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From:	GNUN
Subject:	www gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html gnu/gnu-linux-faq...
Date:	Wed, 3 Nov 2021 12:01:01 -0400 (EDT)
CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     21/11/03 12:01:01

Modified files:
        gnu            : gnu-linux-faq.es.html gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html 
                         gnu-structure.es.html gnu-structure.zh-cn.html 
                         initial-announcement.es.html 
                         initial-announcement.zh-cn.html 
                         linux-and-gnu.es.html manifesto.es.html 
                         rms-lisp.es.html 
        gnu/po         : gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html 
                         gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html 
                         gnu-structure.es-en.html gnu-structure.es.po 
                         gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html 
                         gnu-structure.zh-cn.po 
                         initial-announcement.es-en.html 
                         initial-announcement.es.po 
                         initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html 
                         initial-announcement.zh-cn.po 
                         linux-and-gnu.es-en.html linux-and-gnu.es.po 
                         manifesto.es-en.html manifesto.es.po 
                         rms-lisp.es-en.html rms-lisp.es.po 
        philosophy     : gif.fr.html 
        philosophy/po  : gif.fr-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.105&r2=1.106
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-structure.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-structure.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.69&r2=1.70
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.51&r2=1.52
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/rms-lisp.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.50&r2=1.51
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.55&r2=1.56
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.44&r2=1.45
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.85&r2=1.86
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.31&r2=1.32
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gif.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.90&r2=1.91
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gif.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.41&r2=1.42

Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.105
retrieving revision 1.106
diff -u -b -r1.105 -r1.106
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html   31 Aug 2021 11:35:26 -0000      1.105
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.es.html   3 Nov 2021 16:00:55 -0000       1.106
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Preguntas frecuentes sobre GNU/Linux - Proyecto GNU - Free Software
@@ -10,16 +12,21 @@
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Preguntas frecuentes sobre GNU/Linux</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p>
 Cuando la gente ve que empleamos y recomendamos el nombre GNU/Linux para
 hacer referencia a un sistema que muchos otros llaman solo Â«LinuxÂ», se hacen
 muchas preguntas. AquÃ mencionamos las mÃ¡s habituales, y nuestras
 respuestas.</p>
+</div>
 
 <div class="toc">
 <hr class="no-display" />
@@ -1404,12 +1411,14 @@
 class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>AsÃ lo reconociÃ³ al principio. La primera nota de publicaciÃ³n decÃa, <a
-href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>Â«La
-mayorÃa de las herramientas utilizadas con Linux son software de GNU y estÃ¡n
-bajo el copyleft de GNU. Estas herramientas no estÃ¡n en la
-distribuciÃ³n. Para mÃ¡s informaciÃ³n, pregÃºnteme a mÃ (o a GNU)Â»</a> 
(texto en
-inglÃ©s).</p>
+<p>AsÃ lo reconociÃ³ al principio. La <a
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+primera nota de publicaciÃ³n</a> decÃa:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+La mayorÃa de las herramientas utilizadas con Linux son software de GNU y
+estÃ¡n bajo el copyleft de GNU. Estas herramientas no estÃ¡n en la
+distribuciÃ³n. Para mÃ¡s informaciÃ³n, pregÃºnteme a mÃ (o a GNU).
+</p></blockquote>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="finishhurd">Â¿Por quÃ© no terminar el nÃºcleo Hurd de GNU, publicar el 
sistema GNU completo
@@ -1732,7 +1741,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/08/31 11:35:26 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html        8 Sep 2021 08:33:18 -0000       1.8
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn.html        3 Nov 2021 16:00:55 -0000       1.9
@@ -3,19 +3,26 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>GNU/Linux é®ç - GNU å·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>GNU/Linux é®ç</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">Richard Stallman è</address>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p>
 å½äººä»¬çå°æä»¬ä½¿ç¨å¹¶å»ºè®®GNU/Linuxä½ä¸ºç³»ç»åç§°ï¼èå
¶ä»äººç§°ä¹ä¸º&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;æ¶ï¼ä»ä»¬ä¼é®è®¸å¤é®é¢ãæ¤å¤åä¸¾äºå¸¸è§é®é¢ä»¥åæä»¬çåçã</p>
+</div>
 
 <div class="toc">
 <hr class="no-display" />
@@ -249,7 +256,7 @@
 <dt 
id="always">æä»¬æ¯å¦æ»è¦è¯´&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;èä¸è¦è¯´&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ï¼<span
 class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
 <dd>
-ä¸æ¯æ»è¦&mdash;åªæå½æä»¬å¨è°è®ºæ´ä¸ªç³»ç»æ¶ãå¦æä½ ç¹æå
æ ¸ï¼é£ä¹ä½ åºè¯¥è¯´&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ï¼å¶å¼åèéæ©çååã
+ä¸æ¯æ»è¦&mdash;&mdash;åªæå½æä»¬å¨è°è®ºæ´ä¸ªç³»ç»æ¶ãå¦æä½ 
ç¹æåæ ¸ï¼é£ä¹ä½ åºè¯¥è¯´&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ï¼å¶å¼åè
éæ©çååã
 <p>
 å½äººä»¬ç§°æ´ä¸ªç³»ç»ä¸º&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;æ¶ï¼å¶åæå°±æ¯ä»ä»¬ç¨å
æ ¸çååæ¥ç§°å¼æ´ä¸ªç³»ç»ãè¿é æäºè®¸å¤æ··æ·ï¼å 
ä¸ºåªæä¸å®¶æå¯ä»¥è¾¨å«ä»ä¹æ¶åè¯´çæ¯åæ 
¸ä»ä¹æ¶åè¯´çæ¯æ´ä¸ªç³»ç»ãææ´ä¸ªç³»ç»ç§°ä¸º&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;ï¼å¹¶æå
æ ¸ç§°ä¸º&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ï¼ä½ å°±é¿åäºæ§ä¹ã</p>
 </dd>
@@ -299,8 +306,8 @@
 
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">ä»æªå¬è¯´è¿GNUçGNUç¨æ·</a>ä¸æææ´è¯¦ç»çè§£éã
 <p>
 é®è¿ä¸ªé®é¢çäººå¯è½è®¤ä¸ºä»ä»¬è®¤è¯çæå®¢<sup><a
-href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>æ±æè¿ä¸ªæ³æ³ãæå®¢éå¸¸ç¥éGNUï¼ä½æ¯å¾å¤æå®¢å
³äºGNUçæ¦å¿µæ¯å®å¨éè¯¯çãæ¯å¦ï¼è®¸å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºGNUæ¯ä¸ä¸ª<a
-href="#tools">&ldquo;å·¥å·&rdquo;</a>éåï¼æèGNUæ¯ä¸ä¸ªå¼åå·¥å
·çé¡¹ç®ã</p>
+href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>æ±æè¿ä¸ªæ³æ³ãæå®¢éå¸¸ç¥éGNUï¼ä½æ¯å¾å¤æå®¢å
³äºGNUçæ¦å¿µæ¯å®å
¨éè¯¯çãæ¯å¦ï¼è®¸å¤äººè®¤ä¸ºGNUæ¯ä¸ä¸ª&ldquo;<a
+href="#tools">å·¥å·</a>&rdquo;éåï¼æèGNUæ¯ä¸ä¸ªå¼åå·¥å
·çé¡¹ç®ã</p>
 <p>
 æ¤é®é¢çç¨è¯ä¹åæ åºäºå¦ä¸ä¸ªå
¸åçå¸¸è§éè¯¯ãè°å&ldquo;GNUå¨å¼åä¸çè§è²&rdquo;æ¶è®¤ä¸ºGNUæ¯ä¸ç¾¤äººãGNUæ¯ä¸ä¸ªæä½ç³»ç»ãè®¨è®ºGNUå·¥ç¨çè§è²æå
¶ä»æ´»å¨æææä¹ï¼èä¸æ¯è°è®ºGNUã</p>
 </dd>
@@ -431,7 +438,7 @@
 href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-è¿ä¸ªç¨æ³ä¼¼ä¹éå¸¸ç½è§&mdash;é¤äºè¢«éç¨ç&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ä¹å¤ï¼æä»¬æ²¡ææ¾å°å

¶ä»çä¾åãéå¸¸ï¼æä½ç³»ç»æ¯ä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªç»ä¸çé¡¹ç®å¼åçï¼èä¸å
¶å¼åäººåä¼ä¸ºæ´ä¸ªç³»ç»éæ©ä¸ä¸ªååãåæ 
¸éå¸¸æ²¡æèªå·±çåå&mdash;åè¿æ¥ï¼äººä»¬ä¼è¯´&ldquo;ææç³»ç»çå
æ ¸&rdquo;æèæ¯&ldquo;ææçç³»ç»åæ ¸&rdquo;ã
+è¿ä¸ªç¨æ³ä¼¼ä¹éå¸¸ç½è§&mdash;&mdash;é¤äºè¢«éç¨ç&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;ä¹å¤ï¼æä»¬æ²¡ææ¾å°å

¶ä»çä¾åãéå¸¸ï¼æä½ç³»ç»æ¯ä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªç»ä¸çé¡¹ç®å¼åçï¼èä¸å
¶å¼åäººåä¼ä¸ºæ´ä¸ªç³»ç»éæ©ä¸ä¸ªååãåæ 
¸éå¸¸æ²¡æèªå·±çåå&mdash;&mdash;åè¿æ¥ï¼äººä»¬ä¼è¯´&ldquo;ææç³»ç»çå
æ ¸&rdquo;æèæ¯&ldquo;ææçç³»ç»åæ ¸&rdquo;ã
 <p>
 ç±äºè¿ä¸¤ç§ç¨æ³æ¯åä¹è¯ï¼æä»¥&ldquo;Linuxåæ 
¸&rdquo;å¾å®¹æè¢«è¯¯è§£ä¸º&ldquo;Linuxçåæ ¸&rdquo;å¹¶æç¤ºLinuxå¿
å®ä¸ååæ¯ä¸ä¸ªåæ ¸ãä½ å¯ä»¥éè¿è¯´æèå&ldquo;è¯¥åæ 
¸ï¼Linux&rdquo;æ&ldquo;Linuxï¼åæ ¸&rdquo;æ¥é¿å
å¤§å®¶å¯è½çè¯¯è§£ã</p>
 </dd>
@@ -579,7 +586,7 @@
 
Torvaldsç¬ç«ç¼åäºLinuxï¼ä½ä¸ºä»èªå·±çé¡¹ç®ãæä»¥&ldquo;Linuxï¼æ¯ä¸ä¸ªGNUå
&rdquo;çè¯´æ³ä¸å¯¹ã</p>
 <p>
 æä»¬ä¸æ¯å¨è®¨è®ºç¹å«éå¯¹ GNU ç Linux åæ ¸çæ¬ãGNU/Linux 
åè¡çç¡®å®æä¸ä¸ª<a
-href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>ç¬ç«ç Linux
+href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/linux-libre";>ç¬ç«ç Linux
 çæ¬</a>ï¼è¿æ¯ç±äº&ldquo;æ 
åç&rdquo;çæ¬å¸¦æéèªç±çåºä»¶&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;ãå¦æè¿æ¾æ¯
 GNU
 å·¥ç¨çä¸é¨åï¼é£ä¹å¯ä»¥èèå«å®&ldquo;GNU 
Linux&rdquo;ï¼ä¸è¿æä»¬ä¸æ³è¿ä¹å«ï¼å ä¸ºè¿å¤ªä»¤äººè¿·æäºã</p>
 <p>
@@ -868,10 +875,13 @@
 href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>ä»ä¸å¼å§æ¯è¿æ ·ççãLinux ææ©çåå¸å£°ææ¾è¯´ï¼<a
-href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>&ldquo;å¤§å¤æ°å
-linux ä¸èµ·ä½¿ç¨çå·¥å·æ¯ GNU è½¯ä»¶ï¼æ¯ä½¿ç¨ GNU copyleft 
åå¸çãè¿äºå·¥å·ä¸å¨æ¤åå¸ä¹åââè¯·åæï¼æèæ¯
-GNUï¼å¨è¯¢è¯¦æ&rdquo;</a>ã</p>
+<p>ä»ä¸å¼å§æ¯è¿æ ·ççã<a
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>Linux
+ææ©çåå¸å£°æ</a>æ¾è¯´ï¼</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+å¤§å¤æ°å linux ä¸èµ·ä½¿ç¨çå·¥å·æ¯ GNU è½¯ä»¶ï¼æ¯ä½¿ç¨ GNU 
copyleft åå¸çãè¿äºå·¥å·ä¸å¨æ¤åå¸ä¹åââè¯·åæï¼æè
æ¯
+GNUï¼å¨è¯¢è¯¦æã
+</p></blockquote>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="finishhurd">ä¸ºä»ä¹ä¸å®æGNU Hurdåæ 
¸ãåå¸æ´ä¸ªGNUç³»ç»å¹¶æGNU/Linuxçé®é¢æå¨èåï¼<span
@@ -1098,7 +1108,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 æåæ´æ°ï¼
 
-$Date: 2021/09/08 08:33:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-structure.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-structure.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/gnu-structure.es.html   30 Apr 2021 09:12:02 -0000      1.6
+++ gnu/gnu-structure.es.html   3 Nov 2021 16:00:55 -0000       1.7
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-structure.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-structure" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title> La estructura y administraciÃ³n del Proyecto GNU - Proyecto GNU - Free
@@ -9,19 +12,15 @@
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-structure.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
-<h2>La estructura y administraciÃ³n del Proyecto GNU</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0">La estructura y administraciÃ³n del Proyecto 
GNU</h2>
+<h3 style="font-size: 1em; margin: .5em 0 1.2em">VersiÃ³n 1.0.1</h3>
 
 <address class="byline">por Brandon Invergo y Richard Stallman</address>
 
-<p><strong>VersiÃ³n 1.0.1</strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>Este documento tambiÃ©n estÃ¡ disponible en el <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">formato Org</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="thin" />
-
 <p>El Proyecto GNU desarrolla y mantiene el <a
 href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">sistema operativo GNU</a>. Mediante esta labor y
 otras actividades relacionadas, el Proyecto GNU defiende y promueve la <a
@@ -77,15 +76,16 @@
 <h4 id="assistant-gnuisances">Los Asistentes GNUisance</h4>
 
 <p>Este equipo, que se encuentra en <a
-href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>maintainers@gnu.org</a>, estÃ¡ disponible
-como un primer punto de contacto para los mantenedores del software de
-GNU. Ellos llevan el registro de las actividades de desarrollo en todo el
-proyecto, aseguran que los programas se publiquen a tiempo, comprueban que
-los mantenedores sigan la <a href="/philosophy/">filosofÃa</a> y las pautas
-de GNU, y resuelven los conflictos que pudieran surgir. Los Asistentes
-GNUisance tambiÃ©n se ocupan de los casos en que un mantenedor dimite o un
-nuevo voluntario se ofrece para mantener un paquete vigente (en cuyo caso
-pueden designar a un nuevo mantenedor en nombre del Jefe GNUisance).</p>
+href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>&lt;maintainers@gnu.org&gt;</a>, estÃ¡
+disponible como un primer punto de contacto para los mantenedores del
+software de GNU. Ellos llevan el registro de las actividades de desarrollo
+en todo el proyecto, aseguran que los programas se publiquen a tiempo,
+comprueban que los mantenedores sigan la <a
+href="/philosophy/">filosofÃa</a> y las pautas de GNU, y resuelven los
+conflictos que pudieran surgir. Los Asistentes GNUisance tambiÃ©n se ocupan
+de los casos en que un mantenedor dimite o un nuevo voluntario se ofrece
+para mantener un paquete vigente (en cuyo caso pueden designar a un nuevo
+mantenedor en nombre del Jefe GNUisance).</p>
 
 <p>Cuando es necesario, se recluta a nuevos miembros entre los voluntarios de
 GNU. Sin embargo, a menudo viene bien una ayuda extra para tareas
@@ -164,11 +164,11 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval">EvaluaciÃ³n del software</h4>
 
 <p>El equipo de evaluaciÃ³n del software, disponible en <a
-href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>gnueval@gnu.org</a>, evalÃºa los paquetes de
-software que se proponen como paquetes de GNU. Esto implica una cuidadosa
-evaluaciÃ³n de la funcionalidad del software, asÃ como cuestiones relevantes
-relacionadas con la libertad del software y con la integraciÃ³n el programa
-en el sistema GNU.</p>
+href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval@gnu.org&gt;</a>, evalÃºa los
+paquetes de software que se proponen como paquetes de GNU. Esto implica una
+cuidadosa evaluaciÃ³n de la funcionalidad del software, asÃ como cuestiones
+relevantes relacionadas con la libertad del software y con la integraciÃ³n el
+programa en el sistema GNU.</p>
 
 <p>Cuando es necesario, se recluta a nuevos miembros entre los voluntarios de
 GNU, con preferencia por quienes posean experiencia previa en la evaluaciÃ³n
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval-security">EvaluaciÃ³n de la seguridad del software</h4>
 
 <p>El equipo de evaluaciÃ³n de la seguridad del software, disponible en <a
-href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>gnueval-security@gnu.org</a>, trabaja
-con el equipo de evaluaciÃ³n del software. Ellos comprueban si hay algÃºn
-problema de seguridad en el software que se haya ofrecido a GNU.</p>
+href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval-security@gnu.org&gt;</a>,
+trabaja con el equipo de evaluaciÃ³n del software. Ellos comprueban si hay
+algÃºn problema de seguridad en el software que se haya ofrecido a GNU.</p>
 
 <p>Cuando es necesario, se recluta a nuevos miembros entre los voluntarios de
 GNU.</p>
@@ -208,9 +208,9 @@
 
 <h4 id="mentors">Los mentores</h4>
 
-<p>Los mentores de GNU (<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>mentors@gnu.org</a>)
-ofrecen, de forma voluntaria, orientaciÃ³n a los nuevos mantenedores de
-software.</p>
+<p>Los mentores de GNU (<a
+href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>&lt;mentors@gnu.org&gt;</a>) ofrecen, de forma
+voluntaria, orientaciÃ³n a los nuevos mantenedores de software.</p>
 
 <p>Pedimos a los mantenedores veteranos de GNU que se presenten 
voluntarios.</p>
 
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
 <p>La lista de correctores estÃ¡ disponible para ayudar a los mantenedores de
 los paquetes de GNU mediante la correcciÃ³n de sus textos en inglÃ©s. Para
 solicitar una correcciÃ³n, escriba a <a
-href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>proofreaders@gnu.org</a>.</p>
+href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>&lt;proofreaders@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
 <h3 id="other-teams-services">Otros equipos y servicios</h3>
 
@@ -291,8 +291,8 @@
 <h4 id="gvc">Los coordinadores de voluntarios de GNU</h4>
 
 <p>Los coordinadores de voluntarios de GNU (<a
-href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>gvc@gnu.org</a>) ayudan a los nuevos voluntarios
-en la elecciÃ³n de las tareas mÃ¡s adecuadas para cada uno.</p>
+href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>&lt;gvc@gnu.org&gt;</a>) ayudan a los nuevos
+voluntarios en la elecciÃ³n de las tareas mÃ¡s adecuadas para cada uno.</p>
 
 <p>Se acepta la colaboraciÃ³n de nuevos coordinadores, preferiblemente con
 experiencia previa dentro de GNU (y, por lo tanto, con amplios conocimientos
@@ -343,6 +343,14 @@
 en los formatos Org y HTML (vÃ©ase la secciÃ³n anterior), incrementando la
 primera y/o segunda cifra de la versiÃ³n.</p>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<p>Este documento tambiÃ©n estÃ¡ disponible en el <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">formato Org</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -354,7 +362,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -375,7 +383,7 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
@@ -405,7 +413,7 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2020 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2020, 2021 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
 
 <p>Esta pÃ¡gina estÃ¡ bajo licencia <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -420,7 +428,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:02 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/gnu-structure.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-structure.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/gnu-structure.zh-cn.html        26 Oct 2020 13:34:14 -0000      1.3
+++ gnu/gnu-structure.zh-cn.html        3 Nov 2021 16:00:55 -0000       1.4
@@ -1,30 +1,31 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-structure.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-structure" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>GNU å·¥ç¨çç»æåç®¡ç - GNU å·¥ç¨ - 
èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-structure.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
-<h2>GNU å·¥ç¨çç»æåç®¡ç</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0">GNU å·¥ç¨çç»æåç®¡ç</h2>
+<h3 style="font-size: 1em; margin: .5em 0 1.2em">Version 1.0.1</h3>
 
 <address class="byline">å¸å°ç»Â·å å¼æä¸çæ¥å¾·Â·æ¯ææ¼ 
è</address>
 
-<p><strong>Version 1.0.1</strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>æ¤æä»¶è¿æä¸ä¸ª <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">æ§ç</a>ã</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="thin" />
-
 <p>GNU å·¥ç¨å¼åå¹¶ç»´æ¤<a 
href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">GNUæä½ç³»ç»</a>ãéè¿è¿é¡¹å·¥ä½åå
¶ä»ç¸å³æ´»å¨ï¼GNU
 å·¥ç¨å¡å¯¼åä¿è¿<a 
href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">è½¯ä»¶èªç±</a>ï¼è¿ä¹æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨çæ
 ¸å¿çå¿µã</p>
 
 <p>æä½ç³»ç»ç±è®¸å¤è½¯ä»¶ç»ä»¶ç»æï¼è¿äºç»ä»¶ä½¿è®¡ç®æºå
±åå®ææç¨çå·¥ä½ãå®åå«ç¨äºåºå±åè½çä»£ç ï¼æ¯å¦åæ 
¸åé©±å¨å 
ç³»ç»åºä»¥åç¨æ·å¯æç¡®è¿è¡çç¨åºï¼å®ç¨ç¨åºãå·¥å
·ãåºç¨ç¨åºåæ¸¸æï¼ãGNU
-æä½ç³»ç»åæ¬å¨é¨è¿ä¸ªèå´åçè½¯ä»¶ãè®¸å¤ç¨åºæ¯ç± GNU 
å·¥ç¨ä¸é¨å¼åååå¸çï¼è¿äºè¢«ç§°ä¸ºâGNU åâã</p>
+æä½ç³»ç»åæ¬å¨é¨è¿ä¸ªèå´åçè½¯ä»¶ãè®¸å¤ç¨åºæ¯ç± GNU 
å·¥ç¨ä¸é¨å¼åååå¸çï¼è¿äºè¢«ç§°ä¸ºâGNU åâãGNU ç³»ç»è¿å
æ¬ç± GNU
+å·¥ç¨ä¹å¤çå¶ä»å¼åèåå¸ç <a 
href="/philosophy/categories.html">èªç±ç¨åº</a>ã</p>
 
 <p>æ£å¦ç»ææä½ç³»ç»çç¨åºå¿é¡»åè°ä¸è´å°å·¥ä½ä¸æ ·ï¼GNU
 å·¥ç¨ä¹å¿é¡»åè°å°å·¥ä½ãå¤§å¤æ°å·¥ä½å
æ¬å¼åç¹å®çç¨åºï¼ä½æ¯è¿äºç¨åºä¸æ¯ç¬ç«çé¡¹ç®ãå®ä»¬å¿
é¡»å¾å¥½å°ç»åå¨ä¸èµ·ï¼ä»¥æææä»¬å¸æç GNU
@@ -47,8 +48,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="assistant-gnuisances">å©ç GNUisances</h4>
 
