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www philosophy/categories.pt-br.html philosophy...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www philosophy/categories.pt-br.html philosophy... |
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Date: |
Wed, 10 Nov 2021 05:04:32 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/11/10 05:04:31
Modified files:
philosophy : categories.pt-br.html compromise.ml.html
compromise.pt-br.html drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html
floss-and-foss.pt-br.html
free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html
free-software-intro.pt-br.html
free-sw.pt-br.html fs-translations.pt-br.html
philosophy/po : compromise.ml-diff.html
compromise.pt-br-diff.html
free-sw.pt-br-diff.html
fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html
proprietary : proprietary-incompatibility.es.html
proprietary-insecurity.es.html
proprietary-interference.es.html
proprietary.es.html
proprietary/po : es.po proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html
proprietary-incompatibility.es.po
proprietary-insecurity.es-en.html
proprietary-insecurity.es.po
proprietary-interference.es-en.html
proprietary-interference.es.po
proprietary.es-en.html proprietary.es.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : categories.pt-br-diff.html
drdobbs-letter.pt-br-diff.html
floss-and-foss.pt-br-diff.html
free-software-for-freedom.pt-br-diff.html
free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/floss-and-foss.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fs-translations.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.21&r2=1.22
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary-incompatibility.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary-interference.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.184&r2=1.185
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.504&r2=1.505
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.47&r2=1.48
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.136&r2=1.137
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.173&r2=1.174
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.539&r2=1.540
Patches:
Index: philosophy/categories.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- philosophy/categories.pt-br.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:17 -0000 1.21
+++ philosophy/categories.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000 1.22
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/categories.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Categorias de softwares livres e não livres</h2>
@@ -436,7 +442,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:17 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/compromise.ml.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.ml.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/compromise.ml.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000 1.35
+++ philosophy/compromise.ml.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000 1.36
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/compromise.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/compromise.ml.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/compromise.ml.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/compromise.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/compromise.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ml.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -21,6 +26,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ml.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.ml.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ml.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.ml.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>à´¦àµà´·à´à´°à´®à´¾à´¯ വിà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´´àµà´à´à´³àµ
à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´²àµâ</h2>
@@ -295,7 +301,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/compromise.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- philosophy/compromise.pt-br.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000 1.37
+++ philosophy/compromise.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000 1.38
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/compromise.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/compromise.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/compromise.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -20,6 +25,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Evitando Compromissos Ruinosos</h2>
@@ -275,7 +281,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html 5 Sep 2021 16:33:26 -0000
1.9
+++ philosophy/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000
1.10
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Carta ao Editor do Dr. Dobb's Journal</h2>
@@ -167,7 +173,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/09/05 16:33:26 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/floss-and-foss.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/floss-and-foss.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/floss-and-foss.pt-br.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/floss-and-foss.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000
1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/floss-and-foss.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -13,6 +18,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>FLOSS e FOSS</h2>
@@ -137,7 +143,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html 5 Sep 2021 23:02:17
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29
-0000 1.6
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -14,6 +19,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Por que âSoftware Livreâ é melhor que âCódigo Abertoâ</h2>
@@ -468,7 +474,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/09/05 23:02:17 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/free-software-intro.pt-br.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000
1.4
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000
1.5
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-software-intro.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-software-intro.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -13,6 +18,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Movimento Software Livre</h2>
@@ -156,7 +162,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html 5 Sep 2021 12:34:06 -0000 1.52
+++ philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000 1.53
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/free-sw.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -25,6 +30,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>O que é o software livre?</h2>
@@ -809,7 +815,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/09/05 12:34:06 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/fs-translations.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-translations.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.21
retrieving revision 1.22
diff -u -b -r1.21 -r1.22
--- philosophy/fs-translations.pt-br.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:19 -0000
1.21
+++ philosophy/fs-translations.pt-br.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:29 -0000
1.22
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/fs-translations.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/fs-translations.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2021-09-11" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/fs-translations.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
@@ -26,6 +31,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Traduções do termo âfree softwareâ</h2>
@@ -1224,7 +1230,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:19 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html 22 Jul 2021 12:33:05 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/po/compromise.ml-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:30 -0000
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</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
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class="removed"><del><strong>1.86</strong></del></span> <span
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-<!--#set var="TAGS" value="upholding" -->
-<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<style type="text/css" <span
class="removed"><del><strong>media="print,screen">
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- .quote {
- font-size: 90%;
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- <span class="removed"><del><strong>.quote {
- max-width: none; width: auto;
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+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+ .imgleft, .imgright { display: block; height: 4.25em; width: auto; }
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+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
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-<div class="reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</h2>
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><blockquote class="quote
imgright"><p>“Twenty-five</strong></del></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div
class="article"></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="article">
-<p class="comment">Twenty-five</em></ins></span> years
+<p <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="comment">Twenty-five</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="introduction">Twenty-five</em></ins></span>
years
ago <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on September 27, 1983, I
announced a plan</a> to create a completely free operating system
-called GNU—for <span
class="removed"><del><strong>‘GNU's</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“GNU's</em></ins></span> Not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Unix’.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Unix”.</em></ins></span> As part of the
+called GNU—for “GNU's Not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Unix”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Unix.”</em></ins></span> As part of the
25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on how
our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
-such compromises, there are many ways you can <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="/help/help.html">help</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="/help/help.html">
-help</em></ins></span> GNU</a> and free software. One <span
class="removed"><del><strong>basic</strong></del></span> way is to <span
class="removed"><del><strong><a
href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052">
-join</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>say no
to</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>Free Software
Foundation</a> as</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use of a
-nonfree program or</em></ins></span> an <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Associate
-Member.”—<b>Richard
Stallman</b></p></blockquote></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>online disservice as often as you can or
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/help.html">
+help GNU</a> and free software. One way is to say no to the use of a
+nonfree program or an online disservice as often as you can or
<a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">
even once</a>.</p>
-<hr class="no-display" /></em></ins></span>
+<hr class="no-display" />
<p>The free software movement aims for a social
change: <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software
@@ -91,16 +56,16 @@
injustice.</p>
<p>The road to freedom
-is <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/"></em></ins></span>
+is <a
href="https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/">
a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a
world in which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some
of these steps are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become
easier if we make compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><img
src="/graphics/gplv3-with-text-136x68.png" alt=" [GPL Logo] "
-class="imgright" /></em></ins></span>
+<img src="/graphics/gplv3-with-text-136x68.png" alt=" [GPL Logo] "
+class="imgright" />
-<p>Thus, the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free</em></ins></span>
Software
+<p>Thus, the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
Foundation</a> makes compromises—even major ones. For
instance, we made compromises in the patent provisions of version 3 of
the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>
@@ -108,7 +73,7 @@
GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some patents under the effect of
these provisions. </p>
-<img <span class="removed"><del><strong>src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png"
alt=" [GPLv3 Logo] "</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>src="/graphics/lgplv3-with-text-154x68.png"
alt=" [LGPL Logo] "</em></ins></span>
+<img src="/graphics/lgplv3-with-text-154x68.png" alt=" [LGPL
Logo] "
class="imgleft" />
<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s
purpose is a
@@ -168,15 +133,16 @@
<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not
advocate open source.</a></p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="pict
narrow"></em></ins></span>
+<div class="pict narrow">
<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png"
- alt=" [Levitating Gnu with a laptop] " <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="imgright"</strong></del></span> />
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+ alt=" [Levitating Gnu with a laptop] " />
+</div>
<p>To establish a free community fully and lastingly, we need to do
more than get people to use some free software. We need to spread the
idea of judging software (and other things) on “citizen
-values”, based on whether it respects users' freedom and
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>values”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>values,”</em></ins></span> based on
whether it respects users' freedom and
community, not just in terms of convenience. Then people will not
fall into the trap of a proprietary program baited by an attractive,
convenient feature.</p>
@@ -233,10 +199,10 @@
to keep our values straight.</p>
<p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal
-of freedom, look at <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.fsf.org/resources">the</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.fsf.org/resources">the</em></ins></span>
FSF's
+of freedom, look at <a href="https://www.fsf.org/resources">the FSF's
resources area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that
work with free software, <a href="/distros/distros.html"> totally free
-GNU/Linux distros</a> to install, and <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://directory.fsf.org/"></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://directory.fsf.org/"></em></ins></span>
+GNU/Linux distros</a> to install, and <a
href="https://directory.fsf.org/">
thousands of free software packages</a> that work in a 100 percent
free software environment. If you want to help the community stay on
the road to freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen
@@ -248,20 +214,19 @@
but beware of compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
<hr class="column-limit"/>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
<p>
For a similar point in a different area of life,
see <a
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change"></strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change"></em></ins></span>
+href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change">
“Nudge” is not enough</a>.
