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www philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn....


From: GNUN
Subject: www philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn....
Date: Wed, 15 Jul 2020 05:31:57 -0400 (EDT)

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     20/07/15 05:31:56

Modified files:
        philosophy     : 15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html 
                         amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html amazon.zh-cn.html 
                         dat.zh-cn.html freedom-or-power.cs.html 
                         self-interest.zh-cn.html 
                         shouldbefree.zh-cn.html 
        philosophy/po  : 15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html 
                         15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.po 
                         amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn-en.html 
                         amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po amazon.zh-cn-en.html 
                         amazon.zh-cn.po dat.zh-cn-en.html dat.zh-cn.po 
                         freedom-or-power.cs.po 
                         self-interest.zh-cn-en.html 
                         self-interest.zh-cn.po 
                         shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html 
                         shouldbefree.zh-cn.po 
        proprietary    : proprietary.zh-cn.html 
        proprietary/po : proprietary.zh-cn-en.html proprietary.zh-cn.po 
Added files:
        philosophy/po  : freedom-or-power.cs-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/amazon.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/dat.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.cs.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/self-interest.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36

Patches:
Index: philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html     19 Jul 2018 13:01:04 
-0000      1.1
+++ philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.html     15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 
-0000      1.2
@@ -37,10 +37,10 @@
 </p>
 
 <p>
-  
在1991年,最后一个类Unix系统的主要部件被开发了出来:Linux,由Linus
-Torvalds编写的内核。今天,å…
¨ä¸–界有数百万人使用GNU和Linux的组合,而且å…
¶çƒ­åº¦è¿˜åœ¨æ”€å‡ã€‚本月,我们发布了<acronym
-title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
-1.0版,这是GNU的图形桌面,我们希望借此使GNU/Linux系统变得和å
…¶ä»–操作系统一样易用。
+  在 1991 年,最后一个类 Unix 
系统的主要部件被开发了出来:Linux,由 Linus Torvalds 
编写的内核。今天,全世界有数百万人使用
+GNU 和 Linux 的组合,而且å…
¶çƒ­åº¦è¿˜åœ¨æ”€å‡ã€‚本月,我们发布了 <abbr title="GNU Network Object 
Model
+Environment">GNOME</abbr> 1.0 版,这是 GNU 
的图形桌面,我们希望借此使 GNU/Linux
+系统变得和其他操作系统一样易用。
 </p>
 
 <p>
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -101,23 +101,23 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p>
 
-<p>本页面使用<a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>授权。</p>
+<p>本页面使用 <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> 授权。</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
 <b>翻译团队</b>:<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018。</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018,2020。</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2018/07/19 13:01:04 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html        15 Jun 2020 09:31:45 -0000      
1.1
+++ philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.html        15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 -0000      
1.2
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@
 
 <p>
 这是 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a> 在 2000 年 
3 月
-11 日发给 Tim O'Reilly 的消息,其中讨论的是 Jeff 
Bezos,亚马逊 <acronym title="Chief
-Executive Officer">CEO</acronym>,关于提请软件专利只保持 3 到 5 
年的声明。</p>
+11 日发给 Tim O'Reilly 的消息,其中讨论的是 Jeff 
Bezos,亚马逊 <abbr title="Chief Executive
+Officer">CEO</abbr>,关于提请软件专利只保持 3 到 5 
年的声明。</p>
 
 <p>
 请 <a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">阅读更多</a> å…
³äºŽæ­¤æ¬¡æŠµåˆ¶æ´»åŠ¨çš„内容。
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -102,11 +102,11 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
 
 <p>本页面使用 <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a> 授权。</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> 授权。</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2020/06/15 09:31:45 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/amazon.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/amazon.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/amazon.zh-cn.html        5 Jun 2020 03:59:20 -0000       1.1
+++ philosophy/amazon.zh-cn.html        15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 -0000      1.2
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@
 
 <p>
 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a> 写 <a
-href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">信给 Tim O'Reilly</a> 就亚马逊 
<acronym
-title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</acronym> Jeff Bezos å…
³äºŽæè¯·è½¯ä»¶ä¸“利保持 3 年或 5
+href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">信给 Tim O'Reilly</a> 就亚马逊 
<abbr
+title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> Jeff Bezos å…
³äºŽæè¯·è½¯ä»¶ä¸“利保持 3 年或 5
 年的声明进行交流。</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -183,8 +183,8 @@
      
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>本页面使用 <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2020/06/05 03:59:20 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/dat.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/dat.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/dat.zh-cn.html   24 Jan 2018 12:33:20 -0000      1.4
+++ philosophy/dat.zh-cn.html   15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 -0000      1.5
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 Muguet提出,其中包含了一些本文的想法,被称为å…
¨çƒä¿æŠ¤ç³»ç»Ÿï¼ˆç”¨æ³•è¯­æ¥è¯´æ˜¯ï¼ŒM&eacute;c&eacute;nat
 
Global)。这两个方案我都支持;就是说,采用哪一个,我都赞同。]</em></p>
 
-<p>唱片公司的巨头们并不喜欢数字音频磁带录音机(<acronym 
title="Digital Audio
-Tape">DAT</acronym>),尽管它们可以制作完美的音乐录音带复制品。他们æ‹
…心顾客们会自己复制音乐,从而停止购买事å…
ˆå½•åˆ¶çš„音乐。</p>
+<p>唱片公司的巨头们并不喜欢数字音频磁带录音机(<abbr 
title="Digital Audio
+Tape">DAT</abbr>),尽管它们可以制作完美的音乐录音带复制品。他们æ‹
…心顾客们会自己复制音乐,从而停止购买事å…
ˆå½•åˆ¶çš„音乐。</p>
 
 
<p>通过诉讼威胁的手段,他们已经与DAT的生产厂商达成了协议,生产厂商会为他们销售给顾客的每个DAT机和每盘DAT磁带支付一笔费用。该费用将分给音乐产业中不同的参与è€
…:音乐家、作曲家、音乐发行商和唱片å…
¬å¸ã€‚除此以外,DAT生产商同意减弱DAT机以保证无法制作事å…
ˆå½•åˆ¶çš„磁带的拷贝的拷贝。</p>
 