-<p>ä¸ä¸ªå«å <a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>maintainers@gnu.org</a> 
çéä¼ï¼å¯ä½ä¸º
-GNU è½¯ä»¶ç»´æ¤è
çç¬¬ä¸èç³»ç¹ãä»ä»¬è·è¸ªæ´ä¸ªé¡¹ç®çå¼åæ´»å¨ï¼ç¡®ä¿åæ¶åå¸ï¼æ£æ¥ç»´æ¤è
éµå¾ª GNU ç <a
+<p>ä¸ä¸ªå«å <a 
href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>&lt;maintainers@gnu.org&gt;</a>
+çéä¼ï¼å¯ä½ä¸º GNU è½¯ä»¶ç»´æ¤è
çç¬¬ä¸èç³»ç¹ãä»ä»¬è·è¸ªæ´ä¸ªé¡¹ç®çå¼åæ´»å¨ï¼ç¡®ä¿åæ¶åå¸ï¼æ£æ¥ç»´æ¤è
éµå¾ª GNU ç <a
 href="/philosophy/">å²å¦</a>
 åæ¹éï¼å¹¶è§£å³å¯è½åºç°çä»»ä½å²çªãä»ä»¬ä¹å¤çç»´æ¤è
å¸ä»»ææ°å¿æ¿èèªæ¿ç»´æ¤ç°æåçæåµï¼å¨è¿ç§æ
åµä¸ï¼ä»ä»¬å¯ä»¥ä»£è¡¨é¦å¸ GNUisance
 ä»»å½æ°çç»´æ¤èï¼ã</p>
@@ -91,14 +92,15 @@
 
 <h4 id="gnueval">è½¯ä»¶è¯ä¼°</h4>
 
-<p><a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>gnueval@gnu.org</a> 
è½¯ä»¶è¯ä¼°å°ç»ä¼å¯¹è¢«æ¨èä¸º GNU
-è½¯ä»¶å
çè½¯ä»¶è¿è¡è¯ä¼°ãè¿æ¶åå¯¹è¯¥è½¯ä»¶çåè½ãè½¯ä»¶èªç±ç¸å
³é®é¢ä»¥åå®å¦ä½ä¸ GNU ç³»ç»æ´ä½éåºçæ¹é¢çè®¤çè¯ä»·ã</p>
+<p><a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval@gnu.org&gt;</a> 
è½¯ä»¶è¯ä¼°å°ç»ä¼å¯¹è¢«æ¨èä¸º
+GNU è½¯ä»¶å
çè½¯ä»¶è¿è¡è¯ä¼°ãè¿æ¶åå¯¹è¯¥è½¯ä»¶çåè½ãè½¯ä»¶èªç±ç¸å
³é®é¢ä»¥åå®å¦ä½ä¸ GNU ç³»ç»æ´ä½éåºçæ¹é¢çè®¤çè¯ä»·ã</p>
 
 <p>éè¦æ¶ä¼ä»ç°æç GNU å¿æ¿èä¸æåæ°æåãæå¥½å·æå¨ 
Savannah ä¸è¿è¡é GNU è½¯ä»¶è¯ä¼°çç»éªã</p>
 
 <h4 id="gnueval-security">è½¯ä»¶å®å¨æ§è¯ä¼°</h4>
 
-<p><a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>gnueval-security@gnu.org</a>
+<p><a
+href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval-security@gnu.org&gt;</a>
 è½¯ä»¶å®å
¨æ§è¯ä¼°å°ç»åè½¯ä»¶è¯ä¼°å°ç»ä¸èµ·å·¥ä½ãä»ä»¬å¤ææä¾ç» GNU 
çè½¯ä»¶æ¯å¦åå¨å®å¨é®é¢ã</p>
 
 <p>éè¦æ¶ä»ç°æç GNU å¿æ¿èä¸æåæ°æåã</p>
@@ -120,14 +122,15 @@
 
 <h4 id="mentors">å¯¼å¸</h4>
 
-<p>GNU å¯¼å¸ï¼<a 
href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>mentors@gnu.org</a>ï¼èªæ¿ä¸ºæ°è½¯ä»¶ç»´æ¤è
æä¾æå¯¼ã</p>
+<p>GNU å¯¼å¸ï¼<a
+href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>&lt;mentors@gnu.org&gt;</a>ï¼èªæ¿ä¸ºæ°è½¯ä»¶ç»´æ¤è
æä¾æå¯¼ã</p>
 
 <p>æä»¬è¦æ± GNU çé¿æç»´æ¤èèªæ¿åå ã</p>
 
 <h4 id="proofreaders">æ ¡å¯¹å</h4>
 
 <p>æ ¡å¯¹èåè¡¨å¯éè¿æ ¡å¯¹è±æææ¬æ¥å¸®å© GNU è½¯ä»¶åç»´æ¤è
ãè¯·åä¿¡ç» <a
-href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>proofreaders@gnu.org</a> æ¥è¯·æ±æ 
¡å¯¹ã</p>
+href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>&lt;proofreaders@gnu.org&gt;</a> æ¥è¯·æ±æ 
¡å¯¹ã</p>
 
 <h3 id="other-teams-services">å¶ä»å°ç»åæå¡</h3>
 
@@ -176,7 +179,7 @@
 
 <h4 id="gvc">GNU å¿æ¿åè°å</h4>
 
-<p>GNU å¿æ¿åè°åï¼<a 
href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>gvc@gnu.org</a>ï¼å¸®å©æå¯¼æ°å¿æ¿èå¨ GNU
+<p>GNU å¿æ¿åè°åï¼<a 
href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>&lt;gvc@gnu.org&gt;</a>ï¼å¸®å©æå¯¼æ°å¿æ¿èå¨ 
GNU
 å·¥ç¨ä¸ä»äºåéçå·¥ä½</p>
 
 <p>æ¬¢è¿æ°ç GVC å¿æ¿èï¼ä½æ¯å¼ºçå»ºè®®æ GNU å¿æ¿è
ç»éªçäººï¼å æ¤å¯¹ GNU å·¥ç¨æå¹¿æ³äºè§£ï¼æå½ã</p>
@@ -210,6 +213,13 @@
 
 <p>æä»¬å°éè¿æ´æ°æ¤ææ¡£æ¥æ¥åæ´æ¹æ¯å¦è¢«éçº³ï¼Org 
çææ¡£å HTML 
çææ¡£ï¼åçä»¥ä¸ï¼é½ä¼æ´æ°ï¼å¹¶æé«ç¬¬ä¸å/æç¬¬äºä½çæ¬å·ã</p>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<p>æ¤æä»¶è¿æä¸ä¸ª <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">æ§ç</a>ã</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -218,7 +228,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>è¯·å°æå³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF) &amp; GNU 
çä¸è¬æ§é®é¢åéå° <a
@@ -237,13 +247,13 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 æä»¬å°½æå¤§åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨éè¯¯åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§çå»ºè®®ï¼è¯·åéè³
 <a
 
href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>&lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>ã</p><p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æäº¤ç¿»è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
-<a href="/server/standards/README.translators.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
 </div>
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -262,7 +272,7 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2020 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2020, 2021 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
 
 <p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨ <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
@@ -275,12 +285,12 @@
 <b>ç¿»è¯</b>ï¼<a
 href="mailto:1945649519@qq.com";>&lt;Nios34&gt;</a>ï¼2020ã<br></br>
 <b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>ï¼2020ã</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>ï¼2020ï¼2021ã</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
  æåæ´æ°ï¼
 
-$Date: 2020/10/26 13:34:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/initial-announcement.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- gnu/initial-announcement.es.html    30 Apr 2021 09:12:02 -0000      1.35
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.es.html    3 Nov 2021 16:00:56 -0000       1.36
@@ -1,17 +1,31 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Anuncio inicial - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Anuncio inicial</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p> Este es el anuncio original del proyecto GNU, enviado por <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> el 27 de septiembre de
+href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> el 27 de septiembre de
 1983.</p>
 
 <p> La historia del proyecto GNU, tal como se desarrollÃ³, difiere de este plan
@@ -19,15 +33,17 @@
 hasta enero de 1984. Varios de los conceptos filosÃ³ficos del <a
 href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">software libre</a> se aclararon unos aÃ±os
 mÃ¡s tarde.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <h3>Â¡Unix Libre!</h3>
 
 <p>A partir del prÃ³ximo DÃa de AcciÃ³n de Gracias<a id="TransNote1-rev"
 href="#TransNote1">[1]</a> comenzarÃ© a escribir un sistema de software
 completo compatible con Unix llamado GNU (que significa Â«Gnu No es UnixÂ»), y
-lo distribuirÃ© libremente <a href="#f1">(1)</a> para que todos puedan
-usarlo. Son muy necesarias las contribuciones de dinero, programas y
-equipos.</p>
+lo distribuirÃ© libremente&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> para que
+todos puedan usarlo. Son muy necesarias las contribuciones de dinero,
+programas y equipos.</p>
 
 <p>Inicialmente GNU constarÃ¡ de un nÃºcleo de sistema 
[Â«<cite>kernel</cite>Â»],
 mÃ¡s todas las utilidades necesarias para escribir y ejecutar programas en
@@ -107,35 +123,28 @@
 
 <p>Para mÃ¡s informaciÃ³n, pÃ³ngase en contacto conmigo.</p>
 
-<p>Correo electrÃ³nico en Arpanet:<br />
-  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<address>Correo electrÃ³nico en Arpanet:<br />
+  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
 
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br />
   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
-  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
 
-<p>DirecciÃ³n postal en los EE.&nbsp;UU.:<br />
+<address>DirecciÃ³n postal en los EE.&nbsp;UU.:<br />
   Richard Stallman<br />
   166 Prospect St<br />
-  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="f1">Poca claridad en torno al tÃ©rmino Â«<cite>free</cite>Â»</h4>
-
-<p>La redacciÃ³n aquÃ fue descuidada. La intenciÃ³n era que nadie tendrÃa que
-pagar el <strong>permiso</strong> para usar el sistema GNU. Pero la
-redacciÃ³n no lo deja en claro, y la gente suele interpretar que las copias
-de GNU se deberÃan distribuir siempre a un costo muy bajo o sin cobrar
-nada. Esa nunca fue la intenciÃ³n.</p>
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
 
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
 <h3>Mensaje original</h3>
 
 <p>Para completar el presente artÃculo, reproducimos aquÃ Ãntegramente el
 correo electrÃ³nico original.</p>
 
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
-
+<pre class="emph-box" dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.
+-->
 From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
 From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
 Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
@@ -147,7 +156,7 @@
 
 Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.
 
@@ -237,6 +246,17 @@
 </pre>
 </div>
 
+<h3 id="f1" class="footnote">Nota</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>La redacciÃ³n aquÃ fue descuidada</em>. La intenciÃ³n era que nadie
+tendrÃa que pagar el <strong>permiso</strong> para usar el sistema GNU. Pero
+la redacciÃ³n no lo deja en claro, y la gente suele interpretar que las
+copias de GNU se deberÃan distribuir siempre a un costo muy bajo o sin
+cobrar nada. Esa nunca fue la intenciÃ³n.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -247,7 +267,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -268,7 +288,7 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
@@ -284,7 +304,7 @@
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -298,12 +318,11 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
 
 <p>Esta pÃ¡gina estÃ¡ bajo licencia <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.es_ES";>Creative
-Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 3.0 Estados Unidos de AmÃ©rica</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
+Commons Reconocimiento-SinObraDerivada 4.0 Internacional</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.es.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
@@ -315,11 +334,12 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:02 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html 26 Jun 2018 13:28:52 -0000      1.2
+++ gnu/initial-announcement.zh-cn.html 3 Nov 2021 16:00:56 -0000       1.3
@@ -1,26 +1,42 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/initial-announcement.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>åå§å£°æ - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>åå§å£°æ</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
-<p> è¿æ¯GNUå·¥ç¨çåå§å£°æï¼äº1983å¹´9æ27æ¥ç±<a 
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+<div class="introduction">
+<p> è¿æ¯GNUå·¥ç¨çåå§å£°æï¼äº1983å¹´9æ27æ¥ç±<a 
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 Stallman</a>æåºã</p>
 
 <p> GNUå·¥ç¨çå®éåå²åè¿ä¸ªåå§å£°ææåç§ä¸åãæ¯å¦ï¼å
¶å®éå¼å§æ¥ææè³1984å¹´1æãå¤ä¸ªå³äº<a
 href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>çå²å¦æ¦å¿µç´å°å 
å¹´ä¹åæå¾ä»¥æ¾æ¸ã</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <h3>èªç±çUnixï¼</h3>
 
 <p>ä»è¿ä¸ªææ©èå¼å§ï¼æå°ç¼åä¸ä¸ªå®å¨åUnixå
¼å®¹çè½¯ä»¶ç³»ç»ï¼å®å«åGNUï¼æææ¯Gnu's Not
-Unixï¼GNUå¹¶éUnixï¼ï¼å¹¶ä¸æä¼å°å®ååç»è½å¤ä½¿ç¨çäººï¼ä¾ä»ä»¬èªç±<a
-href="#f1">(1)</a>ä½¿ç¨ãæè¿«åéè¦å¤§å®¶è´¡ç®æ¶é´ãéé±ãç¨åºåè®¾å¤ã</p>
+Unixï¼GNUå¹¶éUnixï¼ï¼å¹¶ä¸æä¼å°å®ååç»è½å¤ä½¿ç¨çäººï¼ä¾ä»ä»¬èªç±&#8239;<a
 class="ftn"
+href="#f1">[1]</a>ä½¿ç¨ãæè¿«åéè¦å¤§å®¶è´¡ç®æ¶é´ãéé±ãç¨åºåè®¾å¤ã</p>
 
 <p>ä¸å¼å§ï¼GNUä¼æä¸ä¸ªåæ ¸å 
ä¸ä¸ç³»åç¼ååè¿è¡Cç¨åºæéè¦çåºç¨ï¼ç¼è¾å¨ãshellãCç¼è¯å¨ãè¿æ¥å¨ãæ±ç¼å¨ä»¥åä¸äºå
¶ä»ç¨åºãæ¤åï¼æä»¬ä¼å å¥ææ¬æçå·¥å
·ãYACCãå¸å½æ¸¸æãçµåè¡¨æ ¼åæ°ç¾ä¸ªå
¶ä»åºç¨ãæç»ï¼æä»¬å¸æè½å¤æä¾éå¸¸ä¸ä¸ªUnixç³»ç»å¸¦æçæææç¨çä¸è¥¿ï¼æ¤å¤è¿æUnixä¸å¸¦çææå
¶ä»æç¨çä¸è¥¿ï¼åæ¬å¨çº¿åå®è´¨çææ¡£ã</p>
 
@@ -55,30 +71,27 @@
 
 <p>å¦éæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯ï¼è¯·èç³»æã</p>
 
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
-  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<address>Arpanet mail:<br />
+  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
 
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br />
   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
-  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
 
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<address>US Snail:<br />
   Richard Stallman<br />
   166 Prospect St<br />
-  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="f1"> &ldquo;free&rdquo;ä¸è¯éå¾ä¸å¥½ã</h4>
-
-<p>è¿éçç¨è¯ä¸å¤ªä¸¥è°¨ãå¶åè¡·æ¯äººä»¬ä¸å¿
æ¯ä»è´¹ç¨æ¥è·å¾ä½¿ç¨GNUç³»ç»ç<b>è®¸å¯</b>ãä½æ¯æ¤å¤ç¨è¯æ²¡ææç¡®è¿ä¸ç¹ï¼èä¸äººä»¬éå¸¸ä¼çè§£æè¿æ¯å¨è¯´GNUçæ·è´æ»æ¯å»ä»·æä¸è±é±çãåæç»ä¸æ¯è¿æ
 ·çã</p>
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
 
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
 <h3>åå§æ¶æ¯</h3>
 
 <p>ä¸ºäºå®æ´ï¼åå§çé®ä»¶åå¨ä¸é¢ï¼å¹¶ä¸ä¿çåå§çæ 
¼å¼ã</p>
 
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
-
+<pre class="emph-box" dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.
+-->
 From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
 From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
 Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
@@ -90,7 +103,7 @@
 
 Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.
 
@@ -180,6 +193,13 @@
 </pre>
 </div>
 
+<h3 id="f1" class="footnote">èæ³¨</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>è¿éçç¨è¯ä¸å¤ªä¸¥è°¨ã</em>å¶åè¡·æ¯äººä»¬ä¸å¿
æ¯ä»è´¹ç¨æ¥è·å¾ä½¿ç¨GNUç³»ç»ç<b>è®¸å¯</b>ãä½æ¯æ¤å¤ç¨è¯æ²¡ææç¡®è¿ä¸ç¹ï¼èä¸äººä»¬éå¸¸ä¼çè§£æè¿æ¯å¨è¯´GNUçæ·è´æ»æ¯å»ä»·æä¸è±é±çãåæç»ä¸æ¯è¿æ
 ·çã</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -188,7 +208,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>è¯·å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ï¼FSFï¼&amp;GNUçä¸è¬æ§é®é¢åéå°<a
@@ -207,16 +227,18 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
-è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a 
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯é¡»ç¥</a>ã</p>
+æä»¬å°½æå¤§åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨éè¯¯åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§çå»ºè®®ï¼è¯·åéè³
 <a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>&lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>ã</p><p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æäº¤ç¿»è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
 </div>
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -230,28 +252,28 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
 
-<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>ææã</p>
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨ <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> ææã</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
 <b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>ï¼2018ã</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>ï¼2018ï¼2021ã</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 æåæ´æ°ï¼
 
-$Date: 2018/06/26 13:28:52 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.69
retrieving revision 1.70
diff -u -b -r1.69 -r1.70
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html   31 Aug 2021 11:35:27 -0000      1.69
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html   3 Nov 2021 16:00:56 -0000       1.70
@@ -3,9 +3,15 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Linux y GNU - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+-->
+</style>
 <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Software Libre,
 Sistema Operativo, NÃºcleo de GNU, kernel de GNU, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
 <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Desde 1983 estamos desarrollando el 
sistema operativo GNU, similar a Unix
@@ -14,6 +20,9 @@
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Linux y el sistema GNU</h2>
 
@@ -115,13 +124,13 @@
 fuera. Elaboramos una lista de los programas necesarios para hacer un
 sistema libre <em>completo</em> y sistemÃ¡ticamente recopilamos, escribimos o
 buscamos gente para escribir todo lo que habÃa en esa lista. Escribimos
-ciertos componentes esenciales pero aburridos <a href="#unexciting">(1)</a>,
-ya que no se puede obtener un sistema sin ellos. Algunos de nuestros
-componentes para el sistema, las herramientas de programaciÃ³n, se volvieron
-populares por sÃ mismas entre los programadores, pero ademÃ¡s  escribimos
-muchos componentes que no son herramientas <a
-href="#nottools">(2)</a>. Incluso desarrollamos un juego de ajedrez, GNU
-Chess, porque un sistema completo tambiÃ©n necesita juegos.</p>
+ciertos componentes esenciales pero aburridos&#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#unexciting">[1]</a>, ya que no se puede obtener un sistema sin
+ellos. Algunos de nuestros componentes para el sistema, las herramientas de
+programaciÃ³n, se volvieron populares por sÃ mismas entre los programadores,
+pero ademÃ¡s escribimos muchos componentes que no son herramientas &#8239;<a
+class="ftn" href="#nottools">[2]</a>. Incluso desarrollamos un juego de
+ajedrez, GNU Chess, porque un sistema completo tambiÃ©n necesita juegos.</p>
 
 <p>
 A principios de los aÃ±os noventa ya tenÃamos listo todo el sistema salvo el
@@ -144,14 +153,14 @@
 <p>
 Lograr que ambos funcionasen juntos correctamente no fue una tarea
 trivial. Hubo que realizar cambios sustanciales en algunos componentes de
-GNU <a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> para que funcionasen con Linux. La
-integraciÃ³n de un sistema completo para obtener una distribuciÃ³n lista para
-usar requiriÃ³ tambiÃ©n de mucho trabajo. Fue necesario abordar la cuestiÃ³n de
-cÃ³mo instalar y arrancar el sistema, un asunto del que no nos habÃamos
-ocupado porque no se habÃa llegado todavÃa a ese punto. AsÃ, las personas
-que desarrollaron las diversas distribuciones del sistema realizaron una
-labor enorme y esencial, pero era una labor que, de todas maneras,
-seguramente alguien habrÃa hecho tarde o temprano.</p>
+GNU &#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#somecomponents">[3]</a> para que
+funcionasen con Linux. La integraciÃ³n de un sistema completo para obtener
+una distribuciÃ³n lista para usar requiriÃ³ tambiÃ©n de mucho trabajo. Fue
+necesario abordar la cuestiÃ³n de cÃ³mo instalar y arrancar el sistema, un
+asunto del que no nos habÃamos ocupado porque no se habÃa llegado todavÃa a
+ese punto. AsÃ, las personas que desarrollaron las diversas distribuciones
+del sistema realizaron una labor enorme y esencial, pero era una labor que,
+de todas maneras, seguramente alguien habrÃa hecho tarde o temprano.</p>
 
 <p>
 El proyecto GNU apoya tanto a los sistemas GNU/Linux como <em>al</em>
@@ -190,7 +199,7 @@
 <p>
 Si desea proporcionar enlaces como referencia para la cuestiÃ³n del nombre
 Â«GNU/LinuxÂ», esta misma pÃ¡gina y <a
-href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a>
+href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a>
 son buenas opciones. Si menciona Linux, el nÃºcleo, y desea agregar un enlace
 para mÃ¡s informaciÃ³n, <a
 href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a> es una pÃ¡gina
@@ -204,8 +213,8 @@
 un sistema operativo libre de tipo Unix. Ese sistema se conoce como Â«BSDÂ» y
 se desarrollÃ³ en la Universidad de California, en Berkeley. En los aÃ±os
 ochenta no era libre, pero se liberÃ³ a principios de los noventa. Los
-sistemas operativos libres que existen hoy en dÃa <a
-href="#newersystems">(4)</a>, casi con seguridad son una variante del
+sistemas operativos libres que existen hoy en dÃa&#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#newersystems">[4]</a>, casi con seguridad son una variante del
 sistema GNU o algÃºn tipo de sistema BSD.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -218,7 +227,7 @@
 embargo, tomados en su conjunto, son dos sistemas diferentes que
 evolucionaron por separado. Los desarrolladores de BSD no escribieron un
 nÃºcleo y lo aÃ±adieron al sistema GNU, por lo que un nombre como GNU/BSD no
-se ajustarÃa en esta situaciÃ³n. <a href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
+se ajustarÃa en esta situaciÃ³n. &#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#gnubsd">[5]</a></p>
 <div class="column-limit"></div>
 
 <h3 class="footnote">Notas</h3>
@@ -326,7 +335,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/08/31 11:35:27 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: gnu/manifesto.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/manifesto.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.51
retrieving revision 1.52
diff -u -b -r1.51 -r1.52
--- gnu/manifesto.es.html       30 Apr 2021 09:12:02 -0000      1.51
+++ gnu/manifesto.es.html       3 Nov 2021 16:00:56 -0000       1.52
@@ -1,17 +1,30 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>El manifiesto de GNU - Proyecto GNU -  Free Software Foundation </title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>El manifiesto de GNU</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p> El manifiesto de GNU, que aparece a continuaciÃ³n, lo escribiÃ³ <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> en 1985 para solicitar
+href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> en 1985 para solicitar
 apoyo en el desarrollo del sistema operativo GNU. Parte del texto estÃ¡
 tomado del anuncio original de 1983. A lo largo de 1987 se hicieron
 actualizaciones menores para dar cuenta de la evoluciÃ³n del proyecto; a
@@ -25,7 +38,7 @@
 <p>Si desea instalar el sistema GNU/Linux, le recomendamos utilizar una de las
 <a href="/distros">distribuciones GNU/Linux que son 100% software
 libre</a>. Para colaborar, consulte <a
-href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
 
 <p>El proyecto GNU forma parte del Movimiento del Software Libre, una campaÃ±a
 en favor de la <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">libertad de los usuarios
@@ -34,14 +47,16 @@
 del Movimiento del Software Libre. Lo emplean para promover un <a
 href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">punto de vista
 amoral</a> de abordar el mismo asunto.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
 
 <h3 id="whats-gnu">Â¿QuÃ© es GNU? Â¡GNU No es Unix!</h3>
 
 <p>
    GNU, que significa Â«Gnu No es UnixÂ», es el nombre del sistema de software
 completamente compatible con Unix que estoy escribiendo para entregarlo
-libremente a todas las personas que puedan utilizarlo <a
-href="#f1">(1)</a>. Algunos voluntarios me estÃ¡n ayudando. Las aportaciones
+libremente a todas las personas que puedan utilizarlo &#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#f1">[1]</a>. Algunos voluntarios me estÃ¡n ayudando. Las aportaciones
 de tiempo, dinero, programas y equipos son muy necesarias.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -105,7 +120,7 @@
 ningÃºn software que no sea libre. He renunciado al Laboratorio de
 Inteligencia Artificial para evitar que el <abbr title="Massachusetts
 Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> pueda usar alguna excusa legal que me
-impida distribuir software de GNU <a href="#f2a">(2)</a>.</p>
+impida distribuir software de GNU. &#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f2a">[2]</a></p>
 
