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www philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html philosophy...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html philosophy... |
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Date: |
Sat, 11 Sep 2021 07:35:45 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/09/11 07:35:44
Modified files:
philosophy : can-you-trust.fr.html categories.fr.html
compromise.fr.html computing-progress.fr.html
danger-of-software-patents.fr.html
ebooks.fr.html floss-and-foss.fr.html
free-software-for-freedom.fr.html
free-software-intro.fr.html
fs-translations.fr.html gates.fr.html
historical-apsl.fr.html
microsoft-antitrust.fr.html microsoft.fr.html
motif.fr.html plan-nine.fr.html
rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html selling.fr.html
use-free-software.fr.html using-gfdl.fr.html
philosophy/po : bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html
can-you-trust.fr-en.html categories.fr-en.html
compromise.fr-en.html
computing-progress.fr-en.html
copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html
danger-of-software-patents.fr-en.html
drdobbs-letter.fr-en.html ebooks.fr-en.html
floss-and-foss.fr-en.html
free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html
free-software-intro.fr-en.html
free-sw.fr-en.html fs-translations.fr-en.html
gates.fr-en.html historical-apsl.fr-en.html
microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html
microsoft.fr-en.html motif.fr-en.html
plan-nine.fr-en.html
rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html
rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po
selling.fr-en.html use-free-software.fr-en.html
using-gfdl.fr-en.html
server : sitemap.fr.html
server/po : sitemap.fr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.92&r2=1.93
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.119&r2=1.120
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/compromise.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.70&r2=1.71
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.59&r2=1.60
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.69&r2=1.70
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/floss-and-foss.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.92&r2=1.93
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.62&r2=1.63
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.147&r2=1.148
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gates.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.54&r2=1.55
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/historical-apsl.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.60&r2=1.61
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.62&r2=1.63
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/motif.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.70&r2=1.71
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.61&r2=1.62
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.51&r2=1.52
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/selling.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.92&r2=1.93
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.69&r2=1.70
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.64&r2=1.65
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/compromise.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.48&r2=1.49
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/ebooks.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.75&r2=1.76
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.92&r2=1.93
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/historical-apsl.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.43&r2=1.44
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/motif.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/plan-nine.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/selling.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.50&r2=1.51
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/use-free-software.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/using-gfdl.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.538&r2=1.539
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.338&r2=1.339
Patches:
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.92
retrieving revision 1.93
diff -u -b -r1.92 -r1.93
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html 20 Aug 2021 21:32:21 -0000 1.92
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.93
@@ -15,12 +15,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Pouvez-vous faire confiance à votre ordinateur ?</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
De qui votre ordinateur doit-il recevoir ses ordres ? La plupart des gens
pensent que leurs ordinateurs doivent leur obéir, et non pas obéir Ã
@@ -302,7 +301,6 @@
TPM actuels sont inoffensifs est qu'ils n'ont pas réussi à rendre
l'attestation à distance possible. Nous ne devons pas partir du principe que
toutes les tentatives futures échoueront également.</p>
-</div>
<hr class="no-display" />
<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">Cet essai est publié dans le livre <a
@@ -361,6 +359,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -379,7 +393,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:21 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.119
retrieving revision 1.120
diff -u -b -r1.119 -r1.120
--- philosophy/categories.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:17 -0000 1.119
+++ philosophy/categories.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.120
@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Catégories de logiciels libres et non libres - Projet GNU - Free
Software
Foundation</title>
-<style type="text/css" media="screen">
-<!--
-#content #diagram { overflow: auto; margin: 2em 0; }
-#diagram img { width: 31.7em; }
+<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!--
+#diagram { width: 32em; max-width: 100%; margin: 2.5em auto 2em; }
+#diagram img { width: 29.9em; height: auto; overflow: auto; }
+#diagram p { font-size: .88em; text-align: justify; }
-->
-
</style>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
@@ -22,24 +21,26 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Catégories de logiciels libres et non libres</h2>
-<p>à lire également : <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Mots Ã
éviter
-(ou à utiliser avec précaution), car connotés ou prêtant Ã
confusion</a>.</p>
-
<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.fr.png -->
-<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<div id="diagram" class="c" role="figure" aria-labelledby="caption">
<img src="/philosophy/category.fr.png" alt=" [Catégories de logiciels]" />
-</p>
-
- <p>Ce diagramme, créé initialement par Chao-Kuei et mis à jour par
plusieurs
+ <p id="caption">
+ Ce diagramme, créé initialement par Chao-Kuei et mis à jour par
plusieurs
autres depuis, explique les différentes catégories de logiciels. Il est
disponible sous forme de <a href="/philosophy/category.fr.svg">fichier
SVG</a> et de <a href="/philosophy/category.fr.fig">fichier XFig</a>, sous
les termes de la GNU GPL v2 ou supérieure, de la GNU FDL v1.2 ou supérieure
ou de la Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions (CC
BY-SA), v2.0 ou supérieure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary">
+<p>à lire également : <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Mots Ã
éviter
+(ou à utiliser avec précaution), car connotés ou prêtant Ã
confusion</a>.</p>
+</div>
<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Logiciel libre</h3>
@@ -449,6 +450,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019, 2021
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
@@ -469,7 +486,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:17 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/compromise.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/compromise.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.70
retrieving revision 1.71
diff -u -b -r1.70 -r1.71
--- philosophy/compromise.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:17 -0000 1.70
+++ philosophy/compromise.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.71
@@ -21,13 +21,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Ãviter les compromis ruineux</h2>
<address class="byline">par Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="article">
-<p class="comment">Il y a vingt-cinq ans, <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">le
+<p class="introduction">Il y a vingt-cinq ans, <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">le
27 septembre 1983, j'annonçais le projet</a> de créer un système
d'exploitation totalement libre, appelé GNU (ce qui signifie <i>GNU's Not
Unix</i> â GNU N'est pas Unix). Cet article, écrit à l'occasion du 25e
@@ -222,7 +221,6 @@
but.</p>
<hr class="column-limit"/>
-</div>
<p>
Vous trouverez un point de vue similaire appliqué à un domaine différent,
@@ -277,6 +275,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -295,7 +309,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:17 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.59
retrieving revision 1.60
diff -u -b -r1.59 -r1.60
--- philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 3 Sep 2021 08:03:44 -0000
1.59
+++ philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000
1.60
@@ -190,6 +190,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -208,7 +224,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/09/03 08:03:44 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html 20 Aug 2021 21:32:22
-0000 1.46
+++ philosophy/danger-of-software-patents.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43
-0000 1.47
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Le danger des brevets logiciels</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@
</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<dl>
<dt>SFÂ :</dt>
<dd><p>Je m'appelle Susy Frankel, et je tiens à vous souhaiter la bienvenue,
en mon
@@ -1429,7 +1428,6 @@
très constructif. Merci Richard.</dd>
</dl>
-</div>
<hr class="no-display" />
<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">Cette conférence est publiée dans <a
@@ -1521,7 +1519,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/ebooks.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/ebooks.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.69
retrieving revision 1.70
diff -u -b -r1.69 -r1.70
--- philosophy/ebooks.fr.html 3 Sep 2021 08:03:45 -0000 1.69
+++ philosophy/ebooks.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.70
@@ -37,8 +37,6 @@
lui imposer d'inconvénients trop lourds. Il remplissait bien son
rôle… à l'époque.</p>
-
-
<p>Puis un nouveau moyen de distribuer l'information apparut : les ordinateurs
et les réseaux. Les technologies numériques ont l'avantage de faciliter la
copie et la manipulation de l'information, que ce soit des logiciels, des
@@ -136,7 +134,7 @@
nous rendre plus libres, pas moins</a>.</p>
</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
<p>Ceci est une version légèrement modifiée d'un article publié dans
<cite>Technology Review</cite> en 2000.</p>
@@ -190,6 +188,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -208,7 +222,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/09/03 08:03:45 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/floss-and-foss.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/floss-and-foss.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- philosophy/floss-and-foss.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000 1.17
+++ philosophy/floss-and-foss.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.18
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>FLOSS et FOSS</h2>
<address class="byline">par Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="article">
<p>Au sein de la communauté du logiciel libre, il existe deux bords
politiques : le mouvement du logiciel libre et celui de l'open source<a
id="TransNote1-rev" href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>. Le mouvement du
@@ -73,7 +72,6 @@
question politique. Nous défendons l'idée de liberté et le faisons savoir en
toute occasion, en disant <i>free</i>, <i>libre</i> ou <i>free (libre)</i>.</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -130,6 +128,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -148,7 +162,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.92
retrieving revision 1.93
diff -u -b -r1.92 -r1.93
--- philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html 5 Sep 2021 08:35:42
-0000 1.92
+++ philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43
-0000 1.93
@@ -474,6 +474,22 @@
les infos nécessaires.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
<p>Copyright © 1998-2003, 2007, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
@@ -492,7 +508,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/09/05 08:35:42 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.62
retrieving revision 1.63
diff -u -b -r1.62 -r1.63
--- philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:18 -0000
1.62
+++ philosophy/free-software-intro.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000
1.63
@@ -14,10 +14,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Le mouvement du logiciel libre</h2>
-<div class="article">
<p>
Les gens utilisent des systèmes d'exploitation libres comme <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> pour des raisons
@@ -78,7 +77,6 @@
faire passer le message.
</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -156,7 +154,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:18 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.147
retrieving revision 1.148
diff -u -b -r1.147 -r1.148
--- philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:19 -0000 1.147
+++ philosophy/fs-translations.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.148
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/fs-translations.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" -->
@@ -1227,7 +1227,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:19 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/gates.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gates.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.54
retrieving revision 1.55
diff -u -b -r1.54 -r1.55
--- philosophy/gates.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:19 -0000 1.54
+++ philosophy/gates.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.55
@@ -15,13 +15,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2> Ce ne sont pas des barrières<a id="TransNote1-rev"
href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a> mais une prison</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>Accorder autant d'attention au départ en retraite de Bill Gates, c'est
être
à côté de la plaque ; ce qui importe vraiment n'est ni Gates, ni Microsoft,
mais le système de restrictions sans aucune éthique que Microsoft (Ã
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@
responsables de dégradations environnementales et de maladies dans ces mêmes
pays. (Mise à jour 2010 : la fondation Gates soutient un projet avec le
géant de l'agriculture Cargill qui <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>pourrait
+href="https://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>pourrait
impliquer de pousser à l'adoption de plantes OGM en Afrique</a>.)</p>
<p>De nombreux informaticiens haïssent Bill Gates et Microsoft, et ce pour
de
@@ -135,9 +134,8 @@
<p>Gates est peut-être parti, mais les murs et les barreaux du logiciel
privateur, qu'il a contribué à élever, sont encore là (pour le
moment). C'est à nous de les abattre.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
<p>Cet article a été <a
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7487060.stm";>publié par
@@ -225,7 +223,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:19 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/historical-apsl.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/historical-apsl.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.60
retrieving revision 1.61
diff -u -b -r1.60 -r1.61
--- philosophy/historical-apsl.fr.html 20 Aug 2021 21:32:22 -0000 1.60
+++ philosophy/historical-apsl.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.61
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Les problèmes des anciennes versions de l'<i>Apple Public Source
License</i>
(APSL)</h2>
-<div class="comment">
+<div class="announcement">
<p>La version actuelle de l'<i>Apple Public Source License</i> (APSL) n'a aucun
de ces problèmes. Vous pouvez lire ailleurs <a
href="/philosophy/apsl.html">notre position actuelle sur l'APSL</a>. Ce
@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@
</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<h3>Position de la FSF sur les anciennes versions de l'APSL</h3>
<p>
@@ -141,7 +140,6 @@
est l'esprit du logiciel libre, qui est que nous formons une communauté afin
de coopérer sur le bien commun qu'est le logiciel.</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -200,7 +198,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2003, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -218,7 +216,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.62
retrieving revision 1.63
diff -u -b -r1.62 -r1.63
--- philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:20 -0000
1.62
+++ philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000
1.63
@@ -15,17 +15,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Le procès antitrust contre Microsoft, propositions de la FSF</h2>
<div class="thin"></div>
-<div class="article">
<p>
Avec le dénouement proche du procès antitrust contre Microsoft, se pose la
question de ce qu'on doit exiger d'elle, si elle perd. Ralph Nader est même
sur le point d'organiser une conférence à ce sujet [à la date où cet
article
a été écrit, en mars 1999] (voir <a
-href="http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/";>http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/</a>).</p>
+href="https://www.appraising-microsoft.org/";>http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/</a>).</p>
<p>
Les réponses évidentes (restreindre les contrats entre Microsoft et les
constructeurs d'ordinateurs ou démembrer la société) ne feront pas une
@@ -126,7 +125,6 @@
alternative vraiment supérieure à Microsoft Windows pour les parties de
Windows dont Microsoft ne fait pas des logiciels libres.</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -206,7 +204,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:20 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/microsoft.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.79
retrieving revision 1.80
diff -u -b -r1.79 -r1.80
--- philosophy/microsoft.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:20 -0000 1.79
+++ philosophy/microsoft.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.80
@@ -14,15 +14,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Microsoft est-il le Grand Satan ?</h2>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>Cet article a été complètement remanié en 2009. L'<a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">ancienne version</a> est également
disponible.</em></p>
+</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<p>Beaucoup de gens voient en Microsoft la menace monstrueuse de l'industrie du
logiciel ; il y a même une campagne de boycott dirigée spécifiquement
contre
elle. Ce sentiment s'est accru depuis que Microsoft a exprimé activement son
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@
que les développeurs et les utilisateurs plus généralement) â regardez le
mal qu'ont fait les brevets sur le format MP3. Par conséquent, se défendre
contre des attaques spécifiques est nécessaire, mais n'est pas suffisant. La
-seule solution est d'<a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>éliminer les
+seule solution est d'<a href="http://endsoftwarepatents.org/";>éliminer les
brevets logiciels</a>.
