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www/philosophy europes-unitary-patent.html free...
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From: |
Therese Godefroy |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy europes-unitary-patent.html free... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 14 Sep 2021 12:23:31 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Therese Godefroy <th_g> 21/09/14 12:23:31
Modified files:
philosophy : europes-unitary-patent.html
free-hardware-designs.html
free-software-rocket.html greve-clown.html
hackathons.html rms-kernel-trap-interview.html
rms-kol.html rms-on-radio-nz.html
stallman-kth.html stallman-mec-india.html
philosophy/sco : questioning-sco.html
Log message:
* Add breadcrumb; use byline class; update to boilerplate 1.96;
only list copyrightable years.
* As needed: use byline class; move non-essential data to the end;
update links; http > https; americanize the spelling; <code> for
commands,
standardize quotes, dashes, etc.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-rocket.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/greve-clown.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/hackathons.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-kol.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/stallman-kth.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/stallman-mec-india.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.41&r2=1.42
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/sco/questioning-sco.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
Patches:
Index: europes-unitary-patent.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/europes-unitary-patent.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- europes-unitary-patent.html 30 Dec 2019 11:28:30 -0000 1.17
+++ europes-unitary-patent.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:29 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,17 +1,23 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws patents" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Europe's “unitary patent” Could Mean Unlimited
Software Patents - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/europes-unitary-patent.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>Europe's “unitary patent” could mean unlimited
-software patents</h2>
-<p>by Richard Stallman<br />First published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning";>
-The Guardian</a></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Europe's “unitary patent” Could Mean Unlimited
+Software Patents</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
<p>Just as the US software industry is experiencing <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack";>the
+href="https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/tal-when-patents-attack";>the
long anticipated all-out software patent wars</a> that we have
anticipated, the European Union has a plan to follow the same course.
When the Hargreaves report urged the UK to avoid software patents, the
@@ -20,12 +26,13 @@
<p>Software patents are dangerous to software developers because they
impose monopolies on software ideas. It is not feasible or safe to
develop nontrivial software if you must thread a maze of patents. See
-“Software Patents and Literary Patents”, Guardian, June 20,
-2005.</p>
+“<a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html">Software
+Patents and Literary Patents</a>.” <!-- Guardian, June 23,
+2005 --></p>
<p>Every program combines many ideas; a large program implements thousands
of them. Google recently estimated there <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google";>might
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/04/apple-patents-android-expensive-google";>might
be 250,000 patented ideas</a> in a smartphone. I find that figure
plausible because in 2004 I estimated that the GNU/Linux operating
system implemented around 100,000 actually patented ideas. (Linux, the
@@ -42,8 +49,8 @@
<p>The Commission's text was written in a sneaky way: when read by
laymen, it appeared to forbid patents on pure software ideas, because it
required a patent application to have a physical aspect. However, it
-did not require the “inventive step”, the advance that
-constitutes a patentable “invention”, to be physical.</p>
+did not require the “inventive step,” the advance that
+constitutes a patentable “invention,” to be physical.</p>
<p>This meant that a patent application could present the required physical
aspect just by mentioning the usual physical elements of the computer on
@@ -86,7 +93,7 @@
courts) removed, the EPO could impose software patents, or any other
controversial kind of patents. For instance, if it chooses to decide
that natural genes are patentable, as <a
-href="http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml";>a
+href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20110729/16573515324/appeals-court-says-genes-are-patentable-because-theyre-separate-your-dna.shtml";>a
US appeals court just did</a>, no one could reverse that decision except
perhaps the European Court of Justice.</p>
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@
thousands of software patents, in contempt for the treaty that
established it. (See “<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190120193501/https://webshop.ffii.org/";>Your
-web shop is patented</a>”.) At present, though, each state decides
+web shop is patented</a>.”) At present, though, each state decides
whether those patents are valid. If the unitary patent system is adopted
and the EPO gets unchecked power to decide, Europe will get US-style
patent wars.</p>
@@ -116,13 +123,13 @@
doing things wrong everywhere.</p>
<p>The UK government seems to wish for the disaster, since <a
-href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf";>it
stated in
+href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140603093549/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/commissairebarnier.pdf";>it
stated in
December 2010 [archived]</a> that it wanted the ECJ not have a say over the
system.
Will the government listen to Hargreaves and change its mind about this
plan? Britons must insist on this.</p>
<p>More information about the drawbacks and legal flaws of this plan can be
-found in <a href="http://unitary-patent.eu";>unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
+found in <a href="https://www.unitary-patent.eu/";>unitary-patent.eu</a>.</p>
<p>You will note that the term “intellectual property” has not
been used in this article. That term spreads confusion because it is
@@ -131,11 +138,19 @@
effects that generalizing about the two is a mistake. Absolutely
nothing in this article pertains to copyright law. To avoid leading
people to generalize about disparate laws, I never use the term
-“intellectual property”, and I never miss it either.</p>
+“intellectual property,” and I never miss it either.</p>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>First published in <a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2011/aug/22/european-unitary-patent-software-warning";>
+The Guardian</a></p>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -153,13 +168,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -180,7 +195,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2011, 2019 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -190,10 +205,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: free-hardware-designs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/free-hardware-designs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- free-hardware-designs.html 31 May 2021 03:55:19 -0000 1.25
+++ free-hardware-designs.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.26
@@ -1,24 +1,27 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-hardware-designs.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Free Hardware and Free Hardware Designs</h2>
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
-
-<!-- rms: I deleted the links because of Wired's announced
- anti-ad-block system -->
-<blockquote>
-<p>Most of this article was published in two parts in Wired in
-March 2015.</p>
-</blockquote>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
+<div class="introduction">
<p>To what extent do the ideas of free software extend to hardware?
Is it a moral obligation to make our hardware designs free, just as it
is to make our software free? Does maintaining our freedom require
rejecting hardware made from nonfree designs?</p>
+</div>
<h3 id="definitions">Definitions</h3>
@@ -69,7 +72,7 @@
<p>We can use the term “libre hardware” as a concise
equivalent for “hardware made from a free (libre)
-design”.</p>
+design.”</p>
<p>The terms “open hardware” and “open source
hardware” are used by some with the same concrete meaning as
@@ -167,10 +170,10 @@
<p>Be careful to choose 3D printers that work with exclusively free
software; the Free Software Foundation <a
-href="http://fsf.org/resources/hw/endorsement";>endorses such
+href="https://ryf.fsf.org/";>endorses such
printers</a>. Some 3D printers are made from free hardware designs,
but <a
-href="http://www.cnet.com/news/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/";>Makerbot's
+href="https://www.cnet.com/news/pulling-back-from-open-source-hardware-makerbot-angers-some-adherents/";>Makerbot's
hardware designs are nonfree</a>.</p>
<h3 id="reject-nonfree">Must We Reject Nonfree Digital Hardware?</h3>
@@ -242,12 +245,6 @@
<p>That future is years away, at least. In the meantime, there is no
need to reject hardware with nonfree designs on principle.</p>
-<hr />
-
-<p id="fn1">* As used here, “digital hardware” includes
-hardware with some analog circuits and components in addition to
-digital ones.</p>
-
<h3 id="free-designs">We Need Free Digital Hardware Designs</h3>
<p>Although we need not reject digital hardware made from nonfree
@@ -323,9 +320,9 @@
present circumstances, just making one level free is a significant
advance.</p>
-<p>However, if a design at one level combines free and nonfree parts
-— for example, a “free” HDL circuit that
-incorporates proprietary “soft cores” — we must
+<p>However, if a design at one level combines free and nonfree
+parts—for example, a “free” HDL circuit that
+incorporates proprietary “soft cores”—we must
conclude that the design as a whole is nonfree at that level.
Likewise for nonfree “wizards” or “macros,” if
they specify part of the interconnections of chips or programmably
@@ -367,7 +364,7 @@
to make them and use them (and that's a freedom we need very much).
In the US, copyright does not cover the functional aspects that the
design describes, but <a
-href="http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap13.html#1301";>does cover
decorative
+href="https://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap13.html#1301";>does cover
decorative
aspects</a>. When one object has decorative aspects and functional
aspects, you get into tricky ground <a href="#fn2">(*)</a>.</p>
@@ -384,16 +381,6 @@
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">intellectual property</a>” is
pure confusion and should be totally rejected.</p>
-<hr />
-
-<p id="fn2">* An article by Public Knowledge gives useful information
-about this <a
-href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf";>
-complexity</a>, for the US, though it falls into the common mistake of
-using the bogus concept of “intellectual property” and the
-propaganda term “<a
-href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">protection</a>.”</p>
-
<h3 id="promoting">Promoting Free Hardware Designs Through Repositories</h3>
<p>The most effective way to push for published hardware designs to be
@@ -419,7 +406,7 @@
<p>The repository should require all designs to be published as source
code, and source code in secret formats usable only by proprietary
design programs is not really adequate. For a 3D model, the <a
-href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_%28file_format%29";>STL
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STL_%28file_format%29";>STL
format</a> is not the preferred format for changing the design and
thus is not source code, so the repository should not accept it,
except perhaps accompanying real source code.</p>
@@ -442,10 +429,35 @@
free. What we need is to recognize as a community that this is what
we should do and to insist on free designs when we fabricate objects
ourselves.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="fn1">As used here, “digital hardware” includes
+hardware with some analog circuits and components in addition to
+digital ones.</li>
+
+<li id="fn2">An article by Public Knowledge gives useful information
+about this <a
+href="https://www.publicknowledge.org/assets/uploads/documents/3_Steps_for_Licensing_Your_3D_Printed_Stuff.pdf";>
+complexity</a>, for the US, though it falls into the common mistake of
+using the bogus concept of “intellectual property” and the
+propaganda term “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Protection">protection</a>.”</li>
+</ol>
+
+<!-- rms: I deleted the links because of Wired's announced
+ anti-ad-block system -->
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>Most of this article was published in two parts in <cite>Wired</cite> in
+March 2015.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -463,13 +475,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -490,7 +502,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016, 2018, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -500,7 +512,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/05/31 03:55:19 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: free-software-rocket.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/free-software-rocket.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- free-software-rocket.html 14 Nov 2020 16:23:28 -0000 1.9
+++ free-software-rocket.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.10
@@ -1,10 +1,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.94 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays aboutfs extension" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-software-rocket.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Should Rockets Have Only Free Software? Free Software and Appliances
</h2>
@@ -111,7 +117,7 @@
control. Even things as minutely directed by the user as text
editing! This is a scheme to get you to substitute their power for
your freedom. We call that “Service as a Software
-Substitute”, SaaSS for short (see
+Substitute,” SaaSS for short (see
“<a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">Who
does that server really serve?</a>”), and we reject it.</p>
@@ -126,11 +132,11 @@
non-computational service of transporting cargoes, and you could use
it sometimes; or you could choose some other method, perhaps to buy a
spaceship and operate it yourself.</p>
-
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -185,7 +191,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/11/14 16:23:28 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: greve-clown.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/greve-clown.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- greve-clown.html 6 Oct 2020 09:02:08 -0000 1.24