 <h3 id="compatible">Por quÃ© GNU serÃ¡ compatible con Unix</h3>
 
@@ -154,7 +169,7 @@
 
 <h3 id="contribute">CÃ³mo colaborar</h3>
 
-<blockquote>
+<div class="comment">
 <p>
 Hoy en dÃa, para conocer las tareas en las que puede colaborar en el Ã¡mbito
 del software, consulte la <a
@@ -165,7 +180,7 @@
 otras formas, consulte la <a href="/help/help.html">guÃa para colaborar con
 el Proyecto GNU</a>.
 </p>
-</blockquote>
+</div>
 
 <p>
    Pido a los fabricantes de ordenadores que donen mÃ¡quinas y dinero. A los
@@ -206,7 +221,7 @@
 
 <p>
    Una vez que GNU estÃ© terminado, todo el mundo podrÃ¡ obtener un buen 
sistema
-de software tan libre como el aire. <a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+de software tan libre como el aire.&#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p>
 
 <p>
    Esto significa mucho mÃ¡s que ahorrarse el dinero para pagar una licencia
@@ -255,18 +270,20 @@
 
 <h3 id="rebutted-objections">Algunas objeciones,  fÃ¡cilmente rebatibles, a 
los objetivos de GNU</h3>
 
-<p id="support">
+<dl>
+<dt id="support">
 <strong>Â«Nadie lo va a usar si es libre, porque eso significa que no cuenta
-con ningÃºn tipo de asistenciaÂ».</strong></p>
+con ningÃºn tipo de asistenciaÂ».</strong></dt>
 
-<p>
+<dt>
 <strong>Â«Hay que cobrar por el programa para pagar por el servicio de
-asistenciaÂ».</strong></p>
-
+asistenciaÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    Si la gente prefiere pagar por GNU mÃ¡s el servicio en lugar de recibir GNU
 sin servicio, una empresa que preste solamente el servicio a las personas
-que hayan obtenido GNU debe ser rentable. <a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+que hayan obtenido GNU debe ser rentable. &#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#f3">[4]</a></p>
 
 <p>
    Debemos distinguir entre el soporte en forma de trabajo de programaciÃ³n 
real
@@ -298,15 +315,15 @@
 los usuarios no estarÃ¡n atados a ninguna en particular. Mientras tanto,
 aquellos de nosotros que no necesitamos el servicio deberÃamos tener la
 posibilidad de utilizar el programa sin tener que pagar por el servicio.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="advertising">
+<dt id="advertising">
 <strong>Â«No se puede llegar a muchas personas sin publicidad, y para
-financiarla es necesario cobrar por el programaÂ».</strong></p>
-
-<p>
+financiarla es necesario cobrar por el programaÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dt>
 <strong>Â«No tiene sentido publicitar un programa que la gente puede obtener
-gratuitamenteÂ».</strong></p>
-
+gratuitamenteÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    Hay diversas formas de publicidad gratuita o muy barata que se puede
 utilizar para informar a los usuarios de computadoras acerca de algo como
@@ -321,12 +338,14 @@
    Por otro lado, si mucha gente consigue GNU de sus amigos, y esas empresas no
 tienen Ã©xito, esto demostrarÃ¡ que la publicidad no era realmente necesaria
 para difundir GNU. Â¿Por quÃ© es que los defensores del libre mercado no
-quieren dejar que el libre mercado lo decida? <a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+quieren dejar que el libre mercado lo decida?&#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="competitive">
+<dt id="competitive">
 <strong>Â«Mi compaÃ±Ãa necesita un sistema operativo privativo para tener una
-ventaja competitivaÂ».</strong></p>
-
+ventaja competitivaÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    GNU quitarÃ¡ el software de sistema operativo del entorno de la
 competencia. No podrÃ¡ obtener una ventaja en esta Ã¡rea, pero tampoco la
@@ -338,13 +357,14 @@
 
 <p>
    Me gustarÃa ver que el desarrollo de GNU se mantuviera gracias a donaciones
-de algunos fabricantes y usuarios, reduciendo el coste para todos. <a
-href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+de algunos fabricantes y usuarios, reduciendo el coste para todos.&#8239;<a
+class="ftn" href="#f5">[6]</a></p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="deserve">
+<dt id="deserve">
 <strong>Â«Â¿No merecen los programadores una recompensa por su
-creatividad?Â»</strong></p>
-
+creatividad?Â»</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    Si hay algo que merece una recompensa, es la contribuciÃ³n social. La
 creatividad puede ser una contribuciÃ³n social, pero solo en la medida en que
@@ -352,11 +372,12 @@
 merecen ser recompensados por la creaciÃ³n de programas innovadores,
 entonces, por la misma razÃ³n merecen ser castigados si restringen el uso de
 estos programas.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="reward">
+<dt id="reward">
 <strong>Â«Â¿No deberÃa un programador poder pedir una recompensa por su
-creatividad?Â»</strong></p>
-
+creatividad?Â»</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    No hay nada malo en querer un pago por el trabajo o en buscar maximizar los
 ingresos personales, siempre y cuando no se utilicen medios que sean
@@ -379,10 +400,11 @@
 haga. EspecÃficamente, el deseo de ser recompensado por la creatividad de
 uno no justifica privar al mundo en general de toda o parte de esa
 creatividad.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="starve">
-<strong>Â«Â¿No se morirÃ¡n de hambre los programadores?Â»</strong></p>
-
+<dt id="starve">
+<strong>Â«Â¿No se morirÃ¡n de hambre los programadores?Â»</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    PodrÃa responder que nadie estÃ¡ obligado a ser programador. La mayorÃa de
 nosotros no puede conseguir dinero parÃ¡ndose en la calle y haciendo
@@ -403,11 +425,12 @@
 
 <p>
    Restringir la copia no es la Ãºnica forma para hacer negocios con el
-software. Es la forma mÃ¡s comÃºn <a href="#f8">(7)</a>  porque es con la que
-se obtiene mÃ¡s dinero. Si se prohibiera o fuese rechazada por el comprador,
-el negocio del software se desplazarÃa hacia otras formas de organizaciÃ³n
-que actualmente no se usan tan a menudo. Siempre existen muchos modos para
-organizar cualquier tipo de negocio.</p>
+software. Es la forma mÃ¡s comÃºn&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f8">[7]</a>
+porque es con la que se obtiene mÃ¡s dinero. Si se prohibiera o fuese
+rechazada por el comprador, el negocio del software se desplazarÃa hacia
+otras formas de organizaciÃ³n que actualmente no se usan tan a
+menudo. Siempre existen muchos modos para organizar cualquier tipo de
+negocio.</p>
 
 <p>
    Probablemente la programaciÃ³n no serÃ¡ tan lucrativa bajo esta nueva forma
@@ -416,11 +439,12 @@
 obtengan los salarios que ganan actualmente. Si los programadores ganaran lo
 mismo, no serÃ¡ tampoco una injusticia (en la prÃ¡ctica ganarÃ¡n
 considerablemente mÃ¡s).</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="right-to-control">
+<dt id="right-to-control">
 <strong>Â«Â¿La gente no tiene derecho a controlar cÃ³mo se usa su
-creatividad?Â»</strong></p>
-
+creatividad?Â»</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
 El Â«control del uso de las ideas de alguienÂ» realmente constituye el control
 de las vidas de otras personas, y por lo general se utiliza para hacerles la
@@ -428,11 +452,11 @@
 
 <p>
    Las personas que han estudiado cuidadosamente el tema de los derechos de
-propiedad intelectual<a href="#f6">(8)</a> (por ejemplo los abogados) dicen
-que no existe un derecho intrÃnseco a la propiedad intelectual. Los tipos de
-los supuestos derechos de propiedad intelectual que reconoce el gobierno
-fueron creados mediante actos legislativos especÃficos con fines
-especÃficos.</p>
+propiedad intelectual&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f6">[8]</a> (por ejemplo
+los abogados) dicen que no existe un derecho intrÃnseco a la propiedad
+intelectual. Los tipos de los supuestos derechos de propiedad intelectual
+que reconoce el gobierno fueron creados mediante actos legislativos
+especÃficos con fines especÃficos.</p>
 
 <p>
    Por ejemplo, el sistema de patentes se estableciÃ³ para animar a los
@@ -472,10 +496,11 @@
 situaciÃ³n en la que una persona que hace valer un copyright estÃ¡ daÃ±ando a
 la sociedad en su conjunto tanto materialmente como espiritualmente; nadie
 deberÃa hacerlo a pesar de que la ley se lo permita.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="competition">
-<strong>Â«La competiciÃ³n hace que las cosas se hagan mejorÂ».</strong></p>
-
+<dt id="competition">
+<strong>Â«La competiciÃ³n hace que las cosas se hagan mejorÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    El paradigma de la competencia es una carrera: al premiar al ganador,
 estamos alentando a todos a correr mÃ¡s rÃ¡pido. Cuando el capitalismo
@@ -492,11 +517,12 @@
 no parece objetar las peleas, solo las regula (Â«por cada diez metros que
 corras, puedes realizar un disparoÂ»). Lo que deberÃa hacer es separarlos y
 penalizar a los corredores, incluso por tratar de enredarse en una pelea.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="stop-programming">
+<dt id="stop-programming">
 <strong>Â«Â¿No dejarÃ¡n todos de programar si no hay un incentivo
-econÃ³mico?Â»</strong></p>
-
+econÃ³mico?Â»</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    De hecho, mucha gente programarÃ¡ sin absolutamente ningÃºn incentivo
 econÃ³mico. La programaciÃ³n ejerce una atracciÃ³n irresistible en algunas
@@ -527,21 +553,23 @@
 dinero, eso los llenarÃ¡ de expectativas y lo van a exigir. Las
 organizaciones que pagan poco no podrÃ¡n competir con las que pagan mucho,
 pero no tendrÃa que irles tan mal si las que pagan mucho fueran 
prohibidas.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="desperate">
+<dt id="desperate">
 <strong>Â«Necesitamos a los programadores desesperadamente. Si ellos nos
 pidieran que dejemos de ayudar a nuestro prÃ³jimo, tendrÃamos que
-obedecerÂ».</strong></p>
-
+obedecerÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    Uno nunca estÃ¡ tan desesperado como para tener que obedecer este tipo de
 exigencia. Recuerde: millones para nuestra defensa, Â¡pero ni un centavo para
 tributos! <a href="#TransNote2" id="TransNote2-rev"><sup>[2]</sup></a>.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="living">
+<dt id="living">
 <strong>Â«Los programadores necesitan tener alguna forma de ganarse la
-vidaÂ».</strong></p>
-
+vidaÂ».</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    A corto plazo, esto es verdad. Sin embargo, hay bastantes maneras de que los
 programadores puedan ganarse la vida sin vender el derecho a usar un
@@ -560,9 +588,9 @@
 
 <p>
    La gente con ideas nuevas podrÃa distribuir programas como
-<cite>freeware</cite> <a href="#f7">(9)</a>, pidiendo donaciones a los
-usuarios satisfechos, o vendiendo servicios de asistencia. Yo he conocido a
-personas que ya trabajan asÃ y con mucho Ã©xito.</p>
+<cite>freeware</cite>&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f7">[9]</a>, pidiendo
+donaciones a los usuarios satisfechos, o vendiendo servicios de
+asistencia. Yo he conocido a personas que ya trabajan asÃ y con mucho 
Ã©xito.</p>
 
 <p>
    Los usuarios con que tengan las mismas necesidades pueden formar un grupo de
@@ -601,6 +629,10 @@
 <li>Los usuarios a quienes les importa a quÃ© proyectos se destine su parte
 pueden escogerlos por sÃ mismos.</li>
 </ul>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
 <p>
    A largo plazo, hacer programas libres es un paso hacia el mundo
 post-escasez, donde nadie tendrÃ¡ que trabajar duro para ganarse la vida. La
@@ -620,9 +652,9 @@
 libre reducirÃ¡ en gran medida estos drenajes en el campo de producciÃ³n de
 software. Debemos hacerlo, para que los avances tÃ©cnicos en la productividad
 se traduzcan en menos trabajo para nosotros.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
 
-
-<h3 id="footnotes">Notas</h3>
+<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Notas</h3>
 
 <!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
      revisions over time.  And if a new footnote is added, the references
@@ -652,17 +684,17 @@
 confusas que vale la pena evitarÂ»</a>.</li>
 
 <li id="f2">AquÃ tambiÃ©n omitÃ distinguir cuidadosamente entre los dos 
diferentes
-significados de Â«<cite>free</cite>Â» (que en inglÃ©s puede significar
-Â«gratisÂ» o  Â«libreÂ», N. d. T.). La afirmaciÃ³n tal como estÃ¡ escrita no es
-falsa, se pueden obtener copias gratuitas de software de GNU &mdash;de los
-amigos o a travÃ©s de Internet&mdash;, pero sugiere una idea errÃ³nea.</li>
+significados de Â«<cite>free</cite>Â» (que en inglÃ©s puede significar 
Â«gratisÂ»
+o Â«libreÂ», N. d. T.). La afirmaciÃ³n tal como estÃ¡ escrita no es falsa, se
+pueden obtener copias gratuitas de software de GNU &mdash;de los amigos o a
+travÃ©s de Internet&mdash;, pero sugiere una idea errÃ³nea.</li>
 
 <li id="f3">Ya existen varias compaÃ±Ãas de este tipo.</li>
 
 <li id="f4">Aunque es una organizacioÃ³n sin Ã¡nimo de lucro mÃ¡s que una 
empresa, la
 <cite>Free Software Foundation</cite> durante diez aÃ±os ha obtenido la
 mayorÃa de los fondos a partir de su servicio de distribuciÃ³n. Puede <a
-href="/order/order.html">comprar artÃculos de la FSF</a> para apoyar su
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/";>comprar artÃculos de la FSF</a> para apoyar su
 actividad.
 </li>
 
@@ -685,7 +717,7 @@
 rechazar completamente el tÃ©rmino Â«propiedad intelectualÂ», para no inducir a
 otros a pensar que esas leyes forman un tema coherente. Para hablar con
 claridad, hay que referirse a las patentes, el copyright y las marcas
-registradas por separado. VeÃ¡se <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">una
+registradas por separado. VÃ©ase <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">una
 explicaciÃ³n mÃ¡s amplia</a> de cÃ³mo esta expresiÃ³n genera confusiÃ³n y
 prejuicios.</li>
 
@@ -693,11 +725,12 @@
 Â«<cite>freeware</cite>Â». El tÃ©rmino Â«<cite>freeware</cite>Â» significa que 
el
 software se puede redistribuir libremente, pero por lo general no ofrece la
 libertad para estudiar y modificar el cÃ³digo fuente, asÃ que la mayorÃa de
-esos programas no son software libre. VeÃ¡se <a
+esos programas no son software libre. VÃ©ase <a
 href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware"><q>palabras y frases
 confusas que vale la pena evitar</q></a> para mÃ¡s detalles.</li>
 
 </ol>
+</div>
 
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
@@ -714,7 +747,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -735,7 +768,7 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
@@ -765,8 +798,8 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>
 Se autoriza la copia literal o la distribuciÃ³n de este documento en su
@@ -787,11 +820,12 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:02 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/rms-lisp.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/rms-lisp.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.50
retrieving revision 1.51
diff -u -b -r1.50 -r1.51
--- gnu/rms-lisp.es.html        30 Apr 2021 09:12:02 -0000      1.50
+++ gnu/rms-lisp.es.html        3 Nov 2021 16:00:57 -0000       1.51
@@ -1,19 +1,32 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/rms-lisp.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Mis experiencias con Lisp y el desarrollo de Emacs de GNU - Proyecto 
GNU -
 Free Software Foundation </title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.es.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.es.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Mis experiencias con Lisp y el desarrollo de Emacs de GNU</h2>
 
-<blockquote><p>(TranscripciÃ³n de la conferencia pronunciada por Richard 
Stallman el 28 de
-octubre de 2002 en el Congreso Internacional de Lisp [<span
-style="font-style:italic;">International Lisp 
Conference</span>]).</p></blockquote>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>TranscripciÃ³n de la conferencia pronunciada por Richard Stallman el 28 de
+octubre de 2002 en el Congreso Internacional de Lisp.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
 
 <p>Dado que ninguna de mis charlas habituales tiene nada que ver con Lisp,
 ninguna era apropiada para hoy. AsÃ que voy a tener que improvisar. En
@@ -73,23 +86,24 @@
 editor de textos y era un lenguaje de programaciÃ³n extremadamente feo, no
 podÃa haber sido mÃ¡s feo. La razÃ³n era que no fue diseÃ±ado para ser un
 lenguaje de programaciÃ³n, sino como un lenguaje de Ã³rdenes y un editor de
-textos. HabÃa Ã³rdenes como Â«5lÂ», que significaba Â«mover cinco lÃneasÂ», 
o Â«iÂ»
-seguido de una cadena de caracteres y despuÃ©s ESC para insertar esa cadena
-de caracteres. PodrÃa escribir una cadena de caracteres que fuera una
-secuencia de Ã³rdenes, lo que se llamaba una cadena de Ã³rdenes, terminada con
-ESC ESC, y serÃa ejecutada.</p>
+textos. HabÃa Ã³rdenes como <code>5l</code>, que significaba Â«mover cinco
+lÃneasÂ», o <code>i</code> seguido de una cadena de caracteres y despuÃ©s ESC
+para insertar esa cadena de caracteres. PodrÃa escribir una cadena de
+caracteres que fuera una secuencia de Ã³rdenes, lo que se llamaba una cadena
+de Ã³rdenes, terminada con ESC ESC, y serÃa ejecutada.</p>
 
 <p>Bien. La gente querÃa extender este lenguaje con elementos Ãºtiles para la
 programaciÃ³n, asÃ que aÃ±adiÃ³ algunos. Por ejemplo, uno de los primeros fue
-una estructura iterativa: &lt; &gt;. Encerrar algo entre estos signos hacÃa
-que se ejecutara en un bucle. HabÃa otras crÃpticas Ã³rdenes que podÃan
-usarse para salir del bucle condicionalmente. Para construir Emacs, nosotros
-<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a> aÃ±adimos mecanismos para tener subrutinas con
-nombres. Antes de esto, de forma anÃ¡loga a lo que ocurre con Basic, los
-nombres de las subrutinas sÃ³lo podÃan estar formados por una letra. Con esta
-limitaciÃ³n era difÃcil escribir programas grandes, asÃ que aÃ±adimos cÃ³digo
-que permitiÃ³ que pudieran tener nombres mÃ¡s largos. De hecho, habÃa algunos
-mecanismos bastante sofisticados; creo que Lisp tomÃ³ su mecanismo <span
+una estructura iterativa: <code>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</code>. Encerrar algo entre
+estos signos hacÃa que se ejecutara en un bucle. HabÃa otras crÃpticas
+Ã³rdenes que podÃan usarse para salir del bucle condicionalmente. Para
+construir Emacs, nosotros&#8239;<a href="#foot-1">[1]</a> aÃ±adimos
+mecanismos para tener subrutinas con nombres. Antes de esto, de forma
+anÃ¡loga a lo que ocurre con Basic, los nombres de las subrutinas sÃ³lo podÃan
+estar formados por una letra. Con esta limitaciÃ³n era difÃcil escribir
+programas grandes, asÃ que aÃ±adimos cÃ³digo que permitiÃ³ que pudieran tener
+nombres mÃ¡s largos. De hecho, habÃa algunos mecanismos bastante
+sofisticados; creo que Lisp tomÃ³ su mecanismo <span
 style="font-style:italic;">unwind-protect</span>, llamÃ©mosle,
 Â«de-aplicaciÃ³n-abiertaÂ», de TECO.</p>
 
@@ -103,14 +117,14 @@
 desde un principio. De hecho, descubrimos que el mejor lenguaje de
 programaciÃ³n para ese propÃ³sito era Lisp.</p>
 
-<p>Fue Bernie Greenberg quien descubriÃ³ que lo era <a href="#foot-2">(2)</a>
-. EscribiÃ³ una versiÃ³n de Emacs en Multics MacLisp, y programÃ³ sus Ã³rdenes
-en MacLisp de forma sencilla. El propio editor estaba escrito enteramente en
-Lisp. Multics Emacs fue un gran Ã©xito: programar nuevas Ã³rdenes de ediciÃ³n
-era tan prÃ¡ctico que incluso los administrativos empezaron a aprender a
-hacerlo en sus oficinas. Utilizaban un manual que mostraba cÃ³mo extender
-Emacs, pero que no lo llamaba programaciÃ³n, de forma que los
-administrativos, que pensaban que no sabÃan programar, no se
+<p>Fue Bernie Greenberg quien descubriÃ³ que lo era &#8239;<a
+href="#foot-2">[2]</a>. EscribiÃ³ una versiÃ³n de Emacs en Multics MacLisp, y
+programÃ³ sus Ã³rdenes en MacLisp de forma sencilla. El propio editor estaba
+escrito enteramente en Lisp. Multics Emacs fue un gran Ã©xito: programar
+nuevas Ã³rdenes de ediciÃ³n era tan prÃ¡ctico que incluso los administrativos
+empezaron a aprender a hacerlo en sus oficinas. Utilizaban un manual que
+mostraba cÃ³mo extender Emacs, pero que no lo llamaba programaciÃ³n, de forma
+que los administrativos, que pensaban que no sabÃan programar, no se
 asustaran. Leyeron el manual, descubrieron que podÃan hacer cosas Ãºtiles y
 aprendieron a programar.</p>
 
@@ -245,11 +259,11 @@
 querÃa fundar lo que Ã©l llamaba una empresa Â«hackerÂ». Esto querÃa decir 
que
 serÃa una empresa gestionada por hackers y que operarÃa de un modo propicio
 para hackers. Otro objetivo era mantener la cultura del Laboratorio de
-Inteligencia Artificial <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>. Desafortunadamente,
-Greenblatt no tenÃa experiencia empresarial, por lo que otros miembros del
-grupo de la mÃ¡quina Lisp expresaron sus dudas sobre el Ã©xito de la
-empresa. Pensaban que su plan para evitar inversiones externas no
-funcionarÃa.</p>
+Inteligencia Artificial &#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#foot-3">[3]</a>. Desafortunadamente, Greenblatt no tenÃa experiencia
+empresarial, por lo que otros miembros del grupo de la mÃ¡quina Lisp
+expresaron sus dudas sobre el Ã©xito de la empresa. Pensaban que su plan para
+evitar inversiones externas no funcionarÃa.</p>
 
 <p>Â¿Por quÃ© querÃa evitar la inversiÃ³n externa? Porque cuando una empresa 
tiene
 inversores externos, Ã©stos toman el control y no permiten que tenga ningÃºn
@@ -298,11 +312,11 @@
 previsto que el grupo de hackers del Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial
 serÃa aniquilado, pero lo fue.</p>
 
-<p> A Symbolics se le ocurriÃ³ un plan <a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>. Dijeron al
-laboratorio: Â«seguiremos permitiÃ©ndoles que usen nuestras modificaciones al
-sistema, pero no podrÃ¡n instalarlas en la mÃ¡quina Lisp del MIT. En su lugar,
-les daremos acceso al sistema de la mÃ¡quina Lisp de Symbolics, y podrÃ¡n
-ejecutarlo, pero eso serÃ¡ todo lo que podrÃ¡n hacerÂ».</p>
+<p> A Symbolics se le ocurriÃ³ un plan&#8239;<a href="#foot-4">[4]</a>. Dijeron
+al laboratorio: Â«seguiremos permitiÃ©ndoles que usen nuestras modificaciones
+al sistema, pero no podrÃ¡n instalarlas en la mÃ¡quina Lisp del MIT. En su
+lugar, les daremos acceso al sistema de la mÃ¡quina Lisp de Symbolics, y
+podrÃ¡n ejecutarlo, pero eso serÃ¡ todo lo que podrÃ¡n hacerÂ».</p>
 