</p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div></em></ins></span>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="footer"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="footer" role="contentinfo"></em></ins></span>
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
@@ -279,17 +244,33 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>submitting</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>contributing</em></ins></span> translations of this
article.</p>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2008, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2009, 2014,
2015, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
-Stallman</a>.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2021 Richard Stallman</p></em></ins></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -299,7 +280,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/07/22 12:33:05 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br-diff.html 12 Apr 2014 13:58:30 -0000
1.8
+++ philosophy/po/compromise.pt-br-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:30 -0000
1.9
@@ -11,28 +11,42 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+ .imgleft, .imgright { display: block; height: 4.25em; width: auto; }
+@media (max-width:25em) {
+ .imgleft, .imgright { float: none; margin: 0 auto; }
+}
+--></style>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/compromise.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
<h2>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</h2>
-<div style="float: right; font-size: 90%; width: 30em; margin: 1em;
-background-color: #ececec; padding: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em;
-margin-top: 4em;"><p><em>“Twenty-five years
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div
class="article"></strong></del></span>
+
+<p <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="comment">Twenty-five</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="introduction">Twenty-five</em></ins></span>
years
ago <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on September 27, 1983, I
announced a plan</a> to create a completely free operating system
-called GNU—for ‘GNU's Not Unix’. As part of the
+called GNU—for “GNU's Not <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Unix”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Unix.”</em></ins></span> As part of the
25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on how
our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
-such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/">help
-GNU</a> and free software. One basic way is
-to <a
href="https://www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom/join_fsf?referrer=4052">
-join the Free Software Foundation</a> as an Associate
-Member.”</em>—<b>Richard
Stallman</b></p></div>
-
-<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/help.html">
+help GNU</a> and free software. One way is to say no to the use of a
+nonfree program or an online disservice as often as you can or
+<a href="/philosophy/saying-no-even-once.html">
+even once</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
<p>The free software movement aims for a social
change: <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">to make all software
@@ -42,21 +56,25 @@
injustice.</p>
<p>The road to freedom
-is <a
href="http://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/">
+is <a
href="https://www.fsf.org/bulletin/2008/spring/the-last-mile-is-always-the-hardest/">
a long road</a>. It will take many steps and many years to reach a
world in which it is normal for software users to have freedom. Some
-of these steps are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become easier
-if we make compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
+of these steps are hard, and require sacrifice. Some of them become
+easier if we make compromises with people that have different goals.</p>
+
+<img src="/graphics/gplv3-with-text-136x68.png" alt=" [GPL Logo] "
+class="imgright" />
-<p>Thus, the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
+<p>Thus, the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
Foundation</a> makes compromises—even major ones. For
instance, we made compromises in the patent provisions of version 3 of
-the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>
(GNU GPL) so
-that major companies would contribute to and distribute GPLv3-covered
-software and thus bring some patents under the effect of these
-provisions. </p>
+the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a>
+(GNU GPL) so that major companies would contribute to and distribute
+GPLv3-covered software and thus bring some patents under the effect of
+these provisions. </p>
-<img src="/graphics/gplv3-large.png" alt="" style="float: left;" />
+<img src="/graphics/lgplv3-with-text-154x68.png" alt=" [LGPL
Logo] "
+class="imgleft" />
<p><a href="/licenses/lgpl.html">The Lesser GPL</a>'s
purpose is a
compromise: we use it on certain chosen free libraries to permit their
@@ -70,29 +88,29 @@
<p>But we reject certain compromises even though many others in our
community are willing to make them. For instance,
-we <a href="/philosophy/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">
+we <a href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.html">
endorse only the GNU/Linux distributions</a> that have policies not to
include nonfree software or lead users to install it. To endorse
-nonfree distributions would be a <acronym title="ruinous
+nonfree distributions would be a <abbr title="ruinous
(rū'ə-nəs) adj. 1. Causing or apt to cause ruin;
destructive. 2. Falling to ruin; dilapidated or
-decayed.">ruinous</acronym> compromise.</p>
+decayed.">ruinous</abbr> compromise.</p>
<p>Compromises are ruinous if they would work against our aims in the
-long term. That can occur either at the level of ideas or at the level of
-actions.</p>
+long term. That can occur either at the level of ideas or at the
+level of actions.</p>
<p>At the level of ideas, ruinous compromises are those that reinforce
the premises we seek to change. Our goal is a world in which software
users are free, but as yet most computer users do not even recognize
freedom as an issue. They have taken up “consumer”
-values, which means they judge any program only on practical characteristics
-such as price and convenience.</p>
+values, which means they judge any program only on practical
+characteristics such as price and convenience.</p>
-<p>Dale Carnegie's classic self-help book, <cite>How to Win
Friends and
-Influence People</cite>, advises that the most effective way to
+<p>Dale Carnegie's classic self-help book, <cite>How to Win
Friends
+and Influence People</cite>, advises that the most effective way to
persuade someone to do something is to present arguments that appeal
-to his values. There are ways we can appeal to the consumer values
+to per values. There are ways we can appeal to the consumer values
typical in our society. For instance, free software obtained gratis
can save the user money. Many free programs are convenient and
reliable, too. Citing those practical benefits has succeeded in
@@ -105,22 +123,26 @@
in terms of consumer values. That's what the term “open
source” and its associated rhetoric do.</p>
-<p>That approach can get us only part way to the goal of freedom. People
-who use free software only because it is convenient will stick with it
-only as long as it is convenient. And they will see no reason not to
-use convenient proprietary programs along with it.</p>
+<p>That approach can get us only part way to the goal of freedom.
+People who use free software only because it is convenient will stick
+with it only as long as it is more convenient. And they will see no
+reason not to use convenient proprietary programs along with it.</p>
<p>The philosophy of open source presupposes and appeals to consumer
values, and this affirms and reinforces them. That's why we
-<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not support
-open source.</a></p>
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">do not
+advocate open source.</a></p>
-<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png" alt="" style="float: right;" />
+<div class="pict narrow">
+<img src="/graphics/gnulaptop.png"
+ alt=" [Levitating Gnu with a laptop] " />
+</div>
<p>To establish a free community fully and lastingly, we need to do
more than get people to use some free software. We need to spread the
idea of judging software (and other things) on “citizen
-values”, based on whether it respects users' freedom and
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>values”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>values,”</em></ins></span> based on
whether it respects users' freedom and
community, not just in terms of convenience. Then people will not
fall into the trap of a proprietary program baited by an attractive,
convenient feature.</p>
@@ -130,12 +152,12 @@
compromise that would influence their actions by endorsing their
consumer values.</p>
-<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at all—we
can
-and we do. It becomes a problem only when the practical advantage steals
-the scene and pushes freedom into the background. Therefore,
-when we cite the practical advantages of free software, we reiterate
-frequently that those are just <em>additional, secondary</em>
reasons
-to prefer it.</p>
+<p>This is not to say we cannot cite practical advantage at
+all—we can and we do. It becomes a problem only when the
+practical advantage steals the scene and pushes freedom into the
+background. Therefore, when we cite the practical advantages of free
+software, we reiterate frequently that those are just <em>additional,
+secondary</em> reasons to prefer it.</p>
<p>It's not enough to make our words accord with our ideals; our
actions have to accord with them too. So we must also avoid
@@ -168,8 +190,8 @@
<p>A ruinous compromise is not just a bad influence on others. It can
distort your own values, too, through cognitive dissonance. If you
have certain values, but your actions imply other, conflicting values,
-you are likely to change your values or your actions so as to resolve the
-contradiction. Thus, projects that argue only from practical
+you are likely to change your values or your actions so as to resolve
+the contradiction. Thus, projects that argue only from practical
advantages, or direct people toward some nonfree software, nearly
always shy away from even <em>suggesting</em> that nonfree software
is unethical. For their participants, as well as for the public, they
@@ -177,47 +199,41 @@
to keep our values straight.</p>
<p>If you want to move to free software without compromising the goal
-of freedom, look at <a href="http://www.fsf.org/resources">the FSF's
+of freedom, look at <a href="https://www.fsf.org/resources">the FSF's
resources area</a>. It lists hardware and machine configurations that
-work with free software, <a href="/distros"> totally free GNU/Linux
-distros</a> to install, and <span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/"></em></ins></span>
-thousands of free software <span
class="removed"><del><strong>packages</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>packages</a></em></ins></span> that
-work in a 100 percent free software environment. If you want to help the
-community stay on the road to freedom, one important way is to
-publicly uphold citizen values. When people are discussing what is
-good or bad, or what to do, cite the values of freedom and community
-and argue from them.</p>
+work with free software, <a href="/distros/distros.html"> totally free
+GNU/Linux distros</a> to install, and <a
href="https://directory.fsf.org/">
+thousands of free software packages</a> that work in a 100 percent
+free software environment. If you want to help the community stay on
+the road to freedom, one important way is to publicly uphold citizen
+values. When people are discussing what is good or bad, or what to
+do, cite the values of freedom and community and argue from them.</p>
-<p>A road that lets you go faster is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>no improvement</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>not better</em></ins></span> if it leads to the
+<p>A road that lets you go faster is not better if it leads to the
wrong place. Compromise is essential to achieve an ambitious goal,
but beware of compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
-<hr />
+<hr class="column-limit"/>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
<p>
For a similar point in a different area of life,
-see <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change">";'Nudge'
-is not enough"</a>.
+see <a
+href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/jul/19/nudge-is-not-enough-behaviour-change">
+“Nudge” is not enough</a>.
</p>
+</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other
-corrections or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be
sent</em></ins></span> to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -228,62 +244,47 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
-information on coordinating and submitting translations of this <span
class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
-</div></em></ins></span>
-
-<p>Copyright © 2008, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009, 2014</em></ins></span> <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
-Stallman</a>.</p>
-
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Richard
Stallman</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p>This page</em></ins></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the founder of the Free Software Foundation.
-You can copy and redistribute this article</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>licensed</em></ins></span> under <span
class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>a</em></ins></span> <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution
Noderivs</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivs</em></ins></span> 3.0 <span
class="removed"><del><strong>license</a>.</p>
-
-<!--
-<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
- xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
- xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
-<Work rdf:about="">
-<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
-</Work>
-
-<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/">
- <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Attribution"; />
- <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction"; />
-
- <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution"; />
- <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Notice"; />
-</License>
-
-</rdf:RDF>
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
---></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>United States
License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:58:30 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><!-- All pages on the GNU web server
should have the section about -->
-<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
-<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
-<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
-<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002."
--></strong></del></span>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html 1 Jan 2016 10:30:14 -0000
1.35
+++ philosophy/po/free-sw.pt-br-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31 -0000
1.36
@@ -11,80 +11,144 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Parent-Version: 1.77
--></em></ins></span>
-<title>What is free software?
-- GNU Project - Free Software <span class="removed"><del><strong>Foundation
(FSF)</title></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Foundation</title></em></ins></span>
-
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs principles" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>What is Free Software?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+.toc > ul > li { list-style-type: none; font-weight: bold; }
+.toc ul { font-weight: normal; }
+#History ~ p, #History ~ ul { font-size: 1rem; }
+--></style>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free
Unix style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
-<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml"
/></strong></del></span>
-
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>What is Free Software?</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
-<h2>What is free software?</h2>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!--#include
virtual="/licenses/fsf-licensing.html" --></em></ins></span>
-
-<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>
-The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
-particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
-time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
-about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History
section</a>
-below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
-software.