+++ greve-clown.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.25
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
<title>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!-- top-addendum is disabled because the original text was written in German
@@ -7,25 +9,29 @@
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/greve-clown.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>History and Philosophy of the GNU Project</h2>
-<address class="byline"><strong>Georg C. F. Greve</strong>
+<address class="byline">Georg C. F. Greve
<a href="mailto:greve@gnu.org";><greve@gnu.org></a></address>
-<p><em>Translation of a speech that was given in German
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Translation of a speech that was given in German
at the CLOWN (Cluster of Working Nodes—
a 512-node cluster project of Debian GNU/Linux machines) in the
-University of Paderborn, Germany, on December 5th, 1998.</em></p>
+University of Paderborn, Germany, on December 5th, 1998.</p>
-<p><em>The
+<p>The
<a href="/philosophy/greve-clown.de.html">German original</a>
-is also available. Reading the original is recommended.</em></p>
-
+is also available. Reading the original is recommended.</p>
+</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
-<blockquote>
-<p>
+<div class="introduction" role="complementary">
+<p><em>
Author's note: In translating this speech, I have tried to stay as close as
possible to the original speech that I have given in German. Breaking
up the German structures and turning them into reasonable English has
@@ -33,8 +39,8 @@
Chapin, a good friend and native American, who helped me with some
phrases and words. The translation will never hold the same emotions
and implications, but I think we got very close…
-</p>
-</blockquote>
+</em></p>
+</div>
<p>
During the preparation of this speech, I have read several documents
and spoken to a lot of people. In doing so, I realized that even people
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -391,33 +397,16 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-
<p>Copyright © 1998 Georg C. F. Greve</p>
<p id="Permission">Permission is granted to make and distribute
@@ -428,10 +417,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/10/06 09:02:08 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: hackathons.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/hackathons.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- hackathons.html 27 Mar 2021 12:56:20 -0000 1.4
+++ hackathons.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,14 +1,19 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays upholding action" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Hackathons should insist on free software
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/hackathons.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Why hackathons should insist on free software</h2>
+
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="thin"></div>
<p>Hackathons are an accepted method of giving community support to
digital development projects. The community invites developers to
@@ -46,8 +51,8 @@
computing of certain companies: in some cases, <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122185507/https://www.beyondhackathon.com/en";>
European</a> and <a
-href="http://www.hackathon.io/rbc-digital";>Canadian banks</a>, and
-<a href="http://expediaconnectivity.com/blog#madrid-hackathon-winners";>
+href="https://www.hackathon.io/rbc-digital";>Canadian banks</a>, and
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019011626/http://expediaconnectivity.com/blog";>
Expedia</a>. While they don't explicitly say, the announcements give the
impression that they aim to promote development of some nonfree
software, and that attendees are meant to help these non-charitable
@@ -161,10 +166,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/03/27 12:56:20 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: rms-kernel-trap-interview.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- rms-kernel-trap-interview.html 15 Dec 2018 14:02:38 -0000 1.11
+++ rms-kernel-trap-interview.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.12
@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
-
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kernel-trap-interview.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005</h2>
-
-<p><em>An interview by Jeremy Andrews with Richard Stallman in
-2005</em><br />
-<em>Source:</em>
- <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484";>
- http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a>
- [Archived]</p>
-<hr class="thin"/>
+<address class="byline">conducted by Jeremy Andrews</address>
<p>Richard Stallman founded the GNU Project in 1984, and the Free
Software Foundation in 1985. He also originally authored a number of
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@
Compiler Collection (GCC), the GNU symbolic debugger (GDB) and GNU
Emacs.</p>
-<p>To better understand Richard Stallman and the GNU project, I
+<p>To better understand Richard Stallman and the GNU Project, I
recommend you begin by reviewing their philosophy page. On it you will
find a wealth of information.</p>
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@
<h3>“GNU/Linux”</h3>
<p><strong>JA</strong>: Another frequent area of confusion is the name
-“GNU/Linux.” Why is the GNU project's contribution significant
enough
+“GNU/Linux.” Why is the GNU Project's contribution significant
enough
that it should be in the name of the operating system, especially
compared to other large pieces of any Linux-kernel based operating
system, such as XFree86?</p>
@@ -316,7 +315,7 @@
Hurd's architecture, but with the Hurd it's trivial and the most
natural thing in the world.</p>
-<h3>Writing Code vs. Management</h3>
+<h3>Writing Code versus Management</h3>
<p><strong>JA</strong>: How much source code do you write these
days?</p>
@@ -768,9 +767,18 @@
<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong>: Happy hacking!</p>
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>Source:
+ <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621163233/http://kerneltrap.org/node/4484";>
+ kerneltrap.org/node/4484</a>
+ [Archived]</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -788,13 +796,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -815,7 +823,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2005, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2005 Richard Stallman, Jeremy Andrews</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -825,7 +833,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:02:38 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: rms-kol.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/rms-kol.html,v
retrieving revision 1.20
retrieving revision 1.21
diff -u -b -r1.20 -r1.21
--- rms-kol.html 30 Dec 2019 11:28:30 -0000 1.20
+++ rms-kol.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.21
@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
-<title>Richard Stallman's speech in Kolkata (Calcutta), August 2006
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Richard Stallman's Speech on Free Software and the West Bengal
Government (2006)
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-kol.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-
-<h2>Richard Stallman's speech in Kolkata (Calcutta), August 2006</h2>
-
-<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Speech on Free Software and the West Bengal Government</h2>
+
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript of a speech that was given in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta)
+in August, 2006.</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<p>There are a number of reasons why I'm not a communist. The first of
them is that I'm not against the idea of private business, as long as
@@ -18,8 +29,8 @@
<p>Computing is a new area of human life. So we have to think about
the human rights associated with this. What are the human rights
-software users are entitled to? Four freedoms define Free Software. A
-programme is Free Software for a user if:</p>
+software users are entitled to? Four freedoms define free software. A
+program is free software for a user if:</p>
<ul>
<li>Freedom 0: Run the software as you wish.</li>
@@ -29,18 +40,18 @@
versions.</li>
</ul>
-<p>With these 4 Freedoms, you can live an upright life with your
+<p>With these four freedoms, you can live an upright life with your
community. If you use nonfree, proprietary software, the developer
has the power to decide what you can do. He can use that power over
you. Like Microsoft. That game is evil. Nobody should play it. So it's
not a question of beating Microsoft at its game. I set out to get away
from that game.</p>
-<p>Once GNU-Linux was ready in 1992, it began to catch on. It was
+<p>Once GNU/Linux was ready in 1992, it began to catch on. It was
reliable, powerful, cheap and flexible. Thousands and millions of
-people began to use GNU-Linux. But the ideals of freedom began to be
-forgotten though. In 1998, people stopped talking about Free
-Software. Instead they said “open source”. That was a way
+people began to use GNU/Linux. But the ideals of freedom began to be
+forgotten though. In 1998, people stopped talking about free
+software. Instead they said “open source.” That was a way
of not saying “free” and not mentioning the ideas behind
it. I don't disagree with that, but that's not what I am interested
in. What I'm really interested in most of all is to teach people to
@@ -60,9 +71,9 @@
Even if that's inconvenient. Freedom needs some sacrifices, some
inconvenience, some price. But it's a small price to pay.</p>
-<p>By globalisation, people usually mean globalisation of the power of
+<p>By globalization, people usually mean globalization of the power of
business. Business should not have political power. Otherwise
-democracy becomes sick. And with globalisation of business power, this
+democracy becomes sick. And with globalization of business power, this
political power is enhanced. Free trade treaties are designed to
attack democracy. For instance, it explicitly allows any business to
sue government if a law makes its profit less than it has been.
@@ -71,22 +82,22 @@
explicitly. They do it implicitly. Companies can threaten to move away
elsewhere. And they do use this threat.
<span class="gnun-split"></span>This actually happened some
-years ago, with the EU software patents. The govt of Denmark was
+years ago, with the EU software patents. The government of Denmark was
threatened that if they did not support this the company would move
the business elsewhere. This tiny threat was sufficient to blackmail
-the govt of Denmark. If you allow a foreign mega-corporation to buy a
+the government of Denmark. If you allow a foreign mega-corporation to buy a
domestic corporation, you are allowing it to buy a weapon pointed
against your country. The environment, public health, general
-standards of living—are all important, and free trade treaties
+standards of living, are all important, and free trade treaties
should be abolished. They are harmful to freedom, health and the lives
of people.</p>
-<p>I do not accept the term “intellectual property”. The
+<p>I do not accept the term “intellectual property.” The
very term is biased and confusing. It talks about useful techniques
-and works. It presumes they are “property”. It prejudges
+and works. It presumes they are “property.” It prejudges
such questions. There's also a more subtle problem. It lumps together
all the diverse things and makes it look like you can talk about all
-of them together. Copyright, patents, trade laws—are all very
+of them together. Copyright, patents, trade laws, are all very
different. It takes the greatest efforts of the best scholars to
overcome the confusion caused by the term “intellectual
property” and to discuss the details of these individual
@@ -95,11 +106,11 @@
GATT</abbr> Treaty and the <abbr title="Trade-Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights">TRIPS</abbr>—actually it should be
called Trade-related Impediments to Education and Science. Free trade
-and enhancement of world trade harms democracy. When you globalise
-something evil, it becomes a greater evil. And when you globalise
+and enhancement of world trade harms democracy. When you globalize
+something evil, it becomes a greater evil. And when you globalize
something good, it becomes a greater good. Human knowledge and
-cooperation are such “goods”. The Free Software Movement
-is a part of that. It is the globalisation of one area of human
+cooperation are such “goods.” The free software movement
+is a part of that. It is the globalization of one area of human
knowledge, namely software. Through global cooperation like this, you
get freedom and independence for every region and every country.</p>
@@ -116,12 +127,12 @@
grip. They know how to do this. They know how to buy govt support. But
what's the govt buying? Dependency, not development. Only Free
Software constitutes development. It enables any activity to be fully
-under the control of the people doing it. Free Software is appropriate
+under the control of the people doing it. Free software is appropriate
technology. Proprietary software is not appropriate for any use.</p>
-<p>The West Bengal govt has an opportunity to adopt a policy of firm
+<p>The West Bengal government has an opportunity to adopt a policy of firm
leadership in this regard. This will give a boost to human resource
-development. Free Software respects people's freedom. Govt has an
+development. Free software respects people's freedom. Government has an
influence on the future of society. Choosing which software to teach
students: if you teach them Windows, they will be Windows users. For
something else, they need to learn, and make the effort to learn
@@ -133,13 +144,13 @@
employers. This is a way to impose their power on the rest of society
and its future. Schools have a mission to society. This mission
requires teaching students to live in freedom, teaching skills to make
-it easy to live in freedom. This means using Free Software.</p>
+it easy to live in freedom. This means using free software.</p>
-<p>Free Software is good for computer science education, to maximise
+<p>Free software is good for computer science education, to maximise
the potential of natural programmers. It gives students the
opportunity to really learn. It's good for the natural programmers. If
you have proprietary software, the teacher says “I don't
-know”, “You are not allowed to know, it's a secret.”
+know. You are not allowed to know, it's a secret.”
So the alternative is to give him the source codes and let him read it
all. They will then learn to be really good programmers.
<span class="gnun-split"></span>But the most
@@ -147,31 +158,32 @@
good corporations and benevolent, helpful citizens. This has to be
taught. School has to teach by example. If you bring software to
class, you must share this with other kids. Or don't bring it. Schools
-must follow their own rule, by bringing Free Software to class.