 <p>Esto, en la prÃ¡ctica, significaba que nos exigÃan posicionarnos en un 
bando
 y utilizar, o bien la versiÃ³n del MIT del sistema, o bien la versiÃ³n de
@@ -317,23 +331,23 @@
 empresas, aunque me entristecÃa ver lo que le habÃa ocurrido a nuestra
 comunidad y al software. Pero ahora, Symbolics habÃa forzado la
 situaciÃ³n. AsÃ que, en un intento por ayudar a mantener Lisp Machines Inc. a
-flote <a href="#foot-5">(5)</a>, empecÃ© a duplicar todas las mejoras que
-habÃa hecho Symbolics al sistema de la mÃ¡quina Lisp. EscribÃ por mÃ mismo
-las mejoras equivalentes de nuevo (es decir, el cÃ³digo era mÃo).</p>
-
-<p>DespuÃ©s de un tiempo <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a>, lleguÃ© a la conclusiÃ³n de
-que serÃa mejor ni siquiera mirar su cÃ³digo. Cuando anunciaban la liberaciÃ³n
-de una actualizaciÃ³n del cÃ³digo, podÃa ver en las notas correspondientes a
-la nueva liberaciÃ³n cuÃ¡les eran las modificaciones introducidas e
-implementarlas. Cuando ellos hacÃan finalmente la liberaciÃ³n de las
-modificaciones, yo tambiÃ©n liberaba las mÃas.</p>
+flote&#8239;<a href="#foot-5">[5]</a>, empecÃ© a duplicar todas las mejoras
+que habÃa hecho Symbolics al sistema de la mÃ¡quina Lisp. EscribÃ por mÃ
+mismo las mejoras equivalentes de nuevo (es decir, el cÃ³digo era mÃo).</p>
+
+<p>DespuÃ©s de un tiempo&#8239;<a href="#foot-6">[6]</a>, lleguÃ© a la 
conclusiÃ³n
+de que serÃa mejor ni siquiera mirar su cÃ³digo. Cuando anunciaban la
+liberaciÃ³n de una actualizaciÃ³n del cÃ³digo, podÃa ver en las notas
+correspondientes a la nueva liberaciÃ³n cuÃ¡les eran las modificaciones
+introducidas e implementarlas. Cuando ellos hacÃan finalmente la liberaciÃ³n
+de las modificaciones, yo tambiÃ©n liberaba las mÃas.</p>
 
 <p>De esta manera, durante dos aÃ±os evitÃ© que acabaran con Lisp Machines
 Incorporated, y las dos empresas siguieron adelante. Pero no querÃa pasarme
 aÃ±os y aÃ±os castigando a alguien, evitando que se cometiera un acto
 malvado. Supuse que ya habÃan sido castigados bastante puesto que estaban
-inmersos en una competiciÃ³n que no tendrÃa fin <a
-href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Por otro lado, habÃa llegado el momento de formar
+inmersos en una competiciÃ³n que no tendrÃa fin &#8239;<a
+href="#foot-7">[7]</a>. Por otro lado, habÃa llegado el momento de formar
 una nueva comunidad que reemplazara a la que las acciones suyas y de otros
 exterminaron.</p>
 
@@ -375,24 +389,25 @@
 significaba que tenÃa que hacer que el programa fuera lo mÃ¡s pequeÃ±o
 posible.</p>
 
-<p>Por ejemplo, en aquel entonces la Ãºnica estructura iterativa era Â«whileÂ»,
-implementada de forma extremadamente simple. No habÃa ningÃºn mecanismo para
-interrumpir la ejecuciÃ³n de la sentencia Â«whileÂ» y transferir el control a
-la instrucciÃ³n siguiente a dicha sentencia, usted tenÃa que ejecutar un
-<code>catch</code> y un <code>throw</code>, o monitorizar una variable para
-salir del bucle. Esto muestra hasta dÃ³nde estaba llevando las cosas para
-mantener los programas pequeÃ±os. No tenÃamos Â«caarÂ», Â«cadrÂ», etc. HabÃa 
que
+<p>Por ejemplo, en aquel entonces la Ãºnica estructura iterativa era
+<code>while</code>, implementada de forma extremadamente simple. No habÃa
+ningÃºn mecanismo para interrumpir la ejecuciÃ³n de la sentencia
+<code>while</code> y transferir el control a la instrucciÃ³n siguiente a
+dicha sentencia, usted tenÃa que hacer un <cite>catch</cite> y un
+<cite>throw</cite>, o monitorizar una variable para salir del bucle. Esto
+muestra hasta dÃ³nde estaba llevando las cosas para mantener los programas
+pequeÃ±os. No tenÃamos <code>caar</code>, <code>cadr</code>, etc. HabÃa que
 sacarle el mayor jugo posible, ese fue el espÃritu de Emacs de GNU, el
 espÃritu de Emacs Lisp desde el principio.</p>
 
 <p>Evidentemente, las mÃ¡quinas actuales tienen mayor capacidad, y ya no 
hacemos
-las cosas asÃ. Ahora incluimos Â«caarÂ», Â«cadrÂ», etc. Y podrÃamos aÃ±adir 
otra
-estructura iterativa un dÃa de estos. Queremos ampliarlo en cierta medida,
-pero no hasta el punto de Common Lisp. Una vez implementÃ© Common Lisp en una
-mÃ¡quina Lisp, y no estoy muy satisfecho con el resultado. Algo que no me
-gusta gran cosa son los parÃ¡metros de palabra clave<a
-href="#foot-8">(8)</a>. No me parecen muy de Lisp; los utilizo a veces pero
-intento hacerlo lo menos posible.</p>
+las cosas asÃ. Ahora incluimos <code>caar</code>, <code>cadr</code>, etc. Y
+podrÃamos aÃ±adir otra estructura iterativa un dÃa de estos. Queremos
+ampliarlo en cierta medida, pero no hasta el punto de Common Lisp. Una vez
+implementÃ© Common Lisp en una mÃ¡quina Lisp, y no estoy muy satisfecho con el
+resultado. Algo que no me gusta gran cosa son los parÃ¡metros de palabra
+clave&#8239;<a href="#foot-8">[8]</a>. No me parecen muy de Lisp; los
+utilizo a veces pero intento hacerlo lo menos posible.</p>
 
 <p>Ese no fue el fin de los proyectos de GNU implicados con Lisp. MÃ¡s tarde,
 alrededor de 1995, estÃ¡bamos estudiando el inicio de un proyecto de
@@ -477,18 +492,20 @@
 mucho camino por recorrer. AsÃ que necesitamos su ayuda. Me gustarÃa
 pedirles que colaboraran como voluntarios para el proyecto GNU; ayÃºdennos a
 desarrollar software libre para mÃ¡s tareas. Echen un vistazo a <a
-href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help/help.es.html</a> para encontrar
-sugerencias sobre cÃ³mo ayudar. Si quieren hacer algÃºn pedido, hay un enlace
-disponible en la pÃ¡gina principal. Si quieren leer sobre cuestiones
-filosÃ³ficas, miren en /philosophy. Si estÃ¡n buscando el software libre
-disponible, miren en /directory, donde se listan alrededor de 1900 paquetes
-en la actualidad (lo cual es una fracciÃ³n de todo el software libre
-disponible ahÃ fuera). Por favor, escriban mÃ¡s software y contribuyan. Mi
-libro de ensayos, Â«<span style="font-style:italic,">Free Software and Free
-Society</span>Â» se encuentra a la venta y puede adquirirse en <a
-href="http://www.gnu.org";>www.gnu.org</a><sup><a href="#TransNote2"
+href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a> para encontrar sugerencias sobre
+cÃ³mo ayudar. Si quieren hacer algÃºn pedido, hay un enlace disponible en la
+pÃ¡gina principal. Si quieren leer sobre cuestiones filosÃ³ficas, miren en
+/philosophy. Si estÃ¡n buscando el software libre disponible, miren en
+/directory, donde se listan alrededor de 1900 paquetes en la actualidad (lo
+cual es una fracciÃ³n de todo el software libre disponible ahÃ fuera). Por
+favor, escriban mÃ¡s software y contribuyan. Mi libro de ensayos, Â«<span
+style="font-style:italic,">Free Software and Free Society</span>Â» se
+encuentra a la venta y puede adquirirse en www.gnu.org&#8239;<a
+href="#foot-9">[9]</a><sup><a href="#TransNote2"
 id="IniTransNote2">2</a></sup>. Â¡Feliz hacking!</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
 
+<h3 class="footnote">Notas</h3>
 <ol>
 <li id="foot-1">Guy Steele diseÃ±Ã³ el conjunto de Ã³rdenes simÃ©trico 
original de Emacs; luego,
 Ã©l y yo empezamos a implementar Emacs (sobre TECO), pero, tras una larga
@@ -535,7 +552,12 @@
 <li id="foot-8">No me molesta si una funciÃ³n muy compleja y avanzada toma 
parÃ¡metros de
 palabras clave. Lo que me molesta es ponerlas en funciones simples y bÃ¡sicas
 como Â«memberÂ».</li>
+
+<li id="foot-9">En 2021, este libro (en inglÃ©s) puede adquirirse en <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition";>GNU
+Press</a>.</li>
 </ol>
+</div>
 
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
@@ -554,7 +576,7 @@
 
 <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.es.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>EnvÃe sus consultas acerca de la FSF y GNU a <a
@@ -575,7 +597,7 @@
 
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
@@ -605,7 +627,7 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>Esta pÃ¡gina estÃ¡ bajo licencia <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.es_ES";>Creative
@@ -620,11 +642,12 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Ãltima actualizaciÃ³n:
 
-$Date: 2021/04/30 09:12:02 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:57 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
 </div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.55
retrieving revision 1.56
diff -u -b -r1.55 -r1.56
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html     31 Aug 2021 11:35:27 -0000      1.55
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.es-en.html     3 Nov 2021 16:00:58 -0000       1.56
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>GNU/Linux FAQ
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p>
 When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
-system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.
+system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; they ask many questions.
 Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+</div>
 
 <div class="toc">
 <hr class="no-display" />
@@ -110,8 +117,8 @@
 
 <li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a
     fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and
-    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it
-    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to
+    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  Is it
+    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; to
     save the fee?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@
 rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it
-    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux,&rdquo; but that doesn't say anything about
     what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
     they like?</a></li>
 
@@ -261,14 +268,14 @@
 
 <li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put
     something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
-    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you
+    &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; you deserve what happened; why are you
     complaining now?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off
     not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it
-    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+    &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the
     system by the name most users already know?</a></li>
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@
 the system's history was such as to fit that name.  For
 instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
 Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
-that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
 justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
@@ -368,14 +375,14 @@
 <dd>
 Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When
 you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose.
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; the name its developer chose.
 <p>
-When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence
+When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; as a consequence
 they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
 This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
 whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
-By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and calling the kernel
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
@@ -405,7 +412,7 @@
     community if you did not divide people with this request? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing people. 
 We
+When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; we are not dividing people. 
 We
 are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
 system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
 <p>
@@ -433,7 +440,7 @@
 The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
 attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
 People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
-&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
 more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
 freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
 makes a real difference for society).  However, the disagreement would
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@
 
 <dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
 public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most
-articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the 
ideals
+articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; or the 
ideals
 that GNU stands for.  <a
 href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
 Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
@@ -469,7 +476,7 @@
 The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
 know.  Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
 idea of what GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection
-of <a href="#tools">&ldquo;tools&rdquo;</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+of &ldquo;<a href="#tools">tools</a>,&rdquo; or a project to develop tools.</p>
 <p>
 The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
 common misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing
@@ -485,8 +492,8 @@
 <p>
 If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
 Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
-it was intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be &ldquo;open source.&rdquo;  If you don't tell
 them, who will?</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -515,10 +522,10 @@
 People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
 hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They
 may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they
-say &ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became
+say &ldquo;programming tools,&rdquo; since some of our programming tools became
 popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an 
operating
 system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
-operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 <p>
 The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the project
 to develop the GNU system.  (See <a
@@ -547,7 +554,7 @@
 programs.</p>
 <p>
 To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to
-mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
+mean &ldquo;kernel.&rdquo;  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
 use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is found in 
a number of
 textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At the same time,
 in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was understood to include 
all
@@ -558,12 +565,12 @@
 Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating system&rdquo;
 they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same sense we use: they 
mean
 the whole collection of programs.  If that's what you are referring
-to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean just the kernel, then
+to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  If you mean just the kernel, then
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but please say 
&ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to
 avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
 <p>
 If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system distribution&rdquo; 
for
-the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo;,
+the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system,&rdquo;
 that's fine.  Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
 distributions.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -615,8 +622,8 @@
 <dd>
 The people who argue that way for calling the system
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; are using a double standard.  An operating system
-requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more
-&mdash; hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
+requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much
+more&mdash;hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
 in 1983.  Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the
 system be &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?
 
@@ -637,7 +644,7 @@
 <dd>
 Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
 versions of GNU</a> are available.  None of them is called simply
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but GNU is what they basically are.
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but GNU is what they basically are.
 
 <p>
 We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but
@@ -664,7 +671,7 @@
 
 <p>
 We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
 GNU is an operating system.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -674,11 +681,11 @@
 
 <dd>
 That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other
-than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating system 
is
+than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Normally an operating system 
is
 developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
 name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a
 name of its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of 
such-and-such&rdquo; or
-&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;.
+&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel.&rdquo;
 <p>
 Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
 &ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning 
&ldquo;the kernel
@@ -703,11 +710,11 @@
     How about recommending a shorter name? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx,&rdquo; which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+and &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
 much better.
 <p>
-The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but
 we call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons
 given below</a>.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -732,7 +739,7 @@
     <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;.  If you
+<p>It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/.&rdquo;  If you
 appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second
 to recognize our work?</p>
 </dd>
@@ -783,25 +790,25 @@
 honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
 credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
 <li>
-Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
+Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
 may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system.  If we
-say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; they can make a connection to what they have heard
 about.</li>
 </ul>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
     to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and 
that
-    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-    without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+    without &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; to save the fee? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
 <dd>
 There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, 
that's
 what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
 as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
 so.
 <p>
-So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid 
paying
-the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you.</p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; to avoid 
paying
+the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; we won't criticize you.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@
 <p>
 Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
 the system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
-and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
 (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
 </dd>
@@ -845,7 +852,7 @@
 systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
 kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
 (GNU).  However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
-by calling the system &ldquo;GNU/systemd/Linux&rdquo;, there is nothing
+by calling the system &ldquo;GNU/systemd/Linux,&rdquo; there is nothing
 wrong with doing so.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -870,7 +877,7 @@
 In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
 &ldquo;main&rdquo; repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
 Linux made up 1.5%.  So the same argument would apply even more
-strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 
 <p>
 GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
@@ -907,7 +914,7 @@
 
 <dd>
 Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; the
-word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
+word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
 Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package.&rdquo;  Neither of those 
meanings
 fits the situation at hand.
 <p>
@@ -920,20 +927,20 @@
 The free GNU/Linux distros do have
 a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>separate version of
 Linux</a>, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains nonfree
-firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project,
+firmware &ldquo;blobs.&rdquo;  If this were part of the GNU Project,
 it could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want
 to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
 <p>
 We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
 distinguished by having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the
 situation because it means &ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of
-&ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This system is the combination of GNU
-and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Input/Output.&rdquo;)  This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
-There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you
+There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination.&rdquo;  If you
 think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a
-hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes
-say &ldquo;GNU con Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux.&rdquo;  In Spanish, we sometimes
+say &ldquo;GNU con Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="pronounce">How is the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
@@ -952,7 +959,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU
-Emacs&rdquo; the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Emacs&rdquo;.
+Emacs&rdquo; the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Emacs.&rdquo;
 That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a
 GNU package.</p>
 <p>
@@ -973,13 +980,13 @@
 In addition, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; fits the fact that Linux is the
 lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p>
 <p>
-However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a 
lot
+However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU,&rdquo; that is a 
lot
 better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
 make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="distronames0">My distro's developers call it
-    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux,&rdquo; but that doesn't say anything about
     what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
     they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt>
 <dd>
@@ -1008,9 +1015,9 @@
     anything but &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd><p>When they spread misinformation by changing &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and call their version of it &ldquo;Foobar
-Linux&rdquo;, it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
-calling it &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p></dd>
+to &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; and call their version of it &ldquo;Foobar
+Linux,&rdquo; it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
+calling it &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p></dd>
 
 <dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
     effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
@@ -1031,7 +1038,7 @@
 just because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence
 at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together
 we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
-more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
@@ -1042,7 +1049,7 @@
 The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux
 system is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users
 that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
-of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
+of &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
 help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
 and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as &ldquo;helping
 the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree
@@ -1065,7 +1072,7 @@
 With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
 that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of
 GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of
-Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
 system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
@@ -1105,8 +1112,8 @@
 GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)
 <p>
 If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
-and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
+and labeling it &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  That wasn't right, and we don't
 want to act like that.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -1125,7 +1132,7 @@
 <p>
 The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
 cooperating with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care
-about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user.&rdquo;
 That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
 other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
 changes installed.  Yet these people, developing a system that was
@@ -1133,7 +1140,7 @@
 only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
 <p>
 It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
-version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was
+version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; and that this confusion was
 obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is
 our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer.</p>
@@ -1152,8 +1159,8 @@
     convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>&rdquo;.  When 
a program
-is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU <i>name</i>&rdquo;.
+We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>.&rdquo;  When 
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU <i>name</i>.&rdquo;
 <p>
 GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
 Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
@@ -1206,15 +1213,15 @@
 <p>
 No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
 therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
-Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
-Unix&rdquo;, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix,&rdquo; is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
 following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
 70s.</p>
 <p>
 The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not
-TECO&rdquo;.  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+TECO.&rdquo;  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
 (there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
-calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO&rdquo;, he
+calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO,&rdquo; he
 thought of a clever amusing name.  (That's what hacking
 means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
 cleverness</a>.)</p>
@@ -1224,7 +1231,7 @@
 program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
 name was &ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, 
such
 as &ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo;  In this same 
spirit we called our
-replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.</p>
+replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
 give it credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar
@@ -1232,7 +1239,7 @@
 threatened to sue anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is
 why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
 like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
-&ldquo;Unix&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Unix.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="bsd">Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
@@ -1263,7 +1270,7 @@
 why the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it.</p>
 <p>
 There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its
-developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
+developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD,&rdquo; but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
 would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
 the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
 is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
@@ -1274,7 +1281,7 @@
 
 <dd>
 <p>
-Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of 
GNU
+Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  The tools of 
GNU
 are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
 system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
 operating system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all,
@@ -1325,7 +1332,7 @@
 the two have very little code in common.  In fact, the only thing they
 have in common is Linux.</p>
 <p>
-If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,
+If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo;
 you will find it necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains
 Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
 [sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].&rdquo;</p>
@@ -1344,22 +1351,22 @@
 people will not understand the intended meaning.
 <p>
 The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as
-&ldquo;using Linux&rdquo;.  It's like having a conversation, then
+&ldquo;using Linux.&rdquo;  It's like having a conversation, then
 saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the
 person's circulatory system.</p>
 <p>
 The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of &ldquo;using
 Linux&rdquo; when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual
 misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as
 different as driving a car and riding a bicycle.  The fact that the
 first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the
 fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is
 irrelevant to using those two.  If you wish to talk about using cars
-and bikes, you wouldn't speak of &ldquo;riding metal objects&rdquo;
-&mdash; not unless you're playing games with the reader.  You would
+and bikes, you wouldn't speak of &ldquo;riding metal objects&rdquo;&mdash;not
+unless you're playing games with the reader.  You would
 say, &ldquo;using cars and bikes.&rdquo; Likewise, the clear way to
 talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say &ldquo;using
 GNU/Linux and Android.&rdquo;</p>
@@ -1405,7 +1412,7 @@
 <p>
 It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the
 kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
-or label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole
+or label it as &ldquo;GNU.&rdquo;  When we talk about the whole
 system, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the
 credit.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1415,12 +1422,14 @@
     agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes
-said, <a
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning.  The <a
 
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+earliest Linux release notes</a> said:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
 GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
-for more info&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+for more info.
+</p></blockquote>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system
@@ -1448,7 +1457,7 @@
 This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the
 system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
 &ldquo;society&rdquo;: each person, each organization, can decide what
-name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but
+name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; but
 you can decide to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
 yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1461,10 +1470,10 @@
 <p>
 This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
 pictures are being spread more or less by various people.  If you call
-the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's 
true
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; you will help others learn the system's 
true
 history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer
 everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If
-only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you 
will
+only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; you 
will
 have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
 And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1476,14 +1485,14 @@
 <dd>
 If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
 effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as
-calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently.
+calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and uses your time inefficiently.
 <p>
 It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
 propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
 attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
 origin.  But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
 whenever they talk about the system.  They will probably just call it
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
+&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
 incorrect picture.</p>
 <p>
 It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and
@@ -1549,7 +1558,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system
-&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too.</p>
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and we ask you to do it too.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
@@ -1593,7 +1602,7 @@
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
-    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;,
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo;
     you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
@@ -1619,7 +1628,7 @@
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
-it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+it &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; doesn't that make it right? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
 <p>
@@ -1632,7 +1641,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 Users are not incapable of learning.  Since &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
-includes &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they will recognize what you're talking
+includes &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; they will recognize what you're talking
 about.  If you add &ldquo;(often erroneously referred to as
 &lsquo;Linux&rsquo;)&rdquo; once in a while, they will all understand.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1713,7 +1722,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/31 11:35:27 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:58 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html  8 Sep 2021 08:33:18 -0000       1.8
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.zh-cn-en.html  3 Nov 2021 16:00:58 -0000       1.9
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>GNU/Linux FAQ
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p>
 When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
-system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they ask many questions.
+system that many others call just &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; they ask many questions.
 Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+</div>
 
 <div class="toc">
 <hr class="no-display" />
@@ -110,8 +117,8 @@
 
 <li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a
     fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and
-    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it
-    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to
+    that would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  Is it
+    wrong if I use &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; without &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; to
     save the fee?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@
 rather than &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it
-    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux,&rdquo; but that doesn't say anything about
     what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
     they like?</a></li>
 
@@ -261,14 +268,14 @@
 
 <li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put
     something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
-    &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, you deserve what happened; why are you
+    &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; you deserve what happened; why are you
     complaining now?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off
     not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it
-    &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+    &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
 
 <li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the
     system by the name most users already know?</a></li>
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@
 the system's history was such as to fit that name.  For
 instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
 Torvalds in 1991.  This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
-that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+that the system should be called &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
 justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
@@ -368,14 +375,14 @@
 <dd>
 Not always&mdash;only when you're talking about the whole system.  When
 you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, the name its developer chose.
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; the name its developer chose.
 <p>
-When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, as a consequence
+When people call the whole system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; as a consequence
 they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
 This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
 whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
-By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and calling the kernel
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+By calling the whole system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and calling the kernel
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
@@ -405,7 +412,7 @@
     community if you did not divide people with this request? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, we are not dividing people. 
 We
+When we ask people to say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; we are not dividing people. 
 We
 are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
 system.  This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
 <p>
@@ -433,7 +440,7 @@
 The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
 attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
 People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
-&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and people who learn that the system is 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; are
 more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
 freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
 makes a real difference for society).  However, the disagreement would
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@
 
 <dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
 public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system.  Most
-articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, or the 
ideals
+articles about the system do not mention the name &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; or the 
ideals
 that GNU stands for.  <a
 href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
 Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
@@ -469,7 +476,7 @@
 The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
 know.  Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
 idea of what GNU is.  For instance, many think it is a collection
-of <a href="#tools">&ldquo;tools&rdquo;</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+of &ldquo;<a href="#tools">tools</a>,&rdquo; or a project to develop tools.</p>
 <p>
 The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
 common misconception.  To speak of &ldquo;GNU's role&rdquo; in developing
@@ -485,8 +492,8 @@
 <p>
 If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
 Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
-it was intended to be &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  If you don't tell
+&ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be &ldquo;open source.&rdquo;  If you don't tell
 them, who will?</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -515,10 +522,10 @@
 People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
 hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is.  They
 may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs&mdash;often they
-say &ldquo;programming tools&rdquo;, since some of our programming tools became
+say &ldquo;programming tools,&rdquo; since some of our programming tools became
 popular on their own.  The idea that &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; is the name of an 
operating
 system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
-operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+operating system is labeled &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 <p>
 The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system&mdash;it's the project
 to develop the GNU system.  (See <a
@@ -547,7 +554,7 @@
 programs.</p>
 <p>
 To confuse matters, some people use the term &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to
-mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo;.  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
+mean &ldquo;kernel.&rdquo;  Both uses of the term go back many years.  The
 use of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; to mean &ldquo;kernel&rdquo; is found in 
a number of
 textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s.  At the same time,
 in the 80s, the &ldquo;Unix operating system&rdquo; was understood to include 
all
@@ -558,12 +565,12 @@
 Most of the time when people speak of the &ldquo;Linux operating system&rdquo;
 they are using &ldquo;operating system&rdquo; in the same sense we use: they 
mean
 the whole collection of programs.  If that's what you are referring
-to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  If you mean just the kernel, then
+to, please call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  If you mean just the kernel, then
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; is the right name for it, but please say 
&ldquo;kernel&rdquo; also to
 avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
 <p>
 If you prefer to use some other term such as &ldquo;system distribution&rdquo; 
for
-the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system&rdquo;,
+the entire collection of programs, instead of &ldquo;operating system,&rdquo;
 that's fine.  Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
 distributions.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -615,8 +622,8 @@
 <dd>
 The people who argue that way for calling the system
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; are using a double standard.  An operating system
-requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more
-&mdash; hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
+requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much
+more&mdash;hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
 in 1983.  Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the
 system be &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;?
 
