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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/gnu gnu-linux-faq.ja.html po/gnu-linux-faq.... |
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Date: |
Mon, 8 Jun 2020 13:02:00 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 20/06/08 13:02:00
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.ja.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
Patches:
Index: gnu-linux-faq.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- gnu-linux-faq.ja.html 26 Jan 2020 02:59:33 -0000 1.46
+++ gnu-linux-faq.ja.html 8 Jun 2020 17:01:59 -0000 1.47
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ja.po">
+ https://www.gnu.org/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ja.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2020-04-09" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.90 -->
@@ -8,6 +13,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ja.html" -->
<h2>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã®GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
<div class="announcement">
@@ -1047,7 +1053,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2020/01/26 02:59:33 $
+$Date: 2020/06/08 17:01:59 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:09 -0000 1.11
+++ po/gnu-linux-faq.ja-diff.html 8 Jun 2020 17:02:00 -0000 1.12
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
</style></head>
<body><pre>
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.79</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.86</em></ins></span> -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: <span
class="removed"><del><strong>1.90</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>1.91</em></ins></span> -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
@@ -33,211 +33,230 @@
<ul>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#why"
id="TOCwhy">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#why">Why</em></ins></span> do you call
<span class="removed"><del><strong>it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the system we use</em></ins></span> GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and
not Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#whycare"
id="TOCwhycare">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#whycare">Why</em></ins></span> is the name
important?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#whycare">Why is the name
important?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#howerror"
id="TOChowerror">How</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#what">What is the real relationship between
GNU and Linux?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#what">What is the real relationship between GNU and
Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#howerror">How</em></ins></span> did it come about
that most
+<li><a href="#howerror">How did it come about that most
people call the system “Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#always"
id="TOCalways">Should</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#always">Should</em></ins></span> we always
say
+<li><a href="#always">Should we always say
“GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#linuxalone"
id="TOClinuxalone">Would</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#linuxalone">Would</em></ins></span> Linux
have achieved
+<li><a href="#linuxalone">Would Linux have achieved
the same success if there had been no GNU?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#divide"
id="TOCdivide">Wouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#divide">Wouldn't</em></ins></span> it be
better for the
+<li><a href="#divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
community if you did not divide people with this
request?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#freespeech"
id="TOCfreespeech">Doesn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#freespeech">Doesn't</em></ins></span> the
GNU project
+<li><a href="#freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
any name that individual chooses?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#everyoneknows"
id="TOCeveryoneknows">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#everyoneknows">Since</em></ins></span>
everyone
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows">Since everyone
knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
“GNU/” in the name go without saying?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#everyoneknows2"
id="TOCeveryoneknows2">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#everyoneknows2">Since</em></ins></span> I
know the role of
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of
GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I
use?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#windows"
id="TOCwindows">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#windows">Isn't</em></ins></span> shortening
+<li><a href="#windows">Isn't shortening
“GNU/Linux” to “Linux” just like
shortening “Microsoft Windows” to
“Windows”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#tools"
id="TOCtools">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#tools">Isn't</em></ins></span> GNU a
collection of programming
+<li><a href="#tools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming
tools that were included in Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#osvskernel"
id="TOCosvskernel">What</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#osvskernel">What</em></ins></span> is the
difference between an operating
+<li><a href="#osvskernel">What is the difference between an
operating
system and a kernel?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#house"
id="TOChouse">The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#house">The</em></ins></span> kernel of a
system is like the foundation
+<li><a href="#house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation
of a house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
foundation?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#brain"
id="TOCbrain">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#brain">Isn't</em></ins></span> the kernel
the brain of the
+<li><a href="#brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the
system?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#kernelmost"
id="TOCkernelmost">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#kernelmost">Isn't</em></ins></span> writing
the kernel
+<li><a href="#kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel
most of the work in an operating system?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#notinstallable"
id="TOCnotinstallable">How</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#notinstallable">How</em></ins></span> can
GNU be an
+<li><a <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#nokernel">An
operating system requires a kernel.
