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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www education/po/edu-faq.ar.po education/po/edu... |
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Date: |
Sun, 17 Jun 2018 04:31:36 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 18/06/17 04:31:35
Modified files:
education/po : edu-faq.ar.po edu-faq.translist edu-why.ar.po
edu-why.translist
gnu/po : thegnuproject.ar.po thegnuproject.translist
licenses : gpl-faq.fr.html gpl-faq.ru.html
gpl-howto.fr.html gpl-howto.ru.html
licenses/po : gpl-faq.fr-en.html gpl-faq.ru-en.html
gpl-faq.ru.po gpl-howto.fr-en.html
gpl-howto.ru-en.html gpl-howto.ru.po
proprietary : proprietary-drm.ru.html
proprietary/po : proprietary-drm.ru-en.html
proprietary-drm.ru.po
software : recent-releases-include.ru.html
software/po : recent-releases-include.ru.po
Added files:
education : edu-faq.ar.html edu-why.ar.html
education/po : edu-faq.ar-en.html edu-why.ar-en.html
gnu : thegnuproject.ar.html
gnu/po : thegnuproject.ar-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-faq.ar.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-why.ar.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-faq.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-faq.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-faq.ar-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.ar-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.19&r2=1.20
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.166&r2=1.167
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/gpl-faq.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.81&r2=1.82
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.85&r2=1.86
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/gpl-howto.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.29&r2=1.30
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.82&r2=1.83
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.63&r2=1.64
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.149&r2=1.150
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.44&r2=1.45
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/proprietary-drm.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/recent-releases-include.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1478&r2=1.1479
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2076&r2=1.2077
Patches:
Index: education/po/edu-faq.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-faq.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- education/po/edu-faq.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 07:55:10 -0000 1.1
+++ education/po/edu-faq.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.2
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#. type: Content of: <title>
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"many doubts. Here we put together some of the most common questions and the "
"best possible answers to eliminate uncertainties."
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Ù
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@@ -57,32 +57,32 @@
"administrators the advantages that open source software can bring to our "
"school, but they don't seem to be interested."
msgstr ""
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عÙÙ
Ø ÙÙد ØاÙÙت Ù
Ø±Ø§Ø±Ø§Ù Ø£Ù Ø£Ø´Ø±Ø Ùإدارة
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اÙبرÙ
جÙات ذات"
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ÙتÙØØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
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"“Open source” refers only to the technical advantages of "
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Ù
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ÙتÙØØ©”Ø Ù
Ù
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ÙÙ٠اﻻطÙاع عÙ٠اÙÙ
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"with excellent results. See our <a href=\"/education/edu-cases.html\">Case "
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Ø¹Ø ÙØ°Ù٠باستخداÙ
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+"href=\"http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list\";>Free Software Group</a> in "
+"your school. Then the group can make its voice heard by writing letters to "
+"the Ministry, holding events to promote Free Software, and other similar "
"activities."
msgstr ""
-"Ùجب عÙÙÙا أﻻ ÙÙس٠أ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا تأثÙر
ÙبÙر عÙ٠اÙÙ
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Ø¹Ø ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙÙ
ا"
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اÙبرÙ
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اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذ٠إØد٠اÙطر٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ"
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Ùا ÙÙضغط عÙ٠صاÙع٠اÙÙرار. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
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ØتÙ
٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
عÙا بÙذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ù
Ù"
-" ÙبÙ. Ùد Ùؤد٠Ùذا ÙتشÙÙÙ <a
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عÙØ© برÙ
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درسة برعاÙتÙ
ÙإشراÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة ÙÙ
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Ø Ùعبر تÙظÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùشطة اÙت٠ترÙÙج"
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جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© ÙØ£Ùشطة أخر٠Ù
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+"Ùجب عÙÙÙا أﻻ ÙÙس٠أ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا تأثÙر
ÙبÙر عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙÙ
ا "
+"ÙÙعÙÙ Ø·ÙابÙا بÙÙائد استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذ٠إØد٠اÙطر٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ "
+"استخداÙ
Ùا ÙÙضغط عÙ٠صاÙع٠اÙÙرار. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أÙ
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+"اÙØرة ÙÙÙائدÙا اﻷخÙاÙÙØ©Ø Ø¥Ø° Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ØتÙ
٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
عÙا بÙذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ù
Ù "
+"ÙبÙ. Ùد Ùؤد٠Ùذا ÙتشÙÙÙ <a
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+"\">جÙ
عÙØ© برÙ
جÙات Øرة</a> Ù٠اÙÙ
درسة برعاÙتÙ
ÙإشراÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù "
+"تÙص٠صÙتÙا عبر Ùتابة اÙرسائ٠ÙÙزارة
اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø Ùعبر تÙظÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùشطة اÙت٠ترÙÙج "
+"ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© ÙØ£Ùشطة أخر٠Ù
تعددة تصب ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
ÙØÙ."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -169,9 +169,9 @@
"is a fundamental aspect which cannot be left aside when talking about Free "
"Software."
msgstr ""
-"ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùبدأ Ù
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٠اÙØÙاسÙب باÙÙ
طاÙبة
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Ø ØÙÙÙا ستضطر اÙØÙÙÙ
ات ÙتعدÙÙ"
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اÙÙع٠اÙسÙاس٠ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
ع٠Ùعتبرا٠رÙÙزتÙÙ"
-" أساسÙتÙÙ ï»» غÙ٠عÙÙÙ
ا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙرÙد اÙتØدث عÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة."
+"ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùبدأ Ù
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+"أساسÙتÙÙ ï»» غÙ٠عÙÙÙ
ا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙرÙد اÙتØدث عÙ
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -180,46 +180,45 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
-"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
-"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
-msgstr ""
-"اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة
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جÙ٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙد"
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ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ عÙ"
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-" اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden><"
-"/a>."
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
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+"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
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+"اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
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+"ÙÙا٠<a href=\"/contact/\">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
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جÙات اÙØرة. "
+"ÙÙتبÙÙغ ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ "
+"اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+#
+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
#. our web pages, see <a
#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
#. README</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please see the <a "
-"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
-"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr ""
-"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا"
-" ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
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ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©"
-" Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
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-"<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا
ÙÙÙÙ
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Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
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-"ions.html\">Translations README</a>)."
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا "
+"ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© "
+"Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
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عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ©
اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙÙ
اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a href=\"/server/"
+"standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a>)."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Copyright © 2011, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
@@ -227,24 +226,22 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
-"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
-"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\""
-" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\";>رخصة
اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداعÙ"
-" ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"https://creativecommons.org/";
+"licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب
اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠"
+"4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
"
-"<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
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راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
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+"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
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راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د."
#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:"
-
Index: education/po/edu-faq.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-faq.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- education/po/edu-faq.translist 10 Dec 2017 02:58:58 -0000 1.24
+++ education/po/edu-faq.translist 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.25
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/education/edu-faq.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/education/edu-faq.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/education/edu-faq.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/education/edu-faq.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/education/edu-faq.es.html">español</a> [es]</span>
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/education/edu-faq.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/education/edu-faq.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/education/edu-faq.ar.html" title="اÙعربÙØ©" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/education/edu-faq.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/education/edu-faq.el.html" title="ελληνικά" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/education/edu-faq.es.html" title="español" />
Index: education/po/edu-why.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- education/po/edu-why.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 07:55:10 -0000 1.1
+++ education/po/edu-why.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.2
@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@
"Why Educational Institutions Should Use and Teach Free Software - GNU "
"Project - Free Software Foundation"
msgstr ""
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ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
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+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/education/education.html\">اÙتعÙÙÙ
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+"اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
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ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "Why Educational Institutions Should Use and Teach Free Software"
@@ -46,16 +46,16 @@
"<strong>\"Schools should teach their students to be citizens of a strong, "
"capable, independent and free society.\"</strong>"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>\"Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس أ٠تعÙÙ
Ø·ÙابÙا ÙÙÙ
ÙصبØÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠جزءا٠ﻻ Ùتجزأ Ù
Ù"
-" Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ ÙØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø Ù
ستÙÙ ÙØر.\"</strong>"
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Ø·ÙابÙا ÙÙÙ
ÙصبØÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠جزءا٠ﻻ Ùتجزأ Ù
Ù "
+"Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ ÙØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø Ù
ستÙÙ ÙØر.\"</strong>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
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"These are the main reasons why universities and schools of all levels should "
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msgstr ""
-"ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙØ Ùستعرض اﻷسباب اÙت٠تجع٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاجب عÙ٠اÙجاÙ
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ÙØ©"
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اÙبرÙ
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ا ÙÙÙØ Ùستعرض اﻷسباب اÙت٠تجع٠Ù
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جÙات اÙØرة
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Sharing"
@@ -66,9 +66,9 @@
"Schools should teach the value of sharing by setting an example. Free "
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msgstr ""
-"Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس أ٠تÙÙÙ
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ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
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#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
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@@ -79,12 +79,12 @@
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اÙØ·Ùاب ÙÙتعÙÙ
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اÙس٠ÙÙ
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ÙÙبة ÙÙ "
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Ù
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ا Ùجع٠اÙÙ
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Ù٠غÙر "
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Ù "
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عÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
ÙشرØÙا ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
اÙÙ
بادئ اﻷساسÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
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Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر ÙÙدرسÙا
اÙØ·Ùاب ÙÙتعÙÙ
Ùا Ù
ÙÙا."
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msgid ""
@@ -92,10 +92,10 @@
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ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
عÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙزعÙا
ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
Ùسخا٠Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج"
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ÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙصÙØ Ø¨ØÙØ« ÙتسÙÙ
ÙÙØ·Ùاب Ø£Ù ÙستخدÙ
Ùا اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ Ù
ÙازÙÙÙ
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ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج ÙتÙزÙعÙا
ÙÙس Ø£Ù
را٠Ù
ÙبÙÙا٠ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ø¨Ù Ù٠أÙ
ر"
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عÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙÙزعÙا
ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
Ùسخا٠Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج "
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ÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙصÙØ Ø¨ØÙØ« ÙتسÙÙ
ÙÙØ·Ùاب Ø£Ù ÙستخدÙ
Ùا اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ Ù
ÙازÙÙÙ
. "
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ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج ÙتÙزÙعÙا
ÙÙس Ø£Ù
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ÙبÙÙا٠ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ø¨Ù Ù٠أÙ
ر "
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ستØب."
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msgid "Social Responsibility"
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اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© تسÙÙ
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جتÙ
ع بصÙرة سرÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙاÙÙ
دارس
تÙعب دÙرا Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠Ù٠تشÙÙÙ Ù
ستÙبÙ"
-" اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تجÙÙز اÙØ·Ùاب
ÙÙصبØÙا أعضاء٠ÙاعÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع رÙÙ
Ù"
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ÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙازÙ
Ø©
اÙت٠ستÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
٠اÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ØÙاتÙÙ
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-" اÙشخصÙØ©. اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ùجب أﻻ تÙÙ٠تØت رØÙ
Ø© Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠باتخاذ"
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Ù٠تغÙÙرÙا إﻻ Ù
٠جاÙبÙÙ
. Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© أﻻ"
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Ø ÙشرÙات اÙبراÙ
ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© بأ٠تÙرض
سطÙتÙا عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙ
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Ù ØÙاتÙا
اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© تسÙÙ
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جتÙ
ع بصÙرة سرÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙاÙÙ
دارس
تÙعب دÙرا Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠Ù٠تشÙÙÙ Ù
ستÙب٠"
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جتÙ
ع. اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تجÙÙز اÙØ·Ùاب
ÙÙصبØÙا أعضاء٠ÙاعÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع رÙÙ
Ù "
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ÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙازÙ
Ø©
اÙت٠ستÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
٠اÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ØÙاتÙÙ
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جÙات Ùجب أﻻ تÙÙ٠تØت رØÙ
Ø© Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠باتخاذ "
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Ù٠تغÙÙرÙا إﻻ Ù
٠جاÙبÙÙ
. Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© أﻻ "
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Ø ÙشرÙات اÙبراÙ
ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© بأ٠تÙرض
سطÙتÙا عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙ
ستÙبÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Independence"
@@ -131,10 +131,10 @@
"use Free Software, the school itself gains independence from any commercial "
"interests and it avoids vendor lock-in."
msgstr ""
-"اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
سئÙÙÙØ© أخÙاÙÙØ© تÙض٠بأÙ
عÙÙÙا تدرÙس اﻻستÙÙاÙÙØ©Ø ï»» اﻻعتÙ
ادÙØ©"
-" عÙÙ Ù
Ùتج Ù
عÙ٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ©. باﻹضاÙØ© ÙØ°ÙÙ
Ùإ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙÙسÙØ§Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا تختار"
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اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تÙتسب
استÙÙاÙÙØ© ع٠اÙÙ
صاÙØ Ø§ÙتجارÙØ© ÙتتÙادÙ"
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Ø© اÙبائعÙÙ."