@@ -637,7 +644,7 @@
 <dd>
 Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
 versions of GNU</a> are available.  None of them is called simply
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but GNU is what they basically are.
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but GNU is what they basically are.
 
 <p>
 We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but
@@ -664,7 +671,7 @@
 
 <p>
 We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
 GNU is an operating system.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -674,11 +681,11 @@
 
 <dd>
 That practice seems to be very rare&mdash;we can't find any examples other
-than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Normally an operating system 
is
+than the misuse of the name &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Normally an operating system 
is
 developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
 name for the system as a whole.  The kernel usually does not have a
 name of its own&mdash;instead, people say &ldquo;the kernel of 
such-and-such&rdquo; or
-&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel&rdquo;.
+&ldquo;the such-and-such kernel.&rdquo;
 <p>
 Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
 &ldquo;the Linux kernel&rdquo; can easily be misunderstood as meaning 
&ldquo;the kernel
@@ -703,11 +710,11 @@
     How about recommending a shorter name? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx&rdquo;, which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-and &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
+For a while we tried the name &ldquo;LiGNUx,&rdquo; which combines the words 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+and &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  The reaction was very bad.  People accept 
&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
 much better.
 <p>
-The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, but
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; but
 we call it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons
 given below</a>.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -732,7 +739,7 @@
     <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/&rdquo;.  If you
+<p>It only takes a second to say or type &ldquo;GNU/.&rdquo;  If you
 appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second
 to recognize our work?</p>
 </dd>
@@ -783,25 +790,25 @@
 honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
 credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
 <li>
-Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
+Since many people know of the system as &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; if we say 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo; they
 may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system.  If we
-say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; they can make a connection to what they have heard
 about.</li>
 </ul>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
     to pay a fee if I use &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; in the name of a product, and 
that
-    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-    without &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, to save the fee? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+    would also apply if I say &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  Is it wrong if I use 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
+    without &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; to save the fee? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
 <dd>
 There's nothing wrong in calling the system &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;; basically, 
that's
 what it is.  It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
 as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
 so.
 <p>
-So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, to avoid 
paying
-the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, we won't criticize you.</p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; to avoid 
paying
+the fee for calling it &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; we won't criticize you.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@
 <p>
 Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
 the system.  But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
-and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is 
&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
 (Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
 </dd>
@@ -845,7 +852,7 @@
 systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
 kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
 (GNU).  However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
-by calling the system &ldquo;GNU/systemd/Linux&rdquo;, there is nothing
+by calling the system &ldquo;GNU/systemd/Linux,&rdquo; there is nothing
 wrong with doing so.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -870,7 +877,7 @@
 In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
 &ldquo;main&rdquo; repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
 Linux made up 1.5%.  So the same argument would apply even more
-strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.
+strongly to calling it &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;
 
 <p>
 GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
@@ -907,7 +914,7 @@
 
 <dd>
 Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo; the
-word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
+word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  This can mean either 
&ldquo;GNU's version of
 Linux&rdquo; or &ldquo;Linux, which is a GNU package.&rdquo;  Neither of those 
meanings
 fits the situation at hand.
 <p>
@@ -920,20 +927,20 @@
 The free GNU/Linux distros do have
 a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>separate version of
 Linux</a>, since the &ldquo;standard&rdquo; version contains nonfree
-firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;.  If this were part of the GNU Project,
+firmware &ldquo;blobs.&rdquo;  If this were part of the GNU Project,
 it could be considered &ldquo;GNU Linux&rdquo;; but we would not want
 to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
 <p>
 We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
 distinguished by having Linux as the kernel.  A slash fits the
 situation because it means &ldquo;combination.&rdquo; (Think of
-&ldquo;Input/Output&rdquo;.)  This system is the combination of GNU
-and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Input/Output.&rdquo;)  This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
-There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination&rdquo;.  If you
+There are other ways to express &ldquo;combination.&rdquo;  If you
 think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that.  In French, a
-hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux&rdquo;.  In Spanish, we sometimes
-say &ldquo;GNU con Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+hyphen is clear: &ldquo;GNU-Linux.&rdquo;  In Spanish, we sometimes
+say &ldquo;GNU con Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="pronounce">How is the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
@@ -952,7 +959,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 Following the rules of English, in the construction &ldquo;GNU
-Emacs&rdquo; the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Emacs&rdquo;.
+Emacs&rdquo; the word &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; modifies &ldquo;Emacs.&rdquo;
 That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a
 GNU package.</p>
 <p>
@@ -973,13 +980,13 @@
 In addition, &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; fits the fact that Linux is the
 lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p>
 <p>
-However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU&rdquo;, that is a 
lot
+However, if you prefer to call the system &ldquo;Linux/GNU,&rdquo; that is a 
lot
 better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
 make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="distronames0">My distro's developers call it
-    &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;, but that doesn't say anything about
+    &ldquo;Foobar Linux,&rdquo; but that doesn't say anything about
     what the system consists of.  Why shouldn't they call it whatever
     they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt>
 <dd>
@@ -1008,9 +1015,9 @@
     anything but &ldquo;Foobar Linux&rdquo;? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd><p>When they spread misinformation by changing &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;
-to &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and call their version of it &ldquo;Foobar
-Linux&rdquo;, it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
-calling it &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p></dd>
+to &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; and call their version of it &ldquo;Foobar
+Linux,&rdquo; it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
+calling it &ldquo;Foobar GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p></dd>
 
 <dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
     effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
@@ -1031,7 +1038,7 @@
 just because the road isn't easy.  You may not have as much influence
 at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help.  Together
 we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
-more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+more profit calling it &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
@@ -1042,7 +1049,7 @@
 The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux
 system is a major problem for our community.  It teaches the users
 that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
-of &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
+of &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Many &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; User Groups make it part of 
their mission to
 help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
 and make sales pitches for them.  They adopt goals such as &ldquo;helping
 the users&rdquo; of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree
@@ -1065,7 +1072,7 @@
 With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
 that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of
 GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate &ldquo;versions of
-Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
 system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
@@ -1105,8 +1112,8 @@
 GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that.  (Alas, that is hindsight.)
 <p>
 If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
-&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
-and labeling it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  That wasn't right, and we don't
+&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU 
system
+and labeling it &ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  That wasn't right, and we don't
 want to act like that.</p>
 </dd>
 
@@ -1125,7 +1132,7 @@
 <p>
 The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
 cooperating with us.  One of them actually told us that he didn't care
-about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user&rdquo;.
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a &ldquo;Linux user.&rdquo;
 That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
 other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
 changes installed.  Yet these people, developing a system that was
@@ -1133,7 +1140,7 @@
 only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
 <p>
 It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
-version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, and that this confusion was
+version of the GNU system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; and that this confusion was
 obstructing our work.  Asking you to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is
 our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
 &ldquo;Linux&rdquo; misnomer.</p>
@@ -1152,8 +1159,8 @@
     convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>&rdquo;.  When 
a program
-is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU <i>name</i>&rdquo;.
+We never refer to individual programs as &ldquo;GNU/<i>name</i>.&rdquo;  When 
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it &ldquo;GNU <i>name</i>.&rdquo;
 <p>
 GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
 Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
@@ -1206,15 +1213,15 @@
 <p>
 No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
 therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
-Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;, which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
-Unix&rdquo;, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+Unix.  The name &ldquo;GNU,&rdquo; which stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix,&rdquo; is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
 following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
 70s.</p>
 <p>
 The first such recursive acronym was TINT, &ldquo;TINT Is Not
-TECO&rdquo;.  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+TECO.&rdquo;  The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
 (there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
-calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO&rdquo;, he
+calling it by a dull name like &ldquo;<em>somethingorother</em> TECO,&rdquo; he
 thought of a clever amusing name.  (That's what hacking
 means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
 cleverness</a>.)</p>
@@ -1224,7 +1231,7 @@
 program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
 name was &ldquo;Klever&rdquo;), you could give it a recursive acronym name, 
such
 as &ldquo;MINK&rdquo; for &ldquo;MINK Is Not Klever.&rdquo;  In this same 
spirit we called our
-replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.</p>
+replacement for Unix &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Historically, AT&amp;T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
 give it credit by using &ldquo;Unix&rdquo; in the name of a similar
@@ -1232,7 +1239,7 @@
 threatened to sue anyone giving AT&amp;T credit in that way.  This is
 why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
 like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
-&ldquo;Unix&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Unix.&rdquo;</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="bsd">Should we say &ldquo;GNU/BSD&rdquo;
@@ -1263,7 +1270,7 @@
 why the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; is appropriate for it.</p>
 <p>
 There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD.  Its
-developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD&rdquo;, but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
+developers call it &ldquo;Debian GNU/NetBSD,&rdquo; but 
&ldquo;GNU/kernelofNetBSD&rdquo;
 would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
 the kernel.  This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
 is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
@@ -1274,7 +1281,7 @@
 
 <dd>
 <p>
-Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;.  The tools of 
GNU
+Not in the same sense that we mean by &ldquo;GNU/Linux.&rdquo;  The tools of 
GNU
 are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
 system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
 operating system which has no code in common with GNU.  All in all,
@@ -1325,7 +1332,7 @@
 the two have very little code in common.  In fact, the only thing they
 have in common is Linux.</p>
 <p>
-If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;,
+If you call the whole GNU/Linux system &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo;
 you will find it necessary to say things like, &ldquo;Android contains
 Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
 [sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].&rdquo;</p>
@@ -1344,22 +1351,22 @@
 people will not understand the intended meaning.
 <p>
 The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as
-&ldquo;using Linux&rdquo;.  It's like having a conversation, then
+&ldquo;using Linux.&rdquo;  It's like having a conversation, then
 saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the
 person's circulatory system.</p>
 <p>
 The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of &ldquo;using
 Linux&rdquo; when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual
 misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.</p>
+&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as
 different as driving a car and riding a bicycle.  The fact that the
 first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the
 fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is
 irrelevant to using those two.  If you wish to talk about using cars
-and bikes, you wouldn't speak of &ldquo;riding metal objects&rdquo;
-&mdash; not unless you're playing games with the reader.  You would
+and bikes, you wouldn't speak of &ldquo;riding metal objects&rdquo;&mdash;not
+unless you're playing games with the reader.  You would
 say, &ldquo;using cars and bikes.&rdquo; Likewise, the clear way to
 talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say &ldquo;using
 GNU/Linux and Android.&rdquo;</p>
@@ -1405,7 +1412,7 @@
 <p>
 It would be wrong, so we don't do that.  Torvalds' work is Linux, the
 kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
-or label it as &ldquo;GNU&rdquo;.  When we talk about the whole
+or label it as &ldquo;GNU.&rdquo;  When we talk about the whole
 system, the name &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; gives him a share of the
 credit.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1415,12 +1422,14 @@
     agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
-<p>He recognized this at the beginning.  The earliest Linux release notes
-said, <a
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning.  The <a
 
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-&ldquo;Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+earliest Linux release notes</a> said:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
 GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
-for more info&rdquo;</a>.</p>
+for more info.
+</p></blockquote>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system
@@ -1448,7 +1457,7 @@
 This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education.  What to call the
 system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
 &ldquo;society&rdquo;: each person, each organization, can decide what
-name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, but
+name to use.  You can't make others say &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; but
 you can decide to call the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
 yourself&mdash;and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1461,10 +1470,10 @@
 <p>
 This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
 pictures are being spread more or less by various people.  If you call
-the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you will help others learn the system's 
true
+the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; you will help others learn the system's 
true
 history, origin, and reason for being.  You can't correct the misnomer
 everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help.  If
-only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, you 
will
+only a few hundred people see you use the term &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; you 
will
 have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
 And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1476,14 +1485,14 @@
 <dd>
 If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
 effort, but that is not the best method.  It is not as effective as
-calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and uses your time inefficiently.
+calling the system &ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and uses your time inefficiently.
 <p>
 It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
 propagate.  Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
 attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
 origin.  But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
 whenever they talk about the system.  They will probably just call it
-&ldquo;Linux&rdquo;.  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
+&ldquo;Linux.&rdquo;  Without particularly intending to, they will help spread 
the
 incorrect picture.</p>
 <p>
 It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time.  Saying and
@@ -1549,7 +1558,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try.  We call the system
-&ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;, and we ask you to do it too.</p>
+&ldquo;GNU/Linux,&rdquo; and we ask you to do it too.</p>
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
@@ -1593,7 +1602,7 @@
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
-    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;,
+    something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system 
&ldquo;GNU,&rdquo;
     you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
@@ -1619,7 +1628,7 @@
 </dd>
 
 <dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
-it &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, doesn't that make it right? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+it &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; doesn't that make it right? <span 
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a 
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
 
 <dd>
 <p>
@@ -1632,7 +1641,7 @@
 <dd>
 <p>
 Users are not incapable of learning.  Since &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo;
-includes &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;, they will recognize what you're talking
+includes &ldquo;Linux,&rdquo; they will recognize what you're talking
 about.  If you add &ldquo;(often erroneously referred to as
 &lsquo;Linux&rsquo;)&rdquo; once in a while, they will all understand.</p>
 </dd>
@@ -1713,7 +1722,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/08 08:33:18 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:58 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-structure.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/po/gnu-structure.es-en.html     26 Oct 2020 13:34:14 -0000      1.3
+++ gnu/po/gnu-structure.es-en.html     3 Nov 2021 16:00:58 -0000       1.4
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-structure" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-structure.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0">The Structure and Administration of the GNU 
Project</h2>
+<h3 style="font-size: 1em; margin: .5em 0 1.2em">Version 1.0.1</h3>
 
 <address class="byline">by Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</address>
 
-<p><strong>Version 1.0.1</strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this
-document is also available.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="thin" />
-
 <p>The GNU Project develops and maintains the
 <a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">GNU operating system</a>.  Through this
 work, and other related activities, the GNU Project advocates and
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@
 and games) that users explicitly run.  The GNU operating system
 comprises software across this entire spectrum.  Many of the programs
 are specifically developed and released by the GNU Project; these are
-termed &ldquo;GNU packages&rdquo;.  The GNU system also includes
+termed &ldquo;GNU packages.&rdquo;  The GNU system also includes
 components that are <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">free
 programs</a> released by other developers, outside of the GNU
 Project.</p>
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@
 <h4 id="assistant-gnuisances">Assistant GNUisances</h4>
 
 <p>This team, residing at
-<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>maintainers@gnu.org</a>, is
+<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>&lt;maintainers@gnu.org&gt;</a>, is
 available as a first point-of-contact for maintainers of GNU Software.
 They keep track of development activity across the entire project,
 ensuring timely releases, checking that the maintainers follow
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval">Software Evaluation</h4>
 
 <p>The software evaluation team at
-<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>gnueval@gnu.org</a> evaluates
+<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval@gnu.org&gt;</a> evaluates
 software packages proposed as GNU packages.  This involves a careful
 assessment of the software's functionality as well as pertinent issues
 related to software freedom and how the program fits with the GNU
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval-security">Software Security Evaluation</h4>
 
 <p>The software security evaluation team at
-<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>gnueval-security@gnu.org</a>
+<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval-security@gnu.org&gt;</a>
 works with the software evaluation team.  They determine whether there
 are any security concerns in software that has been offered to
 GNU.</p>
@@ -199,8 +198,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="mentors">Mentors</h4>
 
-<p>The GNU Mentors
-(<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>mentors@gnu.org</a>) volunteer to
+<p>The GNU Mentors at
+<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>&lt;mentors@gnu.org&gt;</a> volunteer to
 provide guidance for new software maintainers.</p>
 
 <p>We ask long-time GNU maintainers to volunteer.</p>
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@
 
 <p>The proofreaders list is available to help GNU package maintainers
 by proofreading English text.  To request proofreading, write to
-<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>proofreaders@gnu.org</a>.</p>
+<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>&lt;proofreaders@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
 <h3 id="other-teams-services">Other Teams and Services</h3>
 
@@ -278,8 +277,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="gvc">GNU Volunteer Coordinators</h4>
 
-<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators
-(<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>gvc@gnu.org</a>) help to guide new
+<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators at
+<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>&lt;gvc@gnu.org&gt;</a> help to guide new
 volunteers towards suitable jobs within the GNU Project</p>
 
 <p>New GVC volunteers are welcome, but prior experience volunteering
@@ -331,9 +330,17 @@
 both the Org version and the HTML version (see previous section), 
 advancing the first and/or second version number.</p>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this
+document is also available.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -351,13 +358,13 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -378,7 +385,7 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2020 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2020, 2021 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -388,7 +395,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/10/26 13:34:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:00:58 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-structure.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/po/gnu-structure.es.po  3 Nov 2021 11:08:06 -0000       1.8
+++ gnu/po/gnu-structure.es.po  3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.9
@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@
 msgid "The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project"
 msgstr "La estructura y administraciÃ³n del Proyecto GNU"
 
-# | [-<strong>Version 1.0.1</strong>-]{+Version 1.0.1+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Version 1.0.1"
 msgstr "VersiÃ³n 1.0.1"

Index: gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html  26 Oct 2020 13:34:14 -0000      1.3
+++ gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn-en.html  3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.4
@@ -1,22 +1,21 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.91 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-structure" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
  <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-structure.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>The Structure and Administration of the GNU Project</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0">The Structure and Administration of the GNU 
Project</h2>
+<h3 style="font-size: 1em; margin: .5em 0 1.2em">Version 1.0.1</h3>
 
 <address class="byline">by Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</address>
 
-<p><strong>Version 1.0.1</strong></p>
-
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this
-document is also available.</p>
-</div>
-
-<hr class="thin" />
-
 <p>The GNU Project develops and maintains the
 <a href="/gnu/about-gnu.html">GNU operating system</a>.  Through this
 work, and other related activities, the GNU Project advocates and
@@ -30,7 +29,7 @@
 and games) that users explicitly run.  The GNU operating system
 comprises software across this entire spectrum.  Many of the programs
 are specifically developed and released by the GNU Project; these are
-termed &ldquo;GNU packages&rdquo;.  The GNU system also includes
+termed &ldquo;GNU packages.&rdquo;  The GNU system also includes
 components that are <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">free
 programs</a> released by other developers, outside of the GNU
 Project.</p>
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@
 <h4 id="assistant-gnuisances">Assistant GNUisances</h4>
 
 <p>This team, residing at
-<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>maintainers@gnu.org</a>, is
+<a href="mailto:maintainers@gnu.org";>&lt;maintainers@gnu.org&gt;</a>, is
 available as a first point-of-contact for maintainers of GNU Software.
 They keep track of development activity across the entire project,
 ensuring timely releases, checking that the maintainers follow
@@ -154,7 +153,7 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval">Software Evaluation</h4>
 
 <p>The software evaluation team at
-<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>gnueval@gnu.org</a> evaluates
+<a href="mailto:gnueval@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval@gnu.org&gt;</a> evaluates
 software packages proposed as GNU packages.  This involves a careful
 assessment of the software's functionality as well as pertinent issues
 related to software freedom and how the program fits with the GNU
@@ -167,7 +166,7 @@
 <h4 id="gnueval-security">Software Security Evaluation</h4>
 
 <p>The software security evaluation team at
-<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>gnueval-security@gnu.org</a>
+<a href="mailto:gnueval-security@gnu.org";>&lt;gnueval-security@gnu.org&gt;</a>
 works with the software evaluation team.  They determine whether there
 are any security concerns in software that has been offered to
 GNU.</p>
@@ -199,8 +198,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="mentors">Mentors</h4>
 
-<p>The GNU Mentors
-(<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>mentors@gnu.org</a>) volunteer to
+<p>The GNU Mentors at
+<a href="mailto:mentors@gnu.org";>&lt;mentors@gnu.org&gt;</a> volunteer to
 provide guidance for new software maintainers.</p>
 
 <p>We ask long-time GNU maintainers to volunteer.</p>
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@
 
 <p>The proofreaders list is available to help GNU package maintainers
 by proofreading English text.  To request proofreading, write to
-<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>proofreaders@gnu.org</a>.</p>
+<a href="mailto:proofreaders@gnu.org";>&lt;proofreaders@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
 <h3 id="other-teams-services">Other Teams and Services</h3>
 
@@ -278,8 +277,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="gvc">GNU Volunteer Coordinators</h4>
 
-<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators
-(<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>gvc@gnu.org</a>) help to guide new
+<p>The GNU Volunteer Coordinators at
+<a href="mailto:gvc@gnu.org";>&lt;gvc@gnu.org&gt;</a> help to guide new
 volunteers towards suitable jobs within the GNU Project</p>
 
 <p>New GVC volunteers are welcome, but prior experience volunteering
@@ -331,9 +330,17 @@
 both the Org version and the HTML version (see previous section), 
 advancing the first and/or second version number.</p>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<hr />
+<p>An <a href="/gnu/gnu-structure.org">Org version</a> of this
+document is also available.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -351,13 +358,13 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -378,7 +385,7 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2020 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2020, 2021 Brandon Invergo and Richard Stallman</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -388,7 +395,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/10/26 13:34:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn.po       3 Nov 2021 09:37:50 -0000       1.6
+++ gnu/po/gnu-structure.zh-cn.po       3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.7
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-11-02 14:27+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Poedit 1.8.7.1\n"
 "Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
 
@@ -497,9 +496,9 @@
 "lists.  Most spam is caught by spam filters, but human moderators are also "
 "available to manage the queue of messages predicted not to be spam."
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"//savannah.gnu.org/maintenance/ListHelperAntiSpam/\">Listhelper</"
-"a>ï¼åè¡¨å©æï¼æ¯ä¸ä¸ªè¿æ»¤ GNU 
é®ä»¶åè¡¨ä¸çåå¾é®ä»¶çåèªå¨ç³»ç»ãè¯¥è¿æ»¤å¨ä¼æè·"
-"å¤§é¨ååå¾é®ä»¶ï¼ä½æ¯è¿éè¦äººå·¥æ¥å¤çå©ä¸çé®ä»¶éåã"
+"<a href=\"//savannah.gnu.org/maintenance/ListHelperAntiSpam/\">Listhelper</a>"
+"ï¼åè¡¨å©æï¼æ¯ä¸ä¸ªè¿æ»¤ GNU 
é®ä»¶åè¡¨ä¸çåå¾é®ä»¶çåèªå¨ç³»ç»ãè¯¥è¿æ»¤å¨ä¼æè·å¤§"
+"é¨ååå¾é®ä»¶ï¼ä½æ¯è¿éè¦äººå·¥æ¥å¤çå©ä¸çé®ä»¶éåã"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h4>
 msgid "GNU Volunteer Coordinators"

Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.es-en.html      12 Apr 2014 13:53:32 -0000      
1.16
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.es-en.html      3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       
1.17
@@ -1,12 +1,25 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
+<a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
 27, 1983.</p>
 
 <p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
@@ -14,12 +27,14 @@
 January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
 of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
 clarified until a few years later.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <h3>Free Unix!</h3>
 
 <p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can 
use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.</p>
 
@@ -95,35 +110,28 @@
 
 <p>For more information, contact me.</p>
 
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
-  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<address>Arpanet mail:<br />
+  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
 
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br />
   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
-  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
 
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<address>US Snail:<br />
   Richard Stallman<br />
   166 Prospect St<br />
-  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around &ldquo;free&rdquo;</h4>
-
-<p>The wording here was careless.  The intention was that nobody would
-have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the
-words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
-that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
-charge.  That was never the intent.</p>
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
 
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
 <h3>Original message</h3>
 
 <p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
 original form.</p>
 
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
-From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+<pre class="emph-box" dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.
+-->From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
 From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
 Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
 Subject: new Unix implementation
@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@
 
 Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.
 