-Schools should use 100% Free Software. No proprietary software should
+must follow their own rule, by bringing free software to class.
+Schools should use 100% free software. No proprietary software should
be used in schools. Public agencies, after a migration period, should
-use Free Software. All software development must run on Free Software
-platforms. And if it's released to the public, it must be Free
-Software. (Free: as in free speech, not free beer.)</p>
-
-<p>One easy and useful way to put Free Software in schools—is to
-participate in the “1 Laptop per Child” programme. India
-recently pulled out of this programme, I'm told. I'm told the Indian
-govt is making lots of laws to make multinational corporations
+use free software. All software development must run on free software
+platforms. And if it's released to the public, it must be free
+software. (Free: as in free speech, not free beer.)</p>
+
+<p>One easy and useful way to put free software in schools—is to
+participate in the “One Laptop per Child” program. India
+recently pulled out of this program, I'm told. I'm told the Indian
+governmentt is making lots of laws to make multinational corporations
happy. Maybe this was to make Microsoft happy. Even if India is not,
-West Bengal can participate in the 1 Laptop per child programme. I can
+West Bengal can participate in the One Laptop per child program. I can
put them in touch with the people developing that machine.</p>
-<p>The Govt of India is considering a vicious new copyright law,
+<p>The Government of India is considering a vicious new copyright law,
imitating US law, in favour of large businesses, and against its
citizens. The only emergency I can see that requires this being rushed
through is catastrophic shortfall in the dream profits of some
businesses! Foreigners should not have political power. In my case, I
don't.</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -182,20 +194,20 @@
<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
replace it with the translation of these two:
-
+/media/Gnu-local/www/philosophy/google-engineering-talk.html
We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -216,7 +228,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2006, 2019 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2006 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -226,10 +238,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/12/30 11:28:30 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: rms-on-radio-nz.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/rms-on-radio-nz.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- rms-on-radio-nz.html 1 Jul 2020 15:25:23 -0000 1.26
+++ rms-on-radio-nz.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.27
@@ -1,39 +1,51 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.87 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>RMS on Radio New Zealand -
GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!--
+@media (min-width: 55em) { .toc li { display: inline-block; width: 95%; }}
+--></style>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-on-radio-nz.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>RMS on Radio NZ - October 2009</h2>
-
-<p><em>Interview between Kim Hill (presenter) and Richard M Stallman</em></p>
-<hr class="thin" />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>RMS on Radio New Zealand</h2>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript (by Jim Cheetham) of an interview between Kim Hill (presenter)
+and Richard Stallman in October 2009.</p>
+</div>
-<div class="summary">
-<h3>Interesting sections</h3>
-<ul>
-<li>[<a href="#t0">00:00</a>] Introduction</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t1">00:40</a>] Surveillance</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t2">00:19</a>] Terrorism and 9/11</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t3">04:30</a>] Barack Obama</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t4">06:23</a>] Airline Security</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t5">08:02</a>] Digital Surveillance</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t6">10:26</a>] Systematic Surveillance</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t7">12:20</a>] Taxi surveillance</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t8">14:25</a>] Matters of Principle — cellphones</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t9">15:33</a>] Free Software and Freedom</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t10">17:24</a>] Free Trade treaties</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t11">20:08</a>] Cars, microwaves and planes</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t12">21:05</a>] Copying books</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t13">25:31</a>] E-books & supporting artists</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t14">28:42</a>] Micropayments</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t15">30:47</a>] A simplistic political philosophy?</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t16">32:51</a>] Income</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t17">33:48</a>] Digital handcuffs — Amazon Kindle</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t18">36:13</a>] Buying books</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t19">37:16</a>] Social networking</li>
-<li>[<a href="#t20">38:08</a>] The
-<abbr title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">ACTA</abbr></li>
+<div class="toc">
+<h3 class="no-display">Interesting sections</h3>
+<ul class="columns no-bullet">
+<li><a href="#t0">[00:00] Introduction</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t1">[00:40] Surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t2">[00:19] Terrorism and 9/11</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t3">[04:30] Barack Obama</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t4">[06:23] Airline Security</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t5">[08:02] Digital Surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t6">[10:26] Systematic Surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t7">[12:20] Taxi surveillance</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t8">[14:25] Matters of Principle—cellphones</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t9">[15:33] Free Software and Freedom</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t10">[17:24] Free Trade treaties</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t11">[20:08] Cars, microwaves and planes</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t12">[21:05] Copying books</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t13">[25:31] E-books & supporting artists</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t14">[28:42] Micropayments</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t15">[30:47] A simplistic political philosophy?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t16">[32:51] Income</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t17">[33:48] Digital handcuffs—Amazon Kindle</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t18">[36:13] Buying books</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t19">[37:16] Social networking</a></li>
+<li><a href="#t20">[38:08] The
+<abbr title="Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement">ACTA</abbr></a></li>
</ul>
<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
@@ -48,7 +60,7 @@
us last year, against what he calls extreme capitalism. His GNU
operating system with Linux was the first Free operating system that
could run on a PC. Richard Stallman says “it's all about
-freedom”, a cause which goes beyond software; and we could talk
+freedom,” a cause which goes beyond software; and we could talk
about the others he's identified, surveillance and censorship, because
he joins me now, hello.</dd>
@@ -73,7 +85,7 @@
<dd>Because it's too much information to collect about people who
aren't criminals. And by the way for the same reason I will not ever
go to Japan again unless they changed that policy, which makes me sad,
-but one must …</dd>
+but one must…</dd>
<dt id="t2">[01:19]<br />
KH</dt>
@@ -93,14 +105,13 @@
9/11?</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
-<dd>I can't say … first of all I think it's unfair — we
+<dd>I can't say … first of all I think it's unfair—we
know that the attack was a conspiracy. All the theories are
conspiracies.</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>Well, all right, the conspiracy theory for example, that has the
-Bush administration staging the 9/11 attack in order to justify
-…</dd>
+Bush administration staging the 9/11 attack in order to justify…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I don't know. The only way there could ever be proof of that is
@@ -126,8 +137,8 @@
is … and remember that these governments are much more
dangerous, it's quite clear that Bush's invasion of Iraq was far more
destructive than anything non state-sponsored terrorists have been
-able to do — that's assuming that those terrorists in September
-2001 were not state-sponsored, which we don't know — but the
+able to do—that's assuming that those terrorists in September
+2001 were not state-sponsored, which we don't know—but the
point is, what Bush did by invading Iraq, using those attacks as an
excuse, was tremendously worse and we must remember than governments
gone amok can do far more damage than anybody not state-sponsored.
@@ -163,14 +174,14 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>Yeah, they may be entitled to that but he's also democratically
-elected President who …</dd>
+elected President who…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>That doesn't mean he's entitled to violate human rights.</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>No, but would the American people be in favor of the release of
-those …</dd>
+those…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I don't know.</dd>
@@ -182,15 +193,15 @@
<dd>No it's not, if they're not that just makes them responsible.</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
-<dd>I know you're …</dd>
+<dd>I know you're…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I don't think I can excuse massive violations of human rights by
saying that the public is maddened and supports it. Especially, why
are they so maddened? Because of a constant propaganda campaign
-telling you “Be terrified of terrorists”, “throw
+telling you “Be terrified of terrorists, throw
away your human rights and everyone else's because you're so scared of
-these terrorists”. It's disproportionate, we have to keep these
+these terrorists.” It's disproportionate, we have to keep these
dangers in their proportion, there isn't a campaign saying “be
terrified of getting in a car” but maybe there ought to be.</dd>
@@ -207,7 +218,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>But are you? I would have thought that you would have said
“why would they spend money reinforcing the cabin doors because
-hijackers are a minor issue”.</dd>
+hijackers are a minor issue.”</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I'm not against spending a little bit of money.</dd>
@@ -235,7 +246,7 @@
<dt id="t5">[08:02]<br />
KH</dt>
<dd>If you don't agree with surveillance, is there any way that you
-would accept that it might be quite a handy thing, CCTV …</dd>
+would accept that it might be quite a handy thing, CCTV…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>Wait a second, your view of surveillance is oversimplifying
@@ -245,7 +256,7 @@
the Stasi, they did a lot of surveillance but it took a lot of people
working on it and even then it was limited what they could actually
watch and record because it was so hard. Now, we're entering a kind
-of surveillance society that has never been seen before …</dd>
+of surveillance society that has never been seen before…</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>You're talking about digital surveillance.</dd>
@@ -315,7 +326,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>No, the difficulty is being on guard against the danger that
-you've cited, without giving quarter to …</dd>
+you've cited, without giving quarter to…</dd>
<dt id="t7">[12:20]<br />
RMS</dt>
@@ -339,7 +350,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>How come you can justify people being treated as if they're going
-to attack taxi drivers …</dd>
+to attack taxi drivers…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>But you see there the point is, those are not looked at unless
@@ -356,7 +367,7 @@
<dt id="t8">[14:25]<br />
KH</dt>
-<dd>As a matter of principle, rather than …</dd>
+<dd>As a matter of principle, rather than…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>As a matter of principle. It's not an issue of convenience.</dd>
@@ -389,14 +400,14 @@
participate in a system like that, I think people shouldn't. It would
be very convenient for me to have a cellphone, I'm not one of those
people who would, who says “I resent the fact that people can
-call me”, it's convenient when people can call me, but I'm not
+call me,” it's convenient when people can call me, but I'm not
going to do it that way.</dd>
<dt id="t9">[15:33]<br />
KH</dt>
<dd>It's interesting that your battle for Free Software and the issues
of freedom that you identify intersect. They didn't start out being
-the same — or did they?</dd>
+the same—or did they?</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>Well they didn't start out being the same. Pervasive digital
@@ -405,7 +416,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>But the people who were in charge were still the people who were
in charge, the people who you identified as the people you didn't want
-to see …</dd>
+to see…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>Well actually they're not the same people. Proprietary software's
@@ -421,11 +432,11 @@
<dd>Well I'm sorry, when I say extreme capitalism I'm talking about a
philosophy, and that philosophy says “the market should control
everything, everything should be for sale, and business should be
-allowed to dominate politics and get the laws it wants”, which
+allowed to dominate politics and get the laws it wants,” which
is very different from mere capitalism, which says “within a
society which we set up to protect peoples rights and so on, there are
lots of things that people should be free to do, and make businesses
-to do them, as they wish”. That difference is why today's form
+to do them, as they wish.” That difference is why today's form
of capitalism is running wild and why we see free exploitation
treaties which basically undermine democracy and turn it in to a
sham.</dd>
@@ -449,7 +460,7 @@
<span class="gnun-split"></span>Of course it was they who decided to adopt
that treaty in the
first place which they shouldn't have done. But then a lot of these
treaties go beyond that, and they explicitly deny democracy. Now the
-US had a law that said it wouldn't sell tuna — you weren't
+US had a law that said it wouldn't sell tuna—you weren't
allowed to sell tuna in the US if it had been caught in a way that
endangered dolphins. Well that law had to be scrapped because of the
World Trade Organization, that's just one example.</dd>
@@ -466,7 +477,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>Of course, we're in favor of Free Trade here, Richard, because we
-rely on it …</dd>
+rely on it…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>Well I'm not in favor of free trade beyond a certain point. The
@@ -602,8 +613,7 @@
do, they want less.</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
-<dd>So if being read and appreciated is what authors want
-…</dd>
+<dd>So if being read and appreciated is what authors want…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>Well they start out wanting. Those who have got rich, some of
@@ -627,7 +637,7 @@
<dd>Oh no I'm not, you're mistaken.</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
-<dd>If they cannot sell the book …</dd>
+<dd>If they cannot sell the book…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>You're mistaken, you're making a projection which people who know
@@ -662,8 +672,8 @@
the current system mostly supports corporations, so I don't think it
works very well. And it makes a few authors quite rich, and those get
treated with great deference by the corporations, and the rest
-basically get ground into the dust. My proposals — I have two,
-and another that combines them — one proposal is support artists
+basically get ground into the dust. My proposals—I have two,
+and another that combines them—one proposal is support artists
using taxes, it could either be a specific tax on Internet
connectivity or general funds, it wouldn't be a tremendous amount of
money by comparison with other government expenditures, and then you
@@ -734,7 +744,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>What about getting rid of taxes entirely, and giving us all the
-power to direct …</dd>
+power to direct…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I'm not against taxes.</dd>
@@ -841,8 +851,8 @@
products are designed with digital handcuffs, that is features to stop
the user from doing things. So nowadays when I hear about a new
product or a new service my first thought is “what's malicious
-in that?”, “how is it designed to restrict what you can
-do?”. And these products are very malicious, for instance there
+in that? How is it designed to restrict what you can
+do?” And these products are very malicious, for instance there
is the Amazon Kindle, it's an e-book reader, and they call it the
Kindle to express what it's designed to do to our books [<a
href="#f1">1</a>].</dd>
@@ -879,7 +889,7 @@
<dt id="t18">[36:13]<br />
RMS</dt>
<dd>I buy books from bookstores, yes I go to a store and I say
-“I want that one”.</dd>
+“I want that one.”</dd>
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>And you hand money over for it? Even though you think that that's
@@ -900,7 +910,7 @@
<dt>KH</dt>
<dd>As a matter of interest we've been talking about freedoms,
surveillance and digital monitoring, does the extraordinary rise of
-social networking …</dd>
+social networking…</dd>
<dt>RMS</dt>
<dd>I buy CDs of music as well even though in that case I know the
@@ -942,7 +952,7 @@
tell the public. So the point is that the; many governments,
including of course the US are conspiring in secret to impose new
restrictions on us relating to copyright and part of their latest
-propaganda is they call sharing “counterfeiting”.