</p>
@@ -115,7 +116,6 @@
de leur liberté que toute autre et qui est, de son propre aveu, un puissant
ennemi de cette liberté. Nous agissons en conséquence.</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:20 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/motif.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/motif.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.70
retrieving revision 1.71
diff -u -b -r1.70 -r1.71
--- philosophy/motif.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:20 -0000 1.70
+++ philosophy/motif.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.71
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>La licence Motif</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
Il y a quelques semaines, l'<i>Open Group</i> a modifié la licence de Motif
et a invité les développeurs de logiciels libres à l'utiliser. Cependant, la
@@ -80,9 +79,8 @@
<h3 id="LaterNote" class="footnote">Note ajoutée par la suite</h3>
<p>
-<em>En 2012, <a href="http://motif.sourceforge.net/";>Motif</a> a été publié
-sous la licence publique générale GNU amoindrie, version 2.1.</em></p>
-</div>
+<em>En 2012, <a href="https://motif.ics.com/";>Motif</a> a été publié sous la
+licence publique générale GNU amoindrie, version 2.1.</em></p>
</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -149,7 +147,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:20 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.61
retrieving revision 1.62
diff -u -b -r1.61 -r1.62
--- philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:21 -0000 1.61
+++ philosophy/plan-nine.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.62
@@ -7,26 +7,27 @@
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Les problèmes de la licence de Plan 9 - Projet GNU - Free Software
-Foundation</title>
+<title>Les problèmes de la (précédente) licence de Plan 9 - Projet GNU -
Free
+Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/plan-nine.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Les problèmes de la (précédente) licence de Plan 9</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>Note :</em> Ceci s'applique à l'ancienne licence utilisée pour
Plan 9. La licence actuelle de Plan 9 se conforme aux critères du logiciel
libre (et également à ceux de l'open source). Aussi l'exemple spécifique
analysé dans cet article n'a-t-il qu'une valeur historique. Néanmoins,
l'idée générale demeure valide.</p>
-
-<hr />
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<p>
Quand j'ai vu annoncer que Plan 9 était devenu un logiciel « open sourceÂ
»,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@
libre. Après avoir étudié sa licence, ma conclusion a été qu'elle n'était
pas libre ; la licence contenait beaucoup de restrictions totalement
inacceptables par le mouvement du logiciel libre. (Voyez <a
-href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>).</p>
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>).</p>
<p>
Je ne suis pas un supporter du mouvement open source, mais je me suis réjoui
@@ -43,7 +44,7 @@
décrivent comme « open source », ils altèrent la signification de ce
terme
et par là même répandent la confusion (le terme « open source » est
largement mal compris ; voyez <a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>).</p>
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>).</p>
<p>
Voici une liste des problèmes que j'ai trouvés dans la licence de
@@ -220,7 +221,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:21 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.51
retrieving revision 1.52
diff -u -b -r1.51 -r1.52
--- philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html 24 Aug 2021 17:02:31 -0000
1.51
+++ philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000
1.52
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Entretien avec Richard Stallman, Ãdimbourg, 2004 - Projet GNU - Free
@@ -9,12 +12,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Entretien avec Richard Stallman, Ãdimbourg, 2004</h2>
-<p><i>Transcription d'un entretien avec Richard Stallman qui a eu lieu Ã
-l'école d'informatique de l'université d'Ãdimbourg le 27 mai 2004 ;
publié Ã
-l'origine sur <a
-href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html";>Indymedia</a>.</i></p>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcription d'un entretien qui a eu lieu à l'école d'informatique de
+l'université d'Ãdimbourg le 27 mai 2004 ; publié à l'origine sur <a
+href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html";>Indymedia</a> (<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310050052if_/http://www.scotland.indymedia.org/usermedia/application/3/rms-interview-edinburgh-270504.ogg";>enregistrement
+audio</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<dl>
<dt>
@@ -25,19 +36,18 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Tout d'abord, élevé aux Ãtats-Unis dans les années 1960, j'ai certainement
+<p>Tout d'abord, élevé aux Ãtats-Unis dans les années 1960, j'ai
certainement
été exposé aux idées de liberté, puis dans les années 1970 au MIT, j'ai
travaillé comme membre d'une communauté de programmeurs qui coopéraient et
réfléchissaient sur la signification éthique et sociale de cette
-coopération. Quand cette communauté s'est éteinte au début des années
1980,
-le monde du logiciel privateur,<a id="TransNote1-rev"
+coopération. Puis cette communauté s'est éteinte au début des années 1980,
+et par contraste le monde du logiciel privateur,<a id="TransNote1-rev"
href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a> auquel la plupart des utilisateurs
-d'ordinateurs de cette époque contribuaient, ne m'inspirait par contraste
-que du dégoût moral. J'ai donc décidé d'essayer de recréer une communauté
-guidée par la coopération. J'ai réalisé que tout ce que m'apporterait une
-vie de compétition axée sur le contrôle des autres (c'est ça, l'univers du
-logiciel non libre), c'est de l'argent ; j'aurais une vie que je
-détesterais.
+d'ordinateurs de cette époque contribuaient, ne m'inspira que du dégoût
+moral. J'ai donc décidé d'essayer de recréer une communauté guidée par la
+coopération. J'ai réalisé que tout ce que m'apporterait une vie de
+compétition axée sur le contrôle des autres (c'est ça, l'univers du
logiciel
+non libre), c'est de l'argent ; j'aurais une vie que je détesterais.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -47,12 +57,12 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Je ne vois pas beaucoup d'avantages directs pour le logiciel libre
+<p>Je ne vois pas beaucoup d'avantages directs pour le logiciel libre
lui-même. D'un autre côté, nous voyons des partis politiques embrasser la
cause du logiciel libre, parce que cela s'accorde avec les idées de liberté
et de coopération qu'ils défendent généralement. Ainsi, en ce sens, nous
commençons à assister à une contribution d'autres mouvements aux idées du
-logiciel libre.
+logiciel libre.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -62,18 +72,19 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Nous ne sommes pas du tout contre le capitalisme, nous sommes contre le fait
+<p>Nous ne sommes pas du tout contre le capitalisme, nous sommes contre le fait
de mettre sous contrôle les utilisateurs de l'informatique, contre une
certain type de pratique commerciale. Il y a des entreprises, Ã la fois
grandes et petites, qui distribuent du logiciel libre et qui contribuent au
logiciel libre. Nous les invitons cordialement à l'utiliser, à en vendre des
copies, et nous les remercions de contribuer. Néanmoins, le logiciel libre
est un mouvement contre la domination, pas nécessairement contre la
-domination des entreprises, mais contre toute forme de domination. Les
-utilisateurs de logiciels ne doivent pas être dominés par les développeurs,
-que ces développeurs soient des entreprises, des particuliers, des
-universités ou autres.
-Les utilisateurs ne doivent pas être maintenus divisés et démunis. Et cela,
+domination des entreprises, mais contre <em>toute forme</em> de
+domination. Les utilisateurs de logiciels ne doivent pas être dominés par
+les développeurs, que ces développeurs soient des entreprises, des
+particuliers, des universités ou autres.</p>
+
+<p>Les utilisateurs ne doivent pas être maintenus divisés et démunis. Et
cela,
c'est ce que fait le logiciel non libre ; il maintient les utilisateurs
divisés et démunis. Divisés, car il vous est interdit de partager des copies
avec quiconque, et démunis, parce que le code source ne vous est pas
@@ -81,7 +92,7 @@
de le modifier. Ainsi, il y a sans aucun doute un rapport. Nous travaillons
contre la domination exercée par les développeurs de logiciels. Beaucoup
sont des entreprises, et quelques grosses entreprises exercent une forme de
-domination à travers le logiciel non libre.
+domination à travers le logiciel non libre.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -95,17 +106,19 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Aujourd'hui, je n'irais pas jusqu'Ã dire que le logiciel non libre ne
+<p>Aujourd'hui, je n'irais pas jusqu'Ã dire que le logiciel non libre ne
pourrait pas être utilisable par les mouvements d'opposition, parce que
beaucoup d'entre eux l'utilisent. C'est contraire à l'éthique d'utiliser du
logiciel non libre. Parce que… Du moins c'est contraire à l'éthique
d'en utiliser des copies licites, mais quelle que soit la copie, ce n'est
-pas une bonne chose. Vous voyez, pour utiliser une copie licite, il faut
-accepter de ne pas partager avec d'autres personnes ; en soi, c'est un acte
-contraire à l'éthique, qu'on doit refuser. C'est la raison fondamentale pour
-laquelle j'ai lancé le mouvement du logiciel libre. Je voulais faciliter le
-refus d'un acte contraire à l'éthique, l'acceptation de la licence d'un
-logiciel non libre.
+pas une bonne chose.</p>
+
+<p>Vous voyez, pour utiliser une copie licite, il faut accepter de ne pas
+partager avec d'autres personnes ; en soi, c'est un acte contraire Ã
+l'éthique, qu'on doit refuser. C'est la raison fondamentale pour laquelle
+j'ai lancé le mouvement du logiciel libre. Je voulais faciliter le refus
+d'un acte contraire à l'éthique, l'acceptation de la licence d'un logiciel
+non libre.
Si vous utilisez une copie illicite, alors vous n'avez pas accepté cela,
vous n'avez donc pas commis cet acte contraire à l'éthique. Mais vous êtes
toujours… vous êtes condamné à vivre caché. Et vous n'êtes toujours
@@ -117,7 +130,7 @@
migré vers le logiciel libre pour échapper à ce danger. Ils ne pouvaient
bien sûr s'offrir de copies licites des logiciels. Ainsi, ces choses ne sont
pas en droite ligne l'une de l'autre, mais il y a un parallèle et une
-relation croissante entre elles.
+relation croissante entre elles.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -130,34 +143,38 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Pas directement, car tant qu'un programme est un logiciel libre, cela veut
+<p>Pas directement, car tant qu'un programme est un logiciel libre, cela veut
dire que l'utilisateur n'est pas contrôlé par ses développeurs, que ces
développeurs soient de grosses entreprises, de petites entreprises, des
particuliers ou n'importe qui d'autre. Tant que le logiciel est libre, ils
-ne contrôlent pas les gens. Cependant, la plupart des utilisateurs de
-logiciel libre ne le perçoivent pas en termes éthiques ou sociétaux. Il
-existe un mouvement très efficace et très important appelé le mouvement open
-source, qui a été conçu spécialement pour détourner l'attention des
-utilisateurs de ces questions éthiques et sociétales tout en parlant de
-notre travail. Et ils ont très bien réussi ; il y a de nombreuses personnes
-qui utilisent les logiciels libres que nous avons développés au nom de la
-liberté et de la coopération, mais qui n'ont jamais entendu parler des
-raisons pour lesquelles nous l'avons fait. Ceci affaiblit notre communauté.