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دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
سئÙÙÙØ© أخÙاÙÙØ© تÙض٠بأÙ
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ادÙØ© "
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Ùتج Ù
عÙ٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
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ا تختار "
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اÙبرÙ
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صاÙØ Ø§ÙتجارÙØ© ÙتتÙاد٠"
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Ø© اÙبائعÙÙ."
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msgid ""
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جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© تجع٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات Ù
Ùصات Ùتثب Ù
ÙÙا ÙتصÙ"
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ùرض برÙ
جÙاتÙا
عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙشرÙات تعرض"
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Ø®ÙØ¶Ø©Ø ÙØ£ØÙاÙا٠Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ù
٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø"
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٠أ٠اÙØ·Ùاب سÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙصبØÙا Ù
عتÙ
دÙÙ"
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اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙ
بتÙدÙÙ
تخÙÙضات"
-" ÙÙÙ
Ùï»» ÙÙشرÙات اÙت٠تÙظÙÙÙ
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ا تÙعÙÙ
شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات باختصار Ù٠أÙÙا تÙÙÙ
"
-" بتجÙÙد اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙجÙ
Ùع عÙ
Ùاء ÙÙÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙØ٠اﻻعتÙ
ادÙØ©"
-" اÙدائÙ
Ø© Ù
د٠اÙØÙاة."
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جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© تجع٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات Ù
Ùصات Ùتثب Ù
ÙÙا Ùتص٠"
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ùرض برÙ
جÙاتÙا
عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙشرÙات تعرض "
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Ø®ÙØ¶Ø©Ø ÙØ£ØÙاÙا٠Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ù
٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ
"
+"ÙÙ٠تضÙ
٠أ٠اÙØ·Ùاب سÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙصبØÙا Ù
عتÙ
دÙ٠عÙÙÙا. "
+"بعد Ø£Ù Ùتخرج Ùؤﻻء اÙØ·Ùاب Ùإ٠شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙ
بتÙدÙÙ
تخÙÙضات ÙÙÙ
Ùï»» "
+"ÙÙشرÙات اÙت٠تÙظÙÙÙ
. Ù
ا تÙعÙ٠شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات باختصار Ù٠أÙÙا تÙÙÙ
بتجÙÙد "
+"اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙجÙ
Ùع عÙ
Ùاء
ÙÙÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙØ٠اﻻعتÙ
ادÙØ© "
+"اÙدائÙ
Ø© Ù
د٠اÙØÙاة."
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msgid ""
@@ -167,14 +167,14 @@
"services of any developer to accomplish the task, independently from the "
"original vendor."
msgstr ""
-"رخص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتÙ
Ùز بعدÙ
اÙتÙاء
صÙاØÙتÙØ§Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أÙÙ Øا٠تبÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة"
-" Ù
ا ÙØ®Ùار استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة تظ٠Ù
ستÙÙØ© ع٠اÙجÙØ© صاØبة"
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ج. عÙاÙØ© عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠رخص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تÙ
ÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØÙ ÙÙ"
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اÙبراÙ
ج Øسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
ا تÙ
ÙØÙÙ
اÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج Ùإعادة"
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ÙØÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Øت٠تتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
"
-" اÙخاصة. Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
Ø¤Ø³Ø³Ø§ØªØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أرادت Ø£Ù
تضÙÙ ÙظÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
اØ"
-" ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ØÙÙئذ أ٠تÙÙÙ
باستخداÙ
Ø£Ù Ù
برÙ
ج
ﻷداء اÙÙظÙÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙبة بدÙ٠اÙØÙجة"
-" ÙÙرجÙع ÙÙجÙØ© اﻷصÙÙØ© صاØبة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج."
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جÙات اÙØرة تتÙ
Ùز بعدÙ
اÙتÙاء
صÙاØÙتÙØ§Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أÙÙ Øا٠تبÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة "
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ا ÙØ®Ùار استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة تظ٠Ù
ستÙÙØ© ع٠اÙجÙØ© صاØبة "
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ج. عÙاÙØ© عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠رخص اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة تÙ
ÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØÙ ÙÙ "
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اÙبراÙ
ج Øسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
ا تÙ
ÙØÙÙ
اÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج Ùإعادة "
+"تÙزÙعÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ÙØÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Øت٠تتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
"
+"اÙخاصة. Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
Ø¤Ø³Ø³Ø§ØªØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أرادت Ø£Ù
تضÙÙ ÙظÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
Ø§Ø "
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ÙÙÙا ØÙÙئذ أ٠تÙÙÙ
باستخداÙ
Ø£Ù Ù
برÙ
ج
ﻷداء اÙÙظÙÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙبة بدÙ٠اÙØÙجة "
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ج."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Learning"
@@ -189,12 +189,12 @@
"about Free Software also helps in studying software development ethics and "
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-"اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙØ·Ùاب اÙÙÙÙ
ÙأخذÙÙ Ù٠اÙØسبا٠Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙت اÙجاÙ
عة تدرس عÙÙÙ
"
-" اÙØاسÙب ÙتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙبØØ«Ù٠ع٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة اÙتÙ"
-" سÙتÙÙÙÙ ÙÙÙا تعÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙعاÙÙ. ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات تعÙ٠أ٠اÙØ·Ùاب ÙدÙÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ"
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٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙعÙا ÙتÙاسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
اÙخاصة."
-" اÙÙ
عرÙØ© باÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تساعد Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙ
تعÙÙ
أخÙاÙÙات اÙبرÙ
جة ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ارسة"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©."
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٠اÙØ·Ùاب اÙÙÙÙ
ÙأخذÙÙ Ù٠اÙØسبا٠Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙت اÙجاÙ
عة تدرس عÙÙÙ
"
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ج باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙبØØ«Ù٠ع٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة اÙت٠"
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ÙÙ
اÙعاÙÙ. ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
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اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ "
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٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙعÙا ÙتÙاسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
اÙخاصة. "
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عرÙØ© باÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تساعد Ø£Ùضا٠ÙÙ
تعÙÙ
أخÙاÙÙات اÙبرÙ
جة ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ارسة "
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ÙÙÙØ©."
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msgid "Saving"
@@ -208,11 +208,11 @@
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msgstr ""
-"ÙØ°Ù Ù
Ùزة أخر٠سÙÙتÙ
بÙا Ù
دراء اÙÙ
ؤسسات
اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø±ØºÙ
Ø£ÙÙا Ùائدة ثاÙÙÙØ©."
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ÙØÙ Ù٠أÙÙا ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùعط٠اﻹذ٠باستخداÙ
Ùإعادة تÙزÙع"
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ج بصÙرة Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø³Ø¹Ø± Ù
Ø®ÙØ¶Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
Ùعط٠اÙÙ
دارس اÙÙرصة Ùتساعد اÙعÙائÙ"
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٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙØÙÙ
اÙÙ
ساÙاة ÙاÙعد٠Ù٠إعطاء اÙÙرص ÙجÙ
Ùع"
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اÙÙ
ادÙØ©."
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Ùزة أخر٠سÙÙتÙ
بÙا Ù
دراء اÙÙ
ؤسسات
اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø±ØºÙ
Ø£ÙÙا Ùائدة ثاÙÙÙØ©. "
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ÙØÙ Ù٠أÙÙا ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùعط٠اﻹذ٠باستخداÙ
Ùإعادة تÙزÙع "
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ج بصÙرة Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø³Ø¹Ø± Ù
Ø®ÙØ¶Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا
Ùعط٠اÙÙ
دارس اÙÙرصة Ùتساعد اÙعÙائ٠"
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٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙØÙÙ
اÙÙ
ساÙاة ÙاÙعد٠Ù٠إعطاء اÙÙرص ÙجÙ
Ùع "
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اÙÙ
ادÙØ©."
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msgid "Quality"
@@ -224,9 +224,9 @@
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-"ÙÙا٠ÙÙرة Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙجÙدة ÙاﻵÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠تساعد Ù٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©."
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Ùع اﻷØÙاÙØ Ùإ٠جÙدة اﻷداء تعتبر
Ùائدة ثاÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙاÙÙد٠اﻷساس٠ÙÙ ØرÙØ©"
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ستخدÙ
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ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠تساعد Ù٠اÙعÙ
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
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#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
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جÙ٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙد"
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ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ عÙ"
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٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات أ٠اÙتراØات
أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙد"
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ؤسسة
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جÙ٠إÙÙ "
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ع Ù
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جÙات اÙØرة. "
+"ÙÙتبÙÙغ ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ "
+"اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+#
+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
#. our web pages, see <a
#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
#. README</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please see the <a "
-"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
-"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr ""
-"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا"
-" ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©"
-" Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
-"><address@hidden></a>.</p>."
-"<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا
ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translat"
-"ions.html\">Translations README</a>)."
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا "
+"ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© "
+"Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>.</p>.<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ©
اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙÙ
اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a href=\"/server/"
+"standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a>)."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
@@ -283,25 +282,22 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
-"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
-"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\""
-" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\";>رخصة
اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداعÙ"
-" ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"https://creativecommons.org/";
+"licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب
اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠"
+"4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
"
-"<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
-"><address@hidden></a>, 2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د."
+"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>, 2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د."
#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:"
-
-
Index: education/po/edu-why.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- education/po/edu-why.translist 27 Nov 2017 14:28:40 -0000 1.24
+++ education/po/edu-why.translist 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.25
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/education/edu-why.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/education/edu-why.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/education/edu-why.cs.html">ÄeÅ¡tina</a> [cs]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/education/edu-why.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/education/edu-why.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</span>
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/education/edu-why.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/education/edu-why.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/education/edu-why.ar.html" title="اÙعربÙØ©" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/education/edu-why.cs.html" title="ÄeÅ¡tina" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/education/edu-why.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="el" hreflang="el"
href="/education/edu-why.el.html" title="ελληνικά" />
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 07:55:11 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.2
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
-"Stallman</strong></a>"
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
msgstr ""
-"بÙÙÙ
<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>رÙتشارد
ستاÙÙ
اÙ</strong></a>"
+"بÙÙÙ
<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>رÙتشارد
ستاÙÙ
اÙ</strong></"
+"a>"
#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
msgid ""
@@ -46,20 +46,19 @@
"that the ideas of the free software movement would not be entirely absent "
"from that book."
msgstr ""
-"Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠تÙ
Ùشر٠أÙÙا٠ÙÙ Ùتاب <em>اÙÙ
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اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© (Open Sources)</em>."
-" رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أبدا٠Ù
Ù <a
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-"point.html\">Ù
Ùاصر٠استخداÙ
تعبÙر “اÙÙ
صادر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”</a>Ø ÙÙÙÙÙ"
-" شار٠بÙذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù٠اÙÙتاب اÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙر
ﻻعتÙاد٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙض٠أ٠تÙÙ٠أÙÙار ÙرؤÙ"
-" ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ø°ÙÙرة Ù٠اÙÙتاب عÙ
أ٠تÙÙ٠غائبة عÙÙ."
+"Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠تÙ
Ùشر٠أÙÙا٠ÙÙ Ùتاب <em>اÙÙ
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اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© (Open Sources)</em>. "
+"رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أبدا٠Ù
Ù <a
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+"point.html\">Ù
Ùاصر٠استخداÙ
تعبÙر “اÙÙ
صادر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”</a>Ø ÙÙÙÙÙ "
+"شار٠بÙذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù٠اÙÙتاب اÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙر
ﻻعتÙاد٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙض٠أ٠تÙÙ٠أÙÙار Ùرؤ٠"
+"ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ø°ÙÙرة Ù٠اÙÙتاب عÙ
أ٠تÙÙ٠غائبة عÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
msgid ""
-"Why it is even more important than ever <a "
-"href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html\">to insist that "
-"the software we use be free</a>."