@@ -101,8 +101,10 @@
 
 <p>逐渐减少收入的效果是使收入分配得更加广泛,供å…
»æ›´å¤šéŸ³ä¹å®¶è¿‡ä¸Šé€‚当水平的生活。这鼓励了多æ 
·åŒ–,正是版权制度应该做的。</p>
 
-<p>美国政府已经建立了资助艺术多样化的项目:<acronym 
title="National Endowment for the
-Arts,国家艺术基金">NEA</acronym>。然而,NEA基金拥有自由裁决的权利,这使得他们成为争论的中心,有时候å›
 ä¸ºä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†å…¬ä¼—会员很不喜欢某作品,有时候是因为几
乎没有人明确喜欢它。分配DAT税收收å…
¥ä¹Ÿä¼šæœ‰æ”¯æŒéžä¸»æµéŸ³ä¹å®¶çš„效果。然而,它不会支持作品没人喜欢的音乐家。此外,å›
 ä¸ºå®ƒå¹¶æ²¡æœ‰åŒ…
含任何自由裁决,也没有任何武断的决定,所以它几
乎没有因为特定原因而拒绝某作品的空间。</p>
+<p>美国政府已经建立了资助艺术多样化的项目:<abbr 
title="National Endowment for the
+Arts,国家艺术基金">NEA</abbr>。然而,NEA
+基金拥有自由裁决的权利,这使得他们成为争论的中心,有时候å›
 ä¸ºä¸€éƒ¨åˆ†å…¬ä¼—会员很不喜欢某作品,有时候是因为几
乎没有人明确喜欢它。分配 DAT
+税收收å…
¥ä¹Ÿä¼šæœ‰æ”¯æŒéžä¸»æµéŸ³ä¹å®¶çš„效果。然而,它不会支持作品没人喜欢的音乐家。此外,å›
 ä¸ºå®ƒå¹¶æ²¡æœ‰åŒ…
含任何自由裁决,也没有任何武断的决定,所以它几
乎没有因为特定原因而拒绝某作品的空间。</p>
 
 
<p><em>[后来,有人问我一个有趣的问题:什么机构应该来&ldquo;管理&rdquo;这些资金的分é
…ã€‚因为这是税收,政府机构应该征收和分é…
è¿™äº›èµ„金。私人机构不应该介入。]</em></p>
 
@@ -186,11 +188,11 @@
 若您想翻译本文,请参看<a 
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻译须知</a>。</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1992, 2010, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1992, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p>
 
-<p>本页面使用<a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
-Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>授权。</p>
+<p>本页面使用 <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a> 授权。</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
 <div class="translators-credits">
@@ -200,12 +202,12 @@
 <b>审校</b>: 刘昭宏 <a
 href="mailto:chliu@gnu.org";>&lt;chliu@gnu.org&gt;</a><br></br>
 <b>翻译团队</b>:<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018。</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018,2020。</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2018/01/24 12:33:20 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/freedom-or-power.cs.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/freedom-or-power.cs.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/freedom-or-power.cs.html 1 Feb 2017 17:03:11 -0000       1.3
+++ philosophy/freedom-or-power.cs.html 15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 -0000      1.4
@@ -1,9 +1,3 @@
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po">
- https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po</a>'
- --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html"
- --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value=""
- --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2009-09-27" -->
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.cs.html" -->
@@ -11,12 +5,14 @@
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>Svoboda či moc? – Projekt GNU – Nadace pro svobodný 
software</title>
-<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Nadace pro svobodný software , 
Linux, obecné, veřejnost, licence, gpl, general public license, svoboda, 
software, moc, práva" />
-<meta http-equiv="Description" content="V eseji „Svoboda či moc?” 
diskutují Bradley M. Kuhn a Richard M. Stallman o důvodech, proč hnutí 
svobodného software neprosazuje takzvanou svobodu výběru jakékoli licence 
pro software, který píšete." />
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Nadace pro svobodný software , 
Linux, obecné, veřejnost, licence,
+gpl, general public license, svoboda, software, moc, práva" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="V eseji „Svoboda či moc?” 
diskutují Bradley M. Kuhn a Richard M. Stallman o
+důvodech, proč hnutí svobodného software neprosazuje takzvanou svobodu
+výběru jakékoli licence pro software, který píšete." />
 
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.cs.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.cs.html" -->
 <h2>Svoboda či moc?</h2>
 
 <p>
@@ -56,17 +52,17 @@
 svobodou, selžeme při podporování opravdové svobody.</p>
 
 <p>
-Proprietární software znamená uplatňování moci. Zákon o copyrightu 
zaručuje
-v dnešní době tuto moc softwarovým vývojářům, takže si pouze oni 
vybírají
+Proprietární software znamená uplatňování moci. Zákon o copyrightu 
zaručuje
+v dnešní době tuto moc softwarovým vývojářům, takže si pouze oni 
vybírají
 pravidla, kterými se pak musí řídit všichni ostatní. Relativně malá 
skupina
-lidí řeší základní rozhodnutí týkající se software za všechny 
ostatní a to
+lidí řeší základní rozhodnutí týkající se software za všechny 
ostatní a to
 zpravidla odebráním jejich svobody. Pokud uživatelé postrádají svobody,
 které definuje svobodný software, nemohou říci, jak software pracuje,
-nemohou nacházet chyby v ochranných systémech, monitorovat možné viry a
-wormy, ani nezjistí, jaké osobní informace jsou odesílány ven (případně
-nemohou odesílání zabránit, přestože to zjistí). Dojde-li k problému,
-nemohou jej opravit. Musí čekat, až vývojář využije svou moc a udělá
-to. Pokud to jednoduše není to, co potřebují, nic s tím nenadělají. 
Nemohou
+zkoumat, zda neobsahuje zadní vrátka, nemohou monitorovat možné viry
+a červy, ani nezjistí, jaké osobní informace jsou odesílány ven 
(případně
+nemohou odesílání zabránit, přestože to zjistí). Dojde-li k problému,
+nemohou jej opravit. Musí čekat, až vývojář využije svou moc a udělá
+to. Pokud to jednoduše není to, co potřebují, nic s tím nenadělají. 
Nemohou
 si pomáhat vlastními vylepšeními.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -79,13 +75,13 @@
 svobodou.</p>
 