+ne contrôlent pas les gens.</p>
+<p>Cependant, la plupart des utilisateurs de logiciel libre ne le perçoivent
+pas en termes éthiques ou sociétaux. Il existe un mouvement très efficace et
+très important appelé le mouvement open source, qui a été conçu
spécialement
+pour détourner l'attention des utilisateurs de ces questions éthiques et
+sociétales tout en parlant de notre travail. Et ils ont très bien réussi ;
+il y a de nombreuses personnes qui utilisent les logiciels libres que nous
+avons développés au nom de la liberté et de la coopération, mais qui n'ont
+jamais entendu parler des raisons pour lesquelles nous l'avons fait. Ceci
+affaiblit notre communauté.
C'est comme une nation qui serait libre mais dont la plupart des membres
n'auraient jamais appris à attacher de l'importance à la liberté. Ils
seraient en situation de vulnérabilité parce que si vous leur disiez
« Abandonnez votre liberté et je vous donne cette chose de valeur », ils
pourraient dire oui, parce qu'ils n'ont jamais appris pourquoi ils doivent
-dire non. Vous rapprochez cela des entreprises qui pourraient vouloir
-retirer aux gens leur liberté et empiéter progressivement sur elle, et vous
-obtenez une vulnérabilité. Et ce que nous constatons, c'est que nombre
-d'entreprises de développement et de distribution de logiciel libre lui
-ajoutent du logiciel non libre qui met l'utilisateur sous contrôle, tout en
-disant que ce logiciel dominateur est un bonus qui améliore le système. Si
-vous n'avez pas appris à attacher de la valeur à la liberté, vous ne voyez
-aucune raison de ne pas les croire.
-Mais ceci n'est pas un problème nouveau et il ne se limite pas aux grandes
+dire non.</p>
+
+<p>Vous rapprochez cela des entreprises qui pourraient vouloir retirer aux gens
+leur liberté et empiéter progressivement sur elle, et vous obtenez une
+vulnérabilité. Et ce que nous constatons, c'est que nombre d'entreprises de
+développement et de distribution de logiciel libre lui ajoutent du logiciel
+non libre qui met l'utilisateur sous contrôle, tout en disant que ce
+logiciel dominateur est un bonus qui améliore le système. Si vous n'avez pas
+appris à attacher de la valeur à la liberté, vous ne voyez aucune raison de
+ne pas les croire.</p>
+
+<p>Mais ceci n'est pas un problème nouveau et il ne se limite pas aux grandes
entreprises. Dans les sept ou huit dernières années, tous les distributeurs
commerciaux du système GNU/Linux ont pris l'habitude d'inclure du logiciel
non libre dans leurs distributions. C'est une chose contre laquelle j'ai
@@ -167,7 +184,7 @@
triste, c'est que parmi les nombreuses distributions, il n'y en avait
jusqu'à récemment aucune que je pouvais recommander. Aujourd'hui, j'en
connais une ; elle s'appelle « Ututo-e » et vient d'Argentine. J'espère
-pouvoir en recommander une autre très prochainement.
+pouvoir en recommander une autre très prochainement.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -176,7 +193,7 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Le mouvement open source a été créé spécifiquement pour se débarrasser du
+<p>Le mouvement open source a été créé spécifiquement pour se
débarrasser du
fondement éthique du mouvement du logiciel libre. Le mouvement du logiciel
libre se fonde sur le jugement éthique que le logiciel non libre est
antisocial, que c'est faire du tort aux autres. Je suis arrivé à cette
@@ -186,18 +203,20 @@
« Vous pouvez avoir ce logiciel sympa, mais seulement si vous signez une
promesse que vous ne le partagerez avec personne », on vous demande de
trahir le reste de l'humanité. Et j'en suis arrivé à la conclusion, au
début
-des années 1980, que c'était mal et que c'était faire du tort aux gens. Mais
-il n'y avait pas d'autre moyen d'utiliser un ordinateur moderne.
-Tous les systèmes d'exploitation réclamaient une trahison de cette sorte
-avant que vous ne puissiez en obtenir une copie. Et c'était pour obtenir un
+des années 1980, que c'était mal.</p>
+
+<p>Mais il n'y avait pas d'autre moyen d'utiliser un ordinateur moderne. Tous
+les systèmes d'exploitation réclamaient une trahison de cette sorte avant
+que vous ne puissiez en obtenir une copie. Et c'était pour obtenir un
binaire exécutable. Vous ne pouviez pas du tout obtenir le code. Le binaire
exécutable est juste une suite de nombres, de laquelle même un programmeur a
du mal à dégager du sens. Le code source ressemble à des mathématiques, et
si vous avez appris la programmation, vous êtes capable de le lire. Mais,
après avoir signé la trahison, vous ne pouviez même pas obtenir cette forme
intelligible. Tout ce que vous pouviez obtenir, c'était les nombres dénués
-de sens que seuls les ordinateurs peuvent comprendre.
-C'est pourquoi j'ai décidé de créer une alternative, c'est-à -dire un autre
+de sens que seuls les ordinateurs peuvent comprendre.</p>
+
+<p>C'est pourquoi j'ai décidé de créer une alternative, c'est-à -dire un
autre
système d'exploitation, un système qui n'aurait pas ces exigences contraires
à l'éthique ; un système que vous pourriez obtenir sous forme de code
source, de sorte que si vous décidiez d'apprendre la programmation vous
@@ -205,9 +224,10 @@
seriez libre de le communiquer à d'autres personnes â libre, soit d'en
donner des copies, soit de les vendre. Alors j'ai commencé à développer le
système GNU, qui au début des années 1980 constituait la plus grande partie
-de ce que les gens ont, par erreur, commencé à appeler Linux. Ainsi donc,
-tout cela existe grâce au refus, par souci éthique, de s'accommoder d'une
-pratique antisociale. Mais cela est sujet à controverse.
+de ce que les gens ont, par erreur, commencé à appeler Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Ainsi donc, tout cela existe grâce au refus, <em>par souci éthique</em>,
de
+s'accommoder d'une pratique antisociale. Mais cela est sujet Ã
controverse.</p>
<p>Dans les années 1990, alors que le système GNU+Linux devenait populaire et
parvenait à avoir des millions d'utilisateurs, beaucoup étaient des
@@ -218,8 +238,9 @@
vous pouvez avoir à bon marché. Et ils ne disaient pas que cela vous
permettait de conserver une attitude éthique en évitant de trahir le reste
de l'humanité. Que cela permettait aux utilisateurs de ne pas rester divisés
-et démunis.
-Il y avait donc beaucoup de gens qui utilisaient le logiciel libre sans
+et démunis.</p>
+
+<p>Il y avait donc beaucoup de gens qui utilisaient le logiciel libre sans
avoir jamais entendu parler de ces idées, entre autres des gens qui étaient
dans les affaires, avec une l'approche amorale de la vie. Aussi, lorsque
quelqu'un a proposé le terme d'« open source », ils se sont rués dessus
pour
@@ -238,7 +259,7 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Il y a beaucoup de gens qui, par exemple, désirent étudier notre communauté
+<p>Il y a beaucoup de gens qui, par exemple, désirent étudier notre
communauté
ou écrire sur notre communauté, et qui évitent de prendre parti pour le
mouvement du logiciel libre ou le mouvement open source. Souvent, ils ont
d'abord entendu parler du mouvement open source et ils pensent que nous le
@@ -250,9 +271,9 @@
référence aux deux mouvements en leur donnant un poids équivalent et de ne
recourir au terme FLOSS qu'après en avoir donné la signification. Je pense
que… Si vous ne voulez pas prendre parti entre les deux mouvements,
-alors oui, bien sûr, utilisez ce terme. Ce que j'espère, c'est que vous
-prendrez parti pour le mouvement du logiciel libre, mais personne n'y est
-obligé. Ce terme est légitime.
+alors oui, bien sûr, utilisez ce terme. Ce que j'espère, naturellement,
+c'est que vous prendrez parti pour le mouvement du logiciel libre, mais
+personne n'y est obligé. Ce terme est légitime.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -262,7 +283,7 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Eh bien, dans l'ensemble, j'en suis assez content. Mais il y a bien sûr des
+<p>Eh bien, dans l'ensemble, j'en suis assez content. Mais il y a bien sûr des
choses qui ne me plaisent pas, essentiellement un point faible : un grand
nombre de gens de la communauté ne considèrent pas le logiciel libre sous
l'angle de la liberté, ils n'ont pas appris à attacher de l'importance Ã
@@ -275,24 +296,23 @@
d'informations sur la manière d'utiliser le matériel, ce qui ferait que nous
ne pourrions plus écrire de logiciels libres pour piloter ce matériel.
Il y a de nombreux points faibles que nous avons sur le long terme. Pour
-survivre à ces menaces, nous devons faire différentes choses, mais dans tous
-les cas, plus nous en sommes conscients, plus nous sommes motivés, plus il
-nous sera facile de faire ce qu'il faut. Ainsi, la chose la plus
-fondamentale que nous devons reconnaître et mettre en valeur sur le long
-terme, c'est la liberté qu'apporte le logiciel libre, afin que les
-utilisateurs se battent pour leur liberté comme on se bat pour la liberté
-d'expression, la liberté de la presse ou la liberté de réunion â parce que
-ces libertés sont, elles aussi, grandement menacées dans le monde
-d'aujourd'hui.
+survivre à ces menaces, nous devons faire différentes choses. En tout cas,
+plus nous en sommes conscients, plus nous sommes motivés, plus il nous sera
+facile de faire ce qu'il faut. Ainsi, la chose la plus fondamentale que nous
+devons reconnaître et mettre en valeur sur le long terme, c'est la liberté
+qu'apporte le logiciel libre, afin que les utilisateurs se battent pour leur
+liberté comme on se bat pour la liberté d'expression, la liberté de la
+presse ou la liberté de réunion â parce que ces libertés sont, elles
aussi,
+grandement menacées dans le monde d'aujourd'hui.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-Qu'est-ce qui, selon vous, menace la croissance du logiciel libre
+Qu'est-ce qui, selon vous, menace l'expansion du logiciel libre
aujourd'hui ?
</dt>
<dd>
-Je dois souligner que notre but n'est pas précisément de croître. Notre but
+<p>Je dois souligner que notre but n'est pas précisément de croître. Notre
but
est de libérer le cyberespace. Cela signifie libérer tous les utilisateurs
de l'informatique. Nous espérons qu'au final ils opteront tous pour le
logiciel libre, mais nous ne devons pas considérer le simple succès comme
@@ -311,8 +331,9 @@
utiliser le système GNU/Linux. Chaque fois que vous essayez de convaincre
les gens de changer, vous luttez contre l'inertie. De plus, nous avons le
problème que les fabricants de matériel ne coopèrent pas avec nous comme ils
-coopèrent avec Microsoft. Nous avons cette inertie-là également.