+"Why it is even more important than ever <a href=\"/philosophy/free-software-"
+"even-more-important.html\">to insist that the software we use be free</a>."
msgstr ""
-"ÙÙ
اذا ÙؤÙ
٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ© بÙ
Ùا٠<a
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-"mportant.html\">Ø£Ù Ùصر جÙ
Ùعا٠عÙ٠أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
Ùا Øرة</a>."
+"ÙÙ
اذا ÙؤÙ
٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ© بÙ
Ùا٠<a
href=\"/philosophy/free-software-even-more-"
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Ùعا٠عÙ٠أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
Ùا Øرة</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The first software-sharing community"
@@ -74,32 +73,32 @@
"old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we "
"did it more than most."
msgstr ""
-"ØÙÙÙ
ا بدأت اÙعÙ
٠بÙ
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاعÙ
بÙ
عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا <acronym"
-" title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</acronym> Ù٠اÙعاÙ
"
-" 1971Ù
Ø Ùجدت Ø£ÙÙ٠صرت جزءا٠Ù
Ù Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø§Ùشئ اÙØ°Ù ÙاÙ"
-" Ù
تÙاصÙا٠Ù٠اﻷعÙاÙ
اÙت٠سبÙت اÙتØاÙ٠باÙÙ
ختبر. ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
-" Ù
Ùتصرة تØدÙدا٠عÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù ÙاÙت Ù
Ù
ارسة ÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙدÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب ÙÙسÙØ§Ø Ù
Ø«ÙÙ
ا"
-" Ø£Ù Ù
شارÙØ© ÙصÙات اÙطبخ ÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙدÙ
عÙ
ÙÙØ©
اÙطبخ ÙÙ Øد ذاتÙا. غÙر Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
"
-" باÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ø£Ùثر بÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠غÙرÙا."
+"ØÙÙÙ
ا بدأت اÙعÙ
٠بÙ
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاعÙ
بÙ
عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا <acronym "
+"title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</acronym> Ù٠اÙعاÙ
"
+"1971Ù
Ø Ùجدت Ø£ÙÙ٠صرت جزءا٠Ù
Ù Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø§Ùشئ اÙØ°Ù Ùا٠"
+"Ù
تÙاصÙا٠Ù٠اﻷعÙاÙ
اÙت٠سبÙت اÙتØاÙ٠باÙÙ
ختبر. ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
Ùتصرة "
+"تØدÙدا٠عÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù ÙاÙت Ù
Ù
ارسة ÙدÙÙ
Ø©
ÙدÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب ÙÙسÙØ§Ø Ù
Ø«ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù Ù
شارÙØ© "
+"ÙصÙات اÙطبخ ÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙدÙ
عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطبخ ÙÙ Øد
ذاتÙا. غÙر Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
باÙÙ
شارÙØ© "
+"Ø£Ùثر بÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠غÙرÙا."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym "
-"title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
+"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym title="
+"\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
"Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and "
"written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title=\"Programmed "
"Data Processor\">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. "
"As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to "
"improve this system."
msgstr ""
-"Ùا٠Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙعتÙ
د Ù
بدأ اÙÙ
شارÙØ© باÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙاÙ"
-" اÙÙظاÙ
Ùدع٠ÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ© باÙÙÙت غÙر
اÙتÙاÙÙÙ <acronym title=\"Incompatible"
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-" Ùا٠ÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ ÙرÙ٠عÙ
٠اÙÙ
ختبر
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Ù
Ùا ÙبرÙ
جÙا اÙÙظاÙ
"
-" باستخداÙ
Ùغة اÙتجÙ
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<acronym title=\"Programmed Data"
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عØ
ÙÙ
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ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء"
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."
+"Ùا٠Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙعتÙ
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بدأ اÙÙ
شارÙØ© باÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙا٠"
+"اÙÙظاÙ
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+"Ùا٠ÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
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جÙÙ ÙÙ ÙرÙ٠عÙ
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Ù
Ùا ÙبرÙ
جÙا اÙÙظاÙ
"
+"باستخداÙ
Ùغة اÙتجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø¹Ù٠أجÙزة دÙجÙتاÙ
<acronym title=\"Programmed Data "
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٠أضخÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب اÙتÙ
ÙاÙت Ù
ÙجÙدة ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ "
+"اÙÙÙت. ÙØÙØ« Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙت عضÙا٠ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
جتÙ
عØ
ÙÙ
برÙ
جا٠ÙÙ ÙرÙ٠عÙ
Ù Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء "
+"اﻻصطÙاعÙØ ÙÙد ÙاÙت ÙظÙÙت٠تتطÙب أ٠أÙÙÙ
بتØسÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -110,13 +109,13 @@
"could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change "
"it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program."
msgstr ""
-"ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ·Ù٠عÙ٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا
ÙÙظ “اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة”Ø"
-" ÙØ°Ù٠ﻷ٠اÙÙÙظ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
اختراع٠بعدØ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙÙ
Ùع Ù
٠أ٠Ù
ا ÙÙا ÙÙ
ارسÙ"
-" Ùا٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙتابعÙÙ ÙجاÙ
عة أخر٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
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ا ÙÙت ترÙ"
-" شخصا٠آخر ÙستخدÙ
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Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙجذب
Ø°Ù٠اÙتباÙÙØ Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙ٠أ٠تطÙب"
-" Ù
٠اÙشخص اﻵخر Ø£Ù ÙسÙ
Ø Ù٠برؤÙØ© Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
ØµØ¯Ø±Ø ØÙØ« ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙرأÙØ§Ø ÙتÙÙÙ
"
-" بتعدÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
تستخدÙ
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ÙÙا ÙعÙ
Ù
برÙاÙ
ج جدÙد ÙÙÙاÙ."
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ÙÙÙ ÙØ·Ù٠عÙ٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا
ÙÙظ “اÙبرÙ
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ÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
اختراع٠بعدØ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙÙ
Ùع Ù
٠أ٠Ù
ا ÙÙا ÙÙ
ارس٠"
+"Ùا٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙتابعÙÙ ÙجاÙ
عة أخر٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
ختÙÙØ© "
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أ٠ترÙÙØ© Ø£Øد براÙ
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برÙاÙ
جا٠غÙر Ù
Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙجذب
Ø°Ù٠اÙتباÙÙØ Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙ٠أ٠تطÙب Ù
Ù "
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ØÙØ« ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙرأÙØ§Ø ÙتÙÙÙ
"
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Ù Ø«Ù
تستخدÙ
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ÙÙا ÙعÙ
Ù
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -124,15 +123,15 @@
"is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to "
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"loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination "
-"of the two. See my article, <a "
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+"of the two. See my article, <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-";
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msgstr ""
-"(1) استخداÙ
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عÙÙ “Ùسر
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اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© بÙ
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ÙØ© اÙØدÙثة. ÙØÙ
ÙÙراصÙØ© Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙرÙض Ø£Ù Ùعتر٠بÙذا "
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عÙ٠اÙØ®Ø§Ø·Ø¦Ø ÙÙصر عÙ٠استخداÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© بÙ
عÙاÙا اÙصØÙØ ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙرصا٠"
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Ø¬Ø©Ø Ø£Ù Ø´Ø®Øµ ÙستÙ
تع باÙØ°Ùاء
اÙÙ
رØØ Ø£Ù Ø´Ø®Øµ ÙÙ
ارس اﻻثÙÙÙ Ù
عاÙ. "
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ÙÙÙ Ùراءة اÙÙ
زÙد ÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙت٠<a
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جÙØ©</a>."
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msgid "The collapse of the community"
@@ -146,12 +145,12 @@
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msgstr ""
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اÙÙÙÙات Ù
٠اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙØ
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ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ"
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ا Ùررت شرÙØ© دÙجÙتا٠Digital Ø¥ÙÙا٠تصÙÙع
سÙسÙØ© ØÙاسÙب PDP-10. بÙÙÙ
ا ÙاÙ"
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ÙÙ
راÙÙا٠ÙÙÙÙا٠بÙ
ا ÙÙاسب
اÙستÙÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ ÙØ´Ù Ù٠اÙتÙسع بÙ
ا ÙÙائÙ
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ساØات اÙعÙاÙÙ٠اÙضخÙ
Ø© اÙت٠صارت Ù
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Ù٠اÙØ«Ù
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ج اÙت٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا ÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
باÙÙÙت غÙر اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ITS Ùد أصبØت باÙÙØ©"
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Ù."
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اÙÙÙÙات Ù
٠اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
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ÙÙ
راÙÙا٠ÙÙÙÙا٠بÙ
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ا ÙÙائÙ
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ساØات اÙعÙاÙÙ٠اÙضخÙ
Ø© اÙت٠صارت Ù
تÙÙرة
Ù٠اÙØ«Ù
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ج اÙت٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا ÙظاÙ
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جتÙ
ع اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
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برÙ
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Ù
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1982Ù
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ÙÙÙ ØراÙØ"
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٠تأÙÙ٠ستÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ ÙØÙÙ ÙصÙاÙ
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Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙخاصة بÙØ§Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أÙÙا ØراÙ: Ùا٠Ùجب عÙÙ٠أ٠تÙÙÙ
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Ø¥Ùشاء اﻷسرار ÙÙ ÙÙت
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Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙخاصة بÙØ§Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
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Ø¥Ùشاء اﻷسرار ÙÙ ÙÙت
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Ùد اÙعÙÙ ÙجارÙØ Ø¨Ù
ا ÙعÙÙ
تØرÙÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. Ùا٠اÙÙاÙÙÙ"
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Ùا٠اÙبرÙ
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ع"
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Ø¬Ø Ùجب عÙÙÙ"
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Ùد اÙعÙÙ ÙجارÙØ Ø¨Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠تØرÙÙ
اÙÙ
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جتÙ
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Ù ÙÙرة أ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اﻻجتÙ
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اÙØ°Ù ÙÙرض ÙاÙÙ٠عدÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
ÙعدÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات — ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
"
-" ï»» اجتÙ
اعÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ï»» أخÙاÙÙØ
ÙباÙتاÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ارسة خاطئة Ù
٠أساسÙا. ÙÙÙÙ"
-" Ù
اذا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØ·Ù٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙعتÙ
د عÙÙ
تÙرÙ٠اÙرأ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø ÙÙجع٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ï»»"
-" ØÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùï»» ÙÙØ©Ø Ø§ÙÙارئ اÙØ°Ù Ùجد ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙÙرة Ù
Ùاجئة ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتÙع بأ٠ÙظاÙ
"
-" اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اﻻجتÙ
اع٠ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
Ù
ÙسÙÙÙ
بÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙ Ù
Ù ØÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
"
-" باﻻعتÙ
اد عÙ٠اÙشرÙØ· اÙت٠ÙرضÙا عÙÙÙ
أصØاب اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا"
-" Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùد بذÙÙا
اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙÙت ÙاÙجÙد ﻹÙÙاع"
-" اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بأ٠ÙÙا٠طرÙÙØ© ÙاØدة ÙÙØ· ÙÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©."
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Ù ÙÙرة أ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اﻻجتÙ
اع٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© — "
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اÙØ°Ù ÙÙرض ÙاÙÙ٠عدÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
ÙعدÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات — ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
"
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اعÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ï»» أخÙاÙÙØ
ÙباÙتاÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ارسة خاطئة Ù
٠أساسÙا. ÙÙÙÙ "
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اذا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØ·Ù٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙعتÙ
د عÙÙ
تÙرÙ٠اÙرأ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø ÙÙجع٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ï»» "
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Ùï»» ÙÙØ©Ø Ø§ÙÙارئ اÙØ°Ù Ùجد Ùذ٠اÙÙÙرة
Ù
Ùاجئة ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتÙع بأ٠ÙظاÙ
"
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جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اﻻجتÙ
اع٠ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
Ù
ÙسÙÙÙ
بÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙ Ù
Ù ØÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
"
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اد عÙ٠اÙشرÙØ· اÙت٠ÙرضÙا عÙÙ٠أصØاب
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا "
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Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùد بذÙÙا
اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙÙت ÙاÙجÙد ﻹÙÙاع "
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ستخدÙ
Ù٠بأ٠ÙÙا٠طرÙÙØ© ÙاØدة ÙÙØ· ÙÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©."