+propaganda is they call sharing “counterfeiting.”
<span class="gnun-split"></span>But the
point is that this treaty will have provisions to restrict the public,
we think, but they won't tell us. This is called Policy Laundering,
@@ -960,17 +970,18 @@
</dl>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 style="font-size: 1.2em">Footnote</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
<ol>
<li id="f1">[2019] We call it <a
href="/philosophy/why-call-it-the-swindle.html">the Swindle</a>
because it's designed to swindle readers out of the traditional
freedoms of readers of books.</li>
</ol>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -988,51 +999,31 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
-<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
- files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
- without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
- document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
- document was modified, or published.
-
- If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
- Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
- years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
- year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
- being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
-
- There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
- Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-
-<!-- This page is an exception; only the web page copyright year should
- get updated. -->
-<p>Web page Copyright © 2014, 2019, 2020 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
-<p>Transcript Copyright © 2009, 2010 Jim Cheetham.</p>
-
-<p>This transcript is licensed under the
-<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/nz/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NonCommercial NoDerivatives New Zealand</a> license.
+<p>Transcript Copyright © 2009, 2010 Jim Cheetham</p>
+
+<p>This transcript is licensed under the <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/nz/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 New Zealand License</a>.
</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: stallman-kth.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/stallman-kth.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- stallman-kth.html 1 Jul 2020 15:25:23 -0000 1.27
+++ stallman-kth.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:30 -0000 1.28
@@ -1,36 +1,45 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-<title>Speech in Sweden
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 1986
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!--
+#content span { font-style: italic; color: #505050; }
+--></style>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/stallman-kth.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 30 October 1986</h2>
-
-<div style="text-align: center;">
-<p><em>(Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (Royal Institute of
-Technology))<br />
-Stockholm, Sweden</em></p>
-<p><em>
-Arranged by the student society<br />
-“Datorföreningen Stacken”<br />
-30 October 1986
-</em></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden), 1986</h2>
+
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript of Richard Stallman's speech at the <i>Kungliga Tekniska
+Högskolan</i> (Royal Institute of Technology) in
+Stockholm, Sweden, arranged by the student society <i>Datorföreningen
+Stacken</i> on 30 October 1986.
+</p>
</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
-<p><strong>[Note: This is a slightly edited transcript of the talk.
+<div class="introduction">
+<p><i>Note: This is a slightly edited transcript of the talk.
As such it contains false starts, as well as locutions that are
natural in spoken English but look strange in print. It is not clear
-how to correct them to written English style without ‘doing
-violence to the original speech’.]</strong></p>
+how to correct them to written English style without doing
+violence to the original speech.</i></p>
+</div>
-<p>It seems that there are three things that people would like me to
+<p><b>Rms:</b> It seems that there are three things that people would like me
to
talk about. On the one hand I thought that the best thing to talk
about here for a club of hackers, was what it was like at the
<abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr>
in the old days. What made the Artificial Intelligence Lab such a
special place. But people tell me also that since these are totally
different people from the ones who were at the conference Monday and
-Tuesday that I ought to talk about what's going on in the GNU project
+Tuesday that I ought to talk about what's going on in the GNU Project
and that I should talk about why software and information can not be
owned, which means three talks in all, and since two of those subjects
each took an hour it means we're in for a rather long time. So I had
@@ -38,11 +47,19 @@
could go outside for the parts they are not interested in, and that
then when I come to the end of a part I can say it's the end and
people can go out and I can send Jan Rynning out to bring in the other
-people. (Someone else says: “Janne, han trenger ingen
-mike” (translation: “Janne, he doesn't need a
-mike”)). Jan, are you prepared to go running out to fetch the
-other people? Jmr: I am looking for a microphone, and someone tells
-me it is inside this locked box. Rms: Now in the old days at the AI
+people.</p>
+
+<p><span>[Someone else says: “<i>Janne, han trenger ingen
+mike.</i>” (Translation: “Janne, he doesn't need a
+mike.”)]</span></p>
+
+<p>Jan, are you prepared to go running out to fetch the
+other people?</p>
+
+<p><b>Jmr:</b> I am looking for a microphone, and someone tells
+me it is inside this locked box.</p>
+
+<p><b>Rms:</b> Now in the old days at the AI
lab we would have taken a sledgehammer and cracked it open, and the
broken door would be a lesson to whoever had dared to lock up
something that people needed to use. Luckily however I used to study
@@ -50,8 +67,8 @@
microphone.</p>
<p>Anyway, should I set up this system to notify you about the parts
-of the talk, or do you just like to sit through all of it? (Answer:
-Yeaaah)</p>
+of the talk, or do you just like to sit through all of it? <span>[Answer:
+Yeaaah]</span></p>
<p>When I started programming, it was 1969, and I did it in an IBM
laboratory in New York. After that I went to a school with a computer
@@ -86,7 +103,7 @@
place to put the things they were worried about, a desk they could
lock, another little room. But the point is that people usually don't
bother to think about that. They have the idea: “This room is
-Mine, I can lock it, to hell with everyone else”, and that is
+Mine, I can lock it, to hell with everyone else,” and that is
exactly the spirit that we must teach them not to have.</p>
<p>But this spirit of unlocking doors wasn't an isolated thing, it was
@@ -179,7 +196,7 @@
were ten times as competent as any field service person, they could do
a much better job. And then they would have the ruined boards, they
would just leave them there and tell the field service person
-“take these back and bring us some new ones”.</p>
+“take these back and bring us some new ones.”</p>
<p>In the real old days our hackers used to modify the machines that
came from Digital also. For example, they built paging-boxes to put
@@ -254,8 +271,8 @@
the machine were just as numerous as before, so they were now the
dominant party, and they were very scared. Without hackers to
maintain the system, they said, “we're going to have a disaster,
-we must have commercial software”, and they said “we can
-expect the company to maintain it”. It proved that they were
+we must have commercial software,” and they said “we can
+expect the company to maintain it.” It proved that they were
utterly wrong, but that's what they did.</p>
<p>That was exactly when a new KL-10 system was supposed to arrive,
@@ -281,7 +298,7 @@
mail files aren't properly protected on your system?” “Of
course, no file is protected on our system. What's the problem? You
got your answer sooner; why are you unhappy? Of course we read each
-other's mail so we can find people like you and help them”.
+other's mail so we can find people like you and help them.”
Some people just don't know when they're well off.</p>
<p>But of course Twenex not only has security, and by default turns on
@@ -316,7 +333,7 @@
people's wheel bits and posted a system message. I have to explain
that the name of this machine was OZ, so I posted a system message
saying: “There was another attempt to seize power. So far the
-aristocratic forces have been defeated—Radio Free OZ”.
+aristocratic forces have been defeated—Radio Free OZ.”
Later I discovered that “Radio Free OZ” is one of the
things used by Firesign Theater. I didn't know that at the time.</p>
@@ -331,13 +348,13 @@
what it is. Because I don't believe that it's really desirable to
have security on a computer, I shouldn't be willing to help uphold the
security regime. On the systems that permit it I use the “empty
-password”, and on systems where that isn't allowed, or where
+password,” and on systems where that isn't allowed, or where
that means you can't log in at all from other places, things like
that, I use my login name as my password. It's about as obvious as
you can get. And when people point out that this way people might be
-able to log in as me, i say “yes that's the idea, somebody might
+able to log in as me, I say “yes that's the idea, somebody might
have a need to get some data from this machine. I want to make sure
-that they aren't screwed by security”.</p>
+that they aren't screwed by security.”</p>
<p>And an other thing that I always do is I always turn of all
protection on my directory and files, because from time to time I have
@@ -345,7 +362,7 @@
able to fix it.</p>
<p>But that machine wasn't designed also to support the phenomenon
-called “tourism”. Now “tourism” is a very old
+called “tourism.” Now “tourism” is a very old
tradition at the AI lab, that went along with our other forms of
anarchy, and that was that we'd let outsiders come and use the
machine. Now in the days where anybody could walk up to the machine
@@ -398,8 +415,8 @@
started flushing my account. And by that time I was mostly working on
other machines anyway, so eventually I gave up and stopped ever
turning it on again. And that was that. I haven't logged in on that
-machine as myself … [At this point RMS is interrupted by
-tremendous applause] … for.</p>
+machine as myself … <span>[At this point RMS is interrupted by
+tremendous applause.]</span> … for.</p>
<p>But when they first got this Twenex system they had several changes
in mind that they wanted to make. Changes in the way security worked.