-Et ensuite, nous avons le danger des brevets logiciels dans certains
+coopèrent avec Microsoft. Nous avons cette inertie-là également.</p>
+
+<p>Et ensuite, nous avons le danger des brevets logiciels dans certains
pays. Je souhaiterais que tous ceux qui lisent ceci (ou tous ceux qui
l'écoutent) s'adressent à tous leurs candidats aux élections du Parlement
européen et leur demandent de se situer par rapport à la question des
@@ -332,27 +353,29 @@
rien. Alors, si un candidat vous dit « Je soutiens le texte de la
Commission, car il n'autorise pas les brevets logiciels », vous pouvez lui
faire cette remarque et reposer la question avec insistance : « Voterez-vous
-pour les amendements précédents du Parlement ? »
+pour les amendements précédents du Parlement ? »</p>
</dd>
<dt>OK. Merci beaucoup.</dt>
</dl>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
<hr /><b>Notes de traduction</b><ol>
-<li id="TransNote1">Autre traduction de <i>proprietary</i>Â :
-propriétaire. <a href="#TransNote1-rev" class="nounderline">↑</a></li>
-<li id="TransNote2">L'ambiguïté du mot <i>free</i> est qu'il peut signifier
-« libre » ou « gratuit ». <a href="#TransNote2-rev"
-class="nounderline">↑</a></li>
-</ol></div>
+<li><a id="TransNote1" href="#TransNote1-rev"
+class="nounderline">↑</a>
+Autre traduction de <i>proprietary</i> : propriétaire. </li>
+<li><a id="TransNote2" href="#TransNote2-rev"
+class="nounderline">↑</a>
+L'ambiguïté du mot <i>free</i> est qu'il peut signifier « libre » ou
+« gratuit ».</li></ol></div>
</div>
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <<a
@@ -372,7 +395,7 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
@@ -387,7 +410,7 @@
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -401,13 +424,13 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.fr";>Creative
-Commons attribution, pas de modification, 3.0Â Ãtats-Unis (CCÂ BY-ND
-3.0Â US)</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.fr";>Creative
+Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0Â internationale (CCÂ BY-ND
+4.0)</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.fr.html" -->
<div class="translators-credits">
@@ -419,11 +442,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/24 17:02:31 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/selling.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/selling.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.92
retrieving revision 1.93
diff -u -b -r1.92 -r1.93
--- philosophy/selling.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:21 -0000 1.92
+++ philosophy/selling.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.93
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Vendre des logiciels libres</h2>
<p><em><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Une analyse critique du
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
que la GNU GPL</a> est également disponible.</em></p>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<p>
Beaucoup de gens croient que l'esprit du projet GNU est de ne pas faire
payer la distribution de copies de logiciels, ou alors le moins possible :
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@
dépendent devraient chercher à soutenir la communauté. Pour un distributeur,
la manière d'y contribuer est de donner une part de ses bénéfices à des
projets de développement de logiciels libres, ou bien à la <a
-href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation</a>. Ainsi, vous faites
+href="https://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>. Ainsi, vous faites
avancer le logiciel libre.</p>
<p>
@@ -137,10 +136,10 @@
<p>
La façon la plus directe est d'écrire vous-même des <a
-href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>logiciels libres</a> ou des
-<a href="/doc/doc.html">manuels</a> dont le besoin se fait sentir. Mais si
-vous assurez la distribution plutôt que la création, la meilleure façon de
-nous aider est de lever des fonds pour aider les autres à en écrire.</p>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>logiciels libres</a> ou
+des <a href="/doc/doc.html">manuels</a> dont le besoin se fait sentir. Mais
+si vous assurez la distribution plutôt que la création, la meilleure façon
+de nous aider est de lever des fonds pour aider les autres à en écrire.</p>
<h3>L'expression « vendre des logiciels » peut aussi induire en erreur</h3>
@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@
<p>
En dehors d'une seule situation spécifique, la <a
-href="/copyleft/gpl.html">licence publique générale GNU</a> [en] (GNU GPL)
+href="/licenses/gpl.html">licence publique générale GNU</a> [en] (GNU GPL)
n'a pas d'exigence en ce qui concerne le prix que vous pouvez demander pour
la distribution d'un logiciel libre. Vous pouvez ne rien demander, ou alors
un centime, un euro, un milliard d'euros. Cela ne dépend que de vous, de
@@ -199,7 +198,6 @@
comme le prix de la distribution. La liberté, voila la question, la seule et
unique question.</p>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -280,7 +278,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:21 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.69
retrieving revision 1.70
diff -u -b -r1.69 -r1.70
--- philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 09:01:55 -0000
1.69
+++ philosophy/use-free-software.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000
1.70
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .2em">
La communauté du logiciel libre 20 ans après : </h2>
<h3 style="margin: 0 0 1.2em">
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
C'est le 5 janvier 1984, il y a aujourd'hui 20 ans, que j'ai quitté mon
poste au MIT pour commencer le développement d'un système d'exploitation
@@ -131,9 +130,8 @@
nombre croissant de gens que les logiciels non libres sont moralement
inacceptables. Les gens pour qui la liberté est essentielle seront toujours
ses meilleurs défenseurs sur le long terme.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
<p>Publié à l'origine sur <cite>NewsForge</cite>.</p>
</div>
@@ -229,7 +227,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 09:01:55 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.64
retrieving revision 1.65
diff -u -b -r1.64 -r1.65
--- philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:22 -0000 1.64
+++ philosophy/using-gfdl.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:43 -0000 1.65
@@ -14,12 +14,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.fr.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.fr.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Utiliser la licence GNU de documentation libre</h2>
<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>Si vous connaissez une personne qui écrit un manuel sur les logiciels
libres
et qui envisage une publication commerciale, vous avez une chance d'aider le
mouvement du logiciel libre de manière significative, avec peu de travail :
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@
deux clauses optionnelles ; la licence est libre si aucune des deux clauses
optionnelles n'est utilisée, mais utiliser l'une ou l'autre rend le livre
non libre (voir <a
-href="/licenses/license-list.html">http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>).
+href="/licenses/license-list.html">gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>).
Les auteurs qui veulent publier une documentation libre, mais utiliser une
licence autre que la GNU FDL, peuvent nous contacter afin que nous puissions
vérifier que la licence relève vraiment de la documentation libre.</p>
@@ -70,7 +69,6 @@
libres et ne doit pas inciter les gens à l'achat de manière
agressive). Veuillez informer <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>
<webmasters@gnu.org></a> si vous trouvez de telles pages.</p>
-</div>
<hr class="column-limit" />
<p>Article directement lié à ce sujet : <a
@@ -152,7 +150,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html 5 Sep 2021
08:35:43 -0000 1.4
+++ philosophy/po/bill-gates-and-other-communists.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021
11:35:44 -0000 1.5
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@
<blockquote>
<p>If people had understood how patents would be granted when
most of today's ideas were invented and had taken out patents, the
-industry would be at a complete stand-still today...A future start-up
+industry would be at a complete stand-still today. … A future start-up
with no patents of its own will be forced to pay whatever price the
giants choose to impose.</p>
</blockquote>
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/05 08:35:43 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html 20 Aug 2021 21:32:22 -0000
1.46
+++ philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.47
@@ -10,17 +10,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Can You Trust Your Computer?</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think
their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan
-they call “trusted computing”, large media corporations
+they call “trusted computing,” large media corporations
(including the movie companies and record companies), together with
computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make
your computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft's version of this
@@ -220,9 +219,9 @@
context of Palladium.</p>
<p>
The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
-associate with the context of security, such as “attack”,
-“malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as
-“trusted”. None of them means what it normally means.
+associate with the context of security, such as “attack,”
+“malicious code,” “spoofing,” as well as
+“trusted.” None of them means what it normally means.
“Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means
you trying to copy music. “Malicious code” means code
installed by you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to
@@ -270,7 +269,6 @@
is harmless only because it failed in the attempt to make remote
attestation feasible. We must not presume that all future attempts
will fail too.</p>
-</div>
<hr class="no-display" />
<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
@@ -308,6 +306,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 2002, 2007, 2015, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -318,7 +333,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/categories.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/categories.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- philosophy/po/categories.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:23 -0000 1.52
+++ philosophy/po/categories.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.53
@@ -5,35 +5,36 @@
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<style type="text/css" media="screen">
-<!--
-#content #diagram { overflow: auto; margin: 2em 0; }
-#diagram img { width: 31.7em; }
--->
-</style>
+<style type="text/css" media="screen"><!--
+#diagram { width: 32em; max-width: 100%; margin: 2.5em auto 2em; }
+#diagram img { width: 29.9em; height: auto; overflow: auto; }
+#diagram p { font-size: .88em; text-align: justify; }
+--></style>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software</h2>
-<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
- Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
-
<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
-<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<div id="diagram" class="c" role="figure" aria-labelledby="caption">
<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt=" [Categories of software] " />
-</p>
-
- <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ <p id="caption">
+ This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement" role="complementary">
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+</div>
<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@
<p>Many languages have two separate words for
“free” as in freedom and “free” as in
zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
- “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratuit.” Not so English; there is a word
“gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@
mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
“available gratis.” However, “public
domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
- copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ copyrighted.” For clarity, we recommend using
“public domain” for that meaning only, and using
other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
@@ -169,7 +170,7 @@
However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
<a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public
License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
- “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ “incompatible,” which means it is illegal to merge
the code using one license with the code using the other
license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
a single copyleft license.</p>
@@ -254,7 +255,7 @@
<p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
- is a “GNU package”.</p>
+ is a “GNU package.”</p>
<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
@@ -305,9 +306,9 @@
<p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
- “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ “semifree software,” which could be modified and
redistributed noncommercially, and “proprietary
- software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ software,” which could not be. But we have dropped that
distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
@@ -440,6 +441,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 1996-1998, 2001-2005, 2007, 2009-2012, 2015, 2019, 2021
Free
Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
@@ -451,7 +469,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:23 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/compromise.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/compromise.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.48
retrieving revision 1.49
diff -u -b -r1.48 -r1.49
--- philosophy/po/compromise.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:23 -0000 1.48
+++ philosophy/po/compromise.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.49
@@ -16,16 +16,15 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Avoiding Ruinous Compromises</h2>
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="article">
-<p class="comment">Twenty-five years
+<p class="introduction">Twenty-five years
ago <a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">on September 27, 1983, I
announced a plan</a> to create a completely free operating system
-called GNU—for “GNU's Not Unix”. As part of the
+called GNU—for “GNU's Not Unix.” As part of the
25th anniversary of the GNU system, I have written this article on how
our community can avoid ruinous compromises. In addition to avoiding
such compromises, there are many ways you can <a href="/help/help.html">
@@ -128,7 +127,7 @@
<p>To establish a free community fully and lastingly, we need to do
more than get people to use some free software. We need to spread the
idea of judging software (and other things) on “citizen
-values”, based on whether it respects users' freedom and
+values,” based on whether it respects users' freedom and
community, not just in terms of convenience. Then people will not
fall into the trap of a proprietary program baited by an attractive,
convenient feature.</p>
@@ -200,7 +199,6 @@
but beware of compromises that lead away from the goal.</p>
<hr class="column-limit"/>
-</div>
<p>
For a similar point in a different area of life,
@@ -239,6 +237,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 2008, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -249,7 +264,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:23 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.38
retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html 3 Sep 2021 08:03:52 -0000
1.38
+++ philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.39
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@
<p>
My vision of the world is different. I would like to see a world in
-which all the software in our computers — in our desktop PCs, our
-laptops, our handhelds, our phones — is under our control and
+which all the software in our computers—in our desktop PCs, our
+laptops, our handhelds, our phones—is under our control and
respects our freedom. In other words, a world where all software is
<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"><em>free</em></a> software.</p>
@@ -164,6 +164,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -174,7 +191,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/03 08:03:52 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html 5 Sep 2021
08:35:44 -0000 1.46
+++ philosophy/po/copyright-and-globalization.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021
11:35:44 -0000 1.47
@@ -25,11 +25,11 @@
<b>DAVID THORBURN, moderator</b>: Our speaker today, Richard Stallman,
is a legendary figure in the computing world, and my experience in
trying to find a respondent to share the podium with him was
-instructive. One distinguished <abbr>MIT</abbr> professor told me
+instructive. One distinguished MIT professor told me
that Stallman needs to be understood as a charismatic figure in a
-biblical parable — a kind of Old Testament anecdote-lesson.
-“Imagine,” he said, “a Moses or a Jeremiah —
-better a Jeremiah.” And I said, “Well, that's very
+biblical parable—a kind of Old Testament anecdote-lesson.
+“Imagine,” he said, “a Moses or a Jeremiah—better
+a Jeremiah.” And I said, “Well, that's very
admirable.”</p>
<p>
That sounds wonderful. It confirms my sense of the kind of
@@ -110,8 +110,8 @@
writing a book and copying a book, there were other useful things you
could do. For instance, you could copy a part of a book, then write
some new words, copy some more and write some new words and on and on.
-This was called “writing a commentary” — that was a
-common thing to do — and these commentaries were
+This was called “writing a commentary”—that was a
+common thing to do—and these commentaries were
appreciated.</p>
<p>
You could also copy a passage out of one book, then write some other
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
<p>
Now, is this an advantageous trade? Well, when the general public
can't make copies because they can only be efficiently made on
-printing presses — and most people don't own printing presses
+printing presses—and most people don't own printing presses
— the result is that the general public is trading away a
freedom it is unable to exercise, a freedom that is of no practical
value. So if you have something that is a byproduct of your life and
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@
priority. Copyright was easy to enforce because it was a restriction
only on publishers who were easy to find and what they published was
easy to see. Now the copyright is a restriction on each and everyone
-of you. To enforce it requires surveillance — an intrusion
+of you. To enforce it requires surveillance—an intrusion
— and harsh punishments, and we are seeing these being enacted
into law in the U.S. and other countries.</p>
<p>
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@
Clearly, this kind of campaign comes from somebody paying for it. Now
why are they doing that? I think I know. The reason is that e-books
are the opportunity to take away some of the residual freedoms that
-readers of printed books have always had and still have — the
+readers of printed books have always had and still have—the
freedom, for instance, to lend a book to your friend or borrow it from
the public library or sell a copy to a used bookstore or buy a copy
anonymously, without putting a record in the database of who bought
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@
<p>
We see at the same time efforts to take away people's freedom in using
other kinds of published works. For instance, movies that are on DVDs
-are published in an encrypted format that used to be secret — it
-was meant to be secret — and the only way the movie companies
+are published in an encrypted format that used to be secret—it
+was meant to be secret—and the only way the movie companies
would tell you the format, so that you could make a DVD player, was if
you signed a contract to build certain restrictions into the player,
with the result that the public would be stopped even from fully
@@ -325,8 +325,8 @@
Act was passed in the first place. The reason is the campaign finance
system that we have in the U.S., which is essentially legalized
bribery where the candidates are bought by business before they even
-get elected. And, of course, they know who their master is —
-they know whom they're working for — and they pass the laws to
+get elected. And, of course, they know who their master is—they
+know whom they're working for—and they pass the laws to
give business more power.</p>
<p>
What will happen with that particular battle, we don't know. But
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@
anyone caught doing forbidden copying. You could be sent to Siberia.