+ Since the GNU Project didn't develop a kernel, how can
+ the system be GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span> href="#notinstallable">How can GNU be an
operating system, if I can't get something called “GNU”
and install it?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#afterkernel"
id="TOCafterkernel">We're</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#afterkernel">We're</em></ins></span>
calling the whole
+<li><a href="#afterkernel">We're calling the whole
system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
operating system after a kernel?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#feel"
id="TOCfeel">Can</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#feel">Can</em></ins></span> another system
have “the
+<li><a href="#feel">Can another system have “the
feel of Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#long"
id="TOClong">The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#long">The</em></ins></span> problem with
+<li><a href="#long">The problem with
“GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about
recommending a shorter name?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#long1"
id="TOClong1">How</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#long1">How</em></ins></span> about calling
the system
+<li><a href="#long1">How about calling the system
“GliNUx” (instead of
“GNU/Linux”)?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#long2"
id="TOClong2">The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#long2">The</em></ins></span> problem with
+<li><a href="#long2">The problem with
“GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. Why should
I go to the trouble of saying “GNU/”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#long3"
id="TOClong3">Unfortunately,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#long3">Unfortunately,</em></ins></span>
+<li><a href="#long3">Unfortunately,
“GNU/Linux” is five syllables. People won't use such a
long term. Shouldn't you find a shorter one?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#justgnu"
id="TOCjustgnu">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#justgnu">Since</em></ins></span> Linux is a
secondary
+<li><a href="#long4">Stallman doesn't ask us to call him
+ “Richard Matthew Stallman” every the time.
+ So why ask us to say “GNU/Linux” every
time?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
simply “GNU”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#trademarkfee"
id="TOCtrademarkfee">I</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#trademarkfee">I</em></ins></span> would
have to pay a
+<li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a
fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to
save the fee?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#many"
id="TOCmany">Many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#many">Many</em></ins></span> other projects
contributed to the
+<li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the
system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
absurd.)</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#others"
id="TOCothers">Many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#others">Many</em></ins></span> other
projects contributed to
+<li><a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#systemd">Systemd</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#systemd">systemd</em></ins></span>
plays an important role in the GNU/Linux
+ system as it is today; are we obligated to call it
+ <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GNU/Systemd/Linux?</a></li></strong></del></span>
+ <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/systemd/Linux?</a></li></em></ins></span>
+
+<li><a href="#others">Many other projects contributed to
the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#allsmall"
id="TOCallsmall">GNU</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#allsmall">GNU</em></ins></span> is a small
fraction of the system
+<li><a href="#allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system
nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#manycompanies"
id="TOCmanycompanies">Many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#manycompanies">Many</em></ins></span>
companies
+<li><a href="#manycompanies">Many companies
contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#whyslash"
id="TOCwhyslash">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#whyslash">Why</em></ins></span> do you write
+<li><a href="#whyslash">Why do you write
“GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU
Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#whyorder"
id="TOCwhyorder">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#whyorder">Why</em></ins></span>
“GNU/Linux”
+<li><a href="#pronounce">How is the name “GNU/Linux”
+pronounced?</a></li>
+
+<li><a <span class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#whynoslash">Why do
you write
+ “GNU Emacs” rather than
“GNU/Emacs”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a</em></ins></span> href="#whyorder">Why
“GNU/Linux”
rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#distronames0"
id="TOCdistronames0">My</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#distronames0">My</em></ins></span> distro's
developers call it
+<li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it
“Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about
what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever
they like?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#distronames"
id="TOCdistronames">My</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#distronames">My</em></ins></span> distro is
called
+<li><a href="#distronames">My distro is called
“Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really
Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#distronames1"
id="TOCdistronames1">My</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#distronames1">My</em></ins></span> distro's
official
+<li><a href="#distronames1">My distro's official
name is “Foobar Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the
distro anything but “Foobar Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#companies"
id="TOCcompanies">Wouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#companies">Wouldn't</em></ins></span> it be
more
+<li><a href="#companies">Wouldn't it be more
effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than
asking individuals?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#reserve"
id="TOCreserve">Wouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#reserve">Wouldn't</em></ins></span> it be
better to
+<li><a href="#reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that
are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
GNU.</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#gnudist"
id="TOCgnudist">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#gnudist">Why</em></ins></span> not make a
GNU distribution of
+<li><a href="#gnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of
Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#linuxgnu"
id="TOClinuxgnu">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#linuxgnu">Why</em></ins></span> not just
say “Linux
+<li><a href="#linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux
is the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of
GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#condemn"
id="TOCcondemn">Did</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#condemn">Did</em></ins></span> the GNU
Project condemn and
+<li><a href="#condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and
oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#wait"
id="TOCwait">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#wait">Why</em></ins></span> did you wait so
long before
+<li><a href="#wait">Why did you wait so long before
asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#allgpled"
id="TOCallgpled">Should</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#allgpled">Should</em></ins></span> the
<span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU/[name]</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/<i>name</i></em></ins></span>
convention
+<li><a href="#allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i>
convention
be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#unix"
id="TOCunix">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#unix">Since</em></ins></span> much of GNU
comes from Unix,
+<li><a href="#unix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using “Unix” in
its name?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#bsd"