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ا ÙتØدث Ùاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج ع٠“Ùرض
ØÙÙÙÙÙ
” باÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù"
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Øاربة ÙØ¥ÙÙا٠<a
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ا <em>ÙÙÙÙÙÙÙ</em> ÙÙ
اÙØÙÙÙØ© ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ."
-" اÙرساÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ùراء تصرÙØاتÙÙ
تÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠اÙتراضاتÙÙ
غÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙ"
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ÙÙر اÙÙبÙ٠بÙا بدÙ٠بØØ« Ø£Ù
تÙ
ØÙص. إذاÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
باÙبØØ« ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
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ا ÙتØدث Ùاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج ع٠“Ùرض
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” باÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù ”"
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Øاربة ÙØ¥ÙÙا٠<a
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ÙÙ
ا٠عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ. اÙرساÙØ© "
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Ù Ùراء تصرÙØاتÙÙ
تÙÙ
Ù ÙÙ
اÙتراضاتÙÙ
غÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙتعÙ٠عÙÙ "
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ÙÙر اÙÙبÙ٠بÙا بدÙ٠بØØ« أ٠تÙ
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إذاÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
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msgid ""
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جÙات Ù
Ù ØÙÙا أ٠تÙ
تÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙباÙتاÙÙ"
-" أ٠تÙرض سÙطتÙا عÙ٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙØ£Ù
Ùذا Ø٠طبÙع٠ÙغÙر Ùاب٠ÙÙÙÙاش. (إذا"
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Ùا بأ٠Ùذا Ø٠طبÙعÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اﻻعتراض عÙÙÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶"
-" اÙÙظر ع٠Ù
Ùدار اﻷذ٠اÙذ٠سÙسبب٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر).
Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø«Ùر ÙÙاÙتÙ
اÙ
أ٠دستÙر"
-" اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة ÙاÙÙÙاÙ
Ùس اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©
ترÙضا٠ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°ÙØ ØÙØ« Ø£Ù ØÙÙÙ"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙست ØÙÙÙا٠أصÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ù٠خطة
اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
صطÙعة تÙرضÙا اÙØÙÙÙ
ات"
-" ÙتÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
Ù
ارسة ØÙÙÙ
اÙطبÙعÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
شارÙØ©."
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جÙات Ù
Ù ØÙÙا أ٠تÙ
تÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙباÙتاÙÙ "
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Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙØ£Ù
Ùذا Ø٠طبÙع٠ÙغÙر Ùاب٠ÙÙÙÙاش. (إذا "
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Ùا بأ٠Ùذا Ø٠طبÙعÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اﻻعتراض عÙÙÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶ "
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Ùدار اﻷذ٠اÙذ٠سÙسبب٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر). Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø«Ùر ÙÙاÙتÙ
اÙ
أ٠دستÙر "
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تØدة ÙاÙÙÙاÙ
Ùس اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©
ترÙضا٠ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°ÙØ ØÙØ« Ø£Ù ØÙÙÙ "
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ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙست ØÙÙÙا٠أصÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ù٠خطة
اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
صطÙعة تÙرضÙا اÙØÙÙÙ
ات ÙتÙ
Ùع "
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
Ù
ارسة ØÙÙÙ
اÙطبÙع٠ÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
شارÙØ©."
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Ù٠آخر ÙÙض٠بأ٠اÙشئ اÙÙØÙد
ذ٠اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ÙضÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ ÙÙع"
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ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا — بÙ
عÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù ØÙاسÙب Ùجب Ø£Ùا"
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Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر ÙÙ ÙÙع اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØ°Ù ÙÙسÙ
ÙØ
ÙÙا باÙعÙØ´ ÙÙÙ."
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Ù٠آخر ÙÙض٠بأ٠اÙشئ اÙÙØÙد
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ÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ÙضÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ "
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ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا — بÙ
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Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر ÙÙ ÙÙع اÙÙ
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ÙØ
ÙÙا باÙعÙØ´ ÙÙÙ."
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جÙاتÙØ§Ø Ùإﻻ ÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠براÙ
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٠اÙبرÙ
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ÙÙدة بدÙ٠أÙ
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ÙØ·Ù ÙاﻷخÙا٠ÙÙØدÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙاضعÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
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ا ÙÙبغ٠أ٠تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙÙ
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Ø¥Ùشاء Ù
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ÙØ®ÙاÙØ© زÙ
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ÙÙÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ا٠بسÙÙÙ Ùذا
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تعت ÙÙس٠بÙتابة"
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ج ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت. اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙت
أعÙÙ
Ø£Ù٠عÙدÙ
ا تÙتÙÙ Ù
سÙرت٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©Ø"
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Ùع اÙسÙÙات اÙتÙ
ÙضÙتÙا Ù٠بÙاء اÙجدرا٠اÙت٠تÙص٠اÙÙاس"
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ØÙات٠Ù٠جع٠اÙعاÙÙ
Ù
ÙاÙا٠أسÙØ£ ÙÙعÙØ´"
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ÙÙÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ا٠بسÙÙÙ Ùذا
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ا Ø£Ù
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Ù
اتÙاÙÙØ© عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء Ø§ï»·Ø³Ø±Ø§Ø±Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
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إعطائ٠أÙا ÙÙ
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اﻻصطÙاع٠شÙرة اÙÙ
صدر ÙÙبرÙاÙ
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اÙطابعة Ù
Ø«Ùرا٠ÙÙاØباط بصÙرة ÙبÙرةØ"
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Ø© Ù
Ù
برÙاÙ
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٠إÙÙاع ÙÙس٠بأ٠اتÙاÙÙات عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء
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Ù
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ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اﻻصطÙاع٠شÙرة اÙÙ
صدر ÙÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙتØÙÙ
"
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Ø«Ùرا٠ÙÙاØباط بصÙرة ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø "
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Ø© Ù
Ù
برÙاÙ
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أتÙ
Ù٠أبدا٠"
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٠إÙÙاع ÙÙس٠بأ٠اتÙاÙÙات عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء
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ا "
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شارÙØ© اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
عÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ
أستطع أ٠أدÙر عÙ٠عÙب٠ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
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ÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ٠سÙتÙ
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ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ
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ا ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ÙظاÙ
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ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙع٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اﻷشÙØ§Ø¡Ø Ø£Ù
ا
بدÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠سÙتعذر عÙÙÙ"
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٠أساسÙ. بÙجÙد ÙظاÙ
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ØØ±Ø ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙعÙد Ø¥Ùشاء Ù
جتÙ
ع"
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ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا دعÙØ©
أ٠شخص ÙÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
. أ٠شخص سÙتÙ
ÙÙ"
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٠استخداÙ
ØاسÙب٠بدÙ٠أ٠Ùضطر بدءا٠ÙÙتآÙ
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Ùائ٠ÙØرÙ
اÙÙÙ
Ù
Ù ØرÙتÙÙ
"
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ا ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙØ "
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ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙع٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اﻷشÙØ§Ø¡Ø Ø£Ù
ا
بدÙÙ ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠سÙتعذر عÙÙÙ "
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٠أساسÙ. بÙجÙد ÙظاÙ
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ØØ±Ø ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙعÙد Ø¥Ùشاء Ù
جتÙ
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٠استخداÙ
ØاسÙب٠بدÙ٠أ٠Ùضطر بدءا٠ÙÙتآÙ
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Ùائ٠ÙØرÙ
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Ø© تشغÙÙ ÙÙد ÙÙت Ø£Ù
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ؤÙÙØ© ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©. ÙØ°ÙÙØ"
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ا٠ع٠أÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
٠اÙÙجاØØ
ÙÙد أدرÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
اختÙار٠ÙÙØ°Ù"
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ÙÙ
Ø©. اخترت أ٠أجع٠ÙظاÙ
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ÙائÙ
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ÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙس Ù
٠اﻻÙتÙا٠بسÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙظاÙ
اÙجدÙد. ÙÙ
ت"
-" باختÙار اسÙ
جÙÙ (GNU)Ø Ø¹Ù٠عادة اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ Ùاختصار Ù
تÙرر بÙ
عÙÙ"
-" “جÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙÙس Ø£Ù GNU's Not Unix.” ÙÙÙØ·Ù <a"
-" href=\"/gnu/pronunciation.html\">ÙÙ
Ùطع ÙÙظ٠ÙاØد Ù
ع
تشدÙد اÙجÙÙ
</a>."
+"بصÙت٠Ù
برÙ
ج Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙÙ ÙÙد ÙÙت Ø£Ù
تÙÙ
اÙصÙات اÙÙ
ؤÙÙØ© ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©. ÙØ°ÙÙØ "
+"ÙرغÙ
ا٠ع٠أÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
٠اÙÙجاØØ
ÙÙد أدرÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
اختÙار٠ÙÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©. اخترت أ٠أجع٠ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙÙ Ù
ÙائÙ
اÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙس (Unix) بØÙØ« تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات "
+"ÙابÙØ© ÙÙترÙÙØ©Ø ÙØت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙس Ù
٠اﻻÙتÙا٠بسÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙظاÙ
اÙجدÙد. ÙÙ
ت "
+"باختÙار اسÙ
جÙÙ (GNU)Ø Ø¹Ù٠عادة اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙØ Ùاختصار Ù
تÙرر بÙ
عÙÙ "
+"“جÙÙ ÙÙس ÙÙÙÙس Ø£Ù GNU's Not Unix.” ÙÙÙØ·Ù <a
href=\"/gnu/"
+"pronunciation.html\">ÙÙ
Ùطع ÙÙظ٠ÙاØد Ù
ع تشدÙد اÙجÙÙ
</a>."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -427,12 +424,12 @@
"editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had "
"them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too."
msgstr ""
-"إ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙØتÙ٠أشÙاء Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙاÙت٠باÙÙاد تسÙ
Ø"
-" بتشغÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج اﻷخرÙ. Ù٠اÙسبعÙÙÙات ÙاÙت
جÙ
Ùع ÙظÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ØترÙ
Ø© تØتÙ٠عÙÙ"
-" Ù
عاÙجات Ø£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø ÙÙ
ÙجÙ
Ùعات ÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات ÙÙ
ÙصØÙØات ÙÙØ´Ùرة اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
Øررات ÙصÙصØ"
-" ÙبراÙ
ج برÙد اÙÙترÙÙÙØ ÙاÙÙØ«Ùر غÙرÙا Ù
Ù
اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙظاÙ
ITS Ùا٠ÙØتÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا"
-" ÙاÙت Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© Multics ÙVMS ÙUnix جÙ
ÙعÙا. Ùا٠Ùذا
ÙعÙ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠سÙØتÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙبراÙ
ج Ø£ÙضاÙ."
+"إ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙØتÙ٠أشÙاء Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ù
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙاÙت٠باÙÙاد تسÙ
Ø "
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ج اﻷخرÙ. Ù٠اÙسبعÙÙÙات ÙاÙت
جÙ
Ùع ÙظÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙÙ
ØترÙ
Ø© تØتÙ٠عÙÙ "
+"Ù
عاÙجات Ø£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø ÙÙ
ÙجÙ
Ùعات ÙÙ
ترجÙ
ات ÙÙ
ÙصØÙØات ÙÙØ´Ùرة اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
Øررات ÙصÙØµØ "
+"ÙبراÙ
ج برÙد اÙÙترÙÙÙØ ÙاÙÙØ«Ùر غÙرÙا Ù
Ù
اÙبراÙ
ج. ÙظاÙ
ITS Ùا٠ÙØتÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
ا "
+"ÙاÙت Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© Multics ÙVMS ÙUnix جÙ
ÙعÙا. Ùا٠Ùذا ÙعÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠سÙØتÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙبراÙ
ج Ø£ÙضاÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):"
@@ -459,8 +456,7 @@
"(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes "
"find I admire something one of them has said."
msgstr ""
-"(1) بصÙت٠Ù
ÙØداÙØ ÙØ£Ùا ï»» أتبع Ø£Ù Ùادة
دÙÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ٠أÙعجÙب Ø£ØÙاÙا٠بÙ
ÙÙÙØ©"
-" Ø£ØدÙÙ
."