 <p>
-Diskuse o právech a pravidlech týkajících se software se často 
soustřeďují
+Diskuse o právech a pravidlech týkajících se softwaru se často 
soustřeďují
 na zájmy samotných programátorů. Na světě však pravidelně programuje 
jen
-málo lidí a ještě méně jich vlastní komerční proprietární firmu. 
Software
-dnes používá a potřebuje celý rozvinutý svět, takže vývojáři nyní 
kontrolují
-způsob, jakým svět žije, obchoduje, komunikuje a baví se. Slogan 
„svoboda
-výběru (pouze pro vývojáře)” zkrátka etické a politické problémy 
spojené se
-software neřeší.</p>
+málo lidí a ještě méně jich vlastní firmu vyvíjející proprietární
+software. Software dnes používá a potřebuje celý rozvinutý svět, takže
+vývojáři nyní ovládají způsob, jakým svět žije, obchoduje, 
komunikuje a baví
+se. Slogan „svoboda výběru (pouze pro vývojáře)” zkrátka etické a 
politické
+problémy spojené se softwarem neřeší.</p>
 
 <p>
 Je-li „zdrojový kód zákonem”, <a href="#f1">(1)</a> stojíme před 
následující
@@ -165,7 +161,7 @@
 článku.</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 2001 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</p>
 
 <p>Doslovné kopírování a šíření tohoto dokumentu bez licenčního 
poplatku na
 jakémkoli médiu je dovoleno pod podmínkou, že bude zachováno toto
@@ -180,7 +176,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Aktualizováno:
 
-$Date: 2017/02/01 17:03:11 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/self-interest.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/self-interest.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/self-interest.zh-cn.html 20 Apr 2018 14:29:14 -0000      1.4
+++ philosophy/self-interest.zh-cn.html 15 Jul 2020 09:31:55 -0000      1.5
@@ -1,38 +1,38 @@
 <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/self-interest.en.html" -->
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.92 -->
 
 <!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
 <title>利己主义 - GNU工程 - 自由软件基金会</title>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/self-interest.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
 <h2>利己主义</h2>
 
-<p><strong>Loyd Fueston</strong> 著</p>
+<p class="byline">Loyd Fueston 著</p>
+<hr class="thin" />
 
+<div class="article">
 <p>
 利己主义足够组织一个自由经济吗?</p>
 
 <p>
 
回答将是:&ldquo;不能&rdquo;。而且,没有一个知名的自由市场理论方面的专家会认为利己主义曾经、甚至有可能足以组织自由经济,或是将它维持一段时间。在这些理论家中,亚当.斯密经常被认为是利己主义的主要卫道士。但是在一本用来çº
 æ­£å¯¹å…
¶æ•™ä¹‰çš„误解的书中,我们看到了对他的利己主义观点的如下综述:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
 与成为个人主义者
相比,斯密认为是社会的影响将人转变为道德的生物。他认为人们经常高估了自己的个人利益。
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
 甚至还有更多直接的论述:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
-[亚当.斯密]认为基于利己主义来解释人类行为的尝试是分析上的被误导,并且在道德上是有害的。
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
+[亚当.斯密]认为基于利己主义来解释人类行为的尝试是分析上的被误导,并且在道德上是有害的。<a
 href="#fn1">[1]</a>
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
-[两文皆引自Jerry Z. 
Muller的&ldquo;亚当.斯密:他与我们的时代&rdquo;,第2页,普林斯顿:普林斯顿大学出版社,1993。]</p>
-
-<p>
 
亚当.斯密显然意识到,利己主义在任何社会中都是组织经济活动的首要力量之一,æ—
 
论在相对自由开放的社会中,还是在最压迫甚至是最残暴的社会中。我们大多数人都不会喜欢缺乏对他人尊敬的利己主义é€
 æˆçš„后果。比如当下,苏联共产党和苏联军事及情
报机构的头头们,在发展个人利益的同时,把苏联带到了对人民不利的境地,至少按ç
…§ä»–们对利益的理解来说是这样。</p>
 <p>
 
那些美国人民比苏联人民多得到过的好处,以及我们现在还有的、è¶
…过所谓的俄罗斯和其他东欧国家的自由å…
¬æ°‘的优势,来自一个社会;该社会组织å…
è®¸å¤§å¤šæ•°ç¾Žå›½äººè¡Œäº‹æ—¶æ»¡è¶³ä¸ªäººåˆ©ç›Šï¼ŒåŒæ—¶åˆä¸èƒŒç¦»åšå®žçš„道德准则。不ä»
…我们的风俗习
惯,而且我们的正确法律&mdash;比如说那些对版权的规定&mdash;都进å
…
¥åˆ°æˆ‘们的社会组织中,它们或好或坏,但绝不是道德中立。</p>
@@ -44,16 +44,28 @@
 有时候,好人会认为事情
出了差错,并开始为了某个道德准则而战斗,即使是有必
要牺牲或者
至少是限制他们自己的个人利益。用当代的自由市场理论家Thomas
 Sowell的话来说:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
-世界上当然存在非经济的价值。实际
上,<em>只</em>存在非经济的价值。经济本身不是价值,只是一种价值交换的手段。如果有å
…³&lsquo;非经济价值&rsquo;(或者更å…
·ä½“地说,是&lsquo;社会价值&rsquo;或&lsquo;人类价值&rsquo;)的论断,是为了否认贸易的å†
…在真实性,或是为了å…
é™¤è´¸æ˜“过程中的一些特殊的价值,那么这种无
私的理想只有通过为å…
¶èŽ·åˆ©çš„交易才能更有效地体现出来。这就是经济的贸易。<tt>[引自Thomas
-Sowell&ldquo;知识与选择&rdquo;第79页,New York:Basic 
Books,1980。]</tt>
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
+世界上当然存在非经济的价值。实际
上,<em>只</em>存在非经济的价值。经济本身不是价值,只是一种价值交换的手段。如果有å
…³&lsquo;非经济价值&rsquo;(或者更å…
·ä½“地说,是&lsquo;社会价值&rsquo;或&lsquo;人类价值&rsquo;)的论断,是为了否认贸易的å†
…在真实性,或是为了å…
é™¤è´¸æ˜“过程中的一些特殊的价值,那么这种无
私的理想只有通过为å…
¶èŽ·åˆ©çš„交易才能更有效地体现出来。这就是经济的贸易。<a
+href="#fn2">[2]</a>
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
 在上下文中,Sowell教授并不是在反对那些为利己主义输å…
¥é“德力量的人;而是在反对那些认为存在一条能轻易改变有道德缺陷的社会的道路的人。他们是一个硬币的两面&mdash;维护个人利益可能会让人陷å
…
¥ä¸Žé“德价值的冲突,而尝试维护道德价值则会导致一些个人利益的牺牲。</p>
 <p>
 利己主义可以是社会的强劲燃料,至少当社会å…
¬æ°‘是经过良好教育的个体时是如此,但是利己主义没什么神奇或神秘的特性能保证道德的后果。利己主义产生的一般性道德后果,只能达到外部的、更多是å†
…部的道德约束能够指引该利益团体行动的范围。一个å…
·æœ‰è‰¯å¥½çº¦æŸçš„社会并不靠魔术而存在,而是靠着眼更高目æ 
‡çš„人们的行动,无
论是对整个社会自由的保护,还是对程序员社区合作精神的保留,亦或是二è€
…兼而有之。</p>
+</div>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<h3>脚注</h3>
+<ol>
+ <li id="fn1">[两文皆引自 Jerry Z. Muller
+的&ldquo;亚当.斯密:他与我们的时代&rdquo;,第2页,普林斯顿:普林斯顿大学出版社,1993。]</li>
+ <li id="fn2">引自 &ldquo;Knowledge &amp; Decisions&rdquo; 第 79 
页,Thomas Sowell, New York:
+Basic Books, 1980。</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
 <div class="translators-notes">
 