id="TOCbsd">Should</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#bsd">Should</em></ins></span> we say
“GNU/BSD”
+<li><a href="#bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
too?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#othersys"
id="TOCothersys">If</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#othersys">If</em></ins></span> I install
the GNU tools on
+<li><a href="#othersys">If I install the GNU tools on
Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows
system?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#justlinux"
id="TOCjustlinux">Can't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#justlinux">Can't</em></ins></span> Linux be
used without
+<li><a href="#justlinux">Can't Linux be used without
GNU?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#howmuch"
id="TOChowmuch">How</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#howmuch">How</em></ins></span> much of the
GNU system
+<li><a href="#howmuch">How much of the GNU system
is needed for the system to be GNU/Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu"
id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are</em></ins></span>
there complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU?</a></li>
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems
[sic] without GNU?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#helplinus"
id="TOChelplinus">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it correct to say
“using
+<li><a href="#usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it correct to say
“using
Linux” if it refers to using GNU/Linux and using
Android?</a></li>
-<li><a href="#helplinus">Why</em></ins></span> not call the system
+<li><a href="#helplinus">Why not call the system
“Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
posterboy for our community?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#claimlinux"
id="TOCclaimlinux">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#claimlinux">Isn't</em></ins></span> it
wrong for us to label Linus
+<li><a href="#claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus
Torvalds' work as GNU?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#linusagreed"
id="TOClinusagreed">Does</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#linusagreed">Does</em></ins></span> Linus
Torvalds
+<li><a href="#linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
agree that Linux is just the kernel?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#finishhurd"
id="TOCfinishhurd">Why</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#finishhurd">Why</em></ins></span> not finish
+<li><a href="#finishhurd">Why not finish
the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system as a whole,
and forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#lost"
id="TOClost">The</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#lost">The</em></ins></span> battle is
already
+<li><a href="#lost">The battle is already
lost—society has made its decision and we can't change it,
so why even think about it?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#whatgood"
id="TOCwhatgood">Society</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#whatgood">Society</em></ins></span> has
made its decision
+<li><a href="#whatgood">Society has made its decision
and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#explain"
id="TOCexplain">Wouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#explain">Wouldn't</em></ins></span> it be
better to call
+<li><a href="#explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin
with a ten-minute explanation?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#treatment"
id="TOCtreatment">Some</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#treatment">Some</em></ins></span> people
laugh at you when
+<li><a href="#treatment">Some people laugh at you when
you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject yourself
to this treatment?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#alienate"
id="TOCalienate">Some</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#alienate">Some</em></ins></span> people
condemn you when you
+<li><a href="#alienate">Some people condemn you when you
ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
alienating them?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#rename"
id="TOCrename">Whatever</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#rename">Whatever</em></ins></span> you
contributed,
+<li><a href="#rename">Whatever you contributed,
is it legitimate to rename the operating system?</a></li>
<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
@@ -246,29 +265,29 @@
<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
the whole system “Linux”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#BSDlicense"
id="TOCBSDlicense">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#BSDlicense">Since</em></ins></span> you
objected to the original
+<li><a href="#BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original
BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of
California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU
project?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#require"
id="TOCrequire">Shouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#require">Shouldn't</em></ins></span> you
put something in
+<li><a href="#require">Shouldn't you put something in
the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#deserve"
id="TOCdeserve">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#deserve">Since</em></ins></span> you failed
to put
+<li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put
something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
complaining now?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#contradict"
id="TOCcontradict">Wouldn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#contradict">Wouldn't</em></ins></span> you
be better off
+<li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off
not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#somanyright"
id="TOCsomanyright">Since</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#somanyright">Since</em></ins></span> many
people call it
+<li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it
“Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#knownname"
id="TOCknownname">Isn't</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#knownname">Isn't</em></ins></span> it
better to call the
+<li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the
system by the name most users already know?</a></li>
-<li><a <span class="removed"><del><strong>href="#winning"
id="TOCwinning">Many</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#winning">Many</em></ins></span> people care
about what's convenient or
+<li><a href="#winning">Many people care about what's convenient or
who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you
get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
@@ -276,7 +295,7 @@
<dl>
-<dt id="why">Why do you call <span
class="removed"><del><strong>it</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the system we use</em></ins></span> GNU/Linux and not
+<dt id="why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not
Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
@@ -311,14 +330,14 @@
practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p>
</dd>
-<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="what">What is the real
relationship between GNU and Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
+<dt id="what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
software projects that do complementary jobs. Typically they are
packaged in a <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux
distribution</a>, and used
together.</dd>
-<dt</em></ins></span> id="howerror">How did it come about that most
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Calling the system “Linux” is a confusion that has
spread faster
@@ -436,9 +455,8 @@
those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
</dd>
-<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows
- <span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU's</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>the</em></ins></span> role
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em>of GNU</em></ins></span> in developing the
system, doesn't the “GNU/” in the
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows the role
+ of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the “GNU/” in the
name go without saying? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
@@ -587,7 +605,29 @@
No, many components take a lot of work.