-</p>
-</blockquote>
-
+<div class="important">
<p>
“Free software” means software that respects users'
-freedom and community. Roughly, <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it means
that</em></ins></span> <b>the users have the
+freedom and community. Roughly, it means that <b>the users have the
freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the
-software</b>. <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Thus, “free
software” is a matter of
+software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
“free” as in “free speech,” not as in
-“free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre
-software” to show we do not mean it is gratis.
+“free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>beer”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>beer.”</em></ins></span> We sometimes call it
“libre
+software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for
+“free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
+is gratis.
</p>
<p>
-We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves
them.</em></ins></span> With
-these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
-the program and what it does for them.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></p>
+You may have paid money to get copies of a free program, or you may
+have obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your
+copies, you always have the freedom to copy and change the software,
+even to <a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+</div>
-<p></strong></del></span> When users don't control the
-program, <span class="removed"><del><strong>the</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>we call it a “nonfree” or
-“proprietary” program. The nonfree</em></ins></span> program
controls the <span class="removed"><del><strong>users.
-The</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>users, and the</em></ins></span> developer
controls the <span class="removed"><del><strong>program, and through it
controls</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>program; this
makes</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>users.
-This nonfree or “proprietary”</strong></del></span>
-program <span class="removed"><del><strong>is therefore</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html"></em></ins></span>
-an instrument of unjust <span class="removed"><del><strong>power.
+<p>
+We campaign for these freedoms because everyone deserves them. With
+these freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control
+the program and what it does for them. When users don't control the
+program, we call it a “nonfree” or
+“proprietary” program. The nonfree program controls the
+users, and the developer controls the program; this makes the
+program <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+an instrument of unjust power</a>.
</p>
<p>
-Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price.
-To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as
-in “free speech,” not as in “free
beer”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>power</a>.</em></ins></span>
+“Open source” is something different: it has a very
+different philosophy based on different values. Its practical
+definition is different too, but nearly all open source programs are
+in fact free. We explain the
+difference in <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+Why “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>.
+</p>
+
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of contents</h3>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="#fs-definition">The Free Software
Definition</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#four-freedoms">The four essential
freedoms</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#selling">Free software <em>can</em>
be commercial</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free
and Nonfree</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#run-the-program">The freedom to run the program
as you
+ wish</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#make-changes">The freedom to study the source
code and make
+ changes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you
wish:
+ basic requirements</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#copyleft">Copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution
+ details</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#exportcontrol">Export
regulations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#legal-details">Legal
considerations</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#contracts">Contract-based
licenses</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#in-practice">The Free Software Definition in
Practice</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#interpretation">How we interpret these
criteria</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#get-help">Get help with free
licenses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#terminology">Use the right words when talking
about free
+ software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#beyond-software">Beyond
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#History">History</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<div class="edu-note" id="fsf-licensing" role="complementary">
+<p style="font-size:80%">
+Have a question about free software licensing not answered here?
+See our other <a href="http://www.fsf.org/licensing">licensing
resources</a>,
+and if necessary contact the FSF Compliance Lab
+at <a
href="mailto:licensing@fsf.org">licensing@fsf.org</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
+
+<h3 id="fs-definition">The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<p>
+The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
+time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History
section</a>
+below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+software.
</p>
+<h4 id="four-freedoms">The four essential freedoms</h4>
<p>
A program is free software if the program's users have the
-four essential freedoms:
+four essential freedoms: <a href="#f1">[1]</a>
</p>
-<ul>
- <li>The freedom to run the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>program,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program as you wish,</em></ins></span>
+<ul class="important">
+ <li>The freedom to run the program as you wish,
for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
<li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
code is a precondition for this.
</li>
- <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others
(freedom 2).
</li>
<li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
@@ -95,9 +159,8 @@
</ul>
<p>
-A program is free software if <span class="inserted"><ins><em>it
gives</em></ins></span> users <span
class="removed"><del><strong>have</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>adequately</em></ins></span> all of these
-freedoms. <span class="removed"><del><strong>Thus,
-you should</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>Otherwise,
it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
+A program is free software if it gives users adequately all of these
+freedoms. Otherwise, it is nonfree. While we can distinguish various
nonfree distribution schemes in terms of how far they fall short of
being free, we consider them all equally unethical.</p>
@@ -107,26 +170,57 @@
handle some cases. If we plan to distribute A as it stands, that
implies users will need B, so we need to judge whether both A and B
are free. However, if we plan to modify A so that it doesn't use B,
-only A needs to</em></ins></span> be <span class="inserted"><ins><em>free; we
can ignore B.</p>
+only A needs to be free; B is not pertinent to that plan.</p>
-<p>The rest of this page clarifies certain points about what makes
-specific freedoms adequate or not.</p>
-<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you
are</em></ins></span> free to
-redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
-gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
-<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do
these
-things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
-for permission to do so.
+<h4 id="selling">Free software <em>can</em> be
commercial</h4>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“noncommercial”.</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“noncommercial.”</em></ins></span>
+On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use,
+commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is
+of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not
+achieve its aims.
</p>
<p>
-You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
-privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
-exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
-notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+We want to invite everyone to use the GNU system, including businesses
+and their workers. That requires allowing commercial use. We hope
+that free replacement programs will supplant comparable proprietary
+programs, but they can't do that if businesses are forbidden to use
+them. We want commercial products that contain software to include
+the GNU system, and that would constitute commercial distribution for
+a price. Commercial development of free software is no longer
+unusual; such free commercial software is very important. Paid,
+professional support for free software fills an important need.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, to exclude commercial use, commercial development or commercial
+distribution would hobble the free software community and obstruct its
+path to success. We must conclude that a program licensed with such
+restrictions does not qualify as free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A free program must offer the four freedoms to any would-be user that
+obtains a copy of the software, who has complied thus far with the
+conditions of the free license covering the software in any previous
+distribution of it. Putting some of the freedoms off limits to some
+users, or requiring that users pay, in money or in kind, to exercise
+them, is tantamount to not granting the freedoms in question, and thus
+renders the program nonfree.
</p>
+
+<h3 id="clarifying">Clarifying the Boundary Between Free and
Nonfree</h3>
+
+<p>In the rest of this article we explain more precisely how far the
+various freedoms need to extend, on various issues, in order for a
+program to be free.</p>
+
+<h4 id="run-the-program">The freedom to run the program as you
wish</h4>
+
<p>
The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
@@ -139,28 +233,30 @@
</p>
<p>
-The freedom to <span class="removed"><del><strong>redistribute copies must
include binary or executable
-forms of</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>run</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>program, as well</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>program</em></ins></span> as <span
class="removed"><del><strong>source code, for both modified and
-unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
-for conveniently installable free</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>you wish means that you are not
-forbidden or stopped from doing so. It has nothing to do with what
-functionality the program has, or whether it is useful for what you
-want to do.</p>
+The freedom to run the program as you wish means that you are not
+forbidden or stopped from making it run. This has nothing to do with what
+functionality the program has, whether it is technically capable of
+functioning in any given environment, or whether it is useful for any
+particular computing activity.</p>
+
+<p>For example, if the code arbitrarily rejects certain meaningful
+inputs—or even fails unconditionally—that may make the
+program less useful, perhaps even totally useless, but it does not
+deny users the freedom to run the program, so it does not conflict
+with freedom 0. If the program is free, the users can overcome the
+loss of usefulness, because freedoms 1 and 3 permit users and
+communities to make and distribute modified versions without the
+arbitrary nuisance code.</p>
+
+<p>“As you wish” includes, optionally, “not at
+all” if that is what you wish. So there is no need for a
+separate “freedom not to run a program.”</p>
-<p>
-The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
-forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
-unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
-for conveniently installable free</em></ins></span> operating systems.) It is
OK if there
-is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
-(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
-freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
-make them.
-</p>
+<h4 id="make-changes">The freedom to study the source code and make
changes</h4>
<p>
In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
-freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+freedom to publish the changed versions) to be meaningful, you need to have
access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
“source code” is not real source code and does not count
@@ -170,44 +266,79 @@
<p>
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
-run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
-practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run <span
class="removed"><del><strong>yours — a</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>yours—a</em></ins></span>
+practice known as “tivoization” or <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“lockdown”,</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>“lockdown,”</em></ins></span>
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes <span class="removed"><del><strong>a
theoretical fiction</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>an
empty pretense</em></ins></span> rather than a
-practical <span class="removed"><del><strong>freedom. This is not sufficient.
In other words,
-these</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>reality.
These</em></ins></span> binaries are not free
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>boot” —
freedom</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>boot”—freedom</em></ins></span> 1
becomes an empty pretense rather than a
+practical reality. These binaries are not free
software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
<p>
One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
-cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
-requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing <span
class="removed"><del><strong>module — for</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>module—for</em></ins></span> instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you <span
class="removed"><del><strong>add — then</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>add—then</em></ins></span> the
license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
</p>
<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One special case of freedom 1 is to delete the program's code so it
+returns after doing nothing, or make it invoke some other program.
+Thus, freedom 1 includes the “freedom to delete the program.”
+</p>
+
+<h4 id="redistribute">The freedom to redistribute if you wish: basic
+requirements</h4>
+
+<p>Freedom to distribute (freedoms 2 and 3) means you are free to
+redistribute copies, either with or without modifications, either
+gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do
these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
-a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.
However, a
+a <a href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license.
However, a
license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
as a free license.
</p>
<p>
-In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
-irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
-software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
-restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
-cause, the software is not free.
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
</p>
+<h4 id="copyleft">Copyleft</h4>
+
<p>
-However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+Certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
-freedoms. For example, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>copyleft</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a></em></ins></span>
+freedoms. For example, <a
href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
(very simply stated) is the rule that when redistributing the program,
you cannot add restrictions to deny other people the central freedoms.