 <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
@@ -117,12 +129,12 @@
 href="mailto:bbbush@163.com";>&lt;bbbush@163.com&gt;</a><br></br>
 <b>审校</b>:马雪萍<br></br>
 <b>翻译团队</b>:<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018。</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018,2020。</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2018/04/20 14:29:14 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:55 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/shouldbefree.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- philosophy/shouldbefree.zh-cn.html  15 Dec 2018 14:46:29 -0000      1.7
+++ philosophy/shouldbefree.zh-cn.html  15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.8
@@ -188,9 +188,8 @@
 
 <h4 id="does-not-matter-how">限制分享的方式无关紧要</h4>
 <p>
-   我一直在讨论阻止人们复制、修改和构建程序造
成的影响。我并没有具体指出这种阻碍是如何实行的,因
为那不影响结论。无论是拷贝保护、版权、许可证、加
密、<acronym
-title="Read-only
-Memory">只读内
存</acronym>卡,还是硬件序列号,只要它<em>成功地</em>阻止使用,它就构成了危害。</p>
+   我一直在讨论阻止人们复制、修改和构建程序造
成的影响。我并没有具体指出这种阻碍是如何实行的,因
为那不影响结论。无论是拷贝保护、版权、许可证、加
密、<abbr
+title="Read-only Memory">只读内
存</abbr>卡,还是硬件序列号,只要它<em>成功地</em>阻止使用,它就构成了危害。</p>
 <p>
    用户会觉得å…
¶ä¸­æœ‰äº›æ–¹æ³•æ¯”另外一些更令人讨厌。我认为最遭恨的方法是那些达到目的的方法。</p>
 
@@ -379,8 +378,8 @@
 若您想翻译本文,请参看<a 
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻译须知</a>。</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018,
+2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>本页面使用<a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
@@ -393,12 +392,12 @@
 <b>翻译</b>:王星博,2011。<a
 
href="mailto:liangmeng@tsinghua.org";>&lt;liangmeng@tsinghua.org&gt;</a><br></br>
 <b>翻译团队</b>:<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018。</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2018,2020。</div>
 
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:29 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
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diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html       19 Jul 2018 
13:01:05 -0000      1.1
+++ philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn-en.html       15 Jul 2020 
09:31:56 -0000      1.2
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@
   Torvalds. Today, the combination of GNU and Linux is used by
   millions of people around the world, and its popularity is
   growing. This month, we announced release 1.0 of 
-  <acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>, 
+  <abbr title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</abbr>, 
   the GNU graphical desktop, which we hope will make the GNU/Linux
   system as easy to use as any other operating system.
 </p>
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -129,17 +129,17 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/07/19 13:01:05 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

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===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.po    15 Jul 2020 09:17:41 
-0000      1.5
+++ philosophy/po/15-years-of-free-software.zh-cn.po    15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 
-0000      1.6
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-01 14:25+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "15 Years of Free Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"

Index: philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
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retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn-en.html  15 Jun 2020 09:31:45 -0000      
1.1
+++ philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn-en.html  15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.2
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 <p>
 Here's a message that <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 M. Stallman</a> sent to Tim O'Reilly on March 11, 2000, in regard to
-the statement by Jeff Bezos, <acronym title="Chief Executive 
Officer">CEO</acronym> 
+the statement by Jeff Bezos, <abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> 
 of Amazon, which called for software patents to last just 3 or 5 years.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
 
 <!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
      files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
-     be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
      without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
      document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
@@ -108,17 +108,17 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2007, 2008, 2014, 2020 Free Software Foundation, 
Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/06/15 09:31:45 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po       15 Jul 2020 07:34:00 -0000      
1.4
+++ philosophy/po/amazon-rms-tim.zh-cn.po       15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.5
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-04 15:55+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid ""

Index: philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn-en.html
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retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn-en.html  5 Jun 2020 03:59:21 -0000       1.1
+++ philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn-en.html  15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.2
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@
 <p>
 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a> has written a
 <a href="/philosophy/amazon-rms-tim.html">letter to Tim O'Reilly</a>
-in regard to the statement by Jeff Bezos, <acronym title="Chief
-Executive Officer">CEO</acronym> of Amazon, which called for software
+in regard to the statement by Jeff Bezos, <abbr title="Chief
+Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> of Amazon, which called for software
 patents to last just 3 or 5 years.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -261,7 +261,7 @@
      There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
      Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1999, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2019, 2020
 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/06/05 03:59:21 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