</dd>
-<dt id="notinstallable">How can GNU be an
+<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="nokernel">An operating system
requires a kernel.
+ Since the GNU Project didn't develop a kernel, how can
+ the system be GNU?<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#nokernel">#nokernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The people who argue that way for calling the system
+“Linux” are using a double standard. An operating system
+requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more
+— hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
+in 1983. Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the
+system be “Linux”?
+
+<p>
+That standard is too strict, not the right way to judge the
+contributions of any contributor.</p>
+
+<p>
+Linus Torvalds made an important contribution to the operating system
+we use; the GNU Project started earlier and contributed much more.
+The name “GNU/Linux” gives credit to each.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="notinstallable">How can GNU be an
operating system, if I can't get something called “GNU”
and install it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#notinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -701,6 +741,21 @@
“Unfortunately” is five syllables, yet people show no
sign of reluctance to use that word.</p></dd>
+<dt id="long4">Stallman doesn't ask us to call him
+ “Richard Matthew Stallman” every the time.
+ So why ask us to say “GNU/Linux” every time?
+ <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#long4">#long4</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>Omitting “Matthew” does not misrepresent anything
+important about Stallman's nature, origin, ideas or purpose. Omitting
+“GNU” does misrepresent those things about the GNU/Linux
+system.</p>
+
+<p>This is an example of a frequent way of hiding a fallacy: to bury
+it inside a misleading analogy. A better analogy would be, “Why
+shouldn't we call Stallman ‘Torvalds’?”
+</p></dd>
+
<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
“GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -777,6 +832,20 @@
(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
</dd>
+<dt <span
class="removed"><del><strong>id="systemd">Systemd</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="systemd">systemd</em></ins></span> plays
an important role in the GNU/Linux
+ system as it is today; are we obligated to call it
+ <span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU/Systemd/Linux?</strong></del></span>
+ <span class="inserted"><ins><em>GNU/systemd/Linux?</em></ins></span>
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Systemd</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>systemd</em></ins></span> is a fairly
important component, but not as important as the
+kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
+(GNU). <span class="inserted"><ins><em>However, if you want to emphasize the
presence of systemd
+by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux”, there is nothing
+wrong with doing so.</em></ins></span>
+</dd>
+
<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -864,17 +933,42 @@
say “GNU con Linux”.</p>
</dd>
-<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather
+<dt id="pronounce">How is the name “GNU/Linux”
+pronounced? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#pronounce">#pronounce</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+Please pronounce it as “GNU slash Linux.” If you don't pronounce
+the slash, people will think you are saying “GNU Linux,”
+which is <a href="#whyslash">not a suitable name for the
combination</a>.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="whynoslash">Why do you write
“GNU Emacs”
+rather than “GNU/Emacs”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynoslash">#whynoslash</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>
+Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU
+Emacs” the word “GNU” modifies “Emacs”.
+That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a
+GNU package.</p>
+<p>
+“GNU/Emacs” would mean the combination of GNU, the
+operating system, and the program Emacs. That doesn't fit this
+program, so “GNU/Emacs” is the wrong way to refer to it.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt</em></ins></span> id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather
than “Linux/GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><p></em></ins></span>
+<p>
It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
-prior to Linux, we actually started the whole <span
class="removed"><del><strong>activity.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>activity.</p>
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.</p>
<p>
In addition, “GNU/Linux” fits the fact that Linux is the
-lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher
levels.</p></em></ins></span>
+lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p>
<p>
However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a
lot
better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
@@ -1194,7 +1288,7 @@
are from GNU/Linux.