This rule does not conflict with the central freedoms; rather it
@@ -215,7 +346,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect
the four freedoms
+In the GNU project, we use copyleft to protect the four freedoms
legally for everyone. We believe there are important reasons why
<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
copyleft</a>. However,
@@ -227,25 +358,10 @@
relate to each other.
</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
-“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”. A free
-program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
-and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
-is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
-You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
-obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
-you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
-<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
-</p>
+<h4 id="packaging">Rules about packaging and distribution
details</h4>
<p>
-Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
-If your right to modify a program is limited, in substance, to changes that
-someone else considers an improvement, that program is not free.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+Rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
@@ -257,15 +373,6 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>A special issue arises when a license
requires changing the name by
-which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
-effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
-can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
-sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
-facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
-alias for the modified version.</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span>
Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
@@ -278,37 +385,30 @@
</p>
<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>In</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>A special issue arises when a license requires
changing the name by
-which</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU project, we
use
-<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
-to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
-<a
href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
-free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons
why
-<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use
copyleft</a>,
-but if your</strong></del></span> program <span
class="removed"><del><strong>is noncopylefted free
software,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>will be invoked
from other programs. That
-effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so
that</em></ins></span> it <span class="removed"><del><strong>is still basically
-ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>can replace the original when invoked by
those</em></ins></span> other <span
class="removed"><del><strong>categories</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>programs. This
-sort</em></ins></span> of <span class="removed"><del><strong>software
relate</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>requirement is
acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
-facility that allows you</em></ins></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>each other.)
-</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>specify the
original program's name as an
-alias for the modified version.</p></em></ins></span>
+A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
+effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
+sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+alias for the modified version.</p>
+
+<h4 id="exportcontrol">Export regulations</h4>
<p>
-Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control
regulations</a>
+Sometimes government export control regulations
and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
-must not require obedience to any <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>nontrivial</em></ins></span> export regulations as a
-condition of <span class="inserted"><ins><em>exercising</em></ins></span> any
of the essential freedoms.
+must not require obedience to any nontrivial export regulations as a
+condition of exercising any of the essential freedoms.
</p>
<p>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Merely mentioning the existence of export
regulations, without making
+Merely mentioning the existence of export regulations, without making
them a condition of the license itself, is acceptable since it does
not restrict users. If an export regulation is actually trivial for
free software, then requiring it as a condition is not an actual
@@ -317,10 +417,20 @@
software nonfree.
</p>
+<h4 id="legal-details">Legal considerations</h4>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+cause, the software is not free.
+</p>
+
<p>
A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
-comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in
+comply with the licenses of “all the programs you <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use,”</em></ins></span> in
the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
license nonfree.
@@ -331,7 +441,9 @@
law applies, or where litigation must be done, or both.
</p>
-<p></em></ins></span>
+<h4 id="contracts">Contract-based licenses</h4>
+
+<p>
Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
@@ -350,19 +462,12 @@
it is nonfree.
</p>
-<p>
-When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
-like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
-the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
-as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
that
-are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
-a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
of
-“free software”</a> into various languages.
-</p>
+<h3 id="in-practice">The Free Software Definition in Practice</h3>
+
+<h4 id="interpretation">How we interpret these criteria</h4>
<p>
-Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+Note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
@@ -375,6 +480,8 @@
it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
</p>
+<h4 id="get-help">Get help with free licenses</h4>
+
<p>
If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
@@ -397,6 +504,27 @@
and avoid various practical problems.
</p>
+<h4 id="terminology">Use the right words when talking about free
software</h4>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases
that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations
of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p id="open-source">
+Another group uses the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software.”</em></ins></span> We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” never refers to freedom.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h3>
<p>
@@ -407,9 +535,9 @@
<p>
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
-practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+practical <span class="removed"><del><strong>use —
that</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>use—that</em></ins></span> is to say, works
that embody useful knowledge,
such as educational works and reference
-works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the
best-known
+works. <a href="https://wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a> is the
best-known
example.
</p>
@@ -419,89 +547,93 @@
free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
</p>
-<h3 id="open-source">Open Source?</h3>
-
-<p>
-Another group <span class="removed"><del><strong>has started
using</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>uses</em></ins></span> the term “open
source” to mean
-something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We
-prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
-it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
-word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
-never refers to freedom</a>.
-</p>
-
<h3 id="History">History</h3>
<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
-the list of <span class="inserted"><ins><em>substantive</em></ins></span>
changes, along with links to show exactly what
+the list of substantive changes, along with links to show exactly what
was changed.</p>
<ul>
-<li><a <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.168&r2=1.169">Version
+1.169</a>: Explain more clearly why the four freedoms must apply
+to commercial activity. Explain why the four freedoms imply the
+freedom not to run the program and the freedom to delete it, so there
+is no need to state those as separate requirements.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.164&r2=1.165">Version
+1.165</a>: Clarify that arbitrary annoyances in the code do not
+negate freedom 0, and that freedoms 1 and 3 enable users to remove
them.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.152&r2=1.153">Version
+1.153</a>: Clarify that freedom to run the program means nothing stops
+you from making it run.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.140&r2=1.141">Version
1.141</a>: Clarify which code needs to be free.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.134&r2=1.135">Version
1.135</a>: Say each time that freedom 0 is the freedom to run the program
as you wish.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134">Version
1.134</a>: Freedom 0 is not a matter of the program's
functionality.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.130&r2=1.131">Version
1.131</a>: A free license may not require compliance with a nonfree
license
of another program.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.128&r2=1.129">Version
1.129</a>: State explicitly that choice of law and choice of forum
specifications are allowed. (This was always our policy.)</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.121&r2=1.122">Version
1.122</a>: An export control requirement is a real problem if the
requirement is nontrivial; otherwise it is only a potential problem.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.117&r2=1.118">Version
1.118</a>: Clarification: the issue is limits on your right to modify,
not on what modifications you have made. And modifications are not limited
to “improvements”</li>
-<li><a</em></ins></span>
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of
the
work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
version for your computing.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92">Version
1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source
code.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90">Version
1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
in someone else's development project.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89">Version
1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
free software.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80">Version
1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
i.e., no tivoization.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77">Version
1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
replacement.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74">Version
1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
in some places but not reflected everywhere:
<ul>
-<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong><li>"Improvements"</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em><li>“Improvements”</em></ins></span>
does not mean the license can
substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
<li>The right to merge in existing modules
@@ -511,73 +643,72 @@
</ul>
</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version
-1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57">Version
+1.57</a>: Add <span class="removed"><del><strong>"Beyond
Software"</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“Beyond Software”</em></ins></span>
section.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46">Version
1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
the program for any purpose.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41">Version
1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40">Version
1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
available free software to create your modifications.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39">Version
1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
provide source for versions of the software you put into public
use.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31">Version
1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
clarifications throughout the text.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23">Version
1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
licenses.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16">Version
1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
-<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version
+<li><a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11">Version
1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
-versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+versions you distribute to previous developers on request.</li>
</ul>
<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
-other changes in this page that do not affect the definition <span
class="removed"><del><strong>as such.
-These</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>or its
-interpretations. For instance, the list does not include</em></ins></span>
changes <span class="removed"><del><strong>are</strong></del></span> in
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation,
or</em></ins></span> other parts of the page.
+other changes in this page that do not affect the definition or its
+interpretations. For instance, the list does not include changes in
+asides, formatting, spelling, punctuation, or other parts of the page.
You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
-the <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
+the <a
href="//web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
interface</a>.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">The reason they are numbered 0, 1, 2 and 3 is historical.
Around
+1990 there were three freedoms, numbered 1, 2 and 3. Then we realized that
+the freedom to run the program needed to be mentioned explicitly.
+It was clearly more basic than the other three, so it properly should
+precede them. Rather than renumber the others, we made it
freedom 0.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for id="content", starts
in the include above --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>
-Please</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div class="unprintable">
-
-<p>Please</em></ins></span> send <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>general</em></ins></span> FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
-the FSF.
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><br />
-Please send broken</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Broken</em></ins></span> links and other corrections
or suggestions <span class="inserted"><ins><em>can be sent</em></ins></span>
-to <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.