@@ -474,24 +491,24 @@
that I could use the most amusing word in the English language as a
name for this system, it was clear which choice I had to make. And
that word is of course GNU, which stands for “Gnu's Not
-Unix”. The recursive acronym is a very old tradition among the
+Unix.” The recursive acronym is a very old tradition among the
hacker community around MIT. It started, I believe, with an editor
-called TINT, which means: “Tint Is Not Teco”, and later on
+called TINT, which means: “Tint Is Not Teco,” and later on
it went through names such as “SINE” for “SINE Is
-Not Emacs”, and FINE for “Fine Is Not Emacs”, and
-EINE for “Eine Is Not Emacs”, and ZWEI for “Zwei Was
-Eine Initially”, and ultimately now arrives at GNU.</p>
+Not Emacs,” and FINE for “Fine Is Not Emacs,” and
+EINE for “Eine Is Not Emacs,” and ZWEI for “Zwei Was
+Eine Initially,” and ultimately now arrives at GNU.</p>
<p>I would say that since the time about two and a half years ago when
I actually started working on GNU, I've done more than half of the
work. When I was getting ready to start working on the project, I
first started looking around for what I could find already available
free. I found out about an interesting portable compiler system which
-was called “the free university compiler kit”, and I
+was called “the free university compiler kit,” and I
thought, with a name like that, perhaps I could have it. So, I sent a
message to the person who had developed it asking if he would give it
-to the GNU project, and he said “No, the university might be
-free, but the software they develop isn't”, but he then said
+to the GNU Project, and he said “No, the university might be
+free, but the software they develop isn't,” but he then said
that he wanted to have a Unix compatible system too, and he wanted to
write a sort of kernel for it, so why didn't I then write the
utilities, and they could both be distributed with his proprietary
@@ -502,7 +519,7 @@
<p>I didn't really know much about optimizing compilers at the time,
because I'd never worked on one. But I got my hands on a compiler,
that I was told at the time was free. It was a compiler called PASTEL,
-which the authors say means “off-color PASCAL”.</p>
+which the authors say means “off-color PASCAL.”</p>
<p>Pastel was a very complicated language including features such as
parametrized types and explicit type parameters and many complicated
@@ -511,7 +528,7 @@
example: the type “string” in that language was a
parameterized type; you could say “string(n)” if you
wanted a string of a particular length; you could also just say
-“string”, and the parameter would be determined from the
+“string,” and the parameter would be determined from the
context. Now, strings are very important, and it is necessary for a
lot of constructs that use them to run fast, and this means that they
had to have a lot of features to detect such things as: when the
@@ -522,7 +539,7 @@
allocation, and some ideas about how to handle different sorts of
machines.</p>
-<p>Well, since this compiler already compiled PASTEL, what i needed to
+<p>Well, since this compiler already compiled PASTEL, what I needed to
do was add a front-end for C, which I did, and add a back-end for the
68000 which I expected to be my first target machine. But I ran into
a serious problem. Because the PASTEL language was defined not to
@@ -542,7 +559,7 @@
see which temporary values conflicted, or was alive at the same time
as which others, it needed a quadratic matrix of bits, and that for
large functions that would get it to hundreds of thousands of bytes.
-So i managed to debug the first pass of the ten or so passes of the
+So I managed to debug the first pass of the ten or so passes of the
compiler, cross compiled on to that machine, and then found that the
second one could never run.</p>
@@ -671,14 +688,15 @@
or DOUBLE at this address” and then assign that. Another thing
you can do is to examine all the values that have been examined in the
past. Every value examined gets put on the “value
-history”. You can refer to any element in the history by its
+history.” You can refer to any element in the history by its
numerical position, or you can easily refer to the last element with
just dollar-sign. And this makes it much easier to trace list
structure. If you have any kind of C structure that contains a
-pointer to another one, you can do something like “PRINT
-*$.next”, which says: “Get the next field out of the last
+pointer to another one, you can do something like
+<code>PRINT *$.next</code>, which says: “Get
+the next field out of the last
thing you showed me, and then display the structure that points
-at”. And you can repeat that command, and each time you'll see
+at.” And you can repeat that command, and each time you'll see
then next structure in the list. Whereas in every other C debugger
that I've seen the only way to do that is to type a longer command
each time. And when this is combined with the feature that just
@@ -696,28 +714,28 @@
might also find use for them when you set conditional breakpoints.
Conditional breakpoints are a feature in many symbolic debuggers, you
say “stop when you get to this point in the program, but only if
-a certain expression is true”. The variables in the debugger
+a certain expression is true.” The variables in the debugger
allow you to compare a variable in the program with a previous value
of that variable that you saved in a debugger variable. Another thing
that they can be used for is for counting, because after all,
assignments are expressions in C, therefore you can do
-“$foo+=5” to increment the value of “$foo” by
-five, or just “$foo++” you can do. You can even do this
+<code>$foo+=5</code> to increment the value of <code>$foo</code> by
+five, or just <code>$foo++</code> you can do. You can even do this
in a conditional breakpoint, so that's a cheap way of having it break
the tenth time the breakpoint is hit, you can do
-“$foo--==0”. Does everyone follow that? Decrement foo
+<code>$foo--==0</code>. Does everyone follow that? Decrement foo
and if it's zero now, break. And then you set $foo to the number of
times you want it to skip, and you let it go. You can also use that
to examine elements of an array. Suppose you have an array of
pointers, you can then do:</p>
-<pre>PRINT X[$foo++]</pre>
+<pre><code>PRINT X[$foo++]</code></pre>
<p>But first you do</p>
-<pre>SET $foo=0</pre>
+<pre><code>SET $foo=0</code></pre>
-<p>Okay, when you do that [points at the “Print”
+<p>Okay, when you do that [points at the <code>Print</code>
expression], you get the zeroth element of X, and then you do it again
and it gets the first element, and suppose these are pointers to
structures, then you probably put an asterisk there [before the X in
@@ -725,16 +743,16 @@
pointed to by the element of the array. And of course you can repeat
this command by typing carriage-return. If a single thing to repeat
is not enough, you can create a user-defined-command. You can say
-“Define Mumble”, and then you give some lines of commands
-and then you say “end”. And now there is defined a
-“Mumble” command which will execute those lines. And it's
+<code>Define Mumble</code>, and then you give some lines of commands
+and then you say <code>end</code>. And now there is defined a
+<code>Mumble</code> command which will execute those lines. And it's
very useful to put these definitions in a command file. You can have
a command file in each directory, that will be loaded automatically
when you start the debugger with that as your working directory. So
for each program you can define a set of user defined commands to
access the data structures of that program in a useful way. You can
even provide documentation for your user-defined commands, so that
-they get handled by the “help” features just like the
+they get handled by the <code>help</code> features just like the
built-in commands.</p>
<p>One other unusual thing in this debugger, is the ability to discard
@@ -748,12 +766,12 @@
change the flow of control. In this debugger you can change the flow
of control very directly by saying:</p>
-<pre>SET $PC=<some number></pre>
+<pre><code>SET $PC=<some number></code></pre>
<p>So you can set the program counter. You can also set the stack
pointer, or you can say</p>
-<pre>SET $SP+=<something></pre>
+<pre><code>SET $SP+=<something></code></pre>
<p>If you want to increment the stack pointer a certain amount. But
in addition you can also tell it to start at a particular line in the
@@ -762,8 +780,8 @@
didn't really want to call that function at all? Say, that function
is so screwed up that what you really want to do is get back out of it
and do by hand what that function should have done. For that you can
-use the “RETURN” command. You select a stack frame and you
-say “RETURN”, and it causes that stack-frame, and all the
+use the <code>RETURN</code> command. You select a stack frame and you
+say <code>RETURN</code>, and it causes that stack-frame, and all the
ones within it, to be discarded as if that function were returning
right now, and you can also specify the value it should return. This
does not continue execution; it pretends that return happened and then
@@ -810,7 +828,7 @@
instruction might be represented like this:</p>
<pre>
- r[3]=r[2]+4
+ <code>r[3]=r[2]+4</code>
</pre>
<p>This would be a representation inside their compiler for
@@ -852,17 +870,17 @@
for all these expressions. Things like this:</p>
<pre>
- (set (reg 2)
- (+ (reg 2)
- (int 4)))
+ <code>(set (reg 2)</code>
+ <code>(+ (reg 2)</code>
+ <code>(int 4)))</code>
</pre>
<p>This looks like Lisp, but the semantics of these are not quite
LISP, because each symbol here is one recognized specially. There's a
particular fixed set of these symbols that is defined, all the ones
you need. And each one has a particular pattern of types of
-arguments, for example: “reg” always has an integer,
-because registers are numbered, but “+” takes two
+arguments, for example: <code>reg</code> always has an integer,
+because registers are numbered, but <code>+</code> takes two
subexpressions, and so on. And with each of these expressions is also
a data type which says essentially whether it's fixed or floating and
how many bytes long it is. It could be extended to handle other
@@ -909,7 +927,7 @@
into effectively a syntax tree annotated with C datatype information.
Then another pass which looks at that tree and generates code like
this [LISP like code]. Then several optimization passes. One to
-handle things like jumps across jumps, jumps to jumps, jumps to .+1,
+handle things like jumps across jumps, jumps to jumps, jumps to
<code>.+1</code>,
all of which can be immediately simplified. Then a common
subexpression recognizer, then finding basic blocks, and performing
dataflow-analysis, so that it can tell for each instruction which
@@ -961,7 +979,7 @@
so it may free up too many things and thus not use all the registers
that it could.</p>
-<p>(Question: Do you have a code generator for 32000?) Not yet, but
+<p><span>[Question: Do you have a code generator for 32000?]</span> Not yet,
but
again, it's not a code generator it's just a machine description that
you need. A list of all the machine instructions described in this
[LISP like] form. So in fact aside from the work of implementing the
@@ -983,7 +1001,7 @@
just take a few months, and then I will release the compiler.</p>
<p>The other sizable part of the system that exist, is the kernel.
-(Question: A pause?) Ah, yeah I guess we've forgotten about breaks.
+<span>[Question: A pause?]</span> Ah, yeah I guess we've forgotten about
breaks.