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diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn.po       15 Jul 2020 07:33:19 -0000      1.3
+++ philosophy/po/amazon.zh-cn.po       15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.4
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-01 15:25+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "(Formerly) Boycott Amazon! - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"

Index: philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn-en.html     24 Jan 2018 12:33:20 -0000      1.1
+++ philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn-en.html     15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.2
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 solutions; that is to say, I favor adopting either one.]</em></p>
 
 <p>Record company magnates don't like the digital audio tape recorder
-(<acronym title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</acronym>), which can make
+(<abbr title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</abbr>), which can make
 perfect copies of musical recordings.  They fear that customers will
 copy music themselves, and stop buying prerecorded music.</p>
 
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@
 
 <p>The US government has already established a program to fund
 diversity in the arts: the 
-<acronym title="National Endowment for the Arts">NEA</acronym>.
+<abbr title="National Endowment for the Arts">NEA</abbr>.
 However, NEA grants involve discretionary power, which makes them a
 center for controversy, sometimes because a few members of the public
 strongly dislike the work, and sometimes because hardly anyone
@@ -390,17 +390,17 @@
 of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1992, 2010, 2014 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1992, 2010, 2014, 2020 Richard M. Stallman</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
 
 <!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/01/24 12:33:20 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn.po  15 Jul 2020 07:34:32 -0000      1.5
+++ philosophy/po/dat.zh-cn.po  15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.6
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-01 15:25+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "The Right Way to Tax DAT - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"

Index: philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po        15 Jul 2020 08:19:24 -0000      
1.2
+++ philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs.po        15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.3
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
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-"Outdated-Since: 2009-09-27 02:20+0000\n"
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 "X-Generator: Lokalize 2.0\n"
 
@@ -29,8 +28,8 @@
 "GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, Linux, general, public, license, gpl, "
 "general public license, freedom, software, power, rights"
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-"GNU, FSF, Nadace pro svobodný software , Linux, obecné, veřejnost, 
licence,"
-" gpl, general public license, svoboda, software, moc, práva"
+"GNU, FSF, Nadace pro svobodný software , Linux, obecné, veřejnost, 
licence, "
+"gpl, general public license, svoboda, software, moc, práva"
 
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@@ -38,9 +37,9 @@
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-"V eseji „Svoboda či moc?” diskutují Bradley M. Kuhn a Richard M. 
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-" výběru jakékoli licence pro software, který píšete."
+"V eseji „Svoboda či moc?” diskutují Bradley M. Kuhn a Richard M. 
Stallman o "
+"důvodech, proč hnutí svobodného software neprosazuje takzvanou svobodu "
+"výběru jakékoli licence pro software, který píšete."
 
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 msgid "Freedom or Power?"
@@ -118,30 +117,6 @@
 "svobodou, selžeme při podporování opravdové svobody."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-# | [-Proprietary software-]{+Making a program proprietary+} is an exercise of
-# | power.  Copyright law today grants software developers that power, so they
-# | and only they choose the rules to impose on everyone else&mdash;a
-# | relatively [-few-] {+small number of+} people make the basic software
-# | decisions for [-everyone,-] {+all users,+} typically by denying their
-# | freedom.  When users lack the freedoms that define free software, they
-# | can't tell what the software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't
-# | monitor possible viruses and worms, can't find out what personal
-# | information is being reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find
-# | out).  If it breaks, they can't fix it; they have to wait for the
-# | developer to exercise its power to do so.  If it simply isn't quite what
-# | they need, they are stuck with it.  They can't help each other improve it.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Proprietary software is an exercise of power.  Copyright law today grants "
-#| "software developers that power, so they and only they choose the rules to "
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-#| "software decisions for everyone, typically by denying their freedom.  "
-#| "When users lack the freedoms that define free software, they can't tell "
-#| "what the software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor "
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-#| "breaks, they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to "
-#| "exercise its power to do so.  If it simply isn't quite what they need, "
-#| "they are stuck with it.  They can't help each other improve it."
 msgid ""
 "Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power.  Copyright law today "
 "grants software developers that power, so they and only they choose the "
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+"nemohou odesílání zabránit, přestože to zjistí). Dojde-li k 
problému, "
+"nemohou jej opravit. Musí čekat, až vývojář využije svou moc a 
udělá to. "
+"Pokud to jednoduše není to, co potřebují, nic s tím nenadělají. 
Nemohou si "
+"pomáhat vlastními vylepšeními."
 
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 msgid ""
@@ -187,23 +162,6 @@
 "svobodou."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
-# | Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on
-# | the interests of programmers alone.  Few people in the world program
-# | regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software businesses.
-# | But the entire developed world now needs and uses software, so software
-# | developers now control the way [-the world-] {+it+} lives, does business,
-# | communicates, and is entertained.  The ethical and political issues are
-# | not addressed by the slogan of &ldquo;freedom of choice (for developers
-# | only).&rdquo;
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on "
-#| "the interests of programmers alone.  Few people in the world program "
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-#| "businesses.  But the entire developed world now needs and uses software, "
-#| "so software developers now control the way the world lives, does "
-#| "business, communicates, and is entertained.  The ethical and political "
-#| "issues are not addressed by the slogan of &ldquo;freedom of choice (for "
-#| "developers only).&rdquo;"
 msgid ""
 "Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated on the "
 "interests of programmers alone.  Few people in the world program regularly, "
@@ -215,12 +173,11 @@
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+"„svoboda výběru (pouze pro vývojáře)” zkrátka etické a politické 
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+"spojené se softwarem neřeší."
 