Third, soliciting informers, asking everyone to rat on their neighbors
and co-workers to the information police. Fourth, collective
-responsibility — You! You're going to watch that group! If I
+responsibility—You! You're going to watch that group! If I
catch any of them doing forbidden copying, you are going to prison.
So watch them hard. And, fifth, propaganda, starting in childhood to
convince everyone that only a horrible enemy of the people would ever
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
companies have more power than citizens of the country.</p>
<p>
There are attempts being made to extend this
-beyond <abbr>NAFTA</abbr>. For instance, this is one of the goals of
+beyond NAFTA. For instance, this is one of the goals of
the so-called free trade area of the Americas, to extend this
principle to all the countries in South America and the Caribbean as
well, and the multilateral agreement on investment was intended to
@@ -554,13 +554,13 @@
The next question is: Should people have the right to do commercial
verbatim copying? Or is non-commercial enough? You see, these are
two different activities we can distinguish, so that we can consider
-the questions separately — the right to do non-commercial
+the questions separately—the right to do non-commercial
verbatim copying and the right to do commercial verbatim copying.
Well, it might be a good compromise policy to have copyright cover
commercial verbatim copying but allow everyone the right to do
non-commercial verbatim copying. This way, the copyright on the
commercial verbatim copying, as well as on all modified versions
-— only the author could approve a modified version — would
+— only the author could approve a modified version—would
still provide the same revenue stream that it provides now to fund the
writing of these works, to whatever extent it does.</p>
<p>
@@ -568,8 +568,8 @@
copyright no longer has to intrude into everybody's home. It becomes
an industrial regulation again, easy to enforce and painless, no
longer requiring draconian punishments and informers for the sake of
-its enforcement. So we get most of the benefit — and avoid most
-of the horror — of the current system.</p>
+its enforcement. So we get most of the benefit—and avoid most
+of the horror—of the current system.</p>
<p>
The third category of works is aesthetic or entertaining works, where
the most important thing is just the sensation of looking at the
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@
The other thing is, we do not have this digital cash payment system;
so we can't really try it today. You could try to do something a
little bit like it. There are services you can sign up for where you
-can pay money to someone — things like PayPal. But before you
+can pay money to someone—things like PayPal. But before you
can pay anyone through PayPal, you have to go through a lot of
rigmarole and give them personal information about you, and they
collect records of whom you pay. Can you trust them not to misuse
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@
We are gradually moving from the age of the printing press to the age
of the computer network, but it's not happening in a day. People are
still buying lots of records, and that will probably continue for many
-years — maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having
+years—maybe forever. As long as that continues, simply having
copyrights that still apply to commercial sales of records ought to do
about as good a job of supporting musicians as it does today. Of
course, that's not very good, but, at least, it won't get any
@@ -893,8 +893,8 @@
<b>THORBURN</b>: I guess one question that occurred to me while you
were speaking, Richard, and, again, now when you're responding here to
this question is why you don't consider the ways in which the
-computer, itself, eliminates the middle men completely — in the
-way that Stephen King refused to do — and might establish a
+computer, itself, eliminates the middle men completely—in the
+way that Stephen King refused to do—and might establish a
personal relationship.</p>
<p>
<b>STALLMAN</b>: Well, they can and, in fact, this voluntary donation
@@ -998,7 +998,7 @@
problem, you know. Which do we do first? How do we get the world
where people don't have to desperately get money except by removing
the control by business? And how can we remove the control by
-business except — Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm
+business except—Anyway, I don't know, but that's why I'm
trying to propose first a compromise copyright system and, second, the
voluntary payment supported by a compromise copyright system as a way
to provide a revenue stream to the people who write those works.</p>
@@ -1044,7 +1044,7 @@
years in a way that had never been in place before. If I write an
essay in which I want to use still images, even from films, they are
much harder to get permission to use, and the prices charged to use
-those still images are much higher — even when I make arguments
+those still images are much higher—even when I make arguments
about intellectual inquiry and the legal category of “fair
use.” So I think, in this moment of extended transformation, the
longer-term prospects may, in fact, not be as disturbing as what's
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@
issue. There's just one area where an issue arises with patents that
is actually similar to these issues of freedom to copy, and that is in
the area of agriculture. Because there are certain patented things
-that can be copies, more or less — namely, living things. They
+that can be copies, more or less—namely, living things. They
copy themselves when they reproduce. It's not necessarily exact
copying; they re-shuffle the genes. But the fact is, farmers for
millennia have been making use of this capacity of the living things
@@ -1200,8 +1200,8 @@
in various different areas, but I think that in the area of education,
when you're looking for textbooks, I think I see a way it can be done.
There are a lot of teachers in the world, teachers who are not at
-prestigious universities — maybe they're in high-school; maybe
-they're in college — where they don't write and publish a lot of
+prestigious universities—maybe they're in high-school; maybe
+they're in college—where they don't write and publish a lot of
things and there's not a tremendous demand for them. But a lot of
them are smart. A lot of them know their subjects well and they could
write textbooks about lots of subjects and share them with the world
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@
will have learned from them.</p>
<p>
<b>QUESTION</b>: That's what I proposed. But the funny thing is, I do
-know the history of education. That's what I do — educational,
+know the history of education. That's what I do—educational,
electronic media projects. I couldn't find an example. Do you know
of one?</p>
<p>
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/05 08:35:44 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.fr-en.html 20 Aug 2021 21:32:22
-0000 1.35
+++ philosophy/po/danger-of-software-patents.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44
-0000 1.36
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Danger of Software Patents</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@
</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<dl>
<dt>SF:</dt>
<dd><p>My name is Susy Frankel and on behalf of myself and Meredith
@@ -613,7 +612,7 @@
himself in his attic coming up with a better way to do whatever it is.
And now that it's ready, he wants to start a business and mass-produce
this thing; and because his idea is so good his company will
-inevitably succeed— except for one thing: the big companies will
+inevitably succeed—except for one thing: the big companies will
compete with him and take all his market the away. And because of
this, his business will almost certainly fail, and then he will
starve.</p>
@@ -1413,7 +1412,6 @@
you Richard.</dd>
</dl>
-</div>
<hr class="no-display" />
<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This speech is published in
@@ -1479,7 +1477,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.fr-en.html 3 Sep 2021 08:03:52 -0000
1.33
+++ philosophy/po/drdobbs-letter.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.34
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
</p>
<p>
I am sure you don't realize how ironic it is to associate me and Tim
-O'Reilly with “open source”.
+O'Reilly with “open source.”
</p>
<p>
If the House Un-American Activities Committee asked me, “Are you
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
</p>
<p>
Years later, in 1998, another group began operating under the term
-“open source”. They have contributed to the free software
+“open source.” They have contributed to the free software
community in practical ways, but they stand for very different views.
They studiously avoid the issues of freedom and principle that we
raise in the free software movement; they cite only short-term
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/03 08:03:52 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/ebooks.fr-en.html
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retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- philosophy/po/ebooks.fr-en.html 3 Sep 2021 08:03:52 -0000 1.40
+++ philosophy/po/ebooks.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.41
@@ -30,8 +30,6 @@
as intended, with little burden on the public. It did its job
well—back then.</p>
-
-
<p>Then a new way of distributing information came about: computers
and networks. The advantage of digital information technology is
that it facilitates copying and manipulating information, including
@@ -76,7 +74,7 @@
<p>We still have the same old freedoms in using paper books. But if
e-books replace printed books, that exception will do little good.
-With “electronic ink”, which makes it possible to download
+With “electronic ink,” which makes it possible to download
new text onto an apparently printed piece of paper, even newspapers
could become ephemeral. Imagine: no more used book stores; no more
lending a book to your friend; no more borrowing one from the public
@@ -114,7 +112,7 @@
<p>Eventually, when computer networks provide an easy way to send
someone a small amount of money, the whole rationale for restricting
verbatim copying will go away. If you like a book, and it pops up a
-box saying, “Click here to give the author one dollar”,
+box saying, “Click here to give the author one dollar,”
wouldn't you click? Copyright for books and music, as it applies to
distributing verbatim unmodified copies, will be entirely obsolete.
And not a moment too soon!</p>
@@ -126,7 +124,7 @@
increase our freedom, not decrease it</a>.</p>
</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
<p>This is a slightly modified version of an article published in
<cite>Technology Review</cite> in 2000.</p>
@@ -162,6 +160,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 2000, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -172,7 +187,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/03 08:03:52 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.fr-en.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:25 -0000
1.10
+++ philosophy/po/floss-and-foss.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.11
@@ -9,12 +9,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>FLOSS and FOSS</h2>
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="article">
<p>The two political camps in the free software community are the free
software movement and open source. The free software movement is a
campaign
@@ -61,9 +60,8 @@
<p>We in the free software movement don't use either of these terms,
because we don't want to be neutral on the political question. We
stand for freedom, and we show it every time—by saying
-“free” and “libre”— or “free
-(libre)”.</p>
-</div>
+“free” and “libre”—or “free
+(libre).”</p>
</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -97,6 +95,23 @@
of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 2013, 2015, 2016, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -107,7 +122,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:25 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html 5 Sep 2021 08:35:46
-0000 1.42
+++ philosophy/po/free-software-for-freedom.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44
-0000 1.43
@@ -258,8 +258,8 @@
official definition, said this:</p>
<blockquote><p>
-As is common in the open source community, users of the ...
-technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM ...
+As is common in the open source community, users of the …
+technology will also be able to collaborate with IBM…
</p></blockquote>
<p>
@@ -440,6 +440,23 @@
information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
</div>
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
<p>Copyright © 1998-2003, 2007, 2010, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
@@ -451,7 +468,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/05 08:35:46 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/free-software-intro.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-software-intro.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/po/free-software-intro.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:25
-0000 1.35
+++ philosophy/po/free-software-intro.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44
-0000 1.36
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Free Software Movement</h2>
-<div class="article">
<p>
People use free software operating systems such
as <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> for various
@@ -69,10 +68,9 @@
<p>
If you think that freedom and community are important for their own
sake, please join us in proudly using the term “free
-software”, and help spread the word.
+software,” and help spread the word.
</p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -131,7 +129,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:25 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/free-sw.fr-en.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.75
retrieving revision 1.76
diff -u -b -r1.75 -r1.76
--- philosophy/po/free-sw.fr-en.html 31 Aug 2021 15:03:39 -0000 1.75
+++ philosophy/po/free-sw.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.76
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
software</b>. Thus, “free software” is a matter of
liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of
“free” as in “free speech,” not as in
-“free beer”. We sometimes call it “libre
+“free beer.” We sometimes call it “libre
software,” borrowing the French or Spanish word for
“free” as in freedom, to show we do not mean the software
is gratis.
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
<h4 id="selling">Free software <em>can</em> be commercial</h4>
<p>
-“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial”.
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.”
On the contrary, a free program must be available for commercial use,
commercial development, and commercial distribution. This policy is
of fundamental importance—without this, free software could not
@@ -254,10 +254,10 @@
<p>
Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
-run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
-practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours—a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown,”
or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
-boot” — freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
+boot”—freedom 1 becomes an empty pretense rather than a
practical reality. These binaries are not free
software even if the source code they are compiled from is free.
</p>
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@
<p>
One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
-cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
-requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module—for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add—then the
license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
</p>
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
<p>
A free license may not require compliance with the license of a
nonfree program. Thus, for instance, if a license requires you to
-comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use”, in
+comply with the licenses of “all the programs you use,” in
the case of a user that runs nonfree programs this would require
compliance with the licenses of those nonfree programs; that makes the
license nonfree.
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@
<p id="open-source">
Another group uses the term “open source” to mean
-something close (but not identical) to “free software”. We
+something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
word “open” never refers to freedom.