+"(1) بصÙت٠Ù
ÙØداÙØ ÙØ£Ùا ï»» أتبع Ø£Ù Ùادة
دÙÙÙÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ٠أÙعجÙب Ø£ØÙاÙا٠بÙ
ÙÙÙØ© Ø£ØدÙÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Free as in freedom"
@@ -472,15 +468,14 @@
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"definition of free software."
msgstr ""
-"إ٠تعبÙر “اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة” ÙØ«Ùرا٠Ù
ا
Ùساء ÙÙÙ
Ù — ÙÙÙ ï»»"
-" عÙاÙØ© Ù٠باÙÙ
اÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا ÙÙعÙÙ٠باÙØرÙØ©. ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙØ Ø³ÙÙÙÙ
بتعرÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
-" اÙØرة."
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جÙات اÙØرة” ÙØ«Ùرا٠Ù
ا
Ùساء ÙÙÙ
Ù — ÙÙÙ ï»» "
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اÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا ÙÙعÙÙ٠باÙØرÙØ©. ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙØ Ø³ÙÙÙÙ
بتعرÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:"
msgstr ""
-"Ùعتبر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
عÙ٠برÙ
جÙØ© Øرة باÙÙسبة
Ù٠أÙÙا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙستÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙشرÙØ·:"
+"Ùعتبر اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙÙ
عÙ٠برÙ
جÙØ© Øرة باÙÙسبة
Ù٠أÙÙا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙستÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
+"اÙشرÙØ·:"
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msgid "You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose."
@@ -494,9 +489,9 @@
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"exceedingly difficult.)"
msgstr ""
-"ØÙÙÙ
ا تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ØرÙØ© تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
ÙÙÙاسب اØتÙاجات٠اÙخاصة. (Øت٠تÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙØرÙØ© عÙ
ÙÙØ©Ø Ùجب أ٠تتÙÙر ÙدÙÙ Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر اÙخاصة باÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ØÙØ« أ٠تعدÙÙ"
-" اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بدÙÙ ÙجÙد Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر Ø£Ù
ر صعب
ÙÙغاÙØ©)."
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ا تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ØرÙØ© تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
ÙÙÙاسب اØتÙاجات٠اÙخاصة. (Øت٠تÙÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
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ÙÙØ©Ø Ùجب أ٠تتÙÙر ÙدÙÙ Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر اÙخاصة باÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ØÙØ« أ٠تعدÙÙ "
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ج بدÙÙ ÙجÙد Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر Ø£Ù
ر صعب
ÙÙغاÙØ©)."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -509,45 +504,43 @@
"You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program, so that "
"the community can benefit from your improvements."
msgstr ""
-"ØÙÙÙ
ا تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ØرÙØ© إعادة تÙزÙع Ùسخ Ù
عدÙØ©
Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø¨ØÙØ« ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ø£Ù"
-" ÙستÙÙد Ù
٠تØسÙÙات٠اÙت٠أدخÙتÙا عÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اﻷصÙ."
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ا تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙ ØرÙØ© إعادة تÙزÙع Ùسخ Ù
عدÙØ©
Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø¨ØÙØ« ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع أ٠"
+"ÙستÙÙد Ù
٠تØسÙÙات٠اÙت٠أدخÙتÙا عÙÙ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اﻷصÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no "
"contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the "
-"freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold on "
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-"بÙ
ا Ø£Ù “اÙØرÙØ©” ÙÙا ترÙ
ز ÙÙÙع٠Ùا ÙÙÙ
اÙØ Ø¹ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙس ÙÙا٠تضارب بÙÙ"
-" ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Øرة ÙÙÙÙÙا تباع بسعر. ÙÙ
اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù ØرÙØ© بÙع Ùسخ Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ"
-" ØرÙØ© أساسÙØ©: إ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙستÙÙد Ù
Ù Ù
جÙ
Ùعات
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙت٠تباع عÙÙ"
-" اﻷÙراص اÙÙ
ضغÙØ·Ø©Ø ØÙØ« Ø£ÙÙا تشÙÙ Ù
صدرا٠ÙاÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù Ù
صادر جÙ
ع اﻷÙ
ÙاÙØ ÙاÙت٠تساعد"
-" Ù٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠أÙ
برÙ
جÙØ© ï»» ÙÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¥Ø¯Ø®Ø§ÙÙا ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعات Ù٠بطبÙعة اÙØا٠برÙ
جÙØ© غÙر Øرة."
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+"to raise funds for free software development. Therefore, a program which "
+"people are not free to include on these collections is not free software."
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+"بÙ
ا Ø£Ù “اÙØرÙØ©” ÙÙا ترÙ
ز ÙÙÙع٠Ùا ÙÙÙ
اÙØ Ø¹ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙس ÙÙا٠تضارب "
+"بÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Øرة ÙÙÙÙÙا تباع بسعر. ÙÙ
اÙÙاÙØ¹Ø ÙØ¥Ù ØرÙØ© بÙع Ùسخ Ù
Ù "
+"اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ ØرÙØ© أساسÙØ©: إ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙستÙÙد Ù
Ù Ù
جÙ
Ùعات اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙت٠"
+"تباع عÙ٠اﻷÙراص اÙÙ
ضغÙØ·Ø©Ø ØÙØ« Ø£ÙÙا تشÙÙ Ù
صدرا٠ÙاÙ
ا٠Ù
Ù Ù
صادر جÙ
ع اﻷÙ
ÙاÙØ "
+"ÙاÙت٠تساعد Ù٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. Ùذا
ÙعÙ٠أ٠أ٠برÙ
جÙØ© ï»» ÙÙسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¥Ø¯Ø®Ø§ÙÙا "
+"ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعات Ù٠بطبÙعة اÙØا٠برÙ
جÙØ©
غÙر Øرة."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for "
"alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English language has "
"more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous, "
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-msgstr ""
-"Ùظرا٠ÙغÙ
Ùض Ù
عÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ø© “اÙØرÙØ©”Ø
ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùد بØØ«Ùا Ù
Ø·ÙÙا٠ع٠بدائÙ"
-" ÙÙØ§Ø Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙ
Ùجد تعبÙرا٠آخر Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ùاسبة Ù
ÙÙا. إ٠اÙÙغة اﻻÙجÙÙزÙØ© تزخر"
-" باÙÙÙÙ
ات ذات اÙÙرÙ٠اÙØ´ÙÙÙØ© اÙبسÙطة Ø£Ùثر
Ù
٠أ٠Ùغة أخرÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙا تÙتÙر ÙÙجÙد"
-" ÙÙÙ
Ø© بسÙطة ÙغÙر غاÙ
ضة تØÙ
Ù Ù
عÙÙ “Øر”
ÙÙ
ا Ù٠اÙØرÙØ© —"
-" “غÙر Ù
ÙÙد (unfettered)” Ù٠أÙثر ÙÙÙ
Ø© Ù
ÙائÙ
Ø© Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙÙ. اÙÙ
رادÙات"
-" اﻷخر٠Ù
Ø«Ù “Ù
ÙØÙرÙر (liberated)”Ø Ù“ Ù
ستÙÙ"
-" (freedom)”Ø Ù“Ù
ÙتÙØ (open)” جÙ
ÙعÙا تØÙ
Ù Ù
عÙÙ٠خاطئاÙØ Ø£Ù"
-" تعاÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙصÙر آخر Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙÙ."
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+"unfettered” being the word that comes closest in meaning. Such "
+"alternatives as “liberated”, “freedom”, and “"
+"open” have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage."
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+"Ùظرا٠ÙغÙ
Ùض Ù
عÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ø© “اÙØرÙØ©”Ø
ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùد بØØ«Ùا Ù
Ø·ÙÙا٠ع٠بدائ٠"
+"ÙÙØ§Ø Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙ
Ùجد تعبÙرا٠آخر Ø£Ùثر Ù
Ùاسبة Ù
ÙÙا. إ٠اÙÙغة اﻻÙجÙÙزÙØ© تزخر "
+"باÙÙÙÙ
ات ذات اÙÙرÙ٠اÙØ´ÙÙÙØ© اÙبسÙطة Ø£Ùثر Ù
٠أ٠Ùغة أخرÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙا تÙتÙر ÙÙجÙد "
+"ÙÙÙ
Ø© بسÙطة ÙغÙر غاÙ
ضة تØÙ
Ù Ù
عÙÙ “Øر”
ÙÙ
ا Ù٠اÙØرÙØ© — "
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ÙÙد (unfettered)” Ù٠أÙثر ÙÙÙ
Ø© Ù
ÙائÙ
Ø© Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙÙ. اÙÙ
رادÙات "
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Ø«Ù “Ù
ÙØÙرÙر (liberated)”Ø Ù“ Ù
ستÙÙ (freedom)”Ø "
+"Ù“Ù
ÙتÙØ (open)” جÙ
ÙعÙا تØÙ
Ù Ù
عÙÙÙ
خاطئاÙØ Ø£Ù ØªØ¹Ø§ÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙصÙر آخر ÙÙ "
+"اÙÙ
عÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "GNU software and the GNU system"
@@ -561,11 +554,11 @@
"the principal text formatter; a few years later, I decided to use the X "
"Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU."
msgstr ""
-"إ٠تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع ضخÙ
ÙÙغاÙØ©. ÙØت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙصÙÙ ÙغاÙتÙاØ"
-" Ùررت أ٠أÙØ·ÙÙع ÙأستخدÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
اÙÙ
تÙÙرة ÙÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ثا٠عÙÙ"
-" Ø°ÙÙØ Ùررت Ù
ÙØ° اÙبداÙØ© استخداÙ
تÙÙ (TeX) ÙÙ
Ùس٠اÙÙصÙص اÙرئÙسÙ. بعد عدة سÙÙاتØ"
-" Ùررت استخداÙ
ÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥Ùس (X Window System) بدÙاÙ
ع٠Ùتابة ÙظاÙ
عرض جدÙد"
-" خصÙصا٠Ù
٠أج٠جÙÙ."
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تشغÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع ضخÙ
ÙÙغاÙØ©. ÙØت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙصÙÙ "
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اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة اÙÙ
تÙÙرة ÙÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù
ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ. ÙÙ
ثا٠"
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ÙØ° اÙبداÙØ© استخداÙ
تÙÙ (TeX)
ÙÙ
Ùس٠اÙÙصÙص اÙرئÙسÙ. بعد عدة "
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ÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥Ùس (X Window System)
بدÙا٠ع٠Ùتابة ÙظاÙ
عرض "
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٠أج٠جÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -575,10 +568,10 @@
"people and projects for their own purposes, but which we can use because "
"they are free software."
msgstr ""
-"بسبب Ùذ٠اÙÙØ±Ø§Ø±Ø§ØªØ ÙاÙÙØ«Ùر غÙرÙØ§Ø ÙØ¥Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ Ù٠أÙثر Ù
Ù Ù
جرد تجÙ
Ùع ÙبرÙ
جÙات"
-" جÙÙ. Ø¥Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ ÙØتÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
تطÙÙرÙا ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ."
-" Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ
آخرÙÙ ÙخدÙ
Ø© أغراضÙÙ
Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا تÙ
ÙÙا Ù
Ù"
-" استخداÙ
Ùا ï»·ÙÙا برÙ
جÙات Øرة."