</dd>
-<dt <span class="inserted"><ins><em>id="howmuch">How much of the GNU
system is needed for the system
+<dt id="howmuch">How much of the GNU system is needed for the system
to be
GNU/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howmuch">#howmuch</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -1215,7 +1309,7 @@
</p>
</dd>
-<dt</em></ins></span> id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux
systems [sic] without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic]
without GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
@@ -1237,47 +1331,33 @@
from GNU/Linux is the absence of GNU.</p>
</dd>
-<dt <span class="removed"><del><strong>id="howmuch">How much of the GNU
system is needed for the system</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>id="usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it
correct</em></ins></span> to <span class="removed"><del><strong>be
-GNU/Linux?</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>say
“using Linux” if it refers to using GNU/Linux and
-using Android?</em></ins></span> <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#howmuch">#howmuch</a>)</span></dt></strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu">#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt></em></ins></span>
+<dt id="usegnulinuxandandroid">Is it correct to say “using
Linux” if it refers to using GNU/Linux and
+using Android? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu">#usegnulinuxandandroidlinuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>“How much”</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Far from it. That usage</em></ins></span> is
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>so strained that
-people will</em></ins></span> not <span class="inserted"><ins><em>understand
the intended meaning.
+Far from it. That usage is so strained that
+people will not understand the intended meaning.
<p>
The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as
-“using Linux”. It's like having</em></ins></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>meaningful question because</strong></del></span>
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>conversation, then
-saying you were conversing with</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GNU
-system does not have precise boundaries.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>person's intestines or the
-person's circulatory system.</p></em></ins></span>
-<p>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU is an operating system
maintained</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>The public <em>will</em>
understand the idea of “using
-Linux” when it's really GNU/Linux,</em></ins></span> by <span
class="removed"><del><strong>a community. It includes far
-more than just</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>way
of</em></ins></span> the <span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU software
packages (of which we have</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>usual
+“using Linux”. It's like having a conversation, then
+saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the
+person's circulatory system.</p>
+<p>
+The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of “using
+Linux” when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual
misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as
“Linux”.</p>
<p>
Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as
-different as driving</em></ins></span> a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>specific
-list),</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>car</em></ins></span> and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>people add more packages constantly. Despite these
-changes, it remains</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>riding a bicycle. The fact that</em></ins></span>
the <span class="removed"><del><strong>GNU system, and
adding</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>first two both contain</em></ins></span> Linux
<span class="inserted"><ins><em>is irrelevant</em></ins></span> to <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>using them, just as the
-fact</em></ins></span> that <span class="removed"><del><strong>yields
-GNU/Linux.</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>a car and a
bicycle both have a structure of metal is
-irrelevant to using those two.</em></ins></span> If you <span
class="removed"><del><strong>use part</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>wish to talk about using cars
-and bikes, you wouldn't speak</em></ins></span> of <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>“riding metal objects”
-— not unless you're playing games with</em></ins></span> the <span
class="removed"><del><strong>GNU system</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>reader. You would
-say, “using cars</em></ins></span> and <span
class="removed"><del><strong>omit part, there is
-no meaningful</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>bikes.” Likewise, the clear</em></ins></span>
way to <span class="removed"><del><strong>say “how much” you
used.</p>
-<p>
-If we look at the level of packages, Linux is one important package in
-the</strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em>talk about using</em></ins></span> GNU/Linux
<span class="removed"><del><strong>system. The inclusion of one important GNU
package</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>and
Android</em></ins></span> is
-<span class="removed"><del><strong>enough</strong></del></span> to <span
class="removed"><del><strong>justify our request for equal mention.
-</p></strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>say
“using
-GNU/Linux and Android.”</p></em></ins></span>
+different as driving a car and riding a bicycle. The fact that the
+first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the
+fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is
+irrelevant to using those two. If you wish to talk about using cars
+and bikes, you wouldn't speak of “riding metal objects”
+— not unless you're playing games with the reader. You would
+say, “using cars and bikes.” Likewise, the clear way to
+talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say “using
+GNU/Linux and Android.”</p>
</dd>
<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
@@ -1606,7 +1686,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014,
2015, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2016</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2016, 2017, 2018</em></ins></span>
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014,
2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -1617,12 +1697,11 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:09 $
+$Date: 2020/06/08 17:02:00 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<span class="removed"><del><strong></div></strong></del></span>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em></div><!-- for class="inner", starts
in the banner include --></em></ins></span>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
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