 #. type: Content of: <p>
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@@ -360,4 +317,3 @@
 #. type: Content of: <div><p>
 msgid "Updated:"
 msgstr "Aktualizováno:"
-

Index: philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn-en.html   20 Apr 2018 14:29:14 -0000      
1.1
+++ philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn-en.html   15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.2
@@ -1,13 +1,16 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.92 -->
 <title>Self-Interest
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/self-interest.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<div class="reduced-width">
 <h2>Self-Interest</h2>
 
-<p>by <strong>Loyd Fueston</strong></p>
+<p class="byline">by Loyd Fueston</p>
+<hr class="thin" />
 
+<div class="article">
 <p>
 Is Self-Interest Sufficient to Organize a Free Economy?</p>
 
@@ -21,7 +24,7 @@
 we find the following summaries of Smith's view about
 self-interest:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
 Far from being an individualist, Smith believed it is the influence
 of society that transforms people into moral beings. He thought that
 people often misjudge their own self-interest.
@@ -30,18 +33,13 @@
 <p>
 Even more directly to the point:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
 [Adam Smith] regarded the attempt to explain all human behavior on
 the basis of self-interest as analytically misguided and morally
-pernicious.
+pernicious.&nbsp;<a href="#fn1">[1]</a>
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
-[Both quotes are from page 2 of &ldquo;Adam Smith: In His Time and
-Ours&rdquo;, Jerry Z. Muller, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
-1993.]</p>
-
-<p>
 As Adam Smith certainly realized, self-interest will be one of the
 principal forces organizing economic activities in any society, but
 that is as true of the most repressive or brutal society as it is of
@@ -99,7 +97,7 @@
 to sacrifice, or at least qualify, their own self-interest. In the
 words of Thomas Sowell, a free-market theorist of our time:</p>
 
-<blockquote><p>
+<blockquote class="italic"><p>
 There are, of course, noneconomic values.  Indeed, there are
 <em>only</em> noneconomic values. Economics is not a value itself but
 merely a method of trading off one value against another.  If
@@ -109,8 +107,7 @@
 or to exempt some particular value from the trade-off process, then
 such selfless ideals can be no more effectively demonstrated than by
 trading off financial gains in the interest of such ideals. This is an
-economic trade-off. <tt>[from page 79 of &ldquo;Knowledge &amp;
-Decisions&rdquo;, Thomas Sowell, New York: Basic Books, 1980.]</tt>
+economic trade-off.&nbsp;<a href="#fn2">[2]</a>
 </p></blockquote>
 
 <p>
@@ -133,7 +130,20 @@
 the preservation of liberty in the society as a whole or the
 preservation of a cooperative spirit within communities of
 programmers, or maybe both of those at the same time.</p>
+</div>
 
+<div class="infobox">
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+ <li id="fn1">Both quotes are from page 2 of &ldquo;Adam Smith: In His Time and
+Ours&rdquo;, Jerry Z. Muller, Princeton: Princeton University Press,
+1993.</li>
+ <li id="fn2">From page 79 of &ldquo;Knowledge &amp; Decisions&rdquo;,
+Thomas Sowell, New York: Basic Books, 1980.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
+
+</div>
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
 <div id="footer">
@@ -191,7 +201,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/04/20 14:29:14 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn.po        15 Jul 2020 07:35:04 -0000      
1.3
+++ philosophy/po/self-interest.zh-cn.po        15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.4
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-08 12:55+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "Self-Interest - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -180,8 +179,8 @@
 "价值,只是一种价值交换的手段。如果有å…
³&lsquo;非经济价值&rsquo;(或者更具体地"
 
"说,是&lsquo;社会价值&rsquo;或&lsquo;人类价值&rsquo;)的论断,是为了否认贸易"
 "的内在真实性,或是为了å…
é™¤è´¸æ˜“过程中的一些特殊的价值,那么这种无私的理想只有"
-"通过为å…
¶èŽ·åˆ©çš„交易才能更有效地体现出来。这就是经济的贸易。<a 
href="
-"\"#fn2\">[2]</a>"
+"通过为å…
¶èŽ·åˆ©çš„交易才能更有效地体现出来。这就是经济的贸易。<a 
href=\"#fn2\">"
+"[2]</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
 msgid ""

Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html    15 Dec 2018 14:46:42 -0000      
1.3
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn-en.html    15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.4
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
 copying, changing, and building on a program.  I have not specified
 how this obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the
 conclusion.  Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or
-licenses, or encryption, or <acronym title="Read-only Memory">ROM</acronym>
+licenses, or encryption, or <abbr title="Read-only Memory">ROM</abbr>
 cards, or hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in
 preventing use, it does harm.</p>
 <p>
@@ -866,7 +866,7 @@
 information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 2018 
Free
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017, 
2018, 2020 Free
 Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -877,7 +877,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:42 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po 15 Jul 2020 07:35:58 -0000      1.6
+++ philosophy/po/shouldbefree.zh-cn.po 15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.7
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-01 15:25+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"

Index: proprietary/proprietary.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- proprietary/proprietary.zh-cn.html  27 Jun 2020 04:59:06 -0000      1.9
+++ proprietary/proprietary.zh-cn.html  15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.10
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
 <hr class="thin" />
 </div>
 
-<p>截至 2020 年 1 月,此目录的页面中列出了大约 450 
个恶意功能实例(有 500 
多份证据支持),但是肯定还有数千个我们不知道情况。</p>
+<p>截至 2020 年 7 月,此目录的页面中列出了大约 450 
个恶意功能实例(有 520 
多份证据支持),但是肯定还有数千个我们不知道情况。</p>
 