+"بسبب Ùذ٠اÙÙØ±Ø§Ø±Ø§ØªØ ÙاÙÙØ«Ùر غÙرÙØ§Ø ÙØ¥Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ Ù٠أÙثر Ù
Ù Ù
جرد تجÙ
Ùع "
+"ÙبرÙ
جÙات جÙÙ. Ø¥Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ ÙØتÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
تطÙÙرÙا ÙÙ "
+"Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا Ù
Ù ÙبÙ
Ù
برÙ
جÙ٠آخرÙÙ ÙخدÙ
Ø© أغراضÙÙ
Ø "
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ÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùا ï»·ÙÙا برÙ
جÙات
Øرة."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Commencing the project"
@@ -595,21 +588,21 @@
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"community."
msgstr ""
-"Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1984Ù
Ø ØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Øª ÙظÙÙت٠ÙÙ Ù
عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا Ùبدأت ÙÙ Ùتابة"
-" براÙ
ج جÙÙ. Ù
غادرت٠ÙÙÙ
عÙد ÙاÙت Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Øت٠ﻻ
Ùتدخ٠اÙÙ
عÙد Ù٠تÙزÙع جÙÙ ÙبرÙ
جÙØ©"
-" Øرة. ÙÙ ÙÙت ظÙÙت Ù
ÙظÙا٠Ùد٠اÙÙ
عÙØ¯Ø Ùا٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ùدع٠اÙÙ
عÙد اÙ
تÙاÙÙ ÙÙعÙ
ÙØ"
-" ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
سئÙÙÙ٠بÙرض شرÙØ·ÙÙ
اÙخاصة
عÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙتÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø£Ù Ø±Ø¨Ù
ا ÙاÙ
Ùا"
-" بتØÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù ÙØزÙ
Ø© براÙ
ج اØتÙارÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ùد٠اﻻستعداد ببذ٠Ù
جÙÙد ÙبÙر ÙÙ"
-" Ùذا اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙÙØ· ﻷرا٠تØÙÙ ÙعÙ
Ù ï»» ÙخدÙ
اÙغرض اﻷساس٠Ù
٠إÙشائÙØ ÙÙ٠إعادة بÙاء"
-" Ù
جتÙ
ع Ù
شار٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات."
+"Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1984Ù
Ø ØºØ§Ø¯Ø±Øª ÙظÙÙت٠ÙÙ Ù
عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا Ùبدأت ÙÙ Ùتابة "
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ج جÙÙ. Ù
غادرت٠ÙÙÙ
عÙد ÙاÙت Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© Øت٠ﻻ
Ùتدخ٠اÙÙ
عÙد Ù٠تÙزÙع جÙÙ ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© "
+"Øرة. ÙÙ ÙÙت ظÙÙت Ù
ÙظÙا٠Ùد٠اÙÙ
عÙØ¯Ø Ùا٠ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠Ùدع٠اÙÙ
عÙد اÙ
تÙاÙÙ ÙÙعÙ
ÙØ "
+"ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
سئÙÙÙ٠بÙرض شرÙØ·ÙÙ
اÙخاصة
عÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙتÙزÙØ¹Ø Ø£Ù Ø±Ø¨Ù
ا ÙاÙ
Ùا "
+"بتØÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
Ù ÙØزÙ
Ø© براÙ
ج اØتÙارÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ùد٠اﻻستعداد ببذ٠Ù
جÙÙد ÙبÙر ÙÙ "
+"Ùذا اÙعÙ
ÙØ ÙÙØ· ﻷرا٠تØÙÙ ÙعÙ
Ù ï»» ÙخدÙ
اÙغرض اﻷساس٠Ù
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جتÙ
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شار٠ÙÙبرÙ
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ÙÙÙت أبØØ« ع٠طر٠ÙجÙ٠اÙÙ
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Ø£ÙÙ٠سأÙÙÙ
بإرسا٠شرÙØ· عبر اÙبرÙد ÙÙÙ"
-" Ù
Ù Ùرغب بذÙÙØ ÙÙاء رسÙ
Ù
اÙÙ ÙبÙغ 150 دÙÙار.
بÙذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ØªÙ
ÙÙت Ù
٠بدء Ù
شرÙع"
-" عÙ
Ù ÙتÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرÙع
اÙØ°Ù Ùبعت Ù
Ù٠اÙشرÙات اÙØدÙثة اÙتÙ"
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بتÙزÙع إصدارات جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙ
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ÙÙÙ٠أ٠أÙÙÙ ÙÙÙ
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ÙدÙ٠اتصا٠بشبÙØ© اﻻÙترÙØªØ "
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Ù٠بعÙ
Ù Ùسخة ÙÙÙ
.” Ø£Ù Ùا٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
أ٠أÙع٠Ù
ا ÙعÙت٠ببرÙاÙ
ج "
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اÙس اﻷصÙ٠عÙ٠جÙاز دÙجÙتا٠PDP-10: أ٠أÙÙÙ
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“أرسÙÙا Ø¥Ù٠شرائطÙÙ
Ø "
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ظارÙÙا٠برÙدÙØ© Ù
عÙÙÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠أÙÙسÙÙ
<acronym
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بإعادتÙا ÙÙÙ
برÙدÙا٠ÙعÙÙÙا برÙاÙ
ج "
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اÙس”. اÙÙ
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ÙÙÙ Ùد٠ÙظÙÙØ©Ø
ÙÙÙت أبØØ« ع٠طر٠ÙجÙ٠اÙÙ
ا٠"
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ÙÙت Ù
٠بدء Ù
شرÙع "
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جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
شرÙع
اÙØ°Ù Ùبعت Ù
Ù٠اÙشرÙات اÙØدÙثة اÙت٠"
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Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
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ØÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙØ©) تعتبر برÙ
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Ùا٠أ٠شخص تطÙÙر Ùسخة اØتÙارÙØ©
Ù
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Ø«ÙØ Ùإ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù"
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جÙات اÙØرة عÙÙÙا ØÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙØ©Ø ØºÙر
Ø£ÙÙا ÙتÙ
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تساÙÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙسÙ
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اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
عدÙØ© Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
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Ù "
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ÙÙÙØ©Ø ØºÙر
Ø£ÙÙا ÙتÙ
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ا ÙسÙ
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اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
عدÙØ© Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
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عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙØ§Ø Ù
Ù
Ø«Ù
تÙ
إصدار٠ÙبرÙ
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ض اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
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ÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس اÙاØتÙارÙØ© اÙخاصة بÙÙ
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Ø°ÙÙ Ù٠اÙصÙرة اÙØ«ÙائÙØ© ÙÙØ· (أ٠بدÙÙ
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Ø«ÙÙا Ù
ث٠أÙظÙ
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عÙد Ù
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Ù Ø«Ù
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٠اÙÙÙت ØتÙ
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Ùا بإضاÙØ© ÙظاÙ
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Ø«ÙÙا Ù
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عرض Ø¥Ùس ÙÙ
ÙعتبرÙا ÙØ°Ù Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©—ÙÙد ÙاÙÙا ÙتÙÙعÙÙ ÙØ°Ø§Ø Ø¨Ù"
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ÙÙ٠غرضÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ©Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙØ·
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٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ”. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙا Ù
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ"
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùدر Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا Ù
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
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Ø·Ùر٠ÙظاÙ
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ÙعتبرÙا ÙØ°Ù Ù
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø Ø¨Ùدر Ù
ا ÙاÙÙا Ù
ÙتÙ
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٠اÙتÙاÙØ¶Ø ØÙØ« Ø£Ù ÙجÙد
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ختÙÙØ© ÙÙسؤاÙ: “ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
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ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙÙ٠عÙدÙا Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
تÙزÙع Ø¥Ùس ÙاÙ
برÙ
جÙØ© Øرة. Ø£Ù
ا ÙÙ ÙÙ
ت بØساب Ù
تÙسط"
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ستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥ÙØ³Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا ستضطر
ÙÙÙÙ٠بأ٠إÙس Ùا٠برÙ
جÙØ© اØتÙارÙØ©."
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت ÙاÙÙا ÙستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙسخ اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اÙت٠جاءت Ù
ع"
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Ø© ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ï»» اÙÙسخة اÙØرة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
اÙعرض
Ø¥Ùس."
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٠اÙتÙاÙØ¶Ø ØÙØ« Ø£Ù ÙجÙد
طرÙÙتÙÙ ÙØساب Ùسبة اÙØرÙØ© أد٠ÙÙجÙد "
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ختÙÙØ© ÙÙسؤاÙ: “ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©
Øرةؔ إذا ÙÙ
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اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙØ§Ø "
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ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙÙ٠عÙدÙا Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
تÙزÙع Ø¥Ùس ÙاÙ
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ا ÙÙ ÙÙ
ت بØساب Ù
تÙسط "
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ستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
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ÙÙÙÙ٠بأ٠إÙس Ùا٠برÙ
جÙØ© اØتÙارÙØ©. "
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ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت ÙاÙÙا ÙستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙسخ اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اÙت٠جاءت Ù
ع "
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Ø© ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ï»» اÙÙسخة اÙØرة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
اÙعرض
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-"ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙد٠Ù
Ù Ùراء Ù
شرÙع جÙ٠تØصÙÙ
اÙØ´ÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ùا٠إعطاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙاÙ
Ù"
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. Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
Ùا٠ÙزاÙ
ا٠عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙستخدÙ
شرÙØ· تÙزÙع Ù
٠شأÙÙا أ٠تÙ
Ùع تØÙÙÙ"
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ج جÙÙ ÙبراÙ
ج اØتÙارÙØ©. اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙتÙ
استخدÙ
ÙاÙا أصبØت تعر٠باسÙ
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ÙÙ٠اÙÙد٠Ù
Ù Ùراء Ù
شرÙع جÙ٠تØصÙÙ
اÙØ´ÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ùا٠إعطاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙاÙ
Ù "
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. Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
Ùا٠ÙزاÙ
ا٠عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙستخدÙ
شرÙØ· تÙزÙع Ù
٠شأÙÙا أ٠تÙ
Ùع تØÙÙÙ "
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ج جÙÙ ÙبراÙ
ج اØتÙارÙØ©. اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙتÙ
استخدÙ
ÙاÙا أصبØت تعر٠باسÙ
“"
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ترÙÙØ© تستخدÙ
ÙÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا تÙÙبÙا رأسا٠عÙÙ"
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اÙغرض اÙÙ
عاÙس ÙÙغرض اÙعادÙ:
بدÙا٠ع٠استخداÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙتÙÙÙد"
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ج Ù
Ø§Ø ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙØÙÙÙ ÙسÙÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ØراÙ."
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ÙÙاÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا تÙÙبÙا رأسا٠عÙÙ "
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اÙغرض اÙÙ
عاÙس ÙÙغرض اÙعادÙ:
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ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ© ÙتÙÙÙد "
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ج Ù
Ø§Ø ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙØÙÙÙ ÙسÙÙØ© Ùجع٠اÙبرÙاÙ
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Ù Ùراء اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ
إعطاء اÙجÙ
Ùع رخصة ÙتشغÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
جØ"
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Ø¬Ø ØªØ¹Ø¯Ù٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙشر اÙÙسخ
اÙÙ
عدÙØ©—إﻻ Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠غÙر اÙÙ
سÙ
ÙØ"
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Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙا٠ÙÙÙ Ùرد ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙسخةÙ"
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٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠دائÙ
Ø© ÙغÙر ÙابÙØ© ÙÙÙ
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Ù Ùراء اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ
إعطاء اÙجÙ
Ùع رخصة ÙتشغÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø "
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Ø¬Ø ØªØ¹Ø¯Ù٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙشر اÙÙسخ
اÙÙ
عدÙØ©—إﻻ Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠غÙر اÙÙ
سÙ
ÙØ "
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Ùإ٠اÙØرÙات اﻷساسÙØ© اÙت٠ÙتÙ
تعرÙÙ "
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جÙات اÙØرة” عبرÙØ§Ø ØªØ¹ØªØ¨Ø± ØÙاÙ
Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙا٠ÙÙÙ Ùرد ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ùسخة٠Ù
Ù "
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Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙ ØÙÙ٠دائÙ
Ø© ÙغÙر ÙابÙØ© ÙÙÙ
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ترÙÙØ©Ø Ùجب أ٠تÙÙÙ
اÙÙسخ اÙÙ
عدÙØ© Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ا Øرة"
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٠أ٠أ٠عÙ
Ù ÙتÙ
تطÙÙر٠بÙاء٠عÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙراÙ"
-" ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙا Øا٠ÙشرÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙشغÙÙÙ Ùظائ٠برÙ
جة Ù٠شرÙاتÙÙ
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جÙات جÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ùع شرÙاتÙÙ
Ù
Ù"
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Ùع عÙÙÙÙ
Ù
شارÙØ© ÙØ°Ù
اÙتØسÙÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©Ø ï»·ÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
"
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Ùا ÙتطÙÙر ÙسختÙا اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج.”"