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@
<p>
The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
-practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+practical use—that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
such as educational works and reference
works. <a href="https://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
example.
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/31 15:03:39 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/fs-translations.fr-en.html
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retrieving revision 1.92
retrieving revision 1.93
diff -u -b -r1.92 -r1.93
--- philosophy/po/fs-translations.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:25 -0000
1.92
+++ philosophy/po/fs-translations.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.93
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays term" -->
@@ -26,8 +26,8 @@
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free as in
freedom</a>) into various languages.</p>
-<p>We also provide translations of “gratis software”,
-“proprietary software”, and “commercial software”
+<p>We also provide translations of “gratis software,”
+“proprietary software,” and “commercial software”
to show how to make the contrast in various languages.</p>
<p>If you know a correction or addition to the list, please email it to
@@ -1082,7 +1082,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:25 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:25 -0000 1.32
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@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2> It's not the Gates, it's the bars</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>To pay so much attention to Bill Gates' retirement is
missing the point. What really matters is not Gates, nor
Microsoft, but the unethical system of restrictions that
@@ -37,7 +36,7 @@
degradation and illness in the same poor countries.
(2010 update: The Gates Foundation is supporting a project with
agribusiness giant Cargill on a <a
-
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>project
+
href="https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>project
that could involve pushing genetically modified crops in Africa</a>.)</p>
<p>Many computerists specially hate Gates and Microsoft. They have
@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@
UK, Microsoft established a major office in Gordon Brown's
constituency. Both lawful, both potentially corrupting.)</p>
- <p>Many users hate the “Microsoft tax”, the retail
+ <p>Many users hate the “Microsoft tax,” the retail
contracts that make you pay for Windows on your computer even if you
won't use it. (In some countries you can get a refund, but the effort
required is daunting.) There's also the Digital Restrictions
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@
yourself or for someone else, you can't. If you're a business and you
want to pay a programmer to make the software suit your needs better,
you can't. If you copy it to share with your friend, which is simple
- good-neighbourliness, they call you a “pirate”.
+ good-neighbourliness, they call you a “pirate.”
Microsoft would have us believe that helping your neighbour is the
moral equivalent of attacking a ship.</p>
@@ -119,9 +118,8 @@
<p>Gates may be gone, but the walls and bars of proprietary software
he helped create remain—for now. Dismantling them is up to
us.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
<p>This article was <a
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7487060.stm";>published by
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:25 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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1.34
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Problems with older versions of the Apple Public Source License
(APSL)</h2>
-<div class="comment">
+<div class="announcement">
<p>The current version of the Apple Public Source License (APSL) does not
have any of these problems. <a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">You can
read our current position on the APSL elsewhere</a>. This document is
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<h3>FSF Position on the Older Versions of APSL</h3>
<p>
@@ -132,7 +131,6 @@
which is that we form a community to cooperate on the commons of
software.</p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2003, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1999, 2001, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -191,7 +189,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/20 21:32:22 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:26
-0000 1.33
+++ philosophy/po/microsoft-antitrust.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44
-0000 1.34
@@ -10,17 +10,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Microsoft Antitrust Trial and Free Software</h2>
<div class="thin"></div>
-<div class="article">
<p>
With the Microsoft antitrust trial moving toward a conclusion, the
question of what to demand of Microsoft if it loses is coming to the
fore. Ralph Nader is even [when this was written, in March 1999]
organizing a conference about the question (see
-<a
href="http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/";>http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/</a>).</p>
+<a
href="http://www.appraising-microsoft.org/";>appraising-microsoft.org</a>).</p>
<p>
The obvious answers—to restrict contracts between Microsoft and
computer manufacturers, or to break up the company—will not make
@@ -120,7 +119,6 @@
us to develop a truly superior alternative to Microsoft Windows,
in whatever area Microsoft does not make Windows free software.</p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -179,7 +177,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:26 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.43
retrieving revision 1.44
diff -u -b -r1.43 -r1.44
--- philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:27 -0000 1.43
+++ philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.44
@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</h2>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>This article was given a major rewrite in 2009.
The <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">old version</a> is also
available.</em></p>
+</div>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<p>Many people think of Microsoft as the monster menace of the
software industry. There is even a specific campaign to boycott
Microsoft. This feeling has intensified since Microsoft expressed
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@
Microsoft proprietary software, which we do need to reject, and that
makes them useless for anyone that chooses to live in freedom.</p>
-<p>In the “Halloween documents”, leaked in October 1998,
+<p>In the “Halloween documents,” leaked in October 1998,
Microsoft executives stated an intention to use various methods to
obstruct the development of free software: specifically, designing
secret protocols and file formats, and patenting algorithms and
@@ -77,7 +78,7 @@
(and software developers and users generally)—consider the harm
that the MP3 patents have done. Thus, defending against specific
attacks is necessary but not sufficient. The only full solution is
-to <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>eliminate software
+to <a href="https://endsoftwarepatents.org/";>eliminate software
patents</a>.
</p>
@@ -105,7 +106,6 @@
from their freedom than any other, and a powerful avowed enemy of
computer users' freedom. We act accordingly.</p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:27 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/motif.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/motif.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- philosophy/po/motif.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:27 -0000 1.35
+++ philosophy/po/motif.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.36
@@ -9,13 +9,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Motif License</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
A couple of weeks ago, the Open Group changed the license of Motif,
inviting free software developers to use it. However, the new Motif
@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@
looser definition of open source software.</p>
<p>
Their announcement says they have released Motif to “the open
-source community”, but this is true only in an unnatural
+source community,” but this is true only in an unnatural
interpretation of the words. They have not made Motif available
within the free software community; instead, they have invited the
people in the free software community to leave the community by using
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@
</li>
<li>The license is restricted to use on certain operating systems,
- those which fit a category they call “open source”.
+ those which fit a category they call “open source.”
Both the free software movement and the open source camp
consider use restrictions unacceptable.
</li>
@@ -75,11 +74,10 @@
<h3 id="LaterNote" class="footnote">Later Note</h3>
<p>
-<em>In 2012, <a href="http://motif.sourceforge.net/";>
+<em>In 2012, <a href="https://motif.ics.com/";>
Motif</a> was released under the GNU Lesser General Public
License, version 2.1.</em></p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -120,7 +118,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:27 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/plan-nine.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/plan-nine.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- philosophy/po/plan-nine.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:27 -0000 1.34
+++ philosophy/po/plan-nine.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.35
@@ -3,42 +3,43 @@
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!--#set var="TAGS" value="essays licensing non-cpleft" -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
-<title>The Problems of the Plan 9 License
+<title>The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/plan-nine.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>The Problems of the (Earlier) Plan 9 License</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+<div class="infobox">
<p><em>Note:</em> This applies to the earlier license used for Plan 9.
The current license of Plan 9 does qualify as free software (and also
as open source). So this article's specific example is of historical
relevance only. Nonetheless, the general point remains valid.</p>
-
-<hr />
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<p>
When I saw the announcement that the Plan 9 software had been released
-as “open source”, I wondered whether it might be free
+as “open source,” I wondered whether it might be free
software as well. After studying the license, my conclusion was that
it is not free; the license contains several restrictions that are
totally unacceptable for the Free Software Movement. (See
-<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)</p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html</a>.)</p>
<p>
I am not a supporter of the Open Source Movement, but I was glad when
one of their leaders told me they don't consider the license
acceptable either. When the developers of Plan 9 describe it as
-“open source”, they are altering the meaning of that term
+“open source,” they are altering the meaning of that term
and thus spreading confusion. (The term “open source” is
widely misunderstood;
-see <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>.)</p>
+see <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html</a>.)</p>
<p>
Here is a list of the problems that I found in the Plan 9 license.
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:27 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:59:44
-0000 1.33
+++ philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44
-0000 1.34
@@ -1,16 +1,27 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="speeches" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>Interview with Richard Stallman, Edinburgh, 2004
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Interview with Richard Stallman, Edinburgh, 2004</h2>
-<p><i>Transcript of an interview with Richard Stallman that took place
-at the School of Informatics, Edinburgh University, on 27<sup>th</sup>
-May 2004; originally published
-at <a href="http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html";>
-Indymedia</a>.</i></p>
+<div class="infobox">
+<p>Transcript of an interview that took place at the School of
+Informatics, Edinburgh University, on 27 May 2004;
+originally published at <a
+href="https://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2004/05/292609.html";>Indymedia</a> (<a
+href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310050052if_/http://www.scotland.indymedia.org/usermedia/application/3/rms-interview-edinburgh-270504.ogg";>audio
+recording</a>).</p>
+</div>
+<hr class="thin" />
<dl>
<dt>
@@ -20,230 +31,240 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-First of all growing up in the US in the 1960s, I certainly was
-exposed to ideas of freedom and then in the 1970s at MIT, I worked as
-part of a community of programmers who cooperated and thought about
-the ethical and social meaning of this cooperation. When that
+<p>First of all, growing up in the US in the 1960s, I certainly was
+exposed to ideas of freedom. And then, in the 1970s at MIT, I worked as
+part of a community of programmers who cooperated, and thought about
+the ethical and social meaning of this cooperation. Then that
community died in the early eighties, and by contrast with that, the
world of proprietary software, which most computer users at the time
were participating in, was morally sickening. And I decided that I
was going to try to create once again a community of cooperation. I
realized that, what I could get out of a life of participation in the
competition to subjugate each other, which is what nonfree software
-is, all I could get out of that was money and I would have a life that
-I would hate.
+is, all I could get out of that was money, and I would have a life that
+I would hate.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-Do you think that the Free Software movement, or parts of it, could or
+Do you think that the free software movement, or parts of it, could or
does benefit from collaboration with other social movements?
</dt>
<dd>
-I don't see very much direct benefit to free software itself. On the
+<p>I don't see very much direct benefit to free software itself. On the
other hand we are starting to see some political parties take up the
cause of free software, because it fits in with ideas of freedom and
-cooperation, that they generally support. So in that sense, we are
+cooperation that they generally support. So in that sense, we're
starting to see a contribution to the ideas of free software from
-other movements.
+other movements.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-Have you considered that the Free Software movement is vital to
+Have you considered that the free software movement is vital to
oppositional movements in the world that are against corporate rule,
militarism, capitalism, etc.?
</dt>
<dd>
-Well, we are not against capitalism at all. We are against
+<p>Well, we are not against capitalism at all. We are against
subjugating people who use computers, one particular business
-practice. There are businesses, both large and small that distribute
-free software, and contribute to free software, and they are welcome
-to use it, welcome to sell copies and we thank them for contributing.
+practice. There are businesses, both large and small, that distribute
+free software, and contribute to free software, and they're welcome
+to use it, welcome to sell copies, and we thank them for contributing.
However, free software is a movement against domination, not
-necessarily against corporate domination, but against any domination.
+necessarily against corporate domination, but against <em>any</em> domination.
The users of software should not be dominated by the developers of the
software, whether those developers be corporations or individuals or
-universities or what.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>The users shouldn't be kept divided and
-helpless. And that's what nonfree software does; It keeps the users
-divided and helpless. Divided because you are forbidden to share
-copies with anyone else and helpless because you don't get the source
+universities or what.</p>
+
+<p>The users shouldn't be kept divided and
+helpless. And that's what nonfree software does; it keeps the users
+divided and helpless. Divided because you're forbidden to share
+copies with anyone else, and helpless because you don't get the source
code. So you can't even tell what the program does, let alone change
it. So there is definitely a relationship. We are working against
-domination by software developers, many of those software developers
-are corporations. And some large corporations exert a form of
-domination through nonfree software.
+domination by software developers. Many of those software developers
+are corporations, and some large corporations exert a form of
+domination through nonfree software.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-And also that Free Software developers could provide a technical
+And also that free software developers could provide a technical
infrastructure for these movements that would be impossible to develop
using proprietary software, which are too expensive and locked into an
ideological model that reflects the interests of the dominant
world-system like commoditization, exploitation, control and
-surveillance instead of sharing, justice, freedom and democracy?
+surveillance, instead of sharing, justice, freedom and democracy?
</dt>
<dd>
-At the moment I would not go quite so far as to say that nonfree
+<p>At the moment I wouldn't go quite so far as to say that nonfree
software couldn't be usable by opposition movements, because many of
them are using it. It is not ethical to use nonfree software.
Because… At least it is not ethical to use authorized copies.