-</p>
-
-<p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
@@ -588,18 +719,14 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
- README</a>. --></em></ins></span>
+ README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
-of this <span class="removed"><del><strong>article.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Copyright</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>article.</p>
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -619,27 +746,22 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright</em></ins></span> © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1996-2002,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1996, 2002,</em></ins></span> 2004-2007, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2009, 2010, 2012</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2009-2016</em></ins></span>
-Free Software Foundation, <span class="removed"><del><strong>Inc.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Inc.</p></em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 1996-2002, 2004-2019, 2021
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States License</a>.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
-<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Updated:</strong></del></span>
-
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p
class="unprintable">Updated:</em></ins></span>
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2016/01/01 10:30:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html 1 Sep 2017 18:29:05
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/fs-translations.pt-br-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.2
@@ -10,12 +10,14 @@
span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
</style></head>
<body><pre>
-<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#include <span
class="removed"><del><strong>virtual="/server/html5-header.html"</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>virtual="/server/header.html"</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Translations of the term “free software”
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-translations.translist" -->
-
<style type="text/css" media="print,screen">
<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX = /[.](ar|fa|he)/" --><!--
#content th { text-align: right; }
@@ -24,15 +26,20 @@
--><!--#endif -->
</style>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
<h2>Translations of the term “free software”</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
<p>This is a list of recommended unambiguous translations for the term
“free software” (<a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free as in
freedom</a>) into various languages.</p>
-<p>We also provide translations of “gratis software”,
-“proprietary software”, and “commercial software”
+<p>We also provide translations of “gratis <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span>
+“proprietary <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span> and
“commercial software”
to show how to make the contrast in various languages.</p>
<p>If you know a correction or addition to the list, please email it to
@@ -129,6 +136,21 @@
সà§à¦¬à¦¾à¦§à§à¦¨ সফà¦à¦à§à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦°
(swadhin software)
</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">
+বিনামà§à¦²à§à¦¯à§à¦° সফà¦à¦à§à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦°
+(binamuller software)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">
+মালিà¦à¦¾à¦¨à¦¾ সফà¦à¦à§à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦°
+(malikana software)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="bn" xml:lang="bn">
+বাণিà¦à§à¦¯à¦¿à¦ সফà¦à¦à§à§à¦¯à¦¾à¦°
+(banijjik software)
+</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -146,7 +168,7 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
-<h3 <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="my">Burmese</h3>
+<h3 id="my">Burmese</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Language Code</th>
@@ -160,7 +182,7 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
-<h3</em></ins></span> id="ca">Catalan</h3>
+<h3 id="ca">Catalan</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Language Code</th>
@@ -232,6 +254,12 @@
<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
<td lang="cs" xml:lang="cs">
bezplatný software</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="cs" xml:lang="cs">
+proprietárnà software</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="cs" xml:lang="cs">
+komerÄnà software</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -277,6 +305,15 @@
<tr><th>Free Software</th>
<td lang="eo" xml:lang="eo">
libera programaro / programo</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="eo" xml:lang="eo">
+senpaga programaro / programo</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="eo" xml:lang="eo">
+mallibera programaro / programo</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="eo" xml:lang="eo">
+komerca programaro / programo</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -327,6 +364,26 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
+<h3 id="gl">Galician</h3>
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>Language Code</th>
+<td>gl</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Free Software</th>
+<td lang="gl" xml:lang="gl">
+software libre</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="gl" xml:lang="gl">
+software gratuÃto</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="gl" xml:lang="gl">
+software privativo</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="gl" xml:lang="gl">
+software comercial</td></tr>
+</table>
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
<h3 id="ka">Georgian</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
@@ -578,6 +635,15 @@
<tr><th>Free Software</th>
<td lang="ms" xml:lang="ms">
perisian bebas</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="ms" xml:lang="ms">
+perisian percuma</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="ms" xml:lang="ms">
+perisian hakmilik</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="ms" xml:lang="ms">
+perisian dagangan</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -601,10 +667,19 @@
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Language Code</th>
-<td>no</td></tr>
+<td>no, nb, nn</td></tr>
<tr><th>Free Software</th>
<td lang="no" xml:lang="no">
fri programvare</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="no" xml:lang="no">
+gratis programvare</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="no" xml:lang="no">
+godseid programvare / proprietær programvare</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="no" xml:lang="no">
+kommersiell programvare</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -653,7 +728,7 @@
software gratuito</td></tr>
<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
<td lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">
-software proprietário</td></tr>
+software privativo</td></tr>
<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
<td lang="pt" xml:lang="pt">
software comercial</td></tr>
@@ -711,7 +786,7 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
-<h3 <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="gd">Scottish Gaelic</h3>
+<h3 id="gd">Scottish Gaelic</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Language Code</th>
@@ -725,7 +800,7 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
-<h3</em></ins></span> id="sr">Serbian</h3>
+<h3 id="sr">Serbian</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
<tr><th>Language Code</th>
@@ -845,6 +920,34 @@
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
+<h3 id="te">Telugu</h3>
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
+<table border="1">
+<tr><th>Language Code</th>
+<td>te</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Free Software</th>
+<td lang="te" xml:lang="te">
+à°¸à±à°µà±à°à±à° సాఫà±à°à±âà°µà±à°°à±
+(swechcha software)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="te" xml:lang="te">
+à°à°à°¿à°¤ సాఫà±à°à±âà°µà±à°°à±
+(uchitha software)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="te" xml:lang="te">
+యాà°à°®à°¾à°¨à±à°¯ సాఫà±à°à±âà°µà±à°°à±
+(yaajamaanya software)
+</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="te" xml:lang="te">
+వాణిà°à±à°¯ సాఫà±à°à±âà°µà±à°°à±
+(vaanijya software)
+</td></tr>
+</table>
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
+<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
<h3 id="th">Thai</h3>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
<table border="1">
@@ -866,7 +969,14 @@
<td lang="tr" xml:lang="tr">
özgür yazılım</td></tr>
<tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
-<td>bedava yazılım</td></tr>
+<td lang="tr" xml:lang="tr">
+bedava yazılım</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="tr" xml:lang="tr">
+özel mülk yazılım</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="tr" xml:lang="tr">
+ticari yazılım</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -878,6 +988,15 @@
<tr><th>Free Software</th>
<td lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">
вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (vil'ne prohramne
zabezpechennja)</td></tr>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><tr><th>Gratis Software</th>
+<td lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">
+безплаÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (bezplatne
programne zapezpechennja)</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Proprietary Software</th>
+<td lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">
+влаÑниÑÑке пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (vlasnits'ke
programne zapezpechennja)</td></tr>
+<tr><th>Commercial Software</th>
+<td lang="uk" xml:lang="uk">
+комеÑÑÑйне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ (kommertsijne
programne zapezpechennja)</td></tr></em></ins></span>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-NEXT-ITEM -->
<!-- GNUN-SORT-BEGIN-KEY -->
@@ -925,10 +1044,11 @@
Isoftware Ekhululekile</td></tr>
</table>
<!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP -->
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -946,13 +1066,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -973,8 +1093,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1999, 2000, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010,
-2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1999-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
@@ -984,11 +1103,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/09/01 18:29:05 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
</pre></body></html>
Index: proprietary/proprietary-incompatibility.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary-incompatibility.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- proprietary/proprietary-incompatibility.es.html 1 Jun 2021 09:43:55
-0000 1.13
+++ proprietary/proprietary-incompatibility.es.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.14
@@ -134,6 +134,22 @@
href="https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/download/attachments/204385883/Format%20profile%20-%20Apple%20iWork%20Pages%20v04.docx?version=1&modificationDate=1459873751000&api=v2";>inapropiados
para la conservación de documentos</a>.</p>
</li>
+
+ <li id="M201602110">
+
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
+2016-02</small>'
+ -->
+<!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+<p>Un marcapasos que funciona con código privativo <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>estaba
+mal configurado y podrÃa haber matado a la persona a la que se le habÃa
+implantado</a>. A fin de descubrir qué iba mal y arreglarlo, esa persona
+tuvo que acceder al dispositivo remoto que establece los parámetros del
+marcapasos (probablemente infringiendo los derechos del fabricante en virtud
+de la DMCA). Si ese sistema funcionara con software libre, el problema se
+habrÃa solucionado mucho antes.</p>
+ </li>
</ul>
</div>
@@ -211,7 +227,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/06/01 09:43:55 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.es.html 21 Sep 2021 12:03:55 -0000
1.52
+++ proprietary/proprietary-insecurity.es.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31 -0000
1.53
@@ -1149,6 +1149,22 @@
del móvil.</p>
</li>
+ <li id="M201602110">
+
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
+2016-02</small>'
+ -->
+<!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+<p>Un marcapasos que funciona con código privativo <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>estaba
+mal configurado y podrÃa haber matado a la persona a la que se le habÃa
+implantado</a>. A fin de descubrir qué iba mal y arreglarlo, esa persona
+tuvo que acceder al dispositivo remoto que establece los parámetros del
+marcapasos (probablemente infringiendo los derechos del fabricante en virtud
+de la DMCA). Si ese sistema funcionara con software libre, el problema se
+habrÃa solucionado mucho antes.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M201510210">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
@@ -1521,7 +1537,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/09/21 12:03:55 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: proprietary/proprietary-interference.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary-interference.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- proprietary/proprietary-interference.es.html 31 Oct 2021 13:00:15
-0000 1.29
+++ proprietary/proprietary-interference.es.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.30
@@ -459,6 +459,22 @@
«actualizar» los equipos a Windows 10</a>.</p>
</li>
+ <li id="M201602110">
+
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
+2016-02</small>'
+ -->
+<!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+<p>Un marcapasos que funciona con código privativo <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>estaba
+mal configurado y podrÃa haber matado a la persona a la que se le habÃa
+implantado</a>. A fin de descubrir qué iba mal y arreglarlo, esa persona
+necesitó acceder al dispositivo remoto que establece los parámetros del
+marcapasos (probablemente infringiendo los derechos del fabricante en virtud
+de la DMCA). Si ese sistema funcionara con software libre, el problema se
+habrÃa solucionado mucho antes.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M201601160">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
@@ -587,7 +603,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/10/31 13:00:15 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: proprietary/proprietary.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.184
retrieving revision 1.185
diff -u -b -r1.184 -r1.185
--- proprietary/proprietary.es.html 5 Nov 2021 19:00:27 -0000 1.184
+++ proprietary/proprietary.es.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31 -0000 1.185
@@ -197,6 +197,22 @@
<h3 id="latest">Añadidos recientes</h3>
<ul class="blurbs">
+ <li id="M201602110">
+
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
+2016-02</small>'
+ -->
+<!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+<p>Un marcapasos que funciona con código privativo <a
+href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>estaba
+mal configurado y podrÃa haber matado a la persona a la que se le habÃa
+implantado</a>. A fin de descubrir qué iba mal y arreglarlo, esa persona
+tuvo que acceder al dispositivo remoto que establece los parámetros del
+marcapasos (probablemente infringiendo los derechos del fabricante en virtud
+de la DMCA). Si ese sistema funcionara con software libre, el problema se
+habrÃa solucionado mucho antes.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M202110130">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
@@ -268,26 +284,6 @@
<p>Esta es la consecuencia natural de tener software que no es libre en un
dispositivo que se comunica con la empresa que lo fabricó.</p>
</li>
-
- <li id="M202106250">
-
- <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">
-2021-06</small>'
- -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
-<p><a
-href="https://www.elsalvador.com/eldiariodehoy/app-chivo-bitcoin-pone-en-riesgo-datos-personales-de-usuarios/852310/2021/";>El
-monedero Chivo de la dictadura salvadoreña es software espÃa</a>. Es un
-programa privativo que vulnera la libertad de los usuarios y los espÃa; pide
-datos personales tales como el número del documento de identidad y utiliza
-el reconocimiento facial, ademas de tener una mala seguridad sobre los
-datos. También pide casi todos los permisos caracterÃsticos del software
-malicioso para <cite>smartphones</cite>.</p>
-
- <p>El artÃculo lo critica por sus defectos en la «protección de
datos», aunque
-<a href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">«protección de datos»
-es no obstante la forma errónea de abordar la privacidad</a>.</p>
- </li>
</ul>
<p class="button right-align">
<a href="/proprietary/all.html">Ver más…</a></p>
@@ -370,7 +366,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2021/11/05 19:00:27 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: proprietary/po/es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.504
retrieving revision 1.505
diff -u -b -r1.504 -r1.505
--- proprietary/po/es.po 9 Nov 2021 09:06:01 -0000 1.504
+++ proprietary/po/es.po 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31 -0000 1.505
@@ -624,6 +624,14 @@
"manufacturer's rights under the DMCA). If this system had run free software, "
"it could have been fixed much sooner."