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ترÙÙØ©Ø Ùجب أ٠تÙÙÙ
اÙÙسخ اÙÙ
عدÙØ© Ù
٠برÙاÙ
ج Ù
ا Øرة "
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٠أ٠أ٠عÙ
Ù ÙتÙ
تطÙÙرÙ
بÙاء٠عÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ Ù
تÙÙرا٠"
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جتÙ
عÙا Øا٠ÙشرÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙشغÙÙÙ Ùظائ٠برÙ
جة Ù٠شرÙاتÙÙ
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اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙÙ
Ùع شرÙاتÙÙ
Ù
Ù "
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Ùع عÙÙÙÙ
Ù
شارÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙتØسÙÙات
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©Ø ï»·ÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
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Ùا ÙتطÙÙر ÙسختÙا اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ù
اÙبرÙاÙ
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msgid ""
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برÙاÙ
جا٠Ù
اØ
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ج اÙØر Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ Øرا٠أÙضاÙ. Ø¥Ù
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ا ÙاÙت تÙÙÙ
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٠ترÙÙØ© اÙبرÙاÙ
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ÙÙ
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ÙارÙØ© Ù
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Ø© ÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥ÙØ³Ø Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙ
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ا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
Ù
Ù ØرÙاتÙÙ
Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا ÙØµØ¨Ø Ù
٠اÙسÙ٠عÙÙ"
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Ù Ùا٠أ٠Ùستغ٠Ùذا اÙعذر ÙÙ
صÙØتÙ
اÙشخصÙØ©."
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Ù ØرÙØ© ÙÙ Ùرد ÙستخدÙ
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جا٠Ù
اØ
Ùا بد Ù
٠اÙتأÙÙد عÙ٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙ٠عÙÙ "
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عرض Ø¥Ùس "
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ا ÙاÙت تÙÙÙ
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ÙÙ Ù
٠ترÙÙØ© اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙتÙاÙÙ "
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ع Ø£ÙظÙ
تÙÙ
ÙÙ
عداتÙÙ
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Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙتعدÙÙات
ÙاÙت صغÙرة باÙÙ
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ع ØجÙ
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Ø© ÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥ÙØ³Ø Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙ
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ا٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù ØرÙاتÙÙ
Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا ÙØµØ¨Ø Ù
٠اÙسÙ٠عÙÙ ÙائÙÙ Ù
Ù Ùا٠"
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صÙØت٠اÙشخصÙØ©."
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@@ -897,12 +889,12 @@
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Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù
شابÙØ© تتعÙ٠بدÙ
ج برÙاÙ
ج Øر Ù
ع
Ø´Ùرة غÙر Øرة. Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذا اÙدÙ
ج ÙتÙجتÙ"
-" دائÙ
ا٠Ù
ا تÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا٠غÙر ØØ±Ø ï»·Ù Ø£Ù
ØرÙØ© غائبة ع٠اÙجزء غÙر اÙØر سÙ٠تÙÙÙ"
-" غائبة ع٠اÙÙ٠اÙÙ
دÙ
ج Ø£ÙضاÙ. اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø Ø¨Ù
Ø«Ù
Ùذا اÙدÙ
ج ستÙتج عÙ٠عÙاÙب ÙØ®ÙÙ
Ø©Ø"
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٠أÙÙ
اÙأشÙاء اÙت٠تÙÙرÙا
اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ùرصة تÙاÙÙ ÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠عبر اشتراط أ٠أ٠شئ ÙتÙ
دÙ
جÙ
أ٠إضاÙت٠ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø°Ù ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©"
-" Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙتج عÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج Øر ÙØ°Ù ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©
Ø£ÙضاÙ."
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Ø´ÙÙØ© Ù
شابÙØ© تتعÙ٠بدÙ
ج برÙاÙ
ج Øر Ù
ع
Ø´Ùرة غÙر Øرة. Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذا اÙدÙ
ج ÙتÙجت٠"
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ا٠Ù
ا تÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
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دÙ
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Ø§Ø Ø¨Ù
Ø«Ù
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Ø©Ø "
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٠أÙÙ
اÙأشÙاء اÙت٠تÙÙرÙا
اÙØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ترÙÙØ© ÙÙ Ùرصة تÙاÙÙ ÙØ°Ù "
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Ø´ÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠عبر اشتراط أ٠أ٠شئ ÙتÙ
دÙ
جÙ
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ج Ø°Ù ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© "
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ج Øر ÙØ°Ù ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©
Ø£ÙضاÙ."
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-"إ٠رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© (GNU GPL) تعد Ø£Ùثر تطبÙ٠عÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠ترخÙص براÙ
ج جÙÙØ"
-" Ù
ع اÙتÙÙÙÙ ÙÙجÙد رخص ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© أخر٠ÙتÙ
استخداÙ
Ùا ÙÙ ØاÙات Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
Ø«ÙاÙ"
-" ÙتÙ
ترخÙص ÙتÙبات جÙ٠باستخداÙ
رخصة ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© Ù
Ø¨Ø³Ø·Ø©Ø Ùظرا٠ﻷ٠رخصة جÙÙ"
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Ø© Ø£Ùثر تعÙÙدا٠Ù
Ù
ا تØتاجÙ
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ستخدÙ
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ع اÙتÙÙÙÙ ÙÙجÙد رخص ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© أخر٠ÙتÙ
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Ùا ÙÙ ØاÙات Ù
عÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
Ø«Ùا٠"
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ترخÙص ÙتÙبات جÙ٠باستخداÙ
رخصة ØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ© Ù
Ø¨Ø³Ø·Ø©Ø Ùظرا٠ﻷ٠رخصة جÙÙ "
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Ø© Ø£Ùثر تعÙÙدا٠Ù
Ù
ا تØتاج٠اÙÙتÙبات.(2)"
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@@ -925,18 +917,18 @@
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-"(1) Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1984 Ø£Ù 1985Ø ÙÙ
ت باستÙاÙ
برÙد Ù
رسÙ
Ù
٠دÙÙ ÙÙبÙÙز (ÙÙ٠شخص Ø°Ù"
-" Ø®Ùا٠Ùاسع). Ùا٠اÙÙ
ظرÙÙ ÙØتÙ٠عدة Ùتابات Ù
سÙÙØ©Ø Ù
Ø«Ù: “جÙ
Ùع اÙØÙÙÙ"
-" Ù
ترÙÙØ©”. ÙÙت استخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø© “اÙØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©” ÙÙدÙاÙØ© عÙÙ"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر٠ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
اÙÙÙت."
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1984 Ø£Ù 1985Ø ÙÙ
ت باستÙاÙ
برÙد Ù
رسÙ
Ù
٠دÙÙ ÙÙبÙÙز (ÙÙ٠شخص Ø°Ù "
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سÙÙØ©Ø Ù
Ø«Ù: “جÙ
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ترÙÙØ©”. ÙÙت استخدÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø© “اÙØÙÙÙ Ù
ترÙÙØ©” ÙÙدÙاÙØ© عÙÙ "
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ÙÙÙÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر٠ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
اÙÙÙت."
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-"(2) ÙØÙ ÙÙÙÙ
باستخداÙ
<a href=\"/licenses/fdl.html\">رخصة
جÙÙ ÙÙÙثائ٠اÙØرة<"
-"/a> ÙترخÙص اÙÙثائÙ."
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باستخداÙ
<a href=\"/licenses/fdl.html\">رخصة
جÙÙ ÙÙÙثائ٠اÙØرة</"
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
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-"Ùا٠اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
ببرÙاÙ
ج Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس Ù
تزاÙداÙØ Ù
Ù
ا
Ùتج عÙ٠زÙادة عدد اﻷشخاص اÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ"
-" باÙÙ
شارÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع جÙÙØ ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙررÙا Ø£ÙÙ
Ùد Øا٠اÙÙÙت ÙÙبØØ« ع٠Ù
صادر تÙ
ÙÙÙ"
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رة أخرÙØ Ù
Ù
ا Ùتج عÙ٠إÙشاء <a
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ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
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ÙظÙ
Ø© Ø®ÙرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
اÙØ¶Ø±Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø ØªÙعÙÙ٠بتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات"
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ع Ù
رÙر اÙزÙ
ÙØ ØªÙÙت <acronym title=\"Free
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ؤسسة"
-" اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</acronym> Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تÙزÙع أشرطة Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙØ³Ø Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
تÙسعت ÙتÙ
ت إضاÙØ©"
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جÙات Øرة أخر٠(بعضÙا Ù
٠جÙÙ ÙاÙبعض Ù
Ù
جÙات أخرÙ) ÙÙØ´Ø±Ø§Ø¦Ø·Ø ÙÙ
ا أصبØت تبÙع"
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اÙ
ببرÙاÙ
ج Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس Ù
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ا
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ÙتÙ
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شارÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع جÙÙØ ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙررÙا Ø£ÙÙ Ùد
Øا٠اÙÙÙت ÙÙبØØ« ع٠Ù
صادر تÙ
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رة أخرÙØ Ù
Ù
ا Ùتج عÙ٠إÙشاء <a
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ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
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ÙظÙ
Ø© Ø®ÙرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
اÙØ¶Ø±Ø§Ø¦Ø¨Ø ØªÙعÙÙ٠بتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات "
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ع Ù
رÙر اÙزÙ
ÙØ ØªÙÙت <acronym title=\"Free
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ؤسسة "
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جÙات اÙØرة</acronym> Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تÙزÙع أشرطة Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙØ³Ø Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
تÙسعت ÙتÙ
ت إضاÙØ© "
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جÙات Øرة أخر٠(بعضÙا Ù
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-"Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙت تÙتسب أغÙب
دخÙÙا Ù
Ù Ù
بÙعات Ùسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ"
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ات أخر٠Ù
تعÙÙØ© بذÙÙ (Ù
بÙعات
اÙشرائط اÙÙ
ضغÙطة اÙت٠تØتÙ٠عÙÙ Ø´Ùرة"
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صدر أ٠اÙصÙغة اÙØ«ÙائÙØ© ÙبراÙ
جÙاØ
ÙاÙÙتÙبات اÙÙ
طبÙعة بصÙرة Ø¬Ø°Ø§Ø¨Ø©Ø Ù
ع تأÙÙد"
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Ùع). Ù
صدر
دخ٠آخر Ùا٠اÙتÙزÙعات اÙÙاخرة (ÙÙÙ"
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بتجÙ
ÙعÙا خصÙصا٠ÙتÙائÙ
بÙئة اÙزبÙ٠اÙØاسÙبÙØ©). اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ï»» زاÙت"
-" Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة <a
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ببÙع اÙÙتÙبات"
-" Ùبعض اÙÙ
عدات اﻷخرÙ</a>Ø Ø¥ï»» أ٠أغÙبÙØ© اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠صارت تأت٠Ù
٠اشتراÙات اﻷعضاء."
-" ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙضÙ
ÙÙÙ
ؤسسة <a
href=\"http://fsf.org/join\";>باÙاشترا٠عبر Ùذا"
-" اÙرابط</a>."