 <table id="TOC">
  <tr>
@@ -160,6 +160,29 @@
 <h3 id="latest">最新添加</h3>
 
 <ul class="blurbs">
+  <li id="M202007010">
+    <p>BMW(宝马汽车)会通过全局后门远程 <a
+href="https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/bmw-vehicle-as-a-platform/";>启用或禁用汽车的功能</a>。</p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li id="M202006300">
+    <p>&ldquo;Bossware&rdquo;是老板们 <a
+href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/inside-invasive-secretive-bossware-tracking-workers";>强制员工在电脑上安è£
…</a>
+的恶意软件,这样老版们就可以监视员工。</p>
+
+    <p>这表明要求用户 &ldquo;同意&rdquo;
+并不是保护数字隐私的充分基础。老板几
乎可以强制大多数员工同意任何事情,甚至是直面致命的传
染病。这样的软件是违法的,要求安装
软件的老版应该被起诉。</p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li id="M201504210">
+    <p>Runescape 是一款受欢迎的在线游戏。它的 <a
+href="https://www.reddit.com/r/runescape/comments/33cd8g/question_why_is_runescape_so_addicting/";>成瘾设计</a>
+来自 <a
+href="/proprietary/proprietary-addictions.html#addictiveness">行为控制技术</a>。该游戏有些重复性功能,比如
+<a
+href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(video_games)">修炼</a>,可以通过成为付费会员减少难度和次数,å›
 æ­¤è¿™æ˜¯åœ¨é¼“励儿童和自控能力差的人在游戏上花费。</p>
+  </li>
+
   <li id="M202006260">
     <p>大多数的应用都是恶意软件,但是川普的竞选应用和 
Modi 的竞选应用类似,是 <a
 
href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/21/1004228/trumps-data-hungry-invasive-app-is-a-voter-surveillance-tool-of-extraordinary-scope/
@@ -174,27 +197,6 @@
 1988 年的视频隐私保护法案(Video Privacy Protection Act),这æ 
·åšæ—¶è¿æ³•çš„,但是厂商们通过 EULA<sup><a
 href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup> 设法规避过去了。</p>
   </li>
-
-  <li id="M202006160">
-    <p><a
-href="https://www.wired.com/story/ripple20-iot-vulnerabilities/?bxid=5bd66d4c2ddf9c619437e4b8&amp;cndid=9608804&amp;esrc=Wired_etl_load&amp;source=EDT_WIR_NEWSLETTER_0_DAILY_ZZ&amp;utm_bran%5C";>一个灾难性安å
…¨ç¼ºé™·</a>
-波及数百万 Internet of Stings<sup><a href="#TransNote2">2</a></sup> 
产品。</p>
-
-    <p>å…
¶åŽæžœæ˜¯ï¼Œæ¯ä¸ªäººéƒ½å¯ä»¥ä¼¤å®³ç”¨æˆ·ï¼Œè€Œå¹¶éžåªæœ‰è®¾å¤‡åˆ¶é€ 
商。</p>
-  </li>
-
-  <li id="M201909061">
-    <p>百思买(Best Buy)制造了一些可控工具却 <a
-href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/6/20853671/best-buy-connect-insignia-smart-plug-wifi-freezer-mobile-app-shutdown-november-6";>å
…³åœäº†æœåŠ¡æ¥æŽ§åˆ¶å®ƒä»¬</a>。</p>
-
-    
<p>虽然百思买自己也意识到这是对用户的伤害——这一点值得赞扬,但是这并没有改变把设备和服务器绑定是玩弄用户的事实,而这正是设备中使用非自由软件的后果。</p>
-  </li>
-
-  <li id="M202005070">
-    <p>Wink 销售一种 &ldquo;智能&rdquo; 
家庭中心,它和服务器绑定。在 2020 年 5 月,Wink 命令购买者
开始 <a
-href="https://www.techhive.com/article/3542631/wink-users-revolt-following-its-sudden-shift-to-a-subscription-model.html";>
-按月对使用服务器付费</a>。由于是绑定的服务器,所以这个家庭中心没有服务器的话就变得毫æ—
 ç”¨å¤„。</p>
-  </li>
 </ul>
 
 </div>
@@ -275,7 +277,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 最后更新:
 
-$Date: 2020/06/27 04:59:06 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn-en.html    27 Jun 2020 04:59:07 -0000      
1.9
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn-en.html    15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.10
@@ -89,8 +89,8 @@
 <hr class="thin" />
 </div>
 
-<p>As of January, 2020, the pages in this directory list around 450
-instances of malicious functionalities (with more than 500 references to
+<p>As of July, 2020, the pages in this directory list around 450
+instances of malicious functionalities (with more than 520 references to
 back them up), but there are surely thousands more we don't know about.</p>
 
 <table id="TOC">
@@ -173,6 +173,39 @@
 <h3 id="latest">Latest additions</h3>
 
 <ul class="blurbs">
+  <li id="M202007010">
+    <p>BMW will remotely <a
+    href="https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/bmw-vehicle-as-a-platform/";>
+    enable and disable functionality in cars</a> through a universal
+    back door.</p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li id="M202006300">
+    <p>&ldquo;Bossware&rdquo; is malware that bosses <a
+    
href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/06/inside-invasive-secretive-bossware-tracking-workers";>
+    coerce workers into installing in their own computers</a>, so the
+    bosses can spy on them.</p>
+
+    <p>This shows why requiring the user's &ldquo;consent&rdquo; is not
+    an adequate basis for protecting digital privacy.  The boss can coerce
+    most workers into consenting to almost anything, even probable exposure
+    to contagious disease that can be fatal.  Software like this should
+    be illegal and bosses that demand it should be prosecuted for it.</p>
+  </li>
+
+  <li id="M201504210">
+    <p>Runescape is a popular online game with some <a
+    
href="https://www.reddit.com/r/runescape/comments/33cd8g/question_why_is_runescape_so_addicting/";>
+    addictive features</a> derived from <a
+    href="/proprietary/proprietary-addictions.html#addictiveness">
+    behavioral manipulation techniques</a>. Certain
+    repetitive aspects of the game, like <a
+    href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(video_games)">
+    grinding</a>, can be minimised by becoming a paying member, and can
+    thus encourage children and impressionable people to spend money on
+    the game.</p>
+  </li>
+
   <li id="M202006260">
     <p>Most apps are malware, but
     Trump's campaign app, like Modi's campaign app, is <a
@@ -193,36 +226,6 @@
     the Video Privacy Protection Act of 1988, but they're circumventing
     it through EULAs.</p>
   </li>
-
-  <li id="M202006160">
-    <p><a
-    
href="https://www.wired.com/story/ripple20-iot-vulnerabilities/?bxid=5bd66d4c2ddf9c619437e4b8&amp;cndid=9608804&amp;esrc=Wired_etl_load&amp;source=EDT_WIR_NEWSLETTER_0_DAILY_ZZ&amp;utm_bran%5C";>
-    A disasterous security bug</a> touches millions of products in the
-    Internet of Stings.</p>
-
-    <p>As a result, anyone can sting the user, not only the
-    manufacturer.</p>
-  </li>
-
-  <li id="M201909061">
-    <p>Best Buy made controllable appliances and <a
-    
href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/9/6/20853671/best-buy-connect-insignia-smart-plug-wifi-freezer-mobile-app-shutdown-november-6";>
-    shut down the service to control them through</a>.</p>
-
-    <p>While it is laudable that Best Buy recognized it was mistreating
-    the customers by doing so, this doesn't alter the facts that
-    tethering the device to a particular server is a path to screwing the
-    users, and that it is a consequence of having nonfree software in the
-    device.</p>
-  </li>
-
-  <li id="M202005070">
-    <p>Wink sells a &ldquo;smart&rdquo; home hub that is tethered
-    to a server. In May 2020, it ordered the purchasers to start <a
-    
href="https://www.techhive.com/article/3542631/wink-users-revolt-following-its-sudden-shift-to-a-subscription-model.html";>
-    paying a monthly fee for the use of that server</a>.  Because of the
-    tethering, the hub is useless without that.</p>
-  </li>
 </ul>
 