Why don't I finish talking about the kernel, which should only take
about five minutes, and then we can take a break.</p>
@@ -1018,7 +1036,7 @@
undeletion, information on when and how and where the file was backed
up on tape, atomic superseding of files. I believe that it is good
that in Unix when a file is being written, you can already look at
-what's going there, so for example, you can use “tail” to
+what's going there, so for example, you can use <code>tail</code> to
see how far the thing got, that's very nice. And if the program dies,
having partly written the file, you can see what it produced. These
things are all good, but, that partly written output should not ever
@@ -1038,15 +1056,15 @@
specify the name in the ordinary way. But if you wish to specify a
name exactly, either because you want to state explicitly what version
to use, or because you don't want versions at all, you put a point at
-the end of it. Thus if you give the filename “FOO” it
+the end of it. Thus if you give the filename <code>FOO</code> it
means “Search the versions that exists for FOO and take the
-latest one”. But if you say “FOO.” it means
-“use exactly the name FOO and none other”. If you say
-“FOO.3.” it says “use exactly the name FOO.3 ”
+latest one.” But if you say <code>FOO.</code> it means
+“use exactly the name FOO and none other.” If you say
+<code>FOO.3.</code> it says “use exactly the name FOO.3”
which of course is version three of FOO and none other. On output, if
-you just say “FOO”, it will eventually create a new
-version of “FOO”, but if you say “FOO.” it
-will write a file named exactly “FOO”.</p>
+you just say <code>FOO</code>, it will eventually create a new
+version of FOO, but if you say <code>FOO.</code> it
+will write a file named exactly FOO.</p>
<p>Now there's some challenges involved in working out all the details
in this, and seeing whether there are any lingering problems, whether
@@ -1062,35 +1080,35 @@
because the system crashes or anything like that, it should be under a
different name.</p>
-<p>And this idea can be connected up to “star matching”,
+<p>And this idea can be connected up to “star matching,”
by saying that a name that doesn't end in a point is matched against
all the names without their version numbers, so if a certain directory
has files like this:</p>
<pre>
- foo.1 foo.2 bar.8
+ <code>foo.1 foo.2 bar.8</code>
</pre>
-<p>If I say “*”, that's equivalent to</p>
+<p>If I say <code>*</code>, that's equivalent to</p>
<pre>
- foo bar
+ <code>foo bar</code>
</pre>
<p>because it takes all the names and gets rid of their versions, and
-takes all the distinct ones. But if I say “*.” then it
+takes all the distinct ones. But if I say <code>*.</code> then it
takes all the exact names, puts a point after each one, and matches
against them. So this gives me all the names for all the individual
versions that exist. And similar, you can see the difference between
-“*.c” and “*.c.” this [the first] would give
-you essentially versionless references to all the “.c”
+<code>*.c</code> and <code>*.c.</code> this [the first] would give
+you essentially versionless references to all the <code>.c</code>
files, whereas this [the second] will give you all the versions
… well this actually wouldn't, you'd have to say
-“*.c.*.”. I haven't worked out the details here.</p>
+<code>*.c.*.</code>; I haven't worked out the details here.</p>
<p>Another thing, that isn't a user visible feature and is certainly
compatible to put in, is failsafeness in the file system. Namely, by
writing all the information on disk in the proper order, arranging
-that you can press “halt” at any time without ever
+that you can press “<kbd>halt</kbd>” at any time without ever
corrupting thereby the file system on disk. It is so well known how
to do this, I can't imagine why anyone would neglect it. Another idea
is further redundant information. I'm not sure whether I'll do this
@@ -1196,7 +1214,7 @@
something that we hoped was useful and were happy if people could use
it. So when I developed the first EMACS, and people wanted to start
use it outside of MIT, I said that it belongs to the EMACS
-“Commune”, that in order to use EMACS you had to be a
+“Commune,” that in order to use EMACS you had to be a
member of the commune, and that meant that you had the responsibility
to contribute all the improvements that you made. All the
improvements to the original EMACS had to be sent back to me so that I
@@ -1259,11 +1277,11 @@
nondisclosure agreement he has essentially sold out his fellow users.
Instead of following the golden rule and saying, “I like this
program, my neighbor would like the program, I want us both to have
-it”, instead he said, “Yeah, give it to me. To hell with
+it,” instead he said, “Yeah, give it to me. To hell with
my neighbor! I'll help you keep it away from my neighbor, just give
-it to me!”, and that spirit is what does the spiritual harm.
+it to me!” and that spirit is what does the spiritual harm.
That attitude of saying, “To hell with my neighbors, give ME a
-copy”.</p>
+copy.”</p>
<p>After I ran into people saying they wouldn't let me have copies of
something, because they had signed some secrecy agreement, then when
@@ -1304,12 +1322,12 @@
graphic printer, one of the first laser printers, but then the
software was supplied by Xerox, and we couldn't change it. They
wouldn't put in these features, and we couldn't, so we had to make do
-with things that “half worked”. And it was very
+with things that “half worked.” And it was very
frustrating to know that we were ready, willing and able to fix it,
but weren't permitted. We were sabotaged.</p>
<p>And then there are all the people who use computers and say that
-the computers are a mystery to them, they don't know they work. Well
+the computers are a mystery to them, they don't know [how] they work. Well
how can they possibly know? They can't read the programs they're
using. The only way people learn how programs should be written, or
how programs do what they do, is by reading the source code.</p>
@@ -1329,7 +1347,7 @@
becomes in a certain way demoralized: “It's no use trying to
change those things, they're always going to be bad. No point even
hassling it. I'll just put in my time and … when it's over
-I'll go away and try not to think about it any more”. That kind
+I'll go away and try not to think about it any more.” That kind
of spirit, that unenthusiasm is what results from not being permitted
to make things better when you have feelings of public spirit.</p>
@@ -1406,7 +1424,7 @@
put forward two lines of argument for this. The first one is “I
wrote it, it is a child of my spirit, my heart, my soul is in this.
How can anyone take it away from me? Wherever it goes it's mine,
-mine, MINE!!”. Well, it's sort of strange that most of them
+mine, MINE!!” Well, it's sort of strange that most of them
signs agreements saying it belongs to the company they work for.</p>
<p>So I believe this is one of the things you can easily talk yourself
@@ -1415,12 +1433,12 @@
<p>Usually, these people use this argument to demand the right to
control even how people can change a program. They say: “Nobody
-should be able to mess up my work of art”. Well, imagine that
+should be able to mess up my work of art.” Well, imagine that
the person who invented a dish that you plan to cook had the right to
control how you can cook it, because it's his work of art. You want
to leave out the salt, but he says “Oh, no. I designed this
dish, and it has to have this much salt!” “But my doctor
-says it's not safe for me to eat salt. What can I do?”.</p>
+says it's not safe for me to eat salt. What can I do?”</p>
<p>Clearly, the person who is using the program is much closer to the
event. The use of the program affects him very directly, whereas it
@@ -1439,11 +1457,11 @@
current system, you need to get rich by programming” on the
other hand. There's a big difference between just making a living
wage and making the kind of money programmers, at least in the US make
-nowadays. They always say: “How will I eat?”, but the
-problem is not really how “Will he eat?”, but “How
-will he eat sushi?”. “How will I have a roof over my
-head?”, but the real problem is “How can he afford a
-condo?”.</p>
+nowadays. They always say: “How will I eat?” but the
+problem is not really how “Will he eat?” but “How
+will he eat sushi?” “How will I have a roof over my
+head?” but the real problem is “How can he afford a
+condo?”</p>
<p>The current system were chosen by the people who invest in software
development, because it gives them the possibility of making the most
@@ -1490,7 +1508,7 @@
lots of them trying to do that. And then, somehow when it gets
generally possible to get very well paid to do something, all those
people disappear, and people start saying “nobody will do it
-unless they get paid that well”.</p>
+unless they get paid that well.”</p>
<p>And I saw this happen in the field of programming. The very same
people who used to work at the AI lab and get payed very little and
@@ -1532,21 +1550,21 @@
have been burning down lately. You wouldn't want your place to burn
down, would you? Well we can protect you from fires, you just have to
pay us a thousand dollars a month, and we'll make sure you don't have
-a fire here”. And this was called “the protection
-racket”. Now we have something where a person says “You
+a fire here.” And this was called “the protection
+racket.” Now we have something where a person says “You
got a nice computer there, and you've got some programs there that
you're using. Well, if you don't want those programs to disappear, if
you don't want the police to come after you, you better pay me a
thousand dollars, and I'll give you a copy of this program with a
-license”, and this is called “the software protection
-racket”.</p>
+license,” and this is called “the software protection
+racket.”</p>
<p>Really all they're doing is interfering with everybody else doing
what needs to be done, but they're pretending as much to them selves
as to the rest of us, that they are providing a useful function.
Well, what I hope is that when that software Mafia guy comes up and
says, “You want those programs to disappear on your
-computer?”, the user can say “I'm not afraid of you any
+computer?” the user can say “I'm not afraid of you any
more. I have this free GNU software, and there's nothing you can do
to me now.”</p>
@@ -1586,11 +1604,11 @@
<p><strong>[After this RMS answered questions for about an hour. I
have only included a very few of the questions and answers in this
version. The tape was bad, and I didn't have the time to do a proper
-job on all of it]
+job on all of it.]
</strong></p>
<dl>
-<dt><b>Q</b>: Has anyone tried to make problems for you?</dt>
+<dt><b>Q:</b> Has anyone tried to make problems for you?</dt>
<dd><p><b>A:</b> The only time anyone has tried to make a problem for me
was those owners, so called, self-styled owners of Gosling Emacs.
@@ -1601,8 +1619,8 @@
current in the field was chosen by the self-styled software owners to
try to encourage you to try to make you see software as similar to
material objects that are property, and overlook the differences. The
-most flagrant example of this is the term “pirate”.
-Please refuse to use to use the term “pirate” to describe
+most flagrant example of this is the term “pirate.”