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ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙت تÙتسب أغÙب
دخÙÙا Ù
Ù Ù
بÙعات Ùسخ اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø "
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ات أخر٠Ù
تعÙÙØ© بذÙÙ (Ù
بÙعات
اÙشرائط اÙÙ
ضغÙطة اÙت٠تØتÙ٠عÙÙ Ø´Ùرة "
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صدر أ٠اÙصÙغة اÙØ«ÙائÙØ© ÙبراÙ
جÙاØ
ÙاÙÙتÙبات اÙÙ
طبÙعة بصÙرة Ø¬Ø°Ø§Ø¨Ø©Ø Ù
ع تأÙÙد "
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صدر
دخ٠آخر Ùا٠اÙتÙزÙعات اÙÙاخرة (ÙÙÙ "
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بتجÙ
ÙعÙا خصÙصا٠ÙتÙائÙ
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Ø ï»» زاÙت "
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ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة <a
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عدات اﻷخرÙ</a>Ø Ø¥ï»» أ٠أغÙبÙØ© اÙتÙ
ÙÙ٠صارت تأت٠Ù
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ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙضÙ
ÙÙÙ
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-"Ù
ÙظÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙ
Ùا بÙتابة
ÙتطÙÙر Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ù ØزÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙخاصة"
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ÙÙا Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠(C) ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙØ° اﻷÙاÙ
ر. Ø¥Ù Ù
Ùتبة س٠اÙخاصة"
-" بجÙÙ Ù٠اÙØزÙ
Ø© اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙت٠تستخدÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø©"
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ا تتÙاص٠Ù
ع ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
(ÙÙÙÙس). Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùتبة ÙاÙ
بتطÙÙرÙا Ø£Øد"
-" Ù
ÙظÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙسÙد
رÙÙاÙد Ù
اÙجراث. Ø£Ù
ا Ù
ÙÙØ° اﻷÙاÙ
ر"
-" اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
عÙ٠أغÙبÙØ© Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙÙ
باش (<acronym title=\"Bourne Again"
-" Shell\">BASH</acronym>)Ø ÙÙ٠اختصار ÙÙجÙ
ÙØ©
اﻹÙجÙÙزÙØ© (اÙÙسخة اÙجدÙدة Ù
Ù Ù
ÙÙØ°"
-" Ø£ÙاÙ
ر بÙرÙ) (1). Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش ÙاÙ
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Ùظ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة براÙا٠ÙÙÙس."
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ÙظÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙ
Ùا بÙتابة
ÙتطÙÙر Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ù ØزÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙخاصة "
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ÙÙا Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠(C) ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙØ° اﻷÙاÙ
ر. Ø¥Ù Ù
Ùتبة س٠اÙخاصة بجÙÙ "
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Ø© اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙت٠تستخدÙ
Ùا Ù٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس "
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ا تتÙاص٠Ù
ع ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
(ÙÙÙÙس). Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùتبة ÙاÙ
بتطÙÙرÙا Ø£Øد Ù
ÙظÙÙ "
+"Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠اÙسÙد رÙÙاÙد Ù
اÙجراث. Ø£Ù
ا Ù
ÙÙØ° اﻷÙاÙ
ر اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
"
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Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙ٠باش (<acronym
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ÙØ© اﻹÙجÙÙزÙØ©
(اÙÙسخة اÙجدÙدة Ù
Ù Ù
ÙÙØ° "
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ر بÙرÙ) (1). Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش ÙاÙ
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Ùظ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة براÙا٠ÙÙÙس."
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ÙÙ٠تطÙÙر Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
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شرÙع جÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ØÙر ØÙÙ"
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ا ÙاÙ
ÙدÙÙا تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙ
ÙØ ÙÙØ°Ù"
-" اÙبراÙ
ج ÙاÙت خطÙØ© أساسÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙصÙÙ ÙÙذا
اÙÙدÙ."
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Ùا بتÙ
ÙÙ٠تطÙÙر Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
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ï»·Ù Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ ÙÙ
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ØÙر ØÙÙ "
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ÙØ ÙÙØ°Ù "
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ÙÙØ° اﻷÙاÙ
ر اÙÙ
عتÙ
د عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø©"
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Ø©."
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Ø© "
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msgid "Free software support"
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ا ÙÙÙÙ
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ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
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ا ÙÙ
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٠برÙاÙ
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اÙØ³Ø ÙاÙ
Ùذا ÙÙعا٠Ù
٠أÙÙاع اÙتجارة اÙÙ
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ÙاضÙع Ù
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اÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ
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ÙجÙ
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اÙØ®Ø§ØµØ©Ø ÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ
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٠عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙ٠أخرÙ."
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ا ÙÙ
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٠برÙاÙ
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جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙ
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ÙاضÙع Ù
ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ
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ÙÙÙ٠تÙÙÙ
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ÙجÙ
Ùع جÙÙ ÙÙعÙ
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اÙعدÙد Ù
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Ùعات Ù
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ضغÙطة. بÙÙÙ
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جÙات ÙاÙ
ÙØ© ÙتÙ
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جÙاتÙا اÙØرة."
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تÙÙÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙÙ
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ارسة
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ختÙÙØ© Ù
٠تجارة اÙبرÙ
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ضغÙطة. بÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙÙ
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ÙÙØ ï»¹ØµÙØ§Ø Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© Ù
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صرÙا Ùر٠شرÙات برÙ
جÙات ÙاÙ
ÙØ© ÙتÙ
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اÙØÙÙÙØ© شرÙات تعتÙ
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ÙÙا عÙ٠براÙ
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Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙشرÙات ï»» تعتبر شرÙات"
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ا Ù٠شرÙات براÙ
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Ù
ÙتجاتÙا Ùتغر٠اÙÙ
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ضاÙØ©”. Ùذا اÙÙÙظ ÙرÙÙا اÙÙÙÙ
اÙتÙ
ÙرÙدÙÙ Ù
Ùا Ø£Ù ÙتبÙاÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ"
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ÙاءÙ
Ø© Ùب٠اÙØرÙØ©. إذا ÙÙا
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٠أ٠شئ Ø¢Ø®Ø±Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا"
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“ØزÙ
اÙØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙÙÙدة”."
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٠اÙشرÙات اÙت٠Ùرتبط اسÙ
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ÙتÙØØ© (open source)” ÙÙ ÙÙ
اÙØÙÙÙØ© شرÙات تعتÙ
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ÙÙا عÙ٠براÙ
ج غÙر ØØ±Ø©Ø Ù
ختÙطة ببراÙ
ج
Øرة. Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙشرÙات ï»» تعتبر شرÙات "
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ج ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ù٠شرÙات براÙ
ج اØتÙارÙØ©
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Ù
ÙتجاتÙا Ùتغر٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ "
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بعÙدا٠ع٠ØرÙتÙÙ
. Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج ÙØ·ÙÙ
عÙÙÙا Ø£ØÙاÙاÙ: “ØزÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© "
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ضاÙØ©”. Ùذا اÙÙÙظ ÙرÙÙا اÙÙÙÙ
اÙتÙ
ÙرÙدÙÙ Ù
Ùا Ø£Ù ÙتبÙاÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ "
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ÙاءÙ
Ø© Ùب٠اÙØرÙØ©. إذا ÙÙا ÙÙدر
ØرÙتÙا Ø£Ùثر Ù
٠أ٠شئ Ø¢Ø®Ø±Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا "
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ÙÙÙدة”."
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msgid "Technical goals"
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Ù Ùراء Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ Ù٠تطÙÙر
اÙبرÙ
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Ùزات تÙÙÙØ© تجعÙ٠أÙض٠Ù
Ù ÙÙÙÙسØ
Ùإ٠جÙ٠سÙظ٠صاØب اﻷÙضÙÙØ© اﻻجتÙ
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Ø ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠باÙتعاÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù ÙÙ
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Ø ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠باÙتعاÙÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù ÙÙ
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ØرÙØ© "
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ستخدÙ
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Ø°ÙÙØ Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙطبÙع٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
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عاÙÙر اÙÙ
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ÙÙا—عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ØªØ®ØµÙص ÙÙاÙÙ
اÙبÙاÙات Ù٠اÙذاÙرة بصÙرة دÙÙاÙ
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Ù
ا ÙÙتج عÙ٠تÙاÙÙ Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©
اﻷØجاÙ
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Ø£ÙÙاع اÙØ´Ùرات ذات 8 بت Ù٠اÙØاÙات اÙتÙ"
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Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙاÙ."
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Ø°ÙÙØ Ùا٠Ù
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بتطبÙÙ Ù
عاÙÙر اÙÙ
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ا ÙÙتج عÙ٠تÙاÙÙ Ù
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اﻷØجاÙ
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جÙ
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Ø£ÙÙاع اÙØ´Ùرات ذات 8 بت Ù٠اÙØاÙات اÙت٠"
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اÙÙ
ÙØ®Ùض ÙÙذاÙرةØ"
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ا ÙررÙا عدÙ
دعÙ
اﻷجÙزة اÙتÙ
تتÙÙ٠بÙÙتÙا Ù
Ù 16 بت (Ùا٠Ù
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ÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù 32 بت سÙÙ ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø´Ùئا٠عادÙاÙ"
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ا ÙÙتÙÙ Ù
٠تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ)Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙررÙا
عدÙ
بذ٠Ù
جÙÙد Ù٠تخÙÙض استخداÙ
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ا ÙتجاÙز 1 Ù
ÙجاباÙت.
باÙÙسبة ÙÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠ÙÙ
تÙ٠تØتاج"
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Ù Ù
ع Ù
ÙÙات بÙاÙات ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙا Ùشجع
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بÙتابة براÙ
جÙÙ
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بÙراءة اÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
دخ٠ÙاÙ
Ùا٠إÙÙ
ذاÙرة اÙØاسÙØ¨Ø Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج"
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٠عÙÙ Ù
ØتÙÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙØ Ù
٠دÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙر
Ù٠عÙ
ÙÙات اﻹدخا٠Ùاﻹخراج (I/O)."
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اÙترÙÙز عÙ٠اﻻستخداÙ
اÙÙ
ÙØ®Ùض ÙÙذاÙØ±Ø©Ø "
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ا ÙررÙا عدÙ
دعÙ
اﻷجÙزة اÙتÙ
تتÙÙ٠بÙÙتÙا Ù
Ù 16 بت (Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙÙØ§Ø¶Ø "
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ÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù 32 بت سÙÙ ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø´Ùئا٠عادÙا٠"
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ا ÙÙتÙÙ Ù
٠تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ)Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙررÙا
عدÙ
بذ٠Ù
جÙÙد Ù٠تخÙÙض استخداÙ
"
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ا ÙتجاÙز 1 Ù
ÙجاباÙت.
باÙÙسبة ÙÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠ÙÙ
تÙ٠تØتاج "
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Ù Ù
ع Ù
ÙÙات بÙاÙات ÙبÙØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙا Ùشجع
اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بÙتابة براÙ
جÙÙ
"
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بÙراءة اÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
دخ٠ÙاÙ
Ùا٠إÙÙ
ذاÙرة اÙØاسÙØ¨Ø Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج "
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٠عÙÙ Ù
ØتÙÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙØ Ù
٠دÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙر
Ù٠عÙ
ÙÙات اﻹدخا٠Ùاﻹخراج (I/O)."
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اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠براÙ
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Ùز ع٠Ù
Ø«ÙÙاتÙا"
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ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙ
ا ÙتعÙ٠باÙسرعة ÙدÙØ©
اﻷداء."
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اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠براÙ
ج جÙ٠تتÙ
Ùز ع٠Ù
Ø«ÙÙاتÙا "
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ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙÙ
ا ÙتعÙ٠باÙسرعة ÙدÙØ©
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ا بدأت سÙ
عة Ù
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ÙÙÙÙس ÙدعÙ
اÙÙ
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ÙÙدة ÙÙغاÙØ©Ø ï»·Ù Ø£Ø³Ù٠طرÙÙØ© ÙتطÙÙر"
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جÙÙ ÙاÙت باÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ØÙØ«
ÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
باستبدا٠Ù
ÙÙÙات اÙÙظاÙ
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عÙا سؤاÙا٠أخÙاÙÙا٠Ù
ÙÙ
اÙ: ÙÙ ÙجÙز"
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تÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙسØ"
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ا بدأت سÙ
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Ù
عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ. عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد"
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Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ ÙبدÙØ Ù
Ù"
-" ÙاØÙØ© استراتÙجÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ù
Ùع Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
Ù
اÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠سÙÙÙÙ Ù٠أثر"
-" سÙبÙØ Ø¥Ø° Ø£Ù٠سÙثبط اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا٠ع٠أ٠Ùشجع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتطÙÙر"
-" اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة. ÙÙذ٠اﻷسباب Ùإ٠استخداÙ
رخصة Ù
Ùتبة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠خطÙØ©"
-" استراتÙجÙØ© ÙÙÙ
ا Ùخص Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ."
+"ÙÙا٠ÙظاÙ
ÙاØد ÙØ´Ù٠استثÙاءا٠ÙÙÙاعدةØ
ÙÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