msgstr ""
+"Un marcapasos que funciona con código privativo <a href=\"https://www.wired.";
+"com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/\">estaba mal "
+"configurado y podrÃa haber matado a la persona a la que se le habÃa "
+"implantado</a>. A fin de descubrir qué iba mal y arreglarlo, esa persona "
+"necesitó acceder al dispositivo remoto que establece los parámetros del "
+"marcapasos (probablemente infringiendo los derechos del fabricante en virtud "
+"de la DMCA). Si ese sistema funcionara con software libre, el problema se "
+"habrÃa solucionado mucho antes."
#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li><p>
msgid ""
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html 1 Jun 2021
09:44:01 -0000 1.9
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es-en.html 10 Nov 2021
10:04:31 -0000 1.10
@@ -120,6 +120,18 @@
href="https://wiki.harvard.edu/confluence/download/attachments/204385883/Format%20profile%20-%20Apple%20iWork%20Pages%20v04.docx?version=1&modificationDate=1459873751000&api=v2";>
unfit for document preservation</a>.</p>
</li>
+
+ <li id="M201602110">
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2016-02</small>'
+ --><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+ <p>A pacemaker running proprietary code <a
+
href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>was
+ misconfigured and could have killed the implanted person</a>. In order
+ to find out what was wrong and get it fixed, the person needed to break
+ into the remote device that sets parameters in the pacemaker (possibly
+ infringing upon manufacturer's rights under the DMCA). If this system
+ had run free software, it could have been fixed much sooner.</p>
+ </li>
</ul>
</div>
@@ -181,7 +193,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/06/01 09:44:01 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-incompatibility.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es-en.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.47
retrieving revision 1.48
diff -u -b -r1.47 -r1.48
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es-en.html 21 Sep 2021 12:03:56
-0000 1.47
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es-en.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.48
@@ -908,6 +908,18 @@
it is possible to physically remove the cell phone modem, though.</p>
</li>
+ <li id="M201602110">
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2016-02</small>'
+ --><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+ <p>A pacemaker running proprietary code <a
+
href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>was
+ misconfigured and could have killed the implanted person</a>. In order
+ to find out what was wrong and get it fixed, the person needed to break
+ into the remote device that sets parameters in the pacemaker (possibly
+ infringing upon manufacturer's rights under the DMCA). If this system
+ had run free software, it could have been fixed much sooner.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M201510210">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2015-10</small>'
--><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
@@ -1197,7 +1209,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/21 12:03:56 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-insecurity.es.po
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.136
retrieving revision 1.137
diff -u -b -r1.136 -r1.137
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es-en.html 31 Oct 2021 13:00:15
-0000 1.26
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es-en.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.27
@@ -372,6 +372,18 @@
to Windows 10</a>.</p>
</li>
+ <li id="M201602110">
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2016-02</small>'
+ --><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+ <p>A pacemaker running proprietary code <a
+
href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>was
+ misconfigured and could have killed the implanted person</a>. In order
+ to find out what was wrong and get it fixed, the person needed to break
+ into the remote device that sets parameters in the pacemaker (possibly
+ infringing upon manufacturer's rights under the DMCA). If this system
+ had run free software, it could have been fixed much sooner.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M201601160">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2016-01</small>'
--><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
@@ -471,7 +483,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/10/31 13:00:15 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.79
retrieving revision 1.80
diff -u -b -r1.79 -r1.80
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es.po 10 Nov 2021 09:44:23
-0000 1.79
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-interference.es.po 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31
-0000 1.80
@@ -419,8 +419,8 @@
msgid ""
"<small>(Note that the article refers to the infected software as “"
"content management system”. A better term would be “<a href=\"/"
-"philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Content\">website revision system</"
-"a>”.)</small>"
+"philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Content\">website revision system</a>”.)"
+"</small>"
msgstr ""
"<small>(Observe que el artÃculo se refiere al software infectado como "
"«sistema de gestión de contenidos». Un término más correcto serÃa
“<a "
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.173
retrieving revision 1.174
diff -u -b -r1.173 -r1.174
--- proprietary/po/proprietary.es-en.html 5 Nov 2021 11:08:39 -0000
1.173
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary.es-en.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:31 -0000
1.174
@@ -186,6 +186,18 @@
<h3 id="latest">Latest additions</h3>
<ul class="blurbs">
+ <li id="M201602110">
+ <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2016-02</small>'
+ --><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
+ <p>A pacemaker running proprietary code <a
+
href="https://www.wired.com/2016/02/i-want-to-know-what-code-is-running-inside-my-body/";>was
+ misconfigured and could have killed the implanted person</a>. In order
+ to find out what was wrong and get it fixed, the person needed to break
+ into the remote device that sets parameters in the pacemaker (possibly
+ infringing upon manufacturer's rights under the DMCA). If this system
+ had run free software, it could have been fixed much sooner.</p>
+ </li>
+
<li id="M202110130">
<!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2021-10</small>'
--><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
@@ -243,23 +255,6 @@
<p>This is the natural result of having nonfree software in a device
that can communicate with the company that made it.</p>
</li>
-
- <li id="M202106250">
- <!--#set var="DATE" value='<small class="date-tag">2021-06</small>'
- --><!--#echo encoding="none" var="DATE" -->
- <p><a
-
href="https://www.elsalvador.com/eldiariodehoy/app-chivo-bitcoin-pone-en-riesgo-datos-personales-de-usuarios/852310/2021/";>El
- Salvador Dictatorship's Chivo wallet is spyware</a>, it's a
- proprietary program that breaks users' freedom and spies on people;
- demands personal data such as the national ID number and does face
- recognition, and it is bad security for its data. It also asks for
- almost every malware permission in people's smartphones.</p>
-
- <p>The article criticizes it for faults in “data
- protection”, though <a
- href="/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.html">“data
protection”
- is the wrong approach to privacy anyway</a>.</p>
- </li>
</ul>
<p class="button right-align">
<a href="/proprietary/all.html">More items…</a></p>
@@ -322,7 +317,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/11/05 11:08:39 $
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.539
retrieving revision 1.540
diff -u -b -r1.539 -r1.540
Index: philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/categories.pt-br-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:30 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,506 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/categories.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" <span class="removed"><del><strong>media="screen">
+<!--
+#content</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>media="screen"><!--</em></ins></span>
+#diagram { <span class="removed"><del><strong>overflow:
auto;</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>width: 32em;
max-width: 100%;</em></ins></span> margin: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2em 0;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2.5em auto 2em;</em></ins></span> }
+#diagram img { width: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>31.7em;</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>29.9em; height: auto; overflow:
auto;</em></ins></span> }
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>-->
+</style></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>#diagram p { font-size: .88em; text-align:
justify; }
+--></style></em></ins></span>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p>Also see <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to
Avoid</a>.</p></strong></del></span>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><p</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><div</em></ins></span> id="diagram" <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="c"></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>class="c" role="figure"
aria-labelledby="caption"></em></ins></span>
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt=" [Categories of software] " />
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></p>
+
+ <p>This</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em><p id="caption">
+ This</em></ins></span> diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by
several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div>
+
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary">
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+</div></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“gratuit”.</strong></del></span>
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“gratuit.”</em></ins></span> Not so
English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a
href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: we know of only a few cases of source code that
+ is open source but not free. In principle it could happen
+ that some free programs are rejected as open source, but
+ we don't know if that has ever happened.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a
+ href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public
domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>copyrighted”.</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>copyrighted.”</em></ins></span>
For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+ href="/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the
freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a
+ href="/licenses/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more
explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“incompatible”,</strong></del></span>
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“incompatible,”</em></ins></span> which
means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="https://www.x.org/wiki/">X Window
System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium released X11 with
+ distribution terms that made it noncopylefted free
+ software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed the
+ same practice. A copy which has those
+ distribution terms is free software. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="/licenses/bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These
licenses permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating
system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The
+ GNU system includes all of the <a href="#GNUsoftware">official
+ GNU packages</a>. It also includes many other packages, such as
+ the X Window System and TeX, which are not GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system is not a single
+ static set of programs; users and distributors may select
+ different packages according to their needs and desires. The
+ result is still a variant of the GNU system.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system is free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo
is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU <span
class="removed"><del><strong>package”.</p></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>package.”</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a>
is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a
+ href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is
GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/licenses/copyleft.html">copylefted</a>, but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a
+ href="https://www.fsf.org/about/staff/">staff</a> of
+ the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of
these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU
software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transferred the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+ <p>The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software
+ that is not an official GNU package, as a rule.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span> which could be
modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span>
which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free
software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial
+ sense) if its sole user has the four freedoms. In particular,
+ if the user has full rights to the private program, the program is
+ free. However, if the user distributes copies to others and does
+ not provide the four freedoms with those copies, those copies
+ are not free software.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In
+ general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and
+ not release it. There are occasions when a program is so
+ important that one might argue that withholding it from the
+ public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such cases are
+ rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to
+ release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no
+ conflict between the development of private or custom software
+ and the principles of the free software movement.</p>
+
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p> “Commercial” and “proprietary” are
+ not the same! Commercial software is software developed by a
+ business as part of its business. Most commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019,
2021 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Letter to the Editor of Dr. Dobb's Journal</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
+
+<p>
+Dear Editor,
+</p>
+<p>
+I am sure you don't realize how ironic it is to associate me and Tim
+O'Reilly with “open <span
class="removed"><del><strong>source”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>source.”</em></ins></span>
+</p>
+<p>
+If the House Un-American Activities Committee asked me, “Are you
+now or have you ever been a supporter of the open source
+movement,” I could proudly and cheerfully say no. I've been
+campaigning since 1984 for <em>free software</em>—free as in
+freedom. (See the GNU Manifesto, Dr. Dobb's Journal, Sept. 1985.)