+Please refuse to use the term “pirate” to describe
somebody who wishes to share software with his neighbor like a good
citizen.</p>
@@ -1629,7 +1647,7 @@
Now the reverse change is happening. Individual copying of
information is becoming better and better, and we can see that the
ultimate progress of technology is to make it possible to copy any
-kind of information. [break due to turning of tape]</p>
+kind of information. <span>[break due to turning of tape]</span></p>
<p>Thus we are back in the same situation as in the ancient world
where copyright did not make sense.</p>
@@ -1652,20 +1670,20 @@
and copy it. And if you took away the chair, it wouldn't be producing
anything, so there's no excuse. I somebody says: “I did the work
to make this one chair, and only one person can have this chair, it
-might as well be me”, we might as well say: “Yeah, that makes
-sense”. When a person says: “I carved the bits on this
+might as well be me,” we might as well say: “Yeah, that makes
+sense.” When a person says: “I carved the bits on this
disk, only one person can have this disk, so don't you dare take it
-away from me”, well that also make sense. If only one person is
+away from me,” well that also make sense. If only one person is
going to have the disk, it might as well be the guy who owns that
disk.</p>
<p>But when somebody else comes up and says: “I'm not going to
hurt your disk, I'm just gonna magically make another one just like it
and then I'll take it away and then you can go on using this disk just
-the same as before”, well, it's the same as if somebody said:
+the same as before,” well, it's the same as if somebody said:
“I've got a magic chair copier. You can keep on enjoying your
chair, sitting in it, having it always there when you want it, but
-I'll have a chair too”. That's good.</p>
+I'll have a chair too.” That's good.</p>
<p>If people don't have to build, they can just snap their fingers and
duplicate them, that's wonderful. But this change in technology
@@ -1689,12 +1707,12 @@
don't want the public to get that benefit.</p>
<p>Essentially they are trying to preserve the “material object
-age”, but it's gone, and we should get our ideas of right and
+age,” but it's gone, and we should get our ideas of right and
wrong in sync with the actual facts of the world we live in.</p>
</dd>
-<dt><b>Q</b>: So it boils down to ownership of information. Do you
-think there are any instances where, your opinion, it's right to own
+<dt><b>Q:</b> So it boils down to ownership of information. Do you
+think there are any instances where, [in] your opinion, it's right to own
information?</dt>
<dd><p><b>A:</b> With information that's not generally useful, or is of a
@@ -1710,10 +1728,11 @@
who have it, always we should encourage the copying.</p>
</dd>
</dl>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -1731,13 +1750,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -1759,7 +1778,7 @@
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>
-Copyright © 1987, 2009, 2010, 2020 Richard Stallman and Bjrn Remseth
+Copyright © 1987 Richard Stallman and Bjrn Remseth
</p>
<p>
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
@@ -1770,10 +1789,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/07/01 15:25:23 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: stallman-mec-india.html
===================================================================
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@@ -1,28 +1,37 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
-
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Stallman's Speech at Model Engineering College About Software Patent
Dangers - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+ul.big-list li { margin-top: 1em; }
+#content span { font-style: italic; color: #505050; }
+--></style>
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-
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Danger of Software Patents (2001)</h2>
-<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
-<p> <em>Speech given at Model Engineering College, Government of Kerala,
-India, 2001</em>
-(<a href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg";>audio
-recording</a>)</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div><h3>Summary</h3>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<p><a href="#intro">Introduction of the speaker</a></p>
-
-<p><a href="#conf">Stallman's speech</a></p>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Speech given at Model Engineering College, Government of Kerala,
+India, 2001
+(<a href="//audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-mec-india.ogg">audio
+recording</a>)</p>
+</div>
+<div class="toc">
+<h3 class="no-display">Summary</h3>
<ul>
+<li><a href="#intro">Introduction of the speaker</a></li>
+<li><a href="#conf">Stallman's speech</a>
+ <ul>
<li><a href="#conf1">There are two things wrong with the phrase
“intellectual property.”</a></li>
<li><a href="#conf2">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each
@@ -44,20 +53,21 @@
patents.</a></li>
<li><a href="#conf14">It's important for countries to work together
against this.</a></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p><a href="#questions">Questions from the audience</a></p>
-
-<ul>
+ </ul>
+</li>
+<li><a href="#questions">Questions from the audience</a>
+ <ul>
<li><a href="#questions1">Questions about software patents</a></li>
<li><a href="#questions2">Questions about free software</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</li>
</ul>
-</div> <!-- Summary -->
+</div>
<div><h3 id="intro">Introduction of the speaker</h3>
-<p><strong>Prof. Jyothi John, Head of Computer Engineering Department
-introduces Stallman:</strong></p>
+<p><em>Prof. Jyothi John, Head of Computer Engineering Department
+introduces Stallman:</em></p>
<p> It's my privilege and duty to welcome the most distinguished guest
ever we had in this college.</p>
@@ -83,7 +93,7 @@
<p> Stallman received the Grace Hopper award from the Association for
Computing Machinery for 1991, in 1990 he was awarded MacArthur Foundation
-Fellowship — other recipients of this prestigious award include Noam
+Fellowship—other recipients of this prestigious award include Noam
Chomsky and Tim Berners-Lee. In 1996, an honorary doctorate of Technology
from the Royal Institute, Sweden was awarded to him. In 1998, he received
the Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award, along with Linus
@@ -112,7 +122,7 @@
phrase “intellectual property.” Now, there are two things
wrong with this phrase.</p>
-<p> One — it prejudges the most important policy question about how
+<p> One—it prejudges the most important policy question about how
to treat some kind of ideas or practices or works, or whatever. It assumes
that they are going to be treated as some kind of property. Now, this is a
public policy decision and you should be able to consider various
@@ -147,10 +157,10 @@
other. Let me tell you some of the basic differences between copyrights
and patents:</p>
-<ul class="blurbs">
+<ul class="big-list">
<li> A copyright deals with a particular work, usually a written work,
and it has to do with the details of that work. Ideas are completely
- excluded. Patents, by contrast — well, a patent covers an idea.
+ excluded. Patents, by contrast—well, a patent covers an idea.
It's that simple, and any idea that you can describe, that's what a
patent might restrict you from doing.</li>
@@ -177,7 +187,7 @@
<li> Copyrights last an extremely long time. In the US today it's
possible for copyrights to last for 150 years, which is absurd. Patents
- don't last that long; they merely last for a long time — 20 years,
+ don't last that long; they merely last for a long time—20 years,
which in the field of software, as you can imagine, is a long time.</li>
</ul>
@@ -259,8 +269,8 @@
links, you'll find some patents that are relevant to what you're doing.
You won't find them <em>all</em>.</p>
-<p> A few years ago somebody had a US patent — maybe it's
-expired by now — on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets.
+<p> A few years ago somebody had a US patent—maybe it's
+expired by now—on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets.
Now, what does this mean? It means the original spreadsheets did the
recalculation always from top to bottom. Which meant that if a cell
ever depended on a lower cell, then it wouldn't get recalculated the
@@ -273,8 +283,8 @@
<p> Now, if you searched for the term spreadsheet, you would not have
found that patent because that term did not appear in it. The phrase
“natural order recalculation” didn't appear either. This
-algorithm — and it was indeed the algorithm that they covered,
-basically every imaginable way of coding this algorithm — the
+algorithm—and it was indeed the algorithm that they covered,
+basically every imaginable way of coding this algorithm—the
algorithm is called topological sorting, and that term did not appear
in the patent either. It presented itself as a patent on a technique
for compilation. So, reasonable searching would not have found this
@@ -310,7 +320,7 @@
to understand. You are going to have to work with a lawyer to do it.</p>
<p> In the 1980's the Australian government commissioned a study of
-the patent system — the patent system in general, not software patents.
+the patent system—the patent system in general, not software patents.
This study concluded that Australia would be better off abolishing the
patent system because it did very little good for society and caused a lot
of trouble. The only reason they didn't recommend that was international
@@ -385,7 +395,6 @@
one and you give him another one, he'll switch; but if what he wants
to do is make images that can be displayed by Netscape, then he can't
switch, unless Netscape handles the other format… and it didn't.
-
<span class="gnun-split"></span>It took years, I think, before Netscape
started to handle PNG format.
So people essentially said “I can't switch, I just have…
” And so the result was, society had invested so much in this one
@@ -446,8 +455,8 @@
out of business, period!”</p>
<p> In the League for Programming Freedom, we heard in the early 90's
-from somebody whose family business was making casino games —
-computerized of course — and he had been threatened by somebody
+from somebody whose family business was making casino games—
+computerized of course—and he had been threatened by somebody
who had a patent on a very broad category of computerized casino games.
The patent covered a network where there is more than one machine, and
each machine supports more than one kind of game and can display more
@@ -455,9 +464,9 @@
<p> Now, one thing you should realize is the patent office thinks that
it's really brilliant. If you see that other people implemented doing
-one thing and you decide to support doing two or more — you know,
+one thing and you decide to support doing two or more—you know,
if they made a system that plays one game and if you make it able to
-play more than one game — that's an invention. If it can display
+play more than one game—that's an invention. If it can display
one game and you decide to set it up so that it can display two games at
once, that's an invention. If he did it with one computer and you do it
with a network having multiple computers, that's an invention for them.
@@ -552,7 +561,7 @@
So how about if we cross-license?” And the starving genius says
“hmm, I haven't got enough food in my belly to fight these things,
so I'd better give in.” And so they sign a cross-license, and
-now guess what — IBM can compete with him. He wasn't protected
+now guess what—IBM can compete with him. He wasn't protected
at all!</p>
<p> Now, IBM can do this because they have a lot of patents. They have
@@ -561,7 +570,7 @@
do it but a big company can.</p>
<p> So IBM wrote an article. It was in Think magazine, I believe, issue
-number five, 1990 — that's IBM's own magazine — an article
+number five, 1990—that's IBM's own magazine—an article
about IBM's patent portfolio. IBM said that it got two kinds of benefit
from its 9000 active US patents. One benefit was collecting royalties
from licenses. But the other benefit, the bigger benefit, was access
@@ -576,10 +585,10 @@
with any given patent is largely random and most of them don't bring any
benefits to their owners. But IBM is so big that these things average
out over the scale of IBM. So you could take IBM as measuring what the
-average is like. What we see is — and this is a little bit subtle
+average is like. What we see is—and this is a little bit subtle
— the benefit to IBM of being able to make use of ideas that were
patented by others is equal to the harm that the patent system would have
-done to IBM if there were no cross-licensing — if IBM really were
+done to IBM if there were no cross-licensing—if IBM really were
prohibited from using all those ideas that were patented by others.</p>
<p> So what it says is: the harm that the patent system would do is
@@ -608,7 +617,7 @@
a few years ago, and you can investigate and find out what the dice
came up saying, and then you'll find out whether you've got a chance.
So it's mainly historical accident that determines whether the patent
-is valid — the historical accident of whether, or precisely which
+is valid—the historical accident of whether, or precisely which
things, people happen to publish, and when.</p>
<p> So, sometimes, there is a possibility of invalidating. So even if
@@ -743,7 +752,7 @@
that has a million different parts, that's a mega-project, that's very
rare. Now you'll find many times people make a physical object with a
million parts, but typically it's many copies of the same subunit and
-that's much easier to design — that's not a million different
+that's much easier to design—that's not a million different
parts in the design.</p>
<p> So, why is this? The reason is that, in other fields, people have
@@ -812,8 +821,8 @@
designing it may cost (gesturing) this much and manufacturing it may cost
this much, so this much overhead from the patent system is crushing.</p>
-<p> Another way to look at it is that because we can — a few of
-us can — make a much bigger system, there are many more points
+<p> Another way to look at it is that because we can—a few of
+us can—make a much bigger system, there are many more points
of vulnerability where somebody might have patented something already.
We have to walk a long distance through the mine field, whereas they
they only have to walk a few feet through the minefield. So it's much
@@ -828,7 +837,7 @@
deserve special treatment. But this is not what the patent system says.
The patent system says: the goal is to promote progress for society,
by encouraging certain behavior like publishing new ideas; and after a
-certain — originally that was fairly short — time, everyone
+certain—originally that was fairly short—time, everyone
could use them.</p>
<p> Of course there is a certain price that society pays as well, and so
@@ -848,11 +857,11 @@
<p> They knew that publishing the ideas would get them credit from the
community, and meanwhile anybody else who wanted to compete with them
would still have to write a program, which is the big job. So they
-typically kept the details of the program secret — of course some
+typically kept the details of the program secret—of course some
of us think that's wrong, but that's a different issue. They kept the
details of the program secret and they published the ideas, and meanwhile
-the software development — because software development was going
-on — That provided the field with a steady stream of ideas, so
+the software development—because software development was going
+on—That provided the field with a steady stream of ideas, so
ideas were not the limiting factor. The limiting factor was the job of
writing programs that would work and that people would like using.</p>
@@ -864,8 +873,8 @@
off now in terms of having ideas we could use, because in the past people
had the ideas and published them and we could use them, and now they
have the ideas and patent them and we can't use them for twenty years.
