам влаÑниÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам» â нÑби
Ñе ÑлÑÑ
еÑна ÑамопожеÑÑва. «СÑаваймо
+попÑлÑÑними Ñазом» â нÑби на
пожеÑÑвÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑлÑд
наголоÑÑваÑи.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðле ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ в ÑамопожеÑÑвÑ: вÑдкидаÑÑи заÑ
иÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ â збÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑÑÑ
+Ñвободи ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи â ви жеÑÑвÑÑÑе не
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Ñо
+виконали пÑоÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ X, довÑÑили
Ñим майбÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑй
+Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ X.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð¦Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÑÑа не випÑавдалаÑÑ. РоÑÑаннÑй ÑÑк
ÑÑнÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X виÑÑÑив
+обмежиÑи планований випÑÑк X11R6.4 â зÑобиÑи
його невÑлÑним пÑогÑамним
+забезпеÑеннÑм. (ÐÑим. пеÑ.: ÑÑаÑники
ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ â великий бÑÐ·Ð½ÐµÑ â поÑали
+ÑÑÑгÑваÑи плаÑÑ Ð·Ð° бÑдÑ-Ñке комеÑÑÑйне
викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð· менÑиÑ
+пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑв.) Цим вони пÑÑли напеÑекÑÑ ÑÑй
ÑвоÑй позиÑÑÑ, Ñо вÑдмовлÑÑи
+негаÑно, й поÑали вÑдмовлÑÑи â не Ñак
виÑобниÑÑвам влаÑниÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñк
+влаÑне наÑÑй ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑонÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑ Ñ ÑомÑ. ЯкÑо ви погодилиÑÑ,
коли ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X попÑоÑ
ав Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи копÑлеÑÑ, Ñо ви надали
ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ X Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑваÑи Ñа
+обмежÑваÑи ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Ñк
Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð´ ÑдÑа X.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X не здÑйÑнив ÑÑого задÑÐ¼Ñ Ñам,
а закÑивÑÑ Ð¹ пеÑедав ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÑ X
+оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ Open Group, пÑаÑÑвниÑÑ Ð¹
пÑаÑÑвники ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ñне Ñим ÑлÑÑ
ом Ñ
+пÑÑли. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑдзнаÑиÑи, Ñо коли Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
ав ÑÑ
випÑÑÑиÑи X11R6.4 пÑд GNU GPL
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+над ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑдеÑÑ. (ÐÑ
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Ñмови ÑозповÑÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ X11.)
+ЩопÑавда, Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÑлиÑи, Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдÑ
илиÑи ÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
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полÑÑики ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ X Ñ
+вÑдÑ
илÑла пÑогÑами з копÑлеÑÑом.
+</p>
+
+<p>
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випÑÑÐºÑ X11R6.4 на невÑлÑниÑ
ÑмоваÑ
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+викоÑиÑÑано Ð´Ð»Ñ X11R6.3. ÐÑож, Open Group зÑеÑÑоÑ
пÑÑли пÑавилÑним ÑлÑÑ
ом,
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+
+<p>
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виÑÑÑÑвали обмежÑваÑи X,
+зÑобиÑи Ñе могли б ÑнÑÑ. ÐÑогÑами без
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ÑоÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ
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важливиÑ
ÑÑнкÑÑй влаÑниÑÑким
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обиÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами за ÑеÑ
нÑÑнÑ
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веÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ заманÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑкоÑÑÑоковоÑ
+зÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонÑоÑÑÑÑм X Ñ Open Group вÑÑаÑили моÑалÑне
пÑаво казаÑи, Ñо вÑдмовлÑÑи
+негаÑно. Ð¢ÐµÐ¿ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ легÑе ÑÑ
валиÑи ÑÑÑеннÑ
заÑ
иÑÑиÑи копÑлеÑÑом ÑвоÑ
+пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð· X пÑогÑамÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðоли ви пÑаÑÑÑÑе над ÑдÑом X: над Ñакими
пÑогÑамами, Ñк ÑеÑÐ²ÐµÑ X, Xlib Ñ Xt
+â Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑна пÑдÑÑава не заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи
копÑлеÑÑ. ÐÑÑпа X.org виконÑÑ
+Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи ÑобоÑÑ Ð· ÑÑпÑоводÑ
ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд
+заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ наÑиÑ
новиÑ
змÑн бÑло б менÑе, нÑж Ñкоди вÑд Ñе
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копÑлеÑÑÑ. Це ÑÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¹ ÑакиÑ
ÑÑилÑÑ,
+Ñк <code>xset</code> Ñ <code>xrdb</code> â близÑкиÑ
до X Ñ
вже допÑаÑÑованиÑ
+без поÑÑеби Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ñ
ÑдоÑконаленнÑÑ
.
ÐÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ баÑимо, Ñо гÑÑпа X.org
+доÑÑимÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнки пÑодовжÑваÑи ÑозÑобкÑ
ÑиÑ
пÑогÑам Ñк вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑомÑÑÑÑ Ñз пÑогÑамами за межами ÑдÑа X
ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑилежна. Ðема пÑдÑÑав
+вÑдмовлÑÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑаÑи копÑлеÑÑом
заÑÑоÑÑнки, менеджеÑи вÑкон, додаÑковÑ
+бÑблÑоÑеки й вÑджеÑи. Тож нам ÑлÑд
заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи до ниÑ
копÑлеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ТиÑк кÑиÑеÑÑÑв Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð² диÑÑÑибÑÑиви X
доÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑдÑÑÑний, Ñож пÑоÑÐºÑ GNU
+беÑеÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑоÑмÑваÑи загал пÑо ÑÑмÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð· X
пакÑнки з копÑлеÑÑом. ЯкÑо
+бажаÑÑе заÑÑоÑÑваÑи до ÑогоÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑ Ñ
непокоÑÑеÑÑ, Ñо вÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑоÑ
+ÑозÑобки в диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ X завадиÑÑ ÑÑ
попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, звеÑнÑÑÑÑÑ
+до Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ допомогÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+У Ñой же ÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÑаÑе не пеÑеймаÑиÑÑ
попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð¶ наÑÑÑлÑки. Ðоли Ñ
ÑоÑÑ
+заманÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Â«Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ», Ñо
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пÑогÑама Ñ
оÑоÑа, ÑÑ Ð²Ñе одно багаÑо
+Ñ
Ñо знайде; вам не ÑлÑд вÑдÑайдÑÑно
гнаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÐ¾Ñ Ñи ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð¸ÑоÑÑÑÑ, Ñ
+вÑдмова поÑилиÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÑÑ. ÐеймовÑÑне
вÑдÑÑÑÑÑ ÑадоÑÑÑ Ð¹ Ñвободи
+пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð° вÑдповÑÑÑи: «Ðбо ÑакÑ
Ñмови, або пÑоÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð·; Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñд Ñого
+Ð½Ñ Ñ
олодно Ð½Ñ Ð¶Ð°Ñко». ЧаÑÑо пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑва
вÑе ж погоджÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð·
+копÑлеÑÑом, коли ви не ведеÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð° блеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐодÑÑги й дÑÑзÑ, ÑозÑобниÑÑ Ð¹ ÑозÑобники
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, не повÑоÑÑйÑе
+ÑÑаÑиÑ
помилок! ЯкÑо не заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи до
наÑиÑ
пÑогÑам копÑлеÑÑ, виÑÑÑалÑнÑ
+ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ñ ÑÑ
нÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð±ÑÑнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·ÑгÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ-Ñ
Ñо, в кого виÑвиÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑлÑÑе коÑÑÑв,
+нÑж еÑики. ÐопÑлеÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑаÑи
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ â не лиÑе наÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑнÑ,
+але й ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑлÑноÑи.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐагалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи до ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU можеÑе
надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. Рй <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐÑо Ñ
Ð¸Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¹
+ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пиÑаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐокладаÑмо вÑÑÑ
зÑÑилÑ, Ñоб пеÑеклад бÑв
ÑоÑним Ñ ÑкÑÑним. ÐнодÑ
+пÑипÑÑкаÑмоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð¾Ðº. ÐÑоÑимо надÑилаÑи
коменÑаÑÑ Ð¹ пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо
+пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p><p>Як
+ми пеÑекладаÑмо вебÑÑоÑÑнки й Ñк нам Ñ
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñи, ÑозповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">поÑÑбник Ñз
пеÑекладÑ</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2009, 2021 Richard M. Stallman (Ð ÑÑаÑд
СÑолмен)</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.uk"> лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (<em>Ðз
+зазнаÑеннÑм авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 4.0
+ÐÑжнаÑодна</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐеÑеклад: ÐÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐикÑла <a
+href="mailto:vegan@libre.net.ua"><vegan@libre.net.ua></a>, 2022.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:34 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/x.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/x.uk-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/x.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/x.uk-en.html 6 May 2022 12:06:36 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing traps" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>The X Window System Trap
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords"
+ content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, freedom, Richard Stallman,
rms, free software movement" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description"
+ content="Richard Stallman discusses the history of the movement to
develop a free operating system." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/x.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>The X Window System Trap</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard M. Stallman</address>
+
+<p>
+To copyleft or not to copyleft? That is one of the major
+controversies in the free software community. The idea of copyleft is
+that we should fight fire with fire—that we should use copyright
+to make sure our code stays free. The GNU General Public License (GNU
+GPL) is one example of a copyleft license.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers prefer noncopyleft distribution.
+Noncopyleft licenses such as the XFree86 and
+<a href="/licenses/bsd.html">BSD</a> licenses are based on the idea
+of never saying no to anyone—not even to someone who seeks to
+use your work as the basis for restricting other people. Noncopyleft
+licensing does nothing wrong, but it misses the opportunity to
+actively protect our freedom to change and redistribute software. For
+that, we need copyleft.</p>
+
+<p>
+For many years, the X Consortium was the chief opponent of copyleft.