+</p>
+<p>
+Free software means, roughly, that you are free to study what it does,
+free to change it, free to redistribute it, and free to publish
+improved versions.
+(See <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>
+for more details.) You deserve these freedoms; everyone deserves
+them. I wrote the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL), the target
+of <a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html">Microsoft's greatest
+ire</a>, to defend these freedoms for all users, in the spirit of the
+free software movement.
+</p>
+<p>
+Years later, in 1998, another group began operating under the term
+“open <span
class="removed"><del><strong>source”.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>source.”</em></ins></span> They have
contributed to the free software
+community in practical ways, but they stand for very different views.
+They studiously avoid the issues of freedom and principle that we
+raise in the free software movement; they cite only short-term
+practical benefits as the reasons for what they do.
+</p>
+<p>
+Their stated definition for the term “open source” is
+somewhat broader than free software, and thus includes my work. But
+describing the GNU GPL as an “open source license,” as
+Microsoft did, is more than half misleading. The GNU GPL embodies the
+firm philosophy of the free software movement; it doesn't come from
+the open source movement. I am not a supporter of the open source
+movement, and never have been.
+</p>
+<p>
+Tim O'Reilly, by contrast, is a pillar of the open source movement, at
+least to hear him tell it. However, if you look at actions rather
+than words, most of the manuals published by O'Reilly Associates do
+not qualify as open source, let alone as free. The handful of free
+titles are exceptions. He could easily excuse himself to
+<abbr title="House Un-American Activities
Committee">HUAC</abbr>—“Yes,
+I talked about open source, but I didn't really do much of it.”
+</p>
+<p>
+If O'Reilly moves to selling free-as-in-freedom books in the future, he
+could become a true supporter of the free software movement, or at least
+the open source movement. [Later in 2001, O'Reilly Associates published a
+couple of additional free books. We are grateful for this contribution to
+the free software community, and we look forward to more of the same.]
+</p>
+<p>
+With the recent founding of FSF-Europe, and the coming inauguration of
+FSF-India, the free software movement is going stronger than ever.
+Please don't lump us in with the other movement in our community.
+</p>
+<p>
+Sincerely,
+</p>
+<address>
+—<br />
+Richard Stallman<br />
+President,<br />
+Free Software Foundation</address>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/floss-and-foss.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>FLOSS and FOSS - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+ <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>FLOSS and FOSS</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div
class="article"></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>The two political camps in the free software community are the free
+software movement and open source. The free software movement is a
+campaign
+for <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+computer users' freedom</a>; we say that a nonfree program is an
+injustice to its users. The open source camp declines to see the
+issue as a matter of justice to the users, and bases its arguments on
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html"> practical
+benefits only</a>.</p>
+
+<p>To emphasize that “free software” refers to freedom and
+not to price, we sometimes write or say “free (libre)
+software,” adding the French or Spanish word that means free in
+the sense of freedom. In some contexts, it works to use just
+“libre software.”</p>
+
+<p>A researcher studying practices and methods used by developers in
+the free software community decided that these questions were
+independent of the developers' political views, so he used the term
+“FLOSS,” meaning “Free/Libre and Open Source
+Software,” to explicitly avoid a preference between the two
+political camps. If you wish to be neutral, this is a good way to do
+it, since this makes the names of the two camps equally prominent.</p>
+
+<p>Others use the term “FOSS,” which stands for
+“Free and Open Source Software.” This is meant to mean the
+same thing as “FLOSS,” but it is less clear, since it
+fails to explain that “free” refers to
<em>freedom</em>.
+It also makes “free software” less visible than
+“open source,” since it presents “open source”
+prominently but splits “free software” apart.</p>
+
+<p>“Free and Open Source Software” is misleading in
+another way: it suggests that “free and open source” names
+a single point of view, rather than mentioning two different ones.
+This conceptualization of the field is an obstacle to understanding
+the fact that free software and open source are different political
+positions that disagree fundamentally.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, if you want to be neutral between free software and open
+source, and clear about them, the way to achieve that is to say
+“FLOSS,” not “FOSS.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't use either of these terms,
+because we don't want to be neutral on the political question. We
+stand for freedom, and we show it every time—by saying
+“free” and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>“libre”—
or</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“libre”—or</em></ins></span>
“free
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>(libre)”.</p>
+</div></strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>(libre).”</p></em></ins></span>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.pt-br-diff.html
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10:04:30 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,490 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs free-open" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open
Source”
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Why “Free Software” is better than “Open
Source”</h2>
+
+<div class="infobox" style="font-style: italic">
+<p>This article has been superseded by a major rewrite,
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“Open
+Source” misses the point of Free Software</a>, which is much
+better. We keep this version for historical reasons.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
+
+<p>
+While free software by any other name would give you the same
+freedom, it makes a big difference which name we use: different words
+<em>convey different ideas</em>.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1998, some of the people in the free software community began using
+the term <a href="https://opensource.org">“open source
+software”</a> instead of <a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">“free
+software”</a> to describe what they do. The term “open
source”
+quickly became associated with a different approach, a different
+philosophy, different values, and even a different criterion for which
+licenses are acceptable. The Free Software movement and the Open
+Source movement are today <a href="#relationship"> separate
+movements</a> with different views and goals, although we can and do
+work together on some practical projects.</p>
+
+<p>
+The fundamental difference between the two movements is in their
+values, their ways of looking at the world. For the Open Source
+movement, the issue of whether software should be open source is a
+practical question, not an ethical one. As one person put it, “Open
+source is a development methodology; free software is a social
+movement.” For the Open Source movement, nonfree software is a
+suboptimal solution. For the Free Software movement, nonfree
+software is a social problem and free software is the solution.</p>
+
+<h3 id="relationship">Relationship between the Free Software
+movement and Open Source movement</h3>
+
+<p>
+The Free Software movement and the Open Source movement are like two
+political camps within the free software community.</p>
+
+<p>
+Radical groups in the 1960s developed a reputation for factionalism:
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
+and then treated each other as enemies. Or at least, such is the
+image people have of them, whether or not it was true.</p>
+
+<p>
+The relationship between the Free Software movement and the Open
+Source movement is just the opposite of that picture. We disagree on
+the basic principles, but agree more or less on the practical
+recommendations. So we can and do work together on many specific
+projects. We don't think of the Open Source movement as an enemy.
+The enemy is
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware"> proprietary
+software</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+We are not against the Open Source movement, but we don't want to be
+lumped in with them. We acknowledge that they have contributed to our
+community, but we created this community, and we want people to know
+this. We want people to associate our achievements with our values
+and our philosophy, not with theirs. We want to be heard, not
+obscured behind a group with different views. To prevent people from
+thinking we are part of them, we take pains to avoid using the word
+“open” to describe free software, or its contrary,
+“closed,” in talking about nonfree software.</p>
+
+<p>
+So please mention the Free Software movement when you talk about the
+work we have done, and the software we have developed—such as the
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating
system.</p>
+
+<h3 id="comparison">Comparing the two terms</h3>
+
+<p>
+This rest of this article compares the two terms “free software”
and
+“open source.” It shows why the term “open source”
does not solve
+any problems, and in fact creates some.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ambiguity">Ambiguity</h3>
+
+<p>
+The term “free software” has an ambiguity problem: an unintended
+meaning, “Software you can get for zero price,” fits the term just
+as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives the user
+certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing a
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"> more precise definition of free
+software</a>, but this is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely
+eliminate the problem. An unambiguously correct term would be better,
+if it didn't have other problems.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their
+own. We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested,
+but none is so clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good
+idea. Every proposed replacement for “free software” has a similar
+kind of semantic problem, or worse—and this includes “open source
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>
+The official definition of “open source software,” as published
+by the Open Source Initiative, is very close to our definition
+of free software; however, it is a little looser in some respects,
+and they have accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably
+restrictive of the users.
+
+However,
+the obvious meaning for the expression “open source software”
+is “You can look at
+the source code.” This is a much weaker criterion than free
+software; it includes free software, but also
+some <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+proprietary</a> programs, including Xv, and Qt under its original license
+(before the QPL).</p>
+
+<p>
+That obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning that its
+advocates intend. The result is that most people misunderstand
+what those advocates are advocating. Here is how writer Neal
+Stephenson defined “open source”:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Linux is “open source” software
+meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its source code files.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
+“official” definition. I think he simply applied the conventions
of
+the English language to come up with a meaning for the term. The state
+of Kansas published a similar definition:
+<!-- The <a href="http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf">
state of
+Kansas</a> published a similar definition: --></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Make use of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the
+source code is freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing
+agreements vary as to what one is allowed to do with that code.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Of course, the open source people have tried to deal with this by
+publishing a precise definition for the term, just as we have done for
+“free software.”</p>
+
+<p>
+But the explanation for “free software” is simple—a
+person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
+beer” will not get it wrong again. There is no such succinct
+way to explain the official meaning of “open source” and
+show clearly why the natural definition is the wrong one.</p>
+
+<h3 id="fear">Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>
+The main argument for the term “open source software” is
+that “free software” makes some people uneasy. That's
+true: talking about freedom, about ethical issues, about
+responsibilities as well as convenience, is asking people to think
+about things they might rather ignore. This can trigger discomfort,
+and some people may reject the idea for that. It does not follow that
+society would be better off if we stop talking about these things.</p>
+
+<p>
+Years ago, free software developers noticed this discomfort reaction,
+and some started exploring an approach for avoiding it. They figured
+that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only about
+the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business. The term “open source” is
+offered as a way of doing more of this—a way to be “more
+acceptable to business.” The views and values of the Open Source
+movement stem from this decision.</p>
+
+<p>
+This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. Today many
+people are switching to free software for purely practical reasons.