-In the mean time, the real limiting factor — which is developing
-the programs — this is hampered by software patents because of
+In the mean time, the real limiting factor—which is developing
+the programs—this is hampered by software patents because of
other dangers that I explained to you in the first half of this talk.</p>
<p> So the result is that, while the system is supposed to be promoting
@@ -906,7 +915,7 @@
different place to draw the line that still does a reasonable job, and
that is between processes that transform matter in a specific way, and
processes where the result is just calculation and display of information,
-or a combination of data processing and display steps — or others
+or a combination of data processing and display steps—or others
have put it as: mental steps being carried out by equipment. There are
various ways of formulating this, which are more or less equivalent.</p>
@@ -945,7 +954,7 @@
<p> Now, one of the tremendous dangers facing most countries today
is the World Trade Organization, which sets up a system of corporate
-regulated trade — not free trade as its proponents like to call
+regulated trade—not free trade as its proponents like to call
it, but corporate regulated trade. It replaces the regulation of trade
by governments, that are somewhat democratic and might listen to the
interest of their citizens, with regulation of trade by businesses,
@@ -1026,11 +1035,11 @@
distributing and using software in that country.</p>
<p> Now, if you in India are developing a program for use in the US,
-you may face the problem — or at least your client will face the
-problem — of US software patents. At least probably you can't
+you may face the problem—or at least your client will face the
+problem—of US software patents. At least probably you can't
get sued here. The client who commissioned the program and tries to use
it might get sued in the US, and indeed you will have to deal with the
-problem — the US's problems — when you try doing business
+problem—the US's problems—when you try doing business
in the US. But at least you'll be safe here. You know, at least it is
a big difference between your client got sued because your client told
you to make a product and that product is patented, versus you get sued
@@ -1113,8 +1122,8 @@
to sign, www.noepatents.org <a href="#Note1" id="Note1-rev">[1]</a>
</p>
-<p> Please talk with all executives of businesses — any kind
-of businesses — about this issue. Make sure they understand
+<p> Please talk with all executives of businesses—any kind
+of businesses—about this issue. Make sure they understand
the extent of the problems they face, and that they think of going to
business organizations to have them lobby against software patents.</p>
@@ -1181,7 +1190,7 @@
and they, they didn't judge it as a public policy question, they judged
it in terms of what does the law say.</dd>
-<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that …</dt>
+<dt><b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that…</dt>
<dd><b>A</b>: Sorry, I can't … could you try to pronounce your
consonants more clearly, I'm having trouble understanding the words.</dd>
@@ -1209,7 +1218,7 @@
questions about software patents.</dd>
<dt><b>Q</b>: Sir I have a question about software patents, the thing is
-that how can one protect where there is a functional element …</dt>
+that how can one protect where there is a functional element…</dt>
<dd><b>A</b>: Protect what?</dd>
@@ -1222,7 +1231,7 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: Protection from what? Somebody's gonna come with a
gun?</dd>
-<dt><b>Q</b>: No Sir …</dt>
+<dt><b>Q</b>: No Sir…</dt>
<dd><b>A</b>: Basically the protection you need is the protection against
being sued for the program you wrote. Programmers need protection from
@@ -1260,7 +1269,7 @@
should get what they want. This is a question of public policy. We have
to decide what is good for the citizens <em>generally</em>.</p>
- <p><b>Audience</b>: [applause]</p>
+ <p><b>Audience</b>: <span>[applause]</span></p>
<p>Not have somebody saying “I wanna have a monopoly
because I think I am so important I should have one, so protect me from
@@ -1349,8 +1358,8 @@
The purpose of… You have been brainwashed, you have been listening to
the propaganda of the companies that want to have these monopolies.
If you ask what legal scholars say is the basis of these systems,
- they say that they are attempts — for copyrights and for patents
- — they are attempts to manipulate the behavior of people to get
+ they say that they are attempts—for copyrights and for patents
+ —they are attempts to manipulate the behavior of people to get
benefit for the public. Trademarks are a different issue, I think the
issues for trademark are completely different. So you are making an
overgeneralization also.</dd>
@@ -1376,7 +1385,7 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: Physical property can only be in one place at a time.
You know, only one person can sit in a chair at a time in the normal way.
- [Applause] You know these are totally different issues. You know,
+ <span>[Applause]</span> You know these are totally different issues. You
know,
trying to generalize to the utmost is a foolish thing to do. We're
dealing with complicated laws that have many, many, many complicated
details and you are asking us to ignore all these details. We're dealing
@@ -1581,8 +1590,8 @@
<dt><b>Q</b>: There's no European community decision on this…</dt>
<dd><b>A</b>: Not yet. In fact, the European Commission itself is
- divided. One of the agencies — the one which unfortunately is the
- lead agency on this issue — has been won over by the multinationals
+ divided. One of the agencies—the one which unfortunately is the
+ lead agency on this issue—has been won over by the multinationals
and is in favor of software patents, and then the agency that tries to
encourage software development is against them, and so they're trying to
work against it. So if there is somebody who wants to get in touch with
@@ -1653,7 +1662,7 @@
to do them.
<p> Now we collected examples of this, and we are looking for people to
- write them up — you know, to look at each example and investigate
+ write them up—you know, to look at each example and investigate
it fully and write down a clear description of what happened and what
the harm was and so on. We have had trouble finding people to do this.
We're looking for more. So someone who is really good at writing clear
@@ -1770,16 +1779,16 @@
<p> Are there any more questions?</p></dd>
-<dt><b>Q</b>: [...]</dt>
+<dt><b>Q</b>: […]</dt>
- <dd><b>A</b>: I can't hear you at all, I'm sorry [...] whispering.
+ <dd><b>A</b>: I can't hear you at all, I'm sorry […] whispering.
I'm a little bit hard of hearing, and when you combine that with the
noise of the fans, and with the unusual accent, all three of those things
together make very hard for me to make out the words.</dd>
<dt><b>Q</b>: This question is not about patent or copyright or anything
-like that. But this is one example what you said about — if
-statement and while statement — that you said something about the
+like that. But this is one example what you said about—if
+statement and while statement—that you said something about the
differences in the field of computer science and differences with other
sciences, that is other engineering sciences. You said that if I change
something in the if loop that's if statement, there won't be any effect,
@@ -1824,7 +1833,7 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: Well, you asked me to comment on the commercial
distribution of GNU/Linux systems? Well, I think that's fine. That's one
- of the freedoms that free software gives you — the freedom to use
+ of the freedoms that free software gives you—the freedom to use
it in business, the freedom to distribute it as part of a business, the
freedom to sell copies in exchange for money. These are all legitimate.
@@ -1835,8 +1844,8 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: Yeah, any nonfree software. Because the goal was: you
should be able to get a completely free operating system. Well, if
- they have a thing in a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system —
- of course it says Linux — but inside of it there are some nonfree
+ they have a thing in a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system—
+ of course it says Linux—but inside of it there are some nonfree
programs, now you're not getting something that is entirely free anymore.
It doesn't entirely respect your freedom. So the real goal for which
we wrote the system is being lost.
@@ -1877,7 +1886,7 @@
<dt><b>Q</b>: Yes sir. In that context, I feel particularly, me as such,
I feel very hurt when I see the so-called interaction among programmers
today. Because many of us are very good programmers, but we look at
-each other in different colors depending upon the tools we use —
+each other in different colors depending upon the tools we use—
“hey, he's a windows guy,” “hey, he's a GNU/Linux
guy,” “hey, he's into Solaris systems,” “he's a
network programmer.” And unfortunately most of this prejudice comes
@@ -1918,7 +1927,7 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: Well, in that case, though, it's not just a prejudice,
you see. Windows is a system, a social system, that keeps people
- helpless and divided [applause], whereas GNU/Linux is an alternative
+ helpless and divided <span>[applause]</span>, whereas GNU/Linux is an
alternative
that was created specifically to liberate people and to encourage them
to cooperate. So to some extent, this is not like: “where you
born in this country or that country?” No, this is like your
@@ -1980,7 +1989,7 @@
And occasionally it happens, but not very often. Now, you see, the
reason is that the users want interoperability and with free software the
users are ultimately in control, and what they want they tend to get. The
- free software developers realize that they had better — if they are
+ free software developers realize that they had better—if they are
going to make incompatible changes they are likely to make users unhappy
and their versions are not going to be used. So they generally draw the
obvious conclusion and pay a lot of attention to interoperability.</dd>
@@ -1994,7 +2003,7 @@
<dd><b>A</b>: In general you are not going be finding a better version
every day and the reason is that typically for any given program, there
is usually only one version that is widely used. Maybe there will be
- two, once in a while there will be three — when there is no good
+ two, once in a while there will be three—when there is no good
maintainer that might happen. So you are just not going to keep finding
out about more versions that are good every day; there aren't so many.
There won't be that many popular versions. There is one situation
@@ -2062,7 +2071,7 @@
as to make the organization stronger so it can protect us all better.
That's the idea, but so far no one has been able to get this started.
It's not an easy thing to do, and part of the reason is that applying
- for a patent is very expensive — and a lot of work as well.
+ for a patent is very expensive—and a lot of work as well.
<p>So this will be the last question.</p></dd>
@@ -2076,7 +2085,7 @@
likely to be more successful too because, after all, there are a lot
of people working on Debian already. Why try to make an alternative to
that large community. Much better to work with them and convince them
- to support our goals better — if it works, of course, and we have
+ to support our goals better—if it works, of course, and we have
our ways to go on that.</dd>
</dl>
@@ -2084,10 +2093,10 @@
questions, I'm sorry. So at this point I am going to have to call a halt
and get going, and go have lunch. So thank you for listening.</p>
-<p>[Applause].</p>
-
+<p><span>[Applause]</span></p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3>Footnote</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
<p> <a href="#Note1-rev" id="Note1">[1]</a>
In 2014, this petition against software patents is <a
@@ -2096,13 +2105,14 @@
href="http://stopsoftwarepatents.eu/";>stopsoftwarepatents.eu</a> -->.
</p>
<p>For more information about the problem of software patents,
-see also our <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org";>End Software Patents</a>
+see also our <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org";>End Software Patents</a>
campaign.</p>
</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -2120,13 +2130,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -2147,8 +2157,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p> Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p> Copyright © 2001, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -2158,10 +2167,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2019/03/23 11:26:56 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:30 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: sco/questioning-sco.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/sco/questioning-sco.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- sco/questioning-sco.html 12 Apr 2014 12:40:51 -0000 1.17
+++ sco/questioning-sco.html 14 Sep 2021 16:23:31 -0000 1.18
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays laws sco" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Questioning SCO: A Hard Look at Nebulous Claims
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta name="description" content="Questioning SCO: A Hard Look at
@@ -9,12 +12,16 @@
licensing, IBM, attacks, sue" />
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/sco/po/questioning-sco.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Questioning SCO: A Hard Look at Nebulous Claims</h2>
-<p>by <strong>Eben Moglen</strong></p>
-<p>
-Friday 1 August 2003
-</p>
+<address class="byline">by Eben Moglen <a
+href="#moglen"><sup>[*]</sup></a></address>
+
+<p><i>Friday 1 August 2003</i></p>
<p>Users of free software around the world are being pressured to pay
The SCO Group, formerly Caldera, on the basis that SCO has
@@ -196,27 +203,28 @@
was yours to license? Asking those questions will help firms decide
how to evaluate SCO's demands. I hope we shall soon hear some
answers.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
<ol>
<li id="foot16">Linux kernel source under GPL was available from SCO's
FTP site as of July 21, 2003.</li>
-<li id="foot26">See <a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20100911151935/http://ir.sco.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=114170";>
+<li id="foot26">See <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100911151935/http://ir.sco.com/ReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=114170";>
SCO Press Release, July 21, 2003</a>.</li>
</ol>
-<hr />
-<p><em>Eben Moglen is professor of law at Columbia University Law
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p id="moglen">[*] Eben Moglen is professor of law at Columbia University Law
School. He serves without fee as General Counsel of the Free Software
-Foundation.</em></p>
-
-<p><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">Other Texts to Read related to
-SCO</a>.</p>
+Foundation.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -234,33 +242,16 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
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<p>Copyright © 2003 Eben Moglen</p>
<p>Verbatim copying of this article is permitted in any medium,
@@ -270,10 +261,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 12:40:51 $
+$Date: 2021/09/14 16:23:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
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- www/philosophy europes-unitary-patent.html free...,
Therese Godefroy <=