-But it is not a good thing to use any copies. You see to use
-authorized copies, you have to agree not to share with other people
+But it's not a good thing to use any copies.</p>
+
+<p>You see, to use
+authorized copies, you have to agree not to share with other people,
and to agree to that is an unethical act in itself, which we should
reject. And that is the basic reason why I started the free software
movement. I wanted to make it easy to reject the unethical act of
agreeing to the license of a nonfree program.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>If you are using an
-unauthorized copy then you haven't agreed to that. You haven't
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>If you're using an
+unauthorized copy, then you haven't agreed to that. You haven't
committed that unethical act. But you are still… you are
-condemned to living underground. And, you are still unable to get the
+condemned to living underground. And you're still unable to get the
source code, so you can't tell for certain what those programs do.
And they might in fact be carrying out surveillance. And I was told
that in Brazil, the use of unauthorized copies was in fact used as an
excuse to imprison the activists of the landless rural workers
movement, which has since switched to free software to escape from
-this danger. And they indeed could not afford the authorized copies
+this danger. And they indeed couldn't afford the authorized copies
of software. So, these things are not lined up directly on a straight
-line, but there is an increasing parallel between them, an increasing
-relationship.
+line, but there's an increasing parallel between them, an increasing
+relationship.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-The business corporation as a social form is very closed — it
-answers to no one except its shareholders for example a small group of
+The business corporation as a social form is very closed—it
+answers to no one except its shareholders, for example a small group of
people with money, and its internal bureaucratic organization is about
as democratic as a Soviet ministry. Does the increasing involvement
-of corporations with Free Software strike you as something to be
+of corporations with free software strike you as something to be
concerned about?
</dt>
<dd>
-Not directly. Because as long as a program is free software, that
-means the users are not being dominated by its developers whether
-these developers be it a large business, a small business, a few
-individuals or whatever, as long as the software is free they are not
-dominating people. However, most of the users of free software do not
-view it in ethical and social terms, there is a very effective and
-large movement called the Open Source movement, which is designed
-specifically to distract the users attention from these ethical and
-social issues while talking about our work. And they have been quite
-successful, there are many people who use our free software, which we
-developed for the sake of freedom and cooperation who have never heard
+<p>Not directly. Because as long as a program is free software, that
+means the users are not being dominated by its developers. Whether
+these developers be a large business, a small business, a few
+individuals or whatever, as long as the software is free, they are not
+dominating people.</p>
+
+<p>However, most of the users of free software do not
+view it in ethical and social terms. There is a very effective and
+large movement called the open source movement, which is designed
+specifically to distract the users' attention from these ethical and
+social issues while talking about our work. And they've been quite
+successful; there are many people who use our free software, which we
+developed for the sake of freedom and cooperation, who have never heard
the reasons for which we did so. And, this makes our community weak.
-
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>It is like a nation that has freedom but most
of its people have never
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>It's like a nation that has freedom,
+but most of its people have never
been taught to value freedom. They are in a vulnerable position,
-because if you say to them: “Give up your freedom and I give you
-this valuable thing”, they might say “yes” because
-they never learnt why they should say “no”. You put that
+because if you say to them, “Give up your freedom and I'll give you
+this valuable thing,” they might say yes because
+they've never learnt why they should say no.</p>
+
+<p>You put that
together with corporations that might want to take away people's
-freedom, gradually and encroach on freedom and you have a
+freedom, to gradually encroach on freedom, and you have a
vulnerability. And what we see is that many of the corporate
developers and distributors of free software put it in a package
-together with some nonfree user subjugating software and so they say
-the user subjugating software is a bonus, that it enhances the system.
+together with some nonfree user-subjugating software. And so they say that
+the user-subjugating software is a bonus, that it enhances the system.
And if you haven't learnt to value freedom, you won't see any reason
-to disbelieve them.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>But this is not a new problem and it is not
+to disbelieve them.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not a new problem and it's not
limited to large corporations. All of the commercial distributors of
-the GNU/Linux system going back something like 7 or 8 years, have made
+the GNU/Linux system, going back something like 7 or 8 years, have made
a practice of including nonfree software in their distributions, and
-this is something I have been trying to push against in various ways,
-without much success. But, in fact, even the non commercial
+this is something that I've been trying to push against in various ways,
+without much success. But, in fact, even the noncommercial
distributors of the GNU+Linux operating system have been including and
-distributing nonfree software, and the sad thing was, that of all the
-many distributions, until recently there was none, that I could
-recommend. Now I know of one, that I can recommend, its called
-“Ututo-e”, it comes from Argentina. I hope that very soon
-I will be able to recommend another.
+distributing nonfree software; and the sad thing was that, of all the
+many distributions, until recently there was none that I could
+recommend. Now I know of one, that I can recommend; its called
+“Ututo-e”; it comes from Argentina. I hope that very soon
+I will be able to recommend another.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-Why are the more technically-oriented beliefs of the Open Source
+Why are the more technically-oriented beliefs of the open source
movement not enough for you?
</dt>
<dd>
-The Open Source Movement was founded specifically to discard the
-ethical foundation of the free software movement. The Free Software
+<p>The open source movement was founded specifically to discard the
+ethical foundation of the free software movement. The free software
movement starts from an ethical judgment, that nonfree software is
-anti-social, it is wrong treatment of other people. And I reached
+antisocial; it's wrong treatment of other people. And I reached
this conclusion before I started developing the GNU system. I
developed the GNU system specifically to create an alternative to an
-unethical way of using software. When someone says to you:
-“you can have this nice package of software, but only if you
-first sign a promise you will not share it with anyone else”,
+unethical way of using software. When someone says to you,
+“You can have this nice package of software, but only if you
+first sign a promise you will not share it with anyone else,”
you are being asked to betray the rest of humanity. And I reached the
-conclusion in the early eighties, that this was evil, it is wrong
-treatment of other people. But there was no other way of using a
-modern computer.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>All the operating systems required exactly
such a
+conclusion in the early eighties that this was evil.</p>
+
+<p>But there was no other way to use a modern computer.
+All the operating systems required exactly such a
betrayal before you could get a copy. And that was in order to get an
-executable binary copy. You could not have the source code at all.
+executable binary copy. You couldn't have the source code at all.
The executable binary copy is just a series of numbers, which even a
-programmer has trouble making any sense out of it. The source code
-looks sort of like mathematics, and if you have learned how to program
-you could read that. But that intelligible form you could not even
-get after you signed the betrayal. All you would get is the
-nonsensical numbers, which only the computer can understand.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>So, I
-decided to create an alternative, which meant, another operating
-system, one that would not have these unethical requirements. One,
+programmer has trouble making any sense out of. The source code
+looks sort of like mathematics, and if you've learnt how to program
+you can read that. But that intelligible form, you couldn't
+get, even after you signed this betrayal. All you would get is the
+nonsensical numbers, which only the computer can understand.</p>
+
+<p>So, I decided to create an alternative, which meant another operating
+system, one that would not have these unethical requirements, one
that you could get in the form of source code, so that, if you decided
-to learn to program you could understand it. And you would get it
-without betraying other people and you would be free to pass it on to
+to learn to program, you could understand it. And you would get it
+without betraying other people, you'd be free to pass it on to
others. Free either to give away copies or sell copies. So I began
developing the GNU system, which in the early nineties was the bulk of
-what people erroneously started to call Linux. And so it all exists
-because of an ethical refusal to go along with an antisocial practice.
-But this is controversial.
+what people erroneously started calling Linux.</p>
+
+<p>So it all exists because of an <em>ethical</em> refusal to go along
+with an antisocial practice. But this is controversial.</p>
-<p>In the nineties as the GNU+Linux system became popular and got to
+<p>In the nineties, as the GNU+Linux system became popular and got to
have some millions of users, many of them were techies with technical
-blinders on, who did not want to look at things in terms of right and
+blinders on, who didn't want to look at things in terms of right and
wrong, but only in terms of effective or ineffective. So they began
-telling many other people, here is an operating system that is very
+telling many other people, “Here is an operating system that's very
reliable, and is powerful, and it's cool and exciting, and you can
-get it cheap. And they did not mention, that this allowed you to
-avoid an unethical betrayal of the rest of society. That it allowed
-users to avoid being kept divided and helpless.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>So, there were many
+get it cheap.” And they did not mention that this allowed you to
+avoid an unethical betrayal of the rest of society, that it allowed
+users to avoid being kept divided and helpless.</p>
+
+<p>So, there were many
people who used free software, but had never even heard of these
ideas. And that included people in business, who were committed to an
amoral approach to their lives. So, when somebody proposed the term
-“Open Source”, they seized on that, as a way that they
+“open source,” they seized on that, as a way that they
could bury these ethical ideas. Now, they have a right to promote
their views. But, I don't share their views, so I decline ever to do
-anything under the rubric of “Open Source”, and I hope
+anything under the rubric of “open source,” and I hope
that you will, too.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
Given that it helps users to understand the freedoms in free software
when the ambiguous use of the word free in English is clarified, what
-do you think of use of name FLOSS as in Free/Libre Open Source
+do you think of the use of the name FLOSS as in Free/Libre Open Source
Software?
</dt>
<dd>
-There are many people, who, for instance, want to study our community,
+<p>There are many people who, for instance, want to study our community,
or write about our community, and want to avoid taking sides between
-the Free Software movement and the Open Source movement. Often they
-have heard primarily of the Open Source movement, and they think that
+the free software movement and the open source movement. Often they
+have heard primarily of the open source movement, and they think that
we all support it. So, I point out to them that, in fact, our
-community was created by the Free Software movement. But then they
+community was created by the free software movement. But then, they
often say that they are not addressing that particular disagreement,
-and that they would like to mention both movements without taking a
+and they'd like to mention both movements without taking a
side. So I recommend the term Free/Libre Open Source Software as a
way they can mention both movements and give equal weight to both.
-And they abbreviate FLOSS once they have said what it stands for. So
+And they abbreviated FLOSS once they have said what it stands for. So
I think that's a… If you don't want to take a side between the
-two movements, then yes, by all means, use that term. Cause what I
+two movements, then yes, by all means, use that term. Of course what I
hope you will do is take the side of the free software movement. But
-not everybody has to. The term is legitimate.
+not everybody has to. That term is legitimate.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
@@ -253,84 +274,86 @@
</dt>
<dd>
-Well, by and large, I am pretty happy with it. But of course there
+<p>Well, by and large, I am pretty happy with it. But of course there
are some things that I am not happy with, mainly the weakness that so
-many people in the community do not think of it is an issue of
-freedom, have not learned to value their freedom or even to recognize
+many people in the community do not think of it as an issue of
+freedom, have not learned to value their freedom, or even to recognize
it. That makes our future survival questionable. It makes us weak.
And so, when we face various threats, this weakness hampers our
-response. Our community could be destroyed by software idea patents.
-It could be destroyed by treacherous computing. It can be destroyed
+response. Our community could be destroyed by software-idea patents.
+It could be destroyed by treacherous computing. It could be destroyed
simply by hardware manufacturers' refusal to tell us enough about how
to use the hardware, so that we can't write free software to run the
hardware.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>There are many vulnerabilities, that we have
over the
-long-term. And, well the things we have to do to survive these threats
-are different, in all cases, the more aware we are, the more motivated
-we are, the easier it will be for us to do whatever it takes. So the
-most fundamental long-term thing we have to recognize and then value
-the freedom that free software gives so that the users fight for their
-freedoms the same like people fight for freedom of speech, freedom of
+<span class="gnun-split"></span>There're many vulnerabilities that we have
over the
+long-term. And, well, the things we have to do to survive these threats
+are different. In all cases, the more aware we are, the more motivated
+we are, the easier it will be for us to do whatever it takes. So, the
+most fundamental long-term thing we have to [do is to] recognize and then value
+the freedom that free software gives, so that they will fight for their
+freedoms the same way people fight for freedom of speech, freedom of
the press, freedom of assembly, because those freedoms are also
-greatly threatened in the world today.
+greatly threatened in the world today.</p>
</dd>
<dt>
-So what in your opinion threatens the growth of free software at the
+So, what in your opinion threatens the growth of free software at the
moment?
</dt>
<dd>
-I have to point out that our goal is not precisely growth. Our goal
-is to liberate cyber-space. Now that does mean liberating all the
+<p>I have to point out that our goal is not precisely growth. Our goal
+is to liberate cyberspace. Now, that does mean liberating all the
users of computers. We hope eventually they all switch to free
-software, but we shouldn't take mere success as our goal, that's
-missing the ultimate point. But if I take this to mean “what is
-holding back the spread of free software”. Well partly at this
-point it is inertia, social inertia. Lots of people have learnt to
-use windows. And they haven't yet learned to use GNU/Linux. It is no
-longer very hard to learn GNU/Linux, 5 years ago it was hard, now it
-is not. But still, it is more than zero.