@@ -224,9 +232,20 @@
 </pre>
 </div>
 
+<h3 id="f1" class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em>  The intention was that nobody 
would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge.  That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -244,19 +263,19 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -271,21 +290,21 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:53:32 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24

Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html   17 Jun 2018 12:04:46 -0000      
1.1
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn-en.html   3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       
1.2
@@ -1,12 +1,25 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+pre.emph-box { font-size: .94em; background: none; margin-bottom: 2.5em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/initial-announcement.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Initial Announcement</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p> This is the original announcement of the GNU Project, posted by
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
+<a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> on September
 27, 1983.</p>
 
 <p> The actual history of the GNU Project differs in many ways from
@@ -14,12 +27,14 @@
 January 1984. Several of the philosophical concepts
 of <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a> were not
 clarified until a few years later.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <h3>Free Unix!</h3>
 
 <p>Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can 
use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.</p>
 
@@ -95,35 +110,28 @@
 
 <p>For more information, contact me.</p>
 
-<p>Arpanet mail:<br />
-  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</p>
+<address>Arpanet mail:<br />
+  RMS@MIT-MC.ARPA</address>
 
-<p>Usenet:<br />
+<address>Usenet:<br />
   ...!mit-eddie!RMS@OZ<br />
-  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</p>
+  ...!mit-vax!RMS@OZ</address>
 
-<p>US Snail:<br />
+<address>US Snail:<br />
   Richard Stallman<br />
   166 Prospect St<br />
-  Cambridge, MA 02139</p>
-
-
-<h4 id="f1">Poor choice of wording around &ldquo;free&rdquo;</h4>
-
-<p>The wording here was careless.  The intention was that nobody would
-have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the
-words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
-that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
-charge.  That was never the intent.</p>
+  Cambridge, MA 02139</address>
+<hr class="column-limit" />
 
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
 <h3>Original message</h3>
 
 <p>For completeness, the original email is reproduced here, in its
 original form.</p>
 
-<div dir="ltr">
-<pre><!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.-->
-From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
+<pre class="emph-box" dir="ltr">
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Don't translate anything except the headers.
+-->From 
CSvax:pur-ee:inuxc!ixn5c!ihnp4!houxm!mhuxi!eagle!mit-vax!mit-eddie!RMS@MIT-OZ
 From: RMS%MIT-OZ@mit-eddie
 Newsgroups: net.unix-wizards,net.usoft
 Subject: new Unix implementation
@@ -134,7 +142,7 @@
 
 Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete
 Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and
-give it away free<a href="#f1">(1)</a> to everyone who can use it.
+give it away free&#8239;<a href="#f1">[1]</a> to everyone who can use it.
 Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly
 needed.
 
@@ -224,9 +232,20 @@
 </pre>
 </div>
 
+<h3 id="f1" class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li><em>The wording here was careless.</em>  The intention was that nobody 
would
+have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU system.  But the
+words don't make this clear, and people often interpret them as saying
+that copies of GNU should always be distributed at little or no
+charge.  That was never the intent.</li>
+</ol>
+
+</div>
+
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -244,19 +263,19 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -271,21 +290,21 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013, 2014
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1983, 1999, 2007, 2009, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/06/17 12:04:46 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn.po        3 Nov 2021 09:50:53 -0000       
1.7
+++ gnu/po/initial-announcement.zh-cn.po        3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       
1.8
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-11-02 14:27+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "Initial Announcement - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -109,10 +108,10 @@
 "one crashproof file system and two window systems for Lisp machines."
 msgstr ""
 "æå«Richard 
Stallmanï¼æ¯é£ä¸ªè¢«å°å¤æ¨¡ä»¿çEMACSç¼è¾å¨çåå§åæè
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-"çå·¥å¦é¢çäººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤ãæä¸ç´ä¸æ³¨äºç¼è¯å¨ãç¼è¾å¨ãè°è¯å¨ãå½ä»¤è§£éå¨ã"
-"ITSï¼ä¸å¼å®¹åæ¶ç³»ç»ï¼åLisp 
Machineæä½ç³»ç»çå·¥ä½ãææ¯ITSç³»ç»ä¸ç»ç«¯æ å³æ¾ç¤º"
-"æ¯æçå¼æèãæ¤å¤ï¼æå¨Lisp 
machineä¸å®ç°äºä¸ä¸ªé²å´©æºçæä»¶ç³»ç»åä¸¤ä¸ªçªå£ç®¡"
-"çç³»ç»ã"
+"çå·¥å¦é¢çäººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤ãæä¸ç´ä¸æ³¨äºç¼è¯å¨ãç¼è¾å¨ãè°è¯å¨ãå½ä»¤è§£éå¨ãITS"
+"ï¼ä¸å¼å®¹åæ¶ç³»ç»ï¼åLisp 
Machineæä½ç³»ç»çå·¥ä½ãææ¯ITSç³»ç»ä¸ç»ç«¯æ å³æ¾ç¤ºæ¯æ"
+"çå¼æèãæ¤å¤ï¼æå¨Lisp 
machineä¸å®ç°äºä¸ä¸ªé²å´©æºçæä»¶ç³»ç»åä¸¤ä¸ªçªå£ç®¡çç³»"
+"ç»ã"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
 msgid "Why I Must Write GNU"

Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.44
retrieving revision 1.45
diff -u -b -r1.44 -r1.45
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es-en.html     12 Oct 2021 09:34:14 -0000      1.44
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es-en.html     3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.45
@@ -1,12 +1,20 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
 <!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
 <!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Linux and GNU
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style>
 <meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU 
HURD, Hurd" />
 <meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix 
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to 
share and improve the software they use." />
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
 
@@ -109,11 +117,11 @@
 to make it one.  We made a list of the programs needed to make
 a <em>complete</em> free system, and we systematically found, wrote,
 or found people to write everything on the list.  We wrote essential
-but unexciting
-<a href="#unexciting">(1)</a> components because you can't have a system
+but unexciting&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#unexciting">[1]</a> components
+because you can't have a system
 without them.  Some of our system components, the programming tools,
 became popular on their own among programmers, but we wrote many
-components that are not tools  <a href="#nottools">(2)</a>.  We even
+components that are not tools&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#nottools">[2]</a>.  
We even
 developed a chess game, GNU Chess, because a complete system needs
 games too.</p>
 
@@ -131,13 +139,13 @@
 Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
 the GNU system.  People could
 then <a 
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
-&mdash; a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux.  The
+combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system&mdash;a
+version of the GNU system which also contained Linux.  The
 GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
 
 <p>
 Making them work well together was not a trivial job.  Some GNU
-components<a href="#somecomponents">(3)</a> needed substantial change
+components&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#somecomponents">[3]</a> needed 
substantial change
 to work with Linux.  Integrating a complete system as a distribution
 that would work &ldquo;out of the box&rdquo; was a big job, too.  It
 required addressing the issue of how to install and boot the
@@ -183,8 +191,8 @@
 
 <p>
 If you want to make a link on &ldquo;GNU/Linux&rdquo; for further
-reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices.  If
+reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">
+https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html</a> are good choices.  If
 you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
 reference, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a> 
 is a good URL to use.</p>
@@ -197,7 +205,7 @@
 a free Unix-like operating system.  This system is known as BSD, and
 it was developed at UC Berkeley.  It was nonfree in the 80s, but
 became free in the early 90s.  A free operating system that exists
-today<a href="#newersystems">(4)</a> is almost certainly either a
+today&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#newersystems">[4]</a> is almost certainly 
either a
 variant of the GNU system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -209,8 +217,8 @@
 system and its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as
 wholes, they are two different systems that evolved separately.  The
 BSD developers did not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system,
-and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.<a
-href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
+and a name like GNU/BSD would not fit the situation&#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#gnubsd">[5]</a>.</p>
 <div class="column-limit"></div>
 
 <h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
@@ -304,7 +312,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/10/12 09:34:14 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.85
retrieving revision 1.86
diff -u -b -r1.85 -r1.86
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es.po  3 Nov 2021 11:08:06 -0000       1.85
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.es.po  3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.86
@@ -451,8 +451,8 @@
 "embargo, tomados en su conjunto, son dos sistemas diferentes que "
 "evolucionaron por separado. Los desarrolladores de BSD no escribieron un "
 "nÃºcleo y lo aÃ±adieron al sistema GNU, por lo que un nombre como GNU/BSD no "
-"se ajustarÃa en esta situaciÃ³n. &#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#gnubsd"
-"\">[5]</a>"
+"se ajustarÃa en esta situaciÃ³n. &#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" 
href=\"#gnubsd\">[5]"
+"</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <h4>
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>

Index: gnu/po/manifesto.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- gnu/po/manifesto.es-en.html 4 Jun 2015 11:00:36 -0000       1.28
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.es-en.html 3 Nov 2021 16:01:00 -0000       1.29
@@ -1,13 +1,25 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>The GNU Manifesto
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
+<div class="introduction">
 <p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to
+by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to
 ask for support in developing the GNU operating system.  Part of the
 text was taken from the original announcement of 1983.  Through 1987,
 it was updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then,
@@ -20,7 +32,7 @@
 <p>If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use
 one of the <a href="/distros">100% free software GNU/Linux
 distributions</a>.  For how to contribute,
-see <a href="/help/help.html">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
+see <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a>.</p>
 
 <p>The GNU Project is part of the Free Software Movement, a campaign
 for <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom for users of
@@ -29,13 +41,15 @@
 who disagree with the Free Software Movement's ethical values.  They
 use it to promote an
 <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">amoral approach</a> to 
the same field.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
 
 <h3 id="whats-gnu">What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
 
 <p>
    GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
 Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
-it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several
+it away free to everyone who can use it&#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f1">[1]</a>. Several
 other volunteers are helping me.  Contributions of time, money,
 programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
 
@@ -94,7 +108,7 @@
 decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
 will be able to get along without any software that is not free.  I
 have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
-me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+me from giving GNU away&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f2a">[2]</a>.</p>
 
 <h3 id="compatible">Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
 
@@ -143,7 +157,7 @@
 
 <h3 id="contribute">How You Can Contribute</h3>
 
-<blockquote>
+<div class="comment">
 <p>
 (Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
 href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>High Priority Projects
@@ -152,7 +166,7 @@
 ways to help, see <a href="/help/help.html">the guide to helping
 the GNU operating system</a>.)
 </p>
-</blockquote>
+</div>
 
 <p>
    I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
@@ -191,7 +205,7 @@
 
 <p>
    Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
-software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+software free, just like air&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f2">[3]</a>.</p>
 
 <p>
    This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
@@ -237,18 +251,19 @@
 
 <h3 id="rebutted-objections">Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's 
Goals</h3>
 
-<p id="support">
+<dl>
+<dt id="support">
 <strong>&ldquo;Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
-they can't rely on any support.&rdquo;</strong></p>
+they can't rely on any support.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
 
-<p>
+<dt>
 <strong>&ldquo;You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
-the support.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+the support.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
 without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
-obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+obtained GNU free ought to be profitable&#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f3">[4]</a>.</p>
 
 <p>
    We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
@@ -279,15 +294,15 @@
 will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
 particular one.  Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
 should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="advertising">
+<dt id="advertising">
 <strong>&ldquo;You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
-you must charge for the program to support that.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
-<p>
+you must charge for the program to support that.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dt>
 <strong>&ldquo;It's no use advertising a program people can get
-free.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+free.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
 used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU.  But
@@ -301,12 +316,13 @@
    On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
 such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
 really necessary to spread GNU.  Why is it that free market advocates
-don't want to let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+don't want to let the free market decide this?&#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f4">[5]</a></p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="competitive">
+<dt id="competitive">
 <strong>&ldquo;My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
-a competitive edge.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+a competitive edge.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
 competition.  You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
@@ -319,23 +335,25 @@
 
 <p>
    I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each&#8239;<a class="ftn" 
href="#f5">[6]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="deserve">
+<dt id="deserve">
 <strong>&ldquo;Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
-creativity?&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+creativity?&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
 Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
 is free to use the results.  If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
 creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
 punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="reward">
+<dt id="reward">
 <strong>&ldquo;Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
-his creativity?&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+his creativity?&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
 maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
@@ -358,10 +376,11 @@
 to do so.  Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
 does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
 creativity.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="starve">
-<strong>&ldquo;Won't programmers starve?&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+<dt id="starve">
+<strong>&ldquo;Won't programmers starve?&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer.  Most of us
 cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
@@ -381,7 +400,7 @@
 
 <p>
    Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
-It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in
+It is the most common basis&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f8">[7]</a> because it 
brings in
 the most money.  If it
 were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
 move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
@@ -394,11 +413,12 @@
 now do.  If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
 either.  (In practice they would still make considerably more than
 that.)</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="right-to-control">
+<dt id="right-to-control">
 <strong>&ldquo;Don't people have a right to control how their
-creativity is used?&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+creativity is used?&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
 &ldquo;Control over the use of one's ideas&rdquo; really constitutes
 control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
@@ -406,7 +426,7 @@
 
 <p>
    People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
-rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there
+rights&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f6">[8]</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say 
that there
 is no intrinsic right to intellectual property.  The kinds of supposed
 intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
 created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
@@ -448,11 +468,12 @@
 which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
 both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
 regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="competition">
+<dt id="competition">
 <strong>&ldquo;Competition makes things get done
-better.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+better.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
 encourage everyone to run faster.  When capitalism really works this
@@ -468,11 +489,12 @@
 to object to fights; he just regulates them (&ldquo;For every ten
 yards you run, you can fire one shot&rdquo;).  He really ought to
 break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="stop-programming">
+<dt id="stop-programming">
 <strong>&ldquo;Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
-incentive?&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+incentive?&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
 incentive.  Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
@@ -503,18 +525,20 @@
 will come to expect and demand it.  Low-paying organizations do poorly
 in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
 if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="desperate">
+<dt id="desperate">
 <strong>&ldquo;We need the programmers desperately.  If they demand
-that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
 Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+</dd>
 
-<p id="living">
-<strong>&ldquo;Programmers need to make a living somehow.&rdquo;</strong></p>
-
+<dt id="living">
+<strong>&ldquo;Programmers need to make a living somehow.&rdquo;</strong></dt>
+<dd>
 <p>
    In the short run, this is true.  However, there are plenty of ways
 that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
@@ -533,7 +557,7 @@
 
 <p>
    People with new ideas could distribute programs as
-freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+freeware&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#f7">[9]</a>, asking for donations from 
satisfied
 users, or selling handholding services.  I have met people who are
 already working this way successfully.</p>
 
@@ -570,6 +594,10 @@
 <li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
           choose this for themselves.</li>
 </ul>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
 <p>
    In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
 postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
@@ -588,9 +616,9 @@
 competition.  Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
 area of software production.  We must do this, in order for technical
 gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
 
-
-<h3 id="footnotes">Footnotes</h3>
+<h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
 
 <!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
      revisions over time.  And if a new footnote is added, the references
@@ -619,7 +647,7 @@
 Words and Phrases</a>&rdquo; for more explanation.</li>
 
 <li id="f2">This is another place I failed to distinguish
-carefully between the two different meanings of &ldquo;free&rdquo;.
+carefully between the two different meanings of &ldquo;free.&rdquo;
 The statement as it stands is not false&mdash;you can get copies of GNU
 software at no charge, from your friends or over the net.  But it does
 suggest the wrong idea.</li>
@@ -629,7 +657,7 @@
 <li id="f4">Although it is a
 charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
 most of its funds from its distribution service.  You
-can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+can <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/";>order things from the FSF</a>
 to support its work.
 </li>
 
@@ -648,7 +676,7 @@
 
 <li id="f6">In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
 it was to speak of &ldquo;the issue&rdquo; of &ldquo;intellectual
-property&rdquo;.  That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+property.&rdquo;  That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
 fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
 different issues.  Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
 &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; entirely, lest it lead others to
@@ -658,7 +686,7 @@
 this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
 
 <li id="f7">Subsequently we learned to distinguish
-between &ldquo;free software&rdquo; and &ldquo;freeware&rdquo;.  The
+between &ldquo;free software&rdquo; and &ldquo;freeware.&rdquo;  The
 term &ldquo;freeware&rdquo; means software you are free to
 redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
 source code, so most of it is not free software.  See
@@ -666,10 +694,11 @@
 Words and Phrases</a>&rdquo; for more explanation.</li>
 
 </ol>
+</div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -687,13 +716,13 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -714,7 +743,7 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, 2015
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021
 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -731,10 +760,10 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/06/04 11:00:36 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:00 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/po/manifesto.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- gnu/po/manifesto.es.po      3 Nov 2021 11:08:06 -0000       1.32
+++ gnu/po/manifesto.es.po      3 Nov 2021 16:01:01 -0000       1.33
@@ -36,12 +36,6 @@
 msgstr "El manifiesto de GNU"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a
-# | href=\"http{+s+}://www.stallman.org/\">Richard Stallman</a> in 1985 to ask
-# | for support in developing the GNU operating system.  Part of the text was
-# | taken from the original announcement of 1983.  Through 1987, it was
-# | updated in minor ways to account for developments; since then, it seems
-# | best to leave it unchanged.
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
 "The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a href=\"https://www.";
@@ -69,11 +63,6 @@
 "pie de pÃ¡gina que hemos aÃ±adido a partir de 1993 ayudan a clarificar estos "
 "puntos."
 
-# | If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use one of
-# | the <a href=\"/distros\">100% free software GNU/Linux distributions</a>.
-# | For how to contribute, see <a
-# | [-href=\"/help/help.html\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>.-]
-# | {+href=\"/help/help.html\">gnu.org/help</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
 "If you want to install the GNU/Linux system, we recommend you use one of the "
@@ -107,12 +96,6 @@
 msgstr "Â¿QuÃ© es GNU? Â¡GNU No es Unix!"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
-# | Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give it
-# | away free to everyone who can use [-it.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>-]
-# | {+it&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f1\">[1]</a>.+} Several other
-# | volunteers are helping me.  Contributions of time, money, programs and
-# | equipment are greatly needed.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete Unix-"
@@ -237,12 +220,6 @@
 "hicieran en mi nombre en contra de mi voluntad."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided
-# | to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I will be able
-# | to get along without any software that is not free.  I have resigned from
-# | the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent me from giving GNU
-# | [-away.<a href=\"#f2a\">(2)</a>-] {+away&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#f2a\">[2]</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have decided to "
@@ -256,8 +233,8 @@
 "ningÃºn software que no sea libre. He renunciado al Laboratorio de "
 "Inteligencia Artificial para evitar que el <abbr title=\"Massachusetts "
 "Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> pueda usar alguna excusa legal que me "
-"impida distribuir software de GNU. &#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f2a"
-"\">[2]</a>"
+"impida distribuir software de GNU. &#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f2a\">[2]"
+"</a>"
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
 #. type: Content of: <div><h3>
@@ -455,9 +432,6 @@
 msgstr "Por quÃ© se beneficiarÃ¡n todos los usuarios de computadoras."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software
-# | free, just like [-air.<a href=\"#f2\">(3)</a>-] {+air&#8239;<a
-# | class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f2\">[3]</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system software "
@@ -582,10 +556,6 @@
 "asistenciaÂ».</strong>"
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without
-# | service, a company to provide just service to people who have obtained GNU
-# | free ought to be [-profitable.<a href=\"#f3\">(4)</a>-]
-# | {+profitable&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f3\">[4]</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free without "
@@ -700,11 +670,6 @@
 "publicidad la pagarÃ¡n."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such
-# | companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not really
-# | necessary to spread GNU.  Why is it that free market advocates don't want
-# | to let the free market decide [-this?<a href=\"#f4\">(5)</a>-]
-# | {+this?&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f4\">[5]</a>+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and such "
@@ -747,10 +712,6 @@
 "de la venta de sistemas operativos."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
-# | manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to [-each.<a
-# | href=\"#f5\">(6)</a>-] {+each&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#f5\">[6]</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many "
@@ -883,12 +844,6 @@
 "pagarÃ¡ tanto como en la actualidad."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.  It is
-# | the most common [-basis<a href=\"#f8\">(7)</a>-] {+basis&#8239;<a
-# | class=\"ftn\" href=\"#f8\">[7]</a>+} because it brings in the most money.
-# | If it were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business
-# | would move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
-# | There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.  It is "
@@ -942,12 +897,6 @@
 "vida mÃ¡s difÃcil."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | People who have studied the issue of intellectual property [-rights<a
-# | href=\"#f6\">(8)</a>-] {+rights&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#f6\">[8]</a>+} carefully (such as lawyers) say that there is no
-# | intrinsic right to intellectual property.  The kinds of supposed
-# | intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were created
-# | by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "People who have studied the issue of intellectual property rights&#8239;<a "
@@ -1221,11 +1170,6 @@
 "pueden dar trabajo a programadores."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | People with new ideas could distribute programs as [-freeware<a
-# | href=\"#f7\">(9)</a>,-] {+freeware&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#f7\">[9]</a>,+} asking for donations from satisfied users, or
-# | selling handholding services.  I have met people who are already working
-# | this way successfully.
 #. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
 msgid ""
 "People with new ideas could distribute programs as freeware&#8239;<a class="
@@ -1413,11 +1357,6 @@
 "confusas que vale la pena evitarÂ»</a>."
 
 # type: Content of: <ol><li>
-# | This is another place I failed to distinguish carefully between the two
-# | different meanings of [-&ldquo;free&rdquo;.-] {+&ldquo;free.&rdquo;+} The
-# | statement as it stands is not false&mdash;you can get copies of GNU
-# | software at no charge, from your friends or over the net.  But it does
-# | suggest the wrong idea.
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
 msgid ""
 "This is another place I failed to distinguish carefully between the two "
@@ -1437,11 +1376,6 @@
 msgstr "Ya existen varias compaÃ±Ãas de este tipo."
 
 # type: Content of: <ol><li>
-# | Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free Software
-# | Foundation for 10 years raised most of its funds from its distribution
-# | service.  You can <a [-href=\"/order/order.html\">order-]
-# | {+href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/\";>order+} things from the FSF</a> to
-# | support its work.
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
 msgid ""
 "Although it is a charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation "
@@ -1486,16 +1420,6 @@
 "programadores ganarÃan menos en un mundo de software libre."
 
 # type: Content of: <ol><li>
-# | In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to speak of
-# | &ldquo;the issue&rdquo; of &ldquo;intellectual [-property&rdquo;.-]
-# | {+property.&rdquo;+} That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
-# | fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
-# | different issues.  Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
-# | &ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; entirely, lest it lead others to
-# | suppose that those laws form one coherent issue.  The way to be clear is
-# | to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.  See <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/not-ipr.html\">further explanation</a> of how this term
-# | spreads confusion and bias.
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
 msgid ""
 "In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing it was to speak of &ldquo;"
@@ -1520,13 +1444,6 @@
 "prejuicios."
 