+That is good, as far as it goes, but that isn't all we need to do!
+Attracting users to free software is not the whole job, just the first
+step.</p>
+
+<p>
+Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
+proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
+companies seek to offer such temptation, and why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to <em>value the freedom</em> free
software
+gives them, for its own sake. It is up to us to spread this
+idea—and in order to do that, we have to talk about freedom. A
+certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business
+can be useful for the community, but we must have plenty of freedom
+talk too.</p>
+
+<p>
+At present, we have plenty of “keep quiet,” but not enough
+freedom talk. Most people involved with free software say little
+about freedom—usually because they seek to be “more
+acceptable to business.” Software distributors especially show
+this pattern. Some
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating system
+distributions add proprietary packages to the basic free system, and
+they invite users to consider this an advantage, rather than a step
+backwards from freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+We are failing to keep up with the influx of free software users,
+failing to teach people about freedom and our community as fast as
+they enter it. This is why nonfree software (which Qt was when it
+first became popular), and partially nonfree operating system
+distributions, find such fertile ground. To stop using the word
+“free” now would be a mistake; we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+If those using the term “open source” draw more users into our
+community, that is a contribution, but the rest of us will have to
+work even harder to bring the issue of freedom to those users'
+attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives you
+freedom!”—more and louder than ever before.</p>
+
+<h3 id="newinfeb">Would a Trademark Help?</h3>
+
+<p>
+The advocates of “open source software” tried to make it a
+trademark, saying this would enable them to prevent misuse. This
+initiative was later dropped, the term being too descriptive to
+qualify as a trademark; thus, the legal status of “open source” is
+the same as that of “free software”: there is no
<em>legal</em>
+constraint on using it. I have heard reports of a number of
+companies' calling software packages “open source” even though they
+did not fit the official definition; I have observed some instances
+myself.</p>
+
+<p>
+But would it have made a big difference to use a term that is a
+trademark? Not necessarily.</p>
+
+<p>
+Companies also made announcements that give the impression that a
+program is “open source software” without explicitly saying so.
For
+example, one IBM announcement, about a program that did not fit the
+official definition, said this:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+As is common in the open source community, users of the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>...</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>…</em></ins></span>
+technology will also be able to collaborate with <span
class="removed"><del><strong>IBM ...</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>IBM…</em></ins></span>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This did not actually say that the program <em>was</em> “open
+source,” but many readers did not notice that detail. (I should note
+that IBM was sincerely trying to make this program free software, and
+later adopted a new license which does make it free software and
+“open source”; but when that announcement was made, the program did
+not qualify as either one.)</p>
+
+<p>
+And here is how Cygnus Solutions, which was formed to be a free
+software company and subsequently branched out (so to speak) into
+proprietary software, advertised some proprietary software products:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Cygnus Solutions is a leader in the open source market and has just
+launched two products into the [GNU/]Linux marketplace.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Unlike IBM, Cygnus was not trying to make these packages free
+software, and the packages did not come close to qualifying. But
+Cygnus didn't actually say that these are “open source software,”
+they just made use of the term to give careless readers that
+impression.</p>
+
+<p>
+These observations suggest that a trademark would not have truly
+prevented the confusion that comes with the term “open
source.”</p>
+
+<h3 id="newinnovember">Misunderstandings(?) of “Open
Source”</h3>
+
+<p>
+The Open Source Definition is clear enough, and it is quite clear that
+the typical nonfree program does not qualify. So you would think
+that “Open Source company” would mean one whose products are free
+software (or close to it), right? Alas, many companies are trying to
+give it a different meaning.</p>
+
+<p>
+At the “Open Source Developers Day” meeting in August 1998, several
+of the commercial developers invited said they intend to make only a
+part of their work free software (or “open source”). The focus of
+their business is on developing proprietary add-ons (software or
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">manuals</a>) to sell to the
users of
+this free software. They ask us to regard this as legitimate, as part
+of our community, because some of the money is donated to free
+software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+In effect, these companies seek to gain the favorable cachet of
+“open source” for their proprietary software
+products—even though those are not “open source
+software”—because they have some relationship to free
+software or because the same company also maintains some free
+software. (One company founder said quite explicitly that they would
+put, into the free package they support, as little of their work as
+the community would stand for.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Over the years, many companies have contributed to free software
+development. Some of these companies primarily developed nonfree
+software, but the two activities were separate; thus, we could ignore
+their nonfree products, and work with them on free software projects.
+Then we could honestly thank them afterward for their free software
+contributions, without talking about the rest of what they did.</p>
+
+<p>
+We cannot do the same with these new companies, because they won't let
+us. These companies actively invite the public to lump all their
+activities together; they want us to regard their nonfree software as
+favorably as we would regard a real contribution, although it is not
+one. They present themselves as “open source companies,” hoping
+that we will get a warm fuzzy feeling about them, and that we will be
+fuzzy-minded in applying it.</p>
+
+<p>
+This manipulative practice would be no less harmful if it were done
+using the term “free software.” But companies do not seem to use
+the term “free software” that way; perhaps its association with
+idealism makes it seem unsuitable. The term “open source” opened
+the door for this.</p>
+
+<p>
+At a trade show in late 1998, dedicated to the operating system often
+referred to
+as “<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux</a>,” the
+featured speaker was an executive from a prominent software company.
+He was probably invited on account of his company's decision to
+“support” that system. Unfortunately, their form of
+“support” consists of releasing nonfree software that
+works with the system—in other words, using our community as a
+market but not contributing to it.</p>
+
+<p>
+He said, “There is no way we will make our product open source,
+but perhaps we will make it ‘internal’ open source. If we
+allow our customer support staff to have access to the source code,
+they could fix bugs for the customers, and we could provide a better
+product and better service.” (This is not an exact quote, as I
+did not write his words down, but it gets the gist.)</p>
+
+<p>
+People in the audience afterward told me, “He just doesn't get the
+point.” But is that so? Which point did he not get?</p>
+
+<p>
+He did not miss the point of the Open Source movement. That movement
+does not say users should have freedom, only that allowing more people
+to look at the source code and help improve it makes for faster and
+better development. The executive grasped that point completely;
+unwilling to carry out that approach in full, users included, he was
+considering implementing it partially, within the company.</p>
+
+<p>
+The point that he missed is the point that “open source” was
+designed not to raise: the point that users <em>deserve</em>
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Spreading the idea of freedom is a big job—it needs your help.
+That's why we stick to the term “free software” in the GNU
+Project, so we can help do that job. If you feel that freedom and
+community are important for their own sake—not just for the
+convenience they bring—please join us in using the term
+“free software.”</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<!-- The archived version is truncated.
+<p>
+Joe Barr wrote an article called
+<a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080703140137/http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4">Live
and
+let license [archived]</a> that gives his perspective on this
issue.</p>
+-->
+<h3 class="footnote">Note</h3>
+<p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's
+<a
href="https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf">paper
on the
+motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This
+was despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge,
+a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
+
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
+<a
href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><!-- Regarding copyright, in general,
standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. --></em></ins></span>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998-2003, 2007, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html
diff -N philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/free-software-intro.pt-br-diff.html 10 Nov 2021 10:04:30
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/free-software-intro.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding fsmovement" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Free Software movement
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div <span
class="removed"><del><strong>class="reduced-width"></strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>class="article
reduced-width"></em></ins></span>
+<h2>Free Software Movement</h2>
+
+<span class="removed"><del><strong><div
class="article"></strong></del></span>
+
+<p>
+People use free software operating systems such
+as <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> for various
+reasons. Many users switch for practical reasons: because the system
+is powerful, because it is reliable, or for the convenience of being
+able to change the software to do what you need.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Those are good reasons—but there is more at stake than just
+convenience. What's at stake is your freedom, and your community.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The idea of the Free Software Movement is that computer users <a
+href="/philosophy/why-free.html">deserve the freedom to form a
+community</a>. You should have the freedom to help yourself, by
+changing the source code to do whatever you need to do. And the
+freedom to help your neighbor, by redistributing copies of programs to
+other people. Also the freedom to help build your community, by
+publishing improved versions so that other people can use them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a program is free software depends mainly on its license.
+However, a program can also be nonfree because you don't have access
+to its source code, or because hardware won't let you put a modified
+version into use (this is called “tivoization”).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Our <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">detailed definition</a> of
free
+software shows how we evaluate a license to see if it makes programs
+free software. We also have articles about <a
+href="/philosophy/essays-and-articles.html#LicensingFreeSoftware">certain
+specific licenses</a> explaining the advantages and disadvantages of
+some licenses that do qualify, and why some other licenses are too
+restrictive to qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1998 the term “open source” was coined and associated
+with <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">views
+considerably different from ours</a>. These views cite only the
+practical advantages of free software, and carefully avoid the deeper
+issues of freedom and social solidarity that the Free Software
+Movement raises. The idea of open source is good as far as it goes,
+but it only scratches the surface of the issue. We don't mind working
+with supporters of open source on practical activities such as
+software development, but we do not agree with their views, and we
+decline to operate under their name.</p>
+
+<p>
+If you think that freedom and community are important for their own
+sake, please join us in proudly using the term “free
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>software”,</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>software,”</em></ins></span> and help
spread the word.
+</p>
+</div>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a>. There are also
<a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org">
+ <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations
of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and contributing translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1999, 2008, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2021/11/10 10:04:30 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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