 </div>
@@ -284,7 +287,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/06/27 04:59:07 $
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.35
retrieving revision 1.36
diff -u -b -r1.35 -r1.36
--- proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn.po 15 Jul 2020 07:37:05 -0000      1.35
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary.zh-cn.po 15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      1.36
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2020-07-01 13:56+0000\n"
 "X-Generator: Poedit 2.3\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>

Index: philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.cs-en.html   15 Jul 2020 09:31:56 -0000      
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Freedom Or Power?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, 
Linux, general, public, license, gpl, general public license, freedom, 
software, power, rights" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="In this essay, Freedom or Power?, 
Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman discuss the reasons that the free 
software movement doesn't advocate the so-called freedom to choose any license 
you want for software you write." />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/freedom-or-power.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Freedom or Power?</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <strong>Bradley M. Kuhn</strong> and <strong>Richard
+M. Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>The love of liberty is the love of others; the love of power is the
+love of ourselves.<br />
+-- William Hazlitt</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+In the free software movement, we stand for freedom for the users of
+software.  We formulated our views by looking at what freedoms are
+necessary for a good way of life, and permit useful programs to foster a
+community of goodwill, cooperation, and collaboration.  <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">Our criteria for free software</a> specify
+the freedoms that a program's users need so that they can cooperate in a
+community.</p>
+
+<p>
+We stand for freedom for programmers as well as for other users.
+Most of us are programmers, and we want freedom for ourselves as well
+as for you.  But each of us uses software written by others, and we
+want freedom when using that software, not just when using our own
+code.  We stand for freedom for all users, whether they program often,
+occasionally, or not at all.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, one so-called freedom that we do not advocate is the
+&ldquo;freedom to choose any license you want for software you
+write.&rdquo;  We reject this because it is really a form of power,
+not a freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+This oft overlooked distinction is crucial.  Freedom is being able to make
+decisions that affect mainly you; power is being able to make decisions
+that affect others more than you.  If we confuse power with freedom, we
+will fail to uphold real freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Making a program proprietary is an exercise of power.  Copyright law
+today grants software developers that power, so they and only they
+choose the rules to impose on everyone else&mdash;a relatively small
+number of people make the basic software decisions for all users,
+typically by denying their freedom.  When users lack the
+freedoms that define free software, they can't tell what the
+software is doing, can't check for back doors, can't monitor possible
+viruses and worms, can't find out what personal information is being
+reported (or stop the reports, even if they do find out).  If it breaks,
+they can't fix it; they have to wait for the developer to exercise its
+power to do so.  If it simply isn't quite what they need, they are stuck
+with it.  They can't help each other improve it.</p>
+
+<p>
+Proprietary software developers are often businesses.  We in the free
+software movement are not opposed to business, but we have seen what
+happens when a software business has the &ldquo;freedom&rdquo; to
+impose arbitrary rules on the users of software.  Microsoft is an
+egregious example of how denying users' freedoms can lead to direct
+harm, but it is not the only example.  Even when there is no monopoly,
+proprietary software harms society.  A choice of masters is not
+freedom.</p>
+
+<p>
+Discussions of rights and rules for software have often concentrated
+on the interests of programmers alone.  Few people in the world
+program regularly, and fewer still are owners of proprietary software
+businesses.  But the entire developed world now needs and uses
+software, so software developers now control the way it lives,
+does business, communicates, and is entertained.  The ethical and
+political issues are not addressed by the slogan of &ldquo;freedom of
+choice (for developers only).&rdquo;</p>
+
+<p>
+If &ldquo;code is law,&rdquo; <a href="#f1">(1)</a> then the real question we 
face is: who should control the
+code you use&mdash;you, or an elite few?  We believe you are entitled
+to control the software you use, and giving you that control is the
+goal of free software.</p>
+
+<p>
+We believe you should decide what to do with the software you use;
+however, that is not what today's law says.  Current copyright law places
+us in the position of power over users of our code, whether we like it or
+not.  The ethical response to this situation is to proclaim freedom for
+each user, just as the Bill of Rights was supposed to exercise government
+power by guaranteeing each citizen's freedoms.  That is what the <a
+href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">GNU General Public License</a> is for:
+it puts you in control of your usage of the software while <a
+href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">protecting you from others</a> who would
+like to take control of your decisions.</p>
+
+<p>
+As more and more users realize that code is law, and come to feel that
+they too deserve freedom, they will see the importance of the freedoms
+we stand for, just as more and more users have come to appreciate the
+practical value of the free software we have developed.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<a id="f1"></a> William J. Mitchell,
+<em>City of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn </em> (Cambridge,
+Mass.: MIT Press, 1995), p. 111, as quoted by Lawrence Lessig in
+<em>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace, Version 2.0</em> (New York, NY:
+Basic Books, 2006), p. 5.
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org";>&lt;gnu@gnu.org&gt;</a>.  There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org";>&lt;webmasters@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
+        &lt;web-translators@gnu.org&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 2001, 2009 Bradley M. Kuhn and Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+without royalty in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2020/07/15 09:31:56 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



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