+It exerted both moral suasion and pressure to discourage free software
+developers from copylefting their programs. It used moral suasion by
+suggesting that it is not nice to say no. It used pressure through
+its rule that copylefted software could not be in the X Distribution.</p>
+
+<p>
+Why did the X Consortium adopt this policy? It had to do with their
+conception of success. The X Consortium defined success as
+popularity—specifically, getting computer companies to use the X
+Window System. This definition put the computer companies in the
+driver's seat: whatever they wanted, the X Consortium had to help
+them get it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Computer companies normally distribute proprietary software. They
+wanted free software developers to donate their work for such use. If
+they had asked for this directly, people would have laughed. But the
+X Consortium, fronting for them, could present this request as an
+unselfish one. “Join us in donating our work to proprietary software
+developers,” they said, suggesting that this is a noble form of
+self-sacrifice. “Join us in achieving popularity,” they said,
+suggesting that it was not even a sacrifice.</p>
+
+<p>
+But self-sacrifice is not the issue: tossing away the defense that
+copyleft provides, which protects the freedom of the whole community,
+is sacrificing more than yourself. Those who granted the X
+Consortium's request entrusted the community's future to the goodwill
+of the X Consortium.</p>
+
+<p>
+This trust was misplaced. In its last year, the X Consortium made a
+plan to restrict the forthcoming X11R6.4 release so that it would not
+be free software. They decided to start saying no, not only to
+proprietary software developers, but to our community as well.</p>
+
+<p>
+There is an irony here. If you said yes when the X Consortium asked
+you not to use copyleft, you put the X Consortium in a position to
+license and restrict its version of your program, along with the
+code for the core of X.</p>
+
+<p>
+The X Consortium did not carry out this plan. Instead it closed down
+and transferred X development to the Open Group, whose staff are now
+carrying out a similar plan. To give them credit, when I asked them
+to release X11R6.4 under the GNU GPL in parallel with their planned
+restrictive license, they were willing to consider the idea. (They
+were firmly against staying with the old X11 distribution terms.)
+Before they said yes or no to this proposal, it had already failed for
+another reason: the XFree86 group followed the X Consortium's old
+policy, and will not accept copylefted software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In September 1998, several months after X11R6.4 was released with
+nonfree distribution terms, the Open Group reversed its decision and
+rereleased it under the same noncopyleft free software license that
+was used for X11R6.3. Thus, the Open Group therefore eventually did
+what was right, but that does not alter the general issue.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even if the X Consortium and the Open Group had never planned to
+restrict X, someone else could have done it. Noncopylefted software
+is vulnerable from all directions; it lets anyone make a nonfree
+version dominant, if he will invest sufficient resources to add
+significantly important features using proprietary code. Users who
+choose software based on technical characteristics, rather than on
+freedom, could easily be lured to the nonfree version for short-term
+convenience.</p>
+
+<p>
+The X Consortium and Open Group can no longer exert moral suasion by
+saying that it is wrong to say no. This will make it easier to decide
+to copyleft your X-related software.</p>
+
+<p>
+When you work on the core of X, on programs such as the X server,
+Xlib, and Xt, there is a practical reason not to use copyleft. The
+X.org group does an important job for the community in maintaining
+these programs, and the benefit of copylefting our changes would be
+less than the harm done by a fork in development. So it is better to
+work with them, and not copyleft our changes on these programs.
+Likewise for utilities such as <code>xset</code> and <code>xrdb</code>,
+which are close to the
+core of X and do not need major improvements. At least we know that
+the X.org group has a firm commitment to developing these programs as
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+The issue is different for programs outside the core of X:
+applications, window managers, and additional libraries and widgets.
+There is no reason not to copyleft them, and we should copyleft them.</p>
+
+<p>
+In case anyone feels the pressure exerted by the criteria for
+inclusion in the X distributions, the GNU Project will undertake to
+publicize copylefted packages that work with X. If you would like to
+copyleft something, and you worry that its omission from the X
+distribution will impede its popularity, please ask us to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+At the same time, it is better if we do not feel too much need for
+popularity. When a businessman tempts you with “more
+popularity,” he may try to convince you that his use of your
+program is crucial to its success. Don't believe it! If your program
+is good, it will find many users anyway; you don't need to feel
+desperate for any particular users, and you will be stronger if you do
+not. You can get an indescribable sense of joy and freedom by
+responding, “Take it or leave it—that's no skin off my
+back.” Often the businessman will turn around and accept the
+program with copyleft, once you call the bluff.</p>
+
+<p>
+Friends, free software developers, don't repeat old mistakes! If we
+do not copyleft our software, we put its future at the mercy of anyone
+equipped with more resources than scruples. With copyleft, we can
+defend freedom, not just for ourselves, but for our whole
+community.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2009, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2022/05/06 12:06:36 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
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