 # type: Content of: <ol><li>
-# | Subsequently we learned to distinguish between &ldquo;free software&rdquo;
-# | and [-&ldquo;freeware&rdquo;.-] {+&ldquo;freeware.&rdquo;+} The term
-# | &ldquo;freeware&rdquo; means software you are free to redistribute, but
-# | usually you are not free to study and change the source code, so most of
-# | it is not free software.  See &ldquo;<a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware\">Confusing Words and
-# | Phrases</a>&rdquo; for more explanation.
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
 msgid ""
 "Subsequently we learned to distinguish between &ldquo;free software&rdquo; "
@@ -1599,12 +1516,7 @@
 "coordinaciÃ³n y el envÃo de traducciones de las pÃ¡ginas de este sitio web."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 200[-3-]{+4+}, 2005, 2007, [-2008,-] 2009,
-# | 2010, [-2014, 2015-] {+2015, 2021+} Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2014, "
-#| "2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 msgid ""
 "Copyright &copy; 1985, 1993, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free "
 "Software Foundation, Inc."

Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.31
retrieving revision 1.32
diff -u -b -r1.31 -r1.32
--- gnu/po/rms-lisp.es-en.html  23 Sep 2020 10:32:20 -0000      1.31
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.es-en.html  3 Nov 2021 16:01:01 -0000       1.32
@@ -1,13 +1,26 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a[href*='#foot-'] { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/rms-lisp.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs</h2>
 
-<blockquote><p>(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the
-International Lisp Conference).</p></blockquote>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the
+International Lisp Conference, 28 Oct 2002.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
 
 <p>Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none
 of them were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.
@@ -19,8 +32,8 @@
 could be a computer language like that. The first time I had a chance
 to do anything with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I
 wrote a Lisp interpreter for the <abbr title="Programmed Data
-Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine
-&mdash; it had something like 8k of memory &mdash; and I managed to write the
+Processor">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small machine&mdash;it
+had something like 8k of memory&mdash;and I managed to write the
 interpreter in a thousand instructions. This gave me some room for a
 little bit of data. That was before I got to see what real software
 was like, that did real system jobs.</p>
@@ -29,7 +42,7 @@
 once I started working at <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of
 Technology">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
 not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering
-what was to come &mdash; he must have really regretted that day.</p>
+what was to come&mdash;he must have really regretted that day.</p>
 
 <p>During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible
 events, I was just going along making one extension after another for
@@ -57,25 +70,25 @@
 what it was.</p>
 
 <p>The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level
-language, the non-interpreted language &mdash; was PDP-10
+language, the non-interpreted language&mdash;was PDP-10
 Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written
 for Emacs, it was written for <abbr title="Text Editor and
 COrrector">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an
 extremely ugly programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The
 reason was that it wasn't designed to be a programming language, it
 was designed to be an editor and command language. There were commands
-like &lsquo;5l&rsquo;, meaning &lsquo;move five lines&rsquo;, or
-&lsquo;i&rsquo; and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
+like <code>5l</code>, meaning <code>move five lines</code>, or
+<code>i</code> and then a string and then an ESC to insert that
 string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which
 was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it
 would get executed.</p>
 
 <p>Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming
 facilities, so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a
-looping construct, which was &lt; &gt;. You would put those around
+looping construct, which was <code>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</code>. You would put those 
around
 things and it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could
-be used to conditionally exit the loop.  To make Emacs, we
-<a href="#foot-1">(1)</a> added facilities to have subroutines with
+be used to conditionally exit the loop.  To make Emacs, we&#8239;<a
+href="#foot-1">[1]</a> added facilities to have subroutines with
 names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines
 could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to
 program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer
@@ -84,7 +97,7 @@
 from TECO.</p>
 
 <p>We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
-ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked &mdash; people were
+ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it worked&mdash;people were
 able to write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that
 a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to be a
 programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
@@ -94,10 +107,10 @@
 for that purpose was Lisp.</p>
 
 <p>It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it
-was <a href="#foot-2">(2)</a>.  He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics
+was&#8239;<a href="#foot-2">[2]</a>.  He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics
 MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in MacLisp in a straightforward
 fashion. The editor itself was written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs
-proved to be a great success &mdash; programming new editing commands
+proved to be a great success&mdash;programming new editing commands
 was so convenient that even the secretaries in his office started
 learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had written which
 showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So
@@ -105,22 +118,22 @@
 scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful
 things and they learned to program.</p>
 
-<p>So Bernie saw that an application &mdash; a program that does something
-useful for you &mdash; which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
+<p>So Bernie saw that an application&mdash;a program that does something
+useful for you&mdash;which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend
 by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people
 to learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs
 that are useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly
-do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use &mdash; at the
-stage where it's the hardest &mdash; where they don't believe they can
+do. They can get encouragement for their own practical use&mdash;at the
+stage where it's the hardest&mdash;where they don't believe they can
 program, until they get to the point where they are programmers.</p>
 
 <p>At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something
 like this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
 implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an
-interpreter &mdash; it was a full-fledged Lisp system &mdash; but people wanted
+interpreter&mdash;it was a full-fledged Lisp system&mdash;but people wanted
 to implement something like that on other systems where they had not
 already written a Lisp compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp
-compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp &mdash; it would be
+compiler you couldn't write the whole editor in Lisp&mdash;it would be
 too slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp.  So
 we developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp
 interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor together, so that
@@ -145,7 +158,7 @@
 machine language anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language
 for portable programs to run in a Unix-like operating system. There
 was a Lisp interpreter, but I implemented facilities for special
-purpose editing jobs directly in C &mdash; manipulating editor buffers,
+purpose editing jobs directly in C&mdash;manipulating editor buffers,
 inserting leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the
 buffer on the screen, managing editor windows.</p>
 
@@ -154,7 +167,7 @@
 GosMacs. A strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he
 seemed to be influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation
 of the original Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people
-at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex &mdash; it
+at MIT. Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex&mdash;it
 originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used
 at MIT. They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there
 were a few hundred installations around the world that could
@@ -166,7 +179,7 @@
 <p>Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote
 in a manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
 community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's
-the right approach to take towards a community &mdash; to ask them to join
+the right approach to take towards a community&mdash;to ask them to join
 in and make the program better. But after that he seemed to change the
 spirit, and sold it to a company.</p>
 
@@ -178,7 +191,7 @@
 to distribute his own version. He proposed to me that I use that
 version. Then I discovered that Gosling's Emacs did not have a real
 Lisp. It had a programming language that was known as
-&lsquo;mocklisp&rsquo;, which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
+&ldquo;mocklisp,&rdquo; which looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't
 have the data structures of Lisp.  So programs were not data, and vital
 elements of Lisp were missing.  Its data structures were strings,
 numbers and a few other specialized things.</p>
@@ -195,17 +208,17 @@
 redisplay and things would go on with very special data structures
 that were not safe for garbage collection, not safe for interruption,
 and you couldn't run any Lisp programs during that. We've changed that
-since &mdash; it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
+since&mdash;it's now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
 quite a convenient thing.</p>
 
-<p>This second Emacs program was &lsquo;free software&rsquo; in the
-modern sense of the term &mdash; it was part of an explicit political
+<p>This second Emacs program was &ldquo;free software&rdquo; in the
+modern sense of the term&mdash;it was part of an explicit political
 campaign to make software free. The essence of this campaign was that
 everybody should be free to do the things we did in the old days
 at MIT, working together on software and working with
 whomever wanted to work with us.  That is the basis for the free
-software movement &mdash; the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
-the MIT AI lab &mdash; to be working on human knowledge, and
+software movement&mdash;the experience I had, the life that I've lived at
+the MIT AI lab&mdash;to be working on human knowledge, and
 not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
 disseminating human knowledge.</p>
 
@@ -219,8 +232,8 @@
 crashed at some point.</p>
 
 <p>The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as
-those other machines, but each instruction &mdash; a <code>car</code> 
instruction would
-do data typechecking &mdash; so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of 
a number
+those other machines, but each instruction&mdash;a <code>car</code> 
instruction would
+do data typechecking&mdash;so when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of a 
number
 in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We built
 the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
 almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in
@@ -231,7 +244,7 @@
 like.  Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a
 &ldquo;hacker&rdquo; company. This meant it would be a company run by
 hackers and would operate in a way conducive to hackers. Another goal
-was to maintain the AI Lab culture <a href="#foot-3">(3)</a>.
+was to maintain the AI Lab culture&#8239;<a class="ftn" href="#foot-3">[3]</a>.
 Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any business experience, so
 other people in the Lisp machine group said they doubted whether he
 could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid outside investment
@@ -284,7 +297,7 @@
 systems that both companies had licensed. Nobody had envisioned that
 the AI lab's hacker group would be wiped out, but it was.</p>
 
-<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan <a href="#foot-4">(4)</a>.  They
+<p> So Symbolics came up with a plan&#8239;<a href="#foot-4">[4]</a>.  They
 said to the lab, &ldquo;We will continue making our changes to the
 system available for you to use, but you can't put it into
 the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead, we'll give you
@@ -305,12 +318,12 @@
 although it made me miserable to see what had happened to our
 community and the software.  But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.
 So, in an effort to help keep Lisp Machines
-Inc. going <a href="#foot-5">(5)</a> &mdash; I began duplicating all
+Inc. going&#8239;<a href="#foot-5">[5]</a>&mdash;I began duplicating all
 of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system.  I
 wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my
 own).</p>
 
-<p>After a while <a href="#foot-6">(6)</a>, I came to the conclusion
+<p>After a while&#8239;<a href="#foot-6">[6]</a>, I came to the conclusion
 that it would be best if I didn't even look at their code. When they
 made a beta announcement that gave the release notes, I would see what
 the features were and then implement them. By the time they had a real
@@ -321,7 +334,7 @@
 want to spend years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an
 evil deed. I figured they had been punished pretty thoroughly because
 they were stuck with competition that was not leaving or going to
-disappear <a href="#foot-7">(7)</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start
+disappear&#8239;<a href="#foot-7">[7]</a>.  Meanwhile, it was time to start
 building a new community to replace the one that their actions and
 others had wiped out.</p>
 
@@ -333,7 +346,7 @@
 community and there wasn't much left.</p>
 
 <p>Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do
-next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear &mdash; the
+next. I had to make a free operating system, that was clear&mdash;the
 only way that people could work together and share was with a free
 operating system.</p>
 
@@ -344,7 +357,7 @@
 their programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without
 that, you would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for
 other machines. The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's
-okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system &mdash; if one
+okay if you're running one program on a timesharing system&mdash;if one
 program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's something your program
 occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for writing the
 operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system like
@@ -363,21 +376,21 @@
 Emacs. This meant I had to keep the program as small as possible.</p>
 
 <p>For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
-&lsquo;while&rsquo;, which was extremely simple. There was no way to
-break out of the &lsquo;while&rsquo; statement, you just had to do a
+<code>while</code>, which was extremely simple. There was no way to
+break out of the <code>while</code> statement, you just had to do a
 catch and a throw, or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows
 how far I was pushing to keep things small. We didn't have
-&lsquo;caar&rsquo; and &lsquo;cadr&rsquo; and so on; &ldquo;squeeze
+<code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so on; &ldquo;squeeze
 out everything possible&rdquo; was the spirit of GNU Emacs, the spirit
 of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.</p>
 
 <p>Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way
-any more. We put in &lsquo;caar&rsquo; and &lsquo;cadr&rsquo; and so
+any more. We put in <code>caar</code> and <code>cadr</code> and so
 on, and we might put in another looping construct one of these
 days. We're willing to extend it some now, but we don't want to extend
 it to the level of common Lisp. I implemented Common Lisp once on the
 Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy with it. One thing I don't
-like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="#foot-8">(8)</a>.
+like terribly much is keyword arguments&#8239;<a href="#foot-8">[8]</a>.
 They don't seem quite Lispy
 to me; I'll do it sometimes but I minimize the times when I do
 that.</p>
@@ -420,14 +433,14 @@
 <p>As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to
 use only the language you provided them. Which means that people who
 love any given language have to compete for the choice of the
-developers of applications &mdash; saying &ldquo;Please, application
+developers of applications&mdash;saying &ldquo;Please, application
 developer, put my language into your application, not his
-language.&rdquo; Then the users get no choices at all &mdash; whichever
+language.&rdquo; Then the users get no choices at all&mdash;whichever
 application they're using comes with one language and they're stuck
 with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language that can
 implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a
 choice of language and we don't have to have a language war
-anymore. That's what we're hoping &lsquo;Guile&rsquo;, our scheme
+anymore. That's what we're hoping Guile, our scheme
 interpreter, will do. We had a person working last summer finishing up
 a translator from Python to Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely
 finished yet, but for anyone interested in this project, please get in
@@ -441,13 +454,13 @@
 program, free to study what it does, free to change it to suit your
 needs, free to redistribute the copies of others and free to publish
 improved, extended versions. This is what free software means. If you
-are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't
+are using a nonfree program, you have lost crucial freedom, so don't
 ever do that.</p>
 
 <p>The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to
-reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by
+reject freedom-trampling, user-dominating, nonfree software by
 providing free software to replace it. For those who don't have the
-moral courage to reject the non-free software, when that means some
+moral courage to reject the nonfree software, when that means some
 practical inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative
 so that you can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a
 sacrifice in practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want
@@ -457,27 +470,29 @@
 thinking of freedom and cooperation with society as if they are
 opposites. But here they're on the same side. With free software you
 are free to cooperate with other people as well as free to help
-yourself. With non-free software, somebody is dominating you and
+yourself. With nonfree software, somebody is dominating you and
 keeping people divided. You're not allowed to share with them, you're
 not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than you're free to
 help yourself.  Divided and helpless is the state of users using
-non-free software.</p>
+nonfree software.</p>
 
 <p>We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what
 people said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free
 software. We have many applications and we obviously have a lot
 farther to go. So we need your help. I would like to ask you to
 volunteer for the GNU project; help us develop free software for more
-jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to
+jobs. Take a look at <a href="/help/help.html">gnu.org/help</a> to
 find suggestions for how to help. If you want to order things, there's
 a link to that from the home page. If you want to read about
 philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking for free
 software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 packages
 now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). Please
 write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, &ldquo;Free
-Software and Free Society&rdquo;, is on sale and can be purchased at
-<a href="http://www.gnu.org/";>www.gnu.org</a>. Happy hacking!</p>
+Software and Free Society,&rdquo; is on sale and can be purchased at
+www.gnu.org&#8239;<a href="#foot-9">[9]</a>.  Happy hacking!</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
 
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
 <ol>
 <li id="foot-1">Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs
 command set; then he and I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO),
@@ -498,7 +513,7 @@
 <li id="foot-4">The background of this plan, which I did not state
 explicitly in the talk, is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab
 hackers, whether at Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their
-changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system &mdash; even though the
+changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system&mdash;even though the
 contract did not require this.  Symbolics' plan was to rupture this
 cooperation unilaterally.</li>
 
@@ -524,11 +539,16 @@
 <li id="foot-8">I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight
 function takes keyword arguments.  What bothers me is making simple
 basic functions such as &ldquo;member&rdquo; use them.</li>
+
+<li id="foot-9">In 2021, this book can be purchased from <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition";>
+GNU Press</a>.</li>
 </ol>
+</div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
 <div class="unprintable">
 
 <p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
@@ -546,13 +566,13 @@
         to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
         &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
 
-        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
         our web pages, see <a
         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
         README</a>. -->
 Please see the <a
 href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
@@ -573,7 +593,7 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -583,10 +603,10 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/09/23 10:32:20 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:01 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
 </body>
 </html>

Index: gnu/po/rms-lisp.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.56
retrieving revision 1.57
diff -u -b -r1.56 -r1.57
--- gnu/po/rms-lisp.es.po       3 Nov 2021 11:08:06 -0000       1.56
+++ gnu/po/rms-lisp.es.po       3 Nov 2021 16:01:01 -0000       1.57
@@ -35,8 +35,6 @@
 msgstr "Mis experiencias con Lisp y el desarrollo de Emacs de GNU"
 
 # type: Content of: <h3>
-# | [-(-]Transcript of Richard Stallman's [-Speech, 28 Oct 2002,-] {+speech+}
-# | at the International Lisp [-Conference).-] {+Conference, 28 Oct 2002.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""
 "Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the International Lisp "
@@ -60,16 +58,6 @@
 "interesante al respecto."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual in high
-# | school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there could be a
-# | computer language like that. The first time I had a chance to do anything
-# | with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I wrote a Lisp
-# | interpreter for the <abbr title=\"Programmed Data
-# | Processor\">PDP</abbr>-11. It was a very small [-machine &mdash; it-]
-# | {+machine&mdash;it+} had something like 8k of [-memory &mdash; and-]
-# | {+memory&mdash;and+} I managed to write the interpreter in a thousand
-# | instructions. This gave me some room for a little bit of data. That was
-# | before I got to see what real software was like, that did real system jobs.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual in high "
@@ -94,12 +82,6 @@
 "los sistemas reales."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White once I
-# | started working at <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of
-# | Technology\">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab
-# | not by JonL, but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering what
-# | was to [-come &mdash; he-] {+come&mdash;he+} must have really regretted
-# | that day.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White once I "
@@ -172,20 +154,6 @@
 "Inteligencia Artificial lo que condujo a Emacs e hizo de Ã©l lo que fue."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level language, the
-# | non-interpreted [-language &mdash; was-] {+language&mdash;was+} PDP-10
-# | Assembler. The interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written for
-# | Emacs, it was written for <abbr title=\"Text Editor and
-# | COrrector\">TECO</abbr>. It was our text editor, and was an extremely ugly
-# | programming language, as ugly as could possibly be. The reason was that it
-# | wasn't designed to be a programming language, it was designed to be an
-# | editor and command language. There were commands like
-# | [-&lsquo;5l&rsquo;,-] {+<code>5l</code>,+} meaning [-&lsquo;move-]
-# | {+<code>move+} five [-lines&rsquo;,-] {+lines</code>,+} or
-# | [-&lsquo;i&rsquo;-] {+<code>i</code>+} and then a string and then an ESC
-# | to insert that string. You would type a string that was a series of
-# | commands, which was called a command string. You would end it with ESC
-# | ESC, and it would get executed.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level language, the "
@@ -214,31 +182,18 @@
 "de Ã³rdenes, terminada con ESC ESC, y serÃa ejecutada."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming facilities,
-# | so they added some. For instance, one of the first was a looping
-# | construct, which was [-&lt; &gt;.-] {+<code>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</code>.+} You
-# | would put those around things and it would loop. There were other cryptic
-# | commands that could be used to conditionally exit the loop.  To make
-# | Emacs, [-we <a href=\"#foot-1\">(1)</a>-] {+we&#8239;<a
-# | href=\"#foot-1\">[1]</a>+} added facilities to have subroutines with
-# | names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines could
-# | only have single letters as their names. That was hard to program big
-# | programs with, so we added code so they could have longer names. Actually,
-# | there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I think that Lisp got its
-# | unwind-protect facility from TECO.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming facilities, so "
 "they added some. For instance, one of the first was a looping construct, "
 "which was <code>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</code>. You would put those around things and "
 "it would loop. There were other cryptic commands that could be used to "
-"conditionally exit the loop.  To make Emacs, we&#8239;<a href="
-"\"#foot-1\">[1]</a> added facilities to have subroutines with names. Before "
-"that, it was sort of like Basic, and the subroutines could only have single "
-"letters as their names. That was hard to program big programs with, so we "
-"added code so they could have longer names. Actually, there were some rather "
-"sophisticated facilities; I think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility "
-"from TECO."
+"conditionally exit the loop.  To make Emacs, we&#8239;<a href=\"#foot-1\">[1]"
+"</a> added facilities to have subroutines with names. Before that, it was "
+"sort of like Basic, and the subroutines could only have single letters as "
+"their names. That was hard to program big programs with, so we added code so "
+"they could have longer names. Actually, there were some rather sophisticated "
+"facilities; I think that Lisp got its unwind-protect facility from TECO."
 msgstr ""
 "Bien. La gente querÃa extender este lenguaje con elementos Ãºtiles para la "
 "programaciÃ³n, asÃ que aÃ±adiÃ³ algunos. Por ejemplo, uno de los primeros 
fue "
@@ -256,14 +211,6 @@
 "TECO."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the
-# | ugliest syntax you could ever think of, and it [-worked &mdash; people-]
-# | {+worked&mdash;people+} were able to write large programs in it anyway.
-# | The obvious lesson was that a language like TECO, which wasn't designed to
-# | be a programming language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you
-# | build your extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming language
-# | in afterthought; it should be designed as a programming language. In fact,
-# | we discovered that the best programming language for that purpose was Lisp.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the ugliest "
@@ -286,17 +233,6 @@
 "programaciÃ³n para ese propÃ³sito era Lisp."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it [-was <a
-# | href=\"#foot-2\">(2)</a>.-] {+was&#8239;<a href=\"#foot-2\">[2]</a>.+}  He
-# | wrote a version of Emacs in Multics MacLisp, and he wrote his commands in
-# | MacLisp in a straightforward fashion. The editor itself was written
-# | entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs proved to be a great [-success &mdash;
-# | programming-] {+success&mdash;programming+} new editing commands was so
-# | convenient that even the secretaries in his office started learning how to
-# | use it. They used a manual someone had written which showed how to extend
-# | Emacs, but didn't say it was a programming. So the secretaries, who
-# | believed they couldn't do programming, weren't scared off. They read the
-# | manual, discovered they could do useful things and they learned to program.
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-# | So Bernie saw that an [-application &mdash; a-] {+application&mdash;a+}
-# | program that does something useful for [-you &mdash; which-]
-# | {+you&mdash;which+} has Lisp inside it and which you could extend by
-# | rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people to
-# | learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs that are
-# | useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly do. They can get
-# | encouragement for their own practical [-use &mdash; at-] {+use&mdash;at+}
-# | the stage where it's the [-hardest &mdash; where-] {+hardest&mdash;where+}
-# | they don't believe they can program, until they get to the point where
-# | they are programmers.
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-# | At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something like
-# | this on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp
-# | implementation. Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an [-interpreter
-# | &mdash; it-] {+interpreter&mdash;it+} was a full-fledged Lisp [-system
-# | &mdash; but-] {+system&mdash;but+} people wanted to implement something
-# | like that on other systems where they had not already written a Lisp
-# | compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp compiler you couldn't write
-# | the whole editor in [-Lisp &mdash; it-] {+Lisp&mdash;it+} would be too
-# | slow, especially redisplay, if it had to run interpreted Lisp.  So we
-# | developed a hybrid technique. The idea was to write a Lisp interpreter and
-# | the lower level parts of the editor together, so that parts of the editor
-# | were built-in Lisp facilities. Those would be whatever parts we felt we
-# | had to optimize. This was a technique that we had already consciously
-# | practiced in the original Emacs, because there were certain fairly high
-# | level features which we re-implemented in machine language, making them
-# | into TECO primitives. For instance, there was a TECO primitive to fill a
-# | paragraph (actually, to do most of the work of filling a paragraph,
-# | because some of the less time-consuming parts of the job would be done at
-# | the higher level by a TECO program). You could do the whole job by writing
-# | a TECO program, but that was too slow, so we optimized it by putting part
-# | of it in machine language. We used the same idea here (in the hybrid
-# | technique), that most of the editor would be written in Lisp, but certain
-# | parts of it that had to run particularly fast would be written at a lower
-# | level.
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-# | Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I followed the
-# | same kind of design. The low level language was not machine language
-# | anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language for portable programs
-# | to run in a Unix-like operating system. There was a Lisp interpreter, but
-# | I implemented facilities for special purpose editing jobs directly in [-C
-# | &mdash; manipulating-] {+C&mdash;manipulating+} editor buffers, inserting
-# | leading text, reading and writing files, redisplaying the buffer on the
-# | screen, managing editor windows.
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@@ -458,18 +352,6 @@
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-# | Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on Unix.
-# | The first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as GosMacs. A
-# | strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he seemed to be
-# | influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation of the original
-# | Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people at MIT. Someone
-# | wanted to port it to run on [-Twenex &mdash; it-] {+Twenex&mdash;it+}
-# | originally only ran on the Incompatible Timesharing System we used at MIT.
-# | They ported it to Twenex, which meant that there were a few hundred
-# | installations around the world that could potentially use it. We started
-# | distributing it to them, with the rule that &ldquo;you had to send back
-# | all of your improvements&rdquo; so we could all benefit. No one ever tried
-# | to enforce that, but as far as I know people did cooperate.
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@@ -501,12 +383,6 @@
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-# | Gosling did, at first, seem to participate in this spirit. He wrote in a
-# | manual that he called the program Emacs hoping that others in the
-# | community would improve it until it was worthy of that name. That's the
-# | right approach to take towards a [-community &mdash; to-]
-# | {+community&mdash;to+} ask them to join in and make the program better.
-# | But after that he seemed to change the spirit, and sold it to a company.
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-# | At that time I was working on the GNU system (a free software Unix-like
-# | operating system that many people erroneously call &ldquo;Linux&rdquo;).
-# | There was no free software Emacs editor that ran on Unix. I did, however,
-# | have a friend who had participated in developing Gosling's Emacs. Gosling
-# | had given him, by email, permission to distribute his own version. He
-# | proposed to me that I use that version. Then I discovered that Gosling's
-# | Emacs did not have a real Lisp. It had a programming language that was
-# | known as [-&lsquo;mocklisp&rsquo;,-] {+&ldquo;mocklisp,&rdquo;+} which
-# | looks syntactically like Lisp, but didn't have the data structures of
-# | Lisp.  So programs were not data, and vital elements of Lisp were missing.
-# |  Its data structures were strings, numbers and a few other specialized
-# | things.
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@@ -580,13 +444,6 @@
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-# | The one exception was redisplay. For a long time, redisplay was sort of an
-# | alternate world. The editor would enter the world of redisplay and things
-# | would go on with very special data structures that were not safe for
-# | garbage collection, not safe for interruption, and you couldn't run any
-# | Lisp programs during that. We've changed that [-since &mdash; it's-]
-# | {+since&mdash;it's+} now possible to run Lisp code during redisplay. It's
-# | quite a convenient thing.
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-# | This second Emacs program was [-&lsquo;free software&rsquo;-]
-# | {+&ldquo;free software&rdquo;+} in the modern sense of the [-term &mdash;
-# | it-] {+term&mdash;it+} was part of an explicit political campaign to make
-# | software free. The essence of this campaign was that everybody should be
-# | free to do the things we did in the old days at MIT, working together on
-# | software and working with whomever wanted to work with us.  That is the
-# | basis for the free software [-movement &mdash; the-]
-# | {+movement&mdash;the+} experience I had, the life that I've lived at the
-# | MIT AI [-lab &mdash; to-] {+lab&mdash;to+} be working on human knowledge,
-# | and not be standing in the way of anybody's further using and further
-# | disseminating human knowledge.
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | The Lisp machine was able to execute instructions about as fast as those
-# | other machines, but each [-instruction &mdash; a-] {+instruction&mdash;a+}
-# | <code>car</code> instruction would do data [-typechecking &mdash; so-]
-# | {+typechecking&mdash;so+} when you tried to get the <code>car</code> of a
-# | number in a compiled program, it would give you an immediate error. We
-# | built the machine and had a Lisp operating system for it. It was written
-# | almost entirely in Lisp, the only exceptions being parts written in the
-# | microcode. People became interested in manufacturing them, which meant
-# | they should start a company.
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@@ -694,15 +531,6 @@
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-# | There were two different ideas about what this company should be like.
-# | Greenblatt wanted to start what he called a &ldquo;hacker&rdquo; company.
-# | This meant it would be a company run by hackers and would operate in a way
-# | conducive to hackers. Another goal was to maintain the AI Lab [-culture <a
-# | href=\"#foot-3\">(3)</a>.-] {+culture&#8239;<a class=\"ftn\"
-# | href=\"#foot-3\">[3]</a>.+}  Unfortunately, Greenblatt didn't have any
-# | business experience, so other people in the Lisp machine group said they
-# | doubted whether he could succeed. They thought that his plan to avoid
-# | outside investment wouldn't work.
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@@ -830,12 +658,6 @@
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-# | So Symbolics came up with a [-plan <a href=\"#foot-4\">(4)</a>.-]
-# | {+plan&#8239;<a href=\"#foot-4\">[4]</a>.+}  They said to the lab,
-# | &ldquo;We will continue making our changes to the system available for you
-# | to use, but you can't put it into the MIT Lisp machine system. Instead,
-# | we'll give you access to Symbolics' Lisp machine system, and you can run
-# | it, but that's all you can do.&rdquo;
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | Up until that point, I hadn't taken the side of either company, although
-# | it made me miserable to see what had happened to our community and the
-# | software.  But now, Symbolics had forced the issue.  So, in an effort to
-# | help keep Lisp Machines Inc. [-going <a href=\"#foot-5\">(5)</a> &mdash;
-# | I-] {+going&#8239;<a href=\"#foot-5\">[5]</a>&mdash;I+} began duplicating
-# | all of the improvements Symbolics had made to the Lisp machine system.  I
-# | wrote the equivalent improvements again myself (i.e., the code was my own).
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@@ -898,11 +713,6 @@
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | After a [-while <a href=\"#foot-6\">(6)</a>,-] {+while&#8239;<a
-# | href=\"#foot-6\">[6]</a>,+} I came to the conclusion that it would be best
-# | if I didn't even look at their code. When they made a beta announcement
-# | that gave the release notes, I would see what the features were and then
-# | implement them. By the time they had a real release, I did too.
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-# | In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp Machines
-# | Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't want to spend
-# | years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an evil deed. I figured
-# | they had been punished pretty thoroughly because they were stuck with
-# | competition that was not leaving or going to [-disappear <a
-# | href=\"#foot-7\">(7)</a>.-] {+disappear&#8239;<a
-# | href=\"#foot-7\">[7]</a>.+}  Meanwhile, it was time to start building a
-# | new community to replace the one that their actions and others had wiped
-# | out.
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-# | Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do next. I
-# | had to make a free operating system, that was [-clear &mdash; the-]
-# | {+clear&mdash;the+} only way that people could work together and share was
-# | with a free operating system.
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-# | At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized that
-# | wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the Lisp
-# | machine system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what made it
-# | possible to run programs as fast as other computers would run their
-# | programs and still get the benefit of typechecking. Without that, you
-# | would be reduced to something like the Lisp compilers for other machines.
-# | The programs would be faster, but unstable. Now that's okay if you're
-# | running one program on a timesharing [-system &mdash; if-]
-# | {+system&mdash;if+} one program crashes, that's not a disaster, that's
-# | something your program occasionally does. But that didn't make it good for
-# | writing the operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a system
-# | like the Lisp machine.
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@@ -1047,15 +832,6 @@
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posible."
 