+software, but we shouldn't take mere success as our goal; that's
+missing the ultimate point. But if I take this to mean, “What is
+holding back the spread of free software?” Well, partly at this
+point it's inertia, social inertia. Lots of people have learnt to
+use Windows. And they haven't yet learnt to use GNU/Linux. It's no
+longer very hard to learn to use GNU/Linux. Five years ago it was hard, now it
+is not. But still, it's more than zero.
<span class="gnun-split"></span>And people who are, you
-know,… if you never learned any computer system, than learning
-GNU/Linux is as easy as anything, but if you already learned windows
-it's easier. It's easier to keep doing what you know. So that's
-inertia. And there are more people trained in running windows systems
-than in running GNU/Linux systems. So, any time you are trying to
-convince people to change over, you are working against inertia. In
-addition we have a problem that hardware manufacturers don't cooperate
+know,… if you never learned any computer system, then learning
+GNU/Linux is as easy as anything, but if you've already learnt Windows,
+it's easier… it's easier to keep doing what you know. So that's
+inertia. And there are more people trained in running Windows systems
+than in running GNU/Linux systems. So, any time you're trying to
+convince people to change over, you're working against inertia. In
+addition, we have a problem that hardware manufacturers don't cooperate
with us the way they cooperate with Microsoft. So we have that
-inertia as well.
-<span class="gnun-split"></span>And then we have the danger in some countries
of
-software idea patents. I would like everybody reading this to talk to
-all of — or anybody listening to this — to talk to all of
-their candidates for the European Parliament and ask where do you
-stand on software idea patents? Will you vote to reinstate the
-parliament's amendments that were adopted last September and that
+inertia as well.</p>
+
+<p>And then, we have the danger in some countries of
+software-idea patents. I would like everybody reading this to talk to
+all of… or anybody listening to this to talk to all of
+their candidates for the European Parliament, and ask, “Where do you
+stand on software-idea patents? Will you vote to reinstate the
+Parliament's amendments that were adopted last September and that
apparently are being removed by the Council of Ministers? Will you
-vote to bring back those amendments in the second reading? This is a
+vote to bring back those amendments in the second reading?” This is a
very concrete question. With a yes or no answer.
<span class="gnun-split"></span>You will often get
-other kinds of — you may get evasive answers if you ask
-“Do you support or oppose software idea patents?” The
-people who wrote the directives claim that it does not authorize
-software idea patents, they say that this is because the directive
-says, that anything to be patented must have a technical character.
-But, somebody in the European Commission involved in this, admitted
-that, that terms means exactly what they want it to mean,
-humpty-dumpty style, so, in fact, it is no limitation on anything. So
-if a candidate says: I support the commissions draft because it won't
-allow software idea patents you can point this out. And press the
-question: “Will you vote for the parliaments previous
-amendments?”
+other kinds of… you may get evasive answers if you ask,
+“Do you support or oppose software-idea patents?” The
+people who wrote the directive claim that it does not authorize
+software-idea patents. They say that this is because the directive
+says that anything to be patented must have a technical character.
+But somebody in the European Commission involved in this admitted
+that, that term means exactly what they want it to mean,
+humpty-dumpty style. So, in fact, it's no limitation on anything. So
+if a candidate says, “I support the Commission's draft because it won't
+allow software-idea patents,” you can point this out, and press the
+question, “Will you vote for the Parliament's previous
+amendments?”</p>
</dd>
-<dt>Okay thanks very much.</dt>
+<dt>OK, thanks very much.</dt>
</dl>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -348,19 +371,19 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
- be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -375,20 +398,20 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2004 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:59:44 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.45
retrieving revision 1.46
diff -u -b -r1.45 -r1.46
--- philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po 11 Sep 2021 11:18:26 -0000
1.45
+++ philosophy/po/rms-interview-edinburgh.fr.po 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.46
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@
msgstr ""
"Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a rel="
"\"license\" href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.fr";
-"\">Creative Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0Â inteernationale "
+"\">Creative Commons attribution, pas de modification, 4.0Â internationale "
"(CCÂ BY-ND 4.0)</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
Index: philosophy/po/selling.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/selling.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.50
retrieving revision 1.51
diff -u -b -r1.50 -r1.51
--- philosophy/po/selling.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:28 -0000 1.50
+++ philosophy/po/selling.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.51
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Selling Free Software</h2>
<p><em><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">Some views on the
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
GPL</a> are also available.</em></p>
<hr class="thin" />
-<div class="article">
<p>
Many people believe that the spirit of the GNU Project is that you
should not charge money for distributing copies of software, or that
@@ -34,9 +33,9 @@
<p>
The word “free” has two legitimate general meanings; it can refer
-either to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free software”,
-we're talking about freedom, not price. (Think of “free speech”,
-not “free beer”.) Specifically, it means that a user is free to
run
+either to freedom or to price. When we speak of “free software,”
+we're talking about freedom, not price. (Think of “free speech,”
+not “free beer.”) Specifically, it means that a user is free to
run
the program, study and change the program, and redistribute the program with or
without changes.</p>
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@
Free software is a community project, and everyone who depends on it
ought to look for ways to contribute to building the community. For a
distributor, the way to do this is to give a part of the profit to free
software development projects or to the
-<a href="/fsf/fsf.html">Free Software Foundation</a>. This way you can
+<a href="https://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>. This way you can
advance the world of free software.</p>
<p>
@@ -129,7 +128,7 @@
<p>
The most direct way to do this is by writing needed
-<a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>free software</a>
+<a href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/tasklist";>free software</a>
or
<a href="/doc/doc.html">manuals</a> yourself. But if you do
distribution rather than writing, the best way you can help is by
@@ -144,8 +143,8 @@
encourage it.</p>
<p>
-However, when people think of
-<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">“selling
software”</a>,
+However, when people think of “<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#SellSoftware">selling
software</a>,”
they usually imagine doing it the way most companies do it: making the
software proprietary rather than free.</p>
@@ -161,7 +160,7 @@
<p>
Except for one special situation, the
-<a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL)
+<a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL)
has no requirements about how much you can charge for distributing a
copy of free software. You can charge nothing, a penny, a dollar, or
a billion dollars. It's up to you, and the marketplace, so don't
@@ -190,7 +189,6 @@
distracted by side issues such as how much of a distribution fee is
charged. Freedom is the issue, the whole issue, and the only issue.</p>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -250,7 +248,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:28 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/use-free-software.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/use-free-software.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.38
retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- philosophy/po/use-free-software.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 09:01:57 -0000
1.38
+++ philosophy/po/use-free-software.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000
1.39
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2 style="margin-bottom: .2em">
The Free Software Community After 20 Years: </h2>
<h3 style="margin: 0 0 1.2em">
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>
It was 5 Jan 1984, twenty years ago today, that I quit my job at MIT
to begin developing a free software operating system,
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@
Today we have a large community of users who run GNU, Linux and other
free software. Thousands of people would like to extend this, and
have adopted the goal of convincing more computer users to “use
-free software”. But what does it mean to “use free
+free software.” But what does it mean to “use free
software”? Does that mean escaping from proprietary software,
or merely installing free programs alongside it? Are we aiming to
lead people to freedom, or just introduce them to our code? In other
@@ -89,7 +88,7 @@
free while using a nonfree program. To free the citizens of
cyberspace, we have to replace those nonfree programs, not accept
them. They are not contributions to our community, they are
-temptations to settle for continuing non-freedom.</p>
+temptations to settle for continuing nonfreedom.</p>
<p>
There are two common motivations to develop a free program. One is
@@ -116,11 +115,10 @@
people to recognize the moral unacceptability of nonfree software.
People who value freedom are, in the long term, its best and essential
defense.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="infobox">
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
<hr />
-<p>Originally published on NewsForge.</p>
+<p>Originally published on <cite>NewsForge</cite>.</p>
</div>
</div>
@@ -181,7 +179,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 09:01:57 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/using-gfdl.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/using-gfdl.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.37
retrieving revision 1.38
diff -u -b -r1.37 -r1.38
--- philosophy/po/using-gfdl.fr-en.html 19 Aug 2021 08:13:29 -0000 1.37
+++ philosophy/po/using-gfdl.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.38
@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Using GNU FDL</h2>
<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="article">
<p>If you know someone who is writing a manual about free software,
and looking towards commercial publication, you have a chance to help
the Free Software Movement a great deal with a small amount of work:
@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@
<p>But publishers are likely to first propose an ordinary proprietary
book. And if the authors agree, that's what it will be. So it is
essential for authors to take the lead; to say, “We want to use
-the GNU FDL for this book”. So when your friend mentions
+the GNU FDL for this book.” So when your friend mentions
writing a manual, you can influence the course of events simply by
pointing out this possibility.</p>
@@ -51,7 +50,7 @@
optional clauses that can be enabled; the license is free if neither
optional clause is used, but enabling either of them makes the book
nonfree. (See <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html.</a>) Authors that want
+gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html</a>.) Authors that want
to publish free documentation, but using a license other than the GNU
FDL, can contact us so we can check that the license really qualifies
for free documentation.</p>
@@ -66,7 +65,6 @@
should not be obnoxious about trying to persuade people to buy).
Please inform <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>
<webmasters@gnu.org></a> about such pages.</p>
-</div>
<hr class="column-limit" />
<p>See also <a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Free Software and Free
@@ -130,7 +128,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 08:13:29 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: server/sitemap.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/sitemap.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.538
retrieving revision 1.539
diff -u -b -r1.538 -r1.539
--- server/sitemap.fr.html 10 Sep 2021 17:06:09 -0000 1.538
+++ server/sitemap.fr.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.539
@@ -1448,8 +1448,8 @@
<dt><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">motivation.html</a></dt>
<dd>Des études révèlent que souvent la récompense n'est pas
motivante</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">ms-doj-tunney.html</a></dt>
- <dd>FSF Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft
-v. United States</dd>
+ <dd>Déclaration de la FSF en réponse à la proposition de jugement
définitif
+révisé dans le procès Microsoft contre les Ãtats-Unis</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">my_doom.html</a></dt>
<dd>MyDoom et vous</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">netscape-npl-old.html</a></dt>
@@ -2270,7 +2270,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/09/10 17:06:09 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.338
retrieving revision 1.339
diff -u -b -r1.338 -r1.339
--- server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html 6 Sep 2021 17:07:18 -0000 1.338
+++ server/po/sitemap.fr-en.html 11 Sep 2021 11:35:44 -0000 1.339
@@ -1349,14 +1349,14 @@
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">misinterpreting-copyright.html</a></dt>
<dd>Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html">moglen-harvard-speech-2004.html</a></dt>
- <dd>Eben Moglen - Speech for Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</dd>
+ <dd>Speech for Harvard Journal of Law & Technology</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/motif.html">motif.html</a></dt>
<dd>The Motif License</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/motivation.html">motivation.html</a></dt>
<dd>Studies Find Reward Often No Motivator</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">ms-doj-tunney.html</a></dt>
<dd>FSF Statement in Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment
- in Microsoft vs. United States</dd>
+ in Microsoft v. United States</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">my_doom.html</a></dt>
<dd>MyDoom and You</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/netscape-npl-old.html">netscape-npl-old.html</a></dt>
@@ -1370,7 +1370,7 @@
<dt><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">new-monopoly.html</a></dt>
<dd>U.S. Congress Threatens to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">nit-india.html</a></dt>
- <dd>National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17 February 2004</dd>
+ <dd>Speech on Free Software (2004)</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">no-ip-ethos.html</a></dt>
<dd>Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">no-word-attachments.html</a></dt>
@@ -1428,7 +1428,7 @@
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/rms-comment-longs-article.html">rms-comment-longs-article.html</a></dt>
<dd>Comments on Roderick Long's Article</dd>
<dt><a href="/philosophy/rms-hack.html">rms-hack.html</a></dt>
- <dd>The Hacker Community and Ethics: An Interview with Richard M. Stallman,
2002</dd>
+ <dd>The Hacker Community and Ethics</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/rms-interview-edinburgh.html">rms-interview-edinburgh.html</a></dt>
<dd>Interview with Richard Stallman, Edinburgh, 2004</dd>
<dt><a
href="/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.html">rms-kernel-trap-interview.html</a></dt>
@@ -2089,7 +2089,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/06 17:07:18 $
+$Date: 2021/09/11 11:35:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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