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-# | For instance, at the time the only looping construct was
-# | [-&lsquo;while&rsquo;,-] {+<code>while</code>,+} which was extremely
-# | simple. There was no way to break out of the [-&lsquo;while&rsquo;-]
-# | {+<code>while</code>+} statement, you just had to do a catch and a throw,
-# | or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows how far I was pushing to
-# | keep things small. We didn't have [-&lsquo;caar&rsquo;-]
-# | {+<code>caar</code>+} and [-&lsquo;cadr&rsquo;-] {+<code>cadr</code>+} and
-# | so on; &ldquo;squeeze out everything possible&rdquo; was the spirit of GNU
-# | Emacs, the spirit of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning.
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@@ -1078,16 +854,6 @@
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-# | Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way any more.
-# | We put in [-&lsquo;caar&rsquo;-] {+<code>caar</code>+} and
-# | [-&lsquo;cadr&rsquo;-] {+<code>cadr</code>+} and so on, and we might put
-# | in another looping construct one of these days. We're willing to extend it
-# | some now, but we don't want to extend it to the level of common Lisp. I
-# | implemented Common Lisp once on the Lisp machine, and I'm not all that
-# | happy with it. One thing I don't like terribly much is keyword [-arguments
-# | <a href=\"#foot-8\">(8)</a>.-] {+arguments&#8239;<a
-# | href=\"#foot-8\">[8]</a>.+}  They don't seem quite Lispy to me; I'll do it
-# | sometimes but I minimize the times when I do that.
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@@ -1180,22 +946,6 @@
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favorito."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to use
-# | only the language you provided them. Which means that people who love any
-# | given language have to compete for the choice of the developers of
-# | [-applications &mdash; saying-] {+applications&mdash;saying+}
-# | &ldquo;Please, application developer, put my language into your
-# | application, not his language.&rdquo; Then the users get no choices at
-# | [-all &mdash; whichever-] {+all&mdash;whichever+} application they're
-# | using comes with one language and they're stuck with [that language]. But
-# | when you have a powerful language that can implement others by translating
-# | into it, then you give the user a choice of language and we don't have to
-# | have a language war anymore. That's what we're hoping
-# | [-&lsquo;Guile&rsquo;,-] {+Guile,+} our scheme interpreter, will do. We
-# | had a person working last summer finishing up a translator from Python to
-# | Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely finished yet, but for anyone
-# | interested in this project, please get in touch. So that's the plan we
-# | have for the future.
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@@ -1229,15 +979,6 @@
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futuro."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly tell you a
-# | little bit about what that means. Free software does not refer to price;
-# | it doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may have paid for a copy,
-# | or gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have freedom as a user. The
-# | crucial thing is that you are free to run the program, free to study what
-# | it does, free to change it to suit your needs, free to redistribute the
-# | copies of others and free to publish improved, extended versions. This is
-# | what free software means. If you are using a non[---]free program, you
-# | have lost crucial freedom, so don't ever do that.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
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@@ -1262,14 +1003,6 @@
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to reject
-# | freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non[---]free software by providing
-# | free software to replace it. For those who don't have the moral courage to
-# | reject the non[---]free software, when that means some practical
-# | inconvenience, what we try to do is give a free alternative so that you
-# | can move to freedom with less of a mess and less of a sacrifice in
-# | practical terms. The less sacrifice the better. We want to make it easier
-# | for you to live in freedom, to cooperate.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
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@@ -1291,14 +1024,6 @@
 "sacrificio, mejor. Queremos hacer mÃ¡s fÃ¡cil vivir en libertad, cooperar."
 
 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to thinking of
-# | freedom and cooperation with society as if they are opposites. But here
-# | they're on the same side. With free software you are free to cooperate
-# | with other people as well as free to help yourself. With non[---]free
-# | software, somebody is dominating you and keeping people divided. You're
-# | not allowed to share with them, you're not free to cooperate or help
-# | society, anymore than you're free to help yourself.  Divided and helpless
-# | is the state of users using non[---]free software.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to thinking of "
@@ -1320,22 +1045,6 @@
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what people
-# | said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free software. We
-# | have many applications and we obviously have a lot farther to go. So we
-# | need your help. I would like to ask you to volunteer for the GNU project;
-# | help us develop free software for more jobs. Take a look at <a
-# | [-href=\"/help/\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"/help/help.html\">gnu.org/help</a>+} to find suggestions for how
-# | to help. If you want to order things, there's a link to that from the home
-# | page. If you want to read about philosophical issues, look in /philosophy.
-# | If you're looking for free software to use, look in /directory, which
-# | lists about 1900 packages now (which is a fraction of all the free
-# | software out there). Please write more and contribute to us. My book of
-# | essays, &ldquo;Free Software and Free [-Society&rdquo;,-]
-# | {+Society,&rdquo;+} is on sale and can be purchased at [-<a
-# | href=\"http://www.gnu.org/\";>www.gnu.org</a>.-] {+www.gnu.org&#8239;<a
-# | href=\"#foot-9\">[9]</a>.+}  Happy hacking!
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid ""
 "We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what people "
@@ -1414,12 +1123,6 @@
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 # type: Content of: <p>
-# | The background of this plan, which I did not state explicitly in the talk,
-# | is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab hackers, whether at
-# | Symbolics or LMI, continued contributing their changes to the MIT Lisp
-# | Machine [-system &mdash; even-] {+system&mdash;even+} though the contract
-# | did not require this.  Symbolics' plan was to rupture this cooperation
-# | unilaterally.
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@@ -1493,18 +1196,7 @@
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"
 "como Â«memberÂ»."
 
-# | [-This essay is published in-]{+In 2021, this book can be purchased from+}
-# | <a
-# | 
[-href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free
-# | Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M.
-# | Stallman</cite></a>.-]
-# | 
{+href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-edition\";>
-# | GNU Press</a>.+}
 #. type: Content of: <div><ol><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This essay is published in <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
-#| "software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
-#| "Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
 msgid ""
 "In 2021, this book can be purchased from <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/";
 "books-docs/free-software-free-society-selected-essays-richard-m-stallman-3rd-"
@@ -1571,12 +1263,7 @@
 "coordinaciÃ³n y el envÃo de traducciones de las pÃ¡ginas de este sitio web."
 
 # type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, [-2014, 2020-] {+2021+} Free Software
-# | Foundation, Inc.
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, "
-#| "Inc."
 msgid "Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
 

Index: philosophy/gif.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gif.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.90
retrieving revision 1.91
diff -u -b -r1.90 -r1.91
--- philosophy/gif.fr.html      16 Sep 2021 18:34:57 -0000      1.90
+++ philosophy/gif.fr.html      3 Nov 2021 16:01:01 -0000       1.91
@@ -9,6 +9,10 @@
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF sur le site de GNU - Projet GNU - 
Free
 Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+-->
+</style>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gif.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
@@ -17,18 +21,19 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Pourquoi il n'y a pas de fichiers GIF sur le site de GNU</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="introduction">
 <p><em>Ã notre connaissance, il n'y a pas de brevet menaÃ§ant le format GIF de
-nos joursÂ ; <a href="#venuenote">les brevets qui ont servi Ã  attaquer GIF
-ont expirÃ©</a>. NÃ©anmoins, cet article restera pertinent aussi longtemps que
-des programmes seront interdits par des brevets, puisque le mÃªme genre de
-choses pourrait arriver dans n'importe quel domaine de
-l'informatique. Consultez <a
+nos joursâ¯; les brevets qui ont servi Ã  attaquer GIF ont expirÃ©â¯<a
+class="ftn" id="f1a-rev" href="#venuenote">[1a]</a>. NÃ©anmoins, cet article
+restera pertinent aussi longtemps que des programmes seront interdits par
+des brevets, puisque le mÃªme genre de choses pourrait arriver dans n'importe
+quel domaine de l'informatique. Consultez <a
 href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">les
 rÃ¨gles suivies par notre site web concernant GIF</a>.</em></p>
 </div>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <p>
 Il n'y a aucun fichier GIF sur le site web de GNU en raison des brevets
@@ -44,8 +49,8 @@
 IBM) ont dÃ©posÃ© ces brevets dans de nombreux pays. Dans les pays pour
 lesquels nous avons Ã©tÃ© capables de rechercher dans les bases de donnÃ©es de
 brevets, la derniÃ¨re date d'expiration semble Ãªtre le
-1<sup>er</sup>Â octobreÂ 2006Â (<a id="returnnote"
-href="#venuenote">1</a>). Jusque-lÃ , il est vraisemblable que quiconque
+1<sup>er</sup>Â octobreÂ 2006â¯<a class="ftn" id="f1b-rev"
+href="#venuenote">[1b]</a>. Jusque lÃ , il est vraisemblable que quiconque
 voudra distribuer un programme libre pour la crÃ©ation de fichiers GIF sera
 poursuivi. Nous n'avons aucune raison de penser que les dÃ©tenteurs des
 brevets pourraient perdre ces procÃ¨s.
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@
 De nombreuses personnes pensent qu'Unisys a donnÃ© son autorisation pour la
 distribution de logiciels libres produisant du format GIF. Malheureusement,
 ce n'est pas ce qu'Unisys a fait en rÃ©alitÃ©. Voici ce qu'Unisys disait Ã  ce
-sujet en 1995Â :
+sujet en 1995â¯:
 </p>
 
 <blockquote><p>Unisys n'exige ni licence, ni royalties, pour les applications 
non
@@ -99,7 +104,7 @@
 une organisation non commerciale, Ã  but non lucratif, donc strictement
 parlant, les revenus provenant de la vente de nos <a
 href="https://shop.fsf.org/";>CD-ROM</a> ne sont pas considÃ©rÃ©s comme des
-Â«Â profitsÂ Â». Cela signifie peut-Ãªtre que nous pourrions inclure un 
programme
+Â«â¯profitsâ¯Â». Cela signifie peut-Ãªtre que nous pourrions inclure un 
programme
 de gÃ©nÃ©ration de GIF sur nos CD-ROM et prÃ©tendre agir dans les limites de la
 permission d'Unisys âÂ ou peut-Ãªtre pas. Mais puisque nous savons que les
 autres redistributeurs de GNU ne pourraient pas l'inclure, faire ceci ne
@@ -117,7 +122,7 @@
 MÃªme si Unisys donnait vraiment l'autorisation Ã  des logiciels libres de
 gÃ©nÃ©rer des GIF, nous aurions toujours Ã  traiter avec le brevet d'IBM. Les
 deux brevets, celui d'IBM et celui d'Unisys, couvrent la mÃªme
-Â«Â inventionÂ Â»Â : l'algorithme de compression LZW (ceci pourrait reflÃ©ter 
une
+Â«â¯inventionâ¯Â»â¯: l'algorithme de compression LZW (ceci pourrait 
reflÃ©ter une
 erreur de la part de l'Office amÃ©ricain des brevets et des marques, le <i>US
 Patent and Trademark Office</i>, qui est cÃ©lÃ¨bre pour son incompÃ©tence et
 ses erreurs d'apprÃ©ciation).
@@ -148,7 +153,7 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-En 1999, Unisys indiquait au sujet de son brevetÂ :
+En 1999, Unisys indiquait au sujet de son brevetâ¯:
 </p>
 
 <blockquote><p>On a frÃ©quemment demandÃ© Ã  Unisys si une licence d'Unisys 
est exigÃ©e afin
@@ -167,9 +172,9 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-Cela amÃ¨ne une autre questionÂ : les brevets LZW âÂ et d'une maniÃ¨re 
gÃ©nÃ©rale
+Cela amÃ¨ne une autre questionâ¯: les brevets LZW âÂ et d'une maniÃ¨re 
gÃ©nÃ©rale
 les brevets sur des algorithmesÂ â sont une atteinte Ã  la libertÃ© des
-programmeursÂ ; tous les programmeurs ont besoin de s'unir pour <a
+programmeursâ¯; tous les programmeurs ont besoin de s'unir pour <a
 href="/philosophy/limit-patent-effect.html">protÃ©ger le logiciel des
 brevets</a>.
 </p>
@@ -237,20 +242,22 @@
 
 <h3 class="footnote">Note</h3>
 <ol>
-<li id="venuenote"><a href="#returnnote">&#8593;</a>&nbsp;
-<p>Nous avons pu chercher dans les bases de donnÃ©es de brevets des 
Ãtats-Unis,
-du Canada, du Japon et de l'Union europÃ©enne. Le brevet Unisys a expirÃ© le
-20Â juinÂ 2003 aux Ãtats-UnisÂ ; en Europe, leÂ 18 juinÂ 2004Â ; au Japon, le
-20Â juinÂ 2004 et au Canada, le 7Â juilletÂ 2004. Le brevet amÃ©ricain d'IBM a
-expirÃ© le 11Â aoÃ»tÂ 2006. Le <i>Software Freedom Law Center</i> dit qu'aprÃ¨s
-le 1<sup>er</sup>Â octobreÂ 2006, il n'y aura plus de revendication de brevet
-significative pour interfÃ©rer avec l'emploi d'images GIF statiques.</p>
+<li id="venuenote">
+<p><a href="#f1a" class="nounderline">[a]</a> <a href="#f1b"
+class="nounderline">[b]</a> Nous avons pu chercher dans les bases de donnÃ©es
+de brevets des Ãtats-Unis, du Canada, du Japon et de l'Union europÃ©enne. Le
+brevet Unisys a expirÃ© le 20Â juinÂ 2003 aux Ãtats-Unisâ¯; en Europe, leÂ 18
+juinÂ 2004â¯; au Japon, le 20Â juinÂ 2004 et au Canada, le 7Â juilletÂ 2004. 
Le
+brevet amÃ©ricain d'IBM a expirÃ© le 11Â aoÃ»tÂ 2006. Le <i>Software Freedom 
Law
+Center</i> dit qu'aprÃ¨s le 1<sup>er</sup>Â octobreÂ 2006, il n'y aura plus de
+revendication de brevet significative pour interfÃ©rer avec l'emploi d'images
+GIF statiques.</p>
 
 <p>Pour les GIF animÃ©s, c'est une autre histoire. Nous ne savons pas quels
 brevets pourraient bien les couvrir. Cependant nous n'avons pas entendu
 parler de menaces contre leur emploi. N'importe quel logiciel peut Ãªtre sous
 la menace de brevets, mais nous n'avons aucune raison de penser que les GIF
-animÃ©s sont particuliÃ¨rement en danger âÂ aucune raison particuliÃ¨re de 
les
+animÃ©s sont particuliÃ¨rement en danger, aucune raison particuliÃ¨re de les
 Ã©viter.</p>
 </li>
 </ol>
@@ -326,13 +333,13 @@
 <div class="translators-credits">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-TraductionÂ : FrÃ©dÃ©ric Couchet.<br /> RÃ©visionÂ : <a
+Traductionâ¯: FrÃ©dÃ©ric Couchet.<br /> RÃ©visionâ¯: <a
 href="mailto:trad-gnu&#64;april.org";>trad-gnu&#64;april.org</a></div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 DerniÃ¨re mise Ã  jourÂ :
 
-$Date: 2021/09/16 18:34:57 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:01 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/gif.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/gif.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.41
retrieving revision 1.42
diff -u -b -r1.41 -r1.42
--- philosophy/po/gif.fr-en.html        2 Oct 2021 13:03:31 -0000       1.41
+++ philosophy/po/gif.fr-en.html        3 Nov 2021 16:01:01 -0000       1.42
@@ -5,6 +5,9 @@
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages 
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+a.ftn { font-size: .94em; }
+--></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gif.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
@@ -12,8 +15,9 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
 <div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Why There Are No GIF Files on GNU Web Pages</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
 
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="introduction">
 <p><em>There is no special patent threat to GIF format nowadays
 as far as we know; <a href="#venuenote">the patents that were used to
 attack GIF have expired</a>.  Nonetheless, this article will remain
@@ -22,7 +26,7 @@
 <a href="/server/standards/gnu-website-guidelines.html#UseofGraphics">our
 website policies regarding GIFs</a>.</em></p>
 </div>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<hr class="no-display" />
 
 <p>
 There are no GIFs on the GNU web site because of the
@@ -38,8 +42,8 @@
 Unisys and IBM both applied for patents in 1983.  Unisys (and perhaps
 IBM) applied for these patents in a number of countries.  Of the
 places whose patent databases we were able to search, the latest
-expiration date seems to be 1 October 2006.
-<sup><a id="returnnote" href="#venuenote">1</a></sup> Until then,
+expiration date seems to be 1 October 2006&#8239;<a class="ftn"
+href="#venuenote">[1]</a>. Until then,
 anyone who releases a free program for making GIF files
 is likely to be sued.  We don't know any reason to think that the
 patent owners would lose these lawsuits.
@@ -234,7 +238,7 @@
 
 <h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
 <ol>
-<li id="venuenote"><a href="#returnnote">&#8593;</a>&nbsp;
+<li id="venuenote">
 <p>We were able to search
 the patent databases of the USA, Canada, Japan, and the European
 Union. The Unisys patent expired on 20 June 2003 in the USA, in Europe
@@ -310,7 +314,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/10/02 13:03:31 $
+$Date: 2021/11/03 16:01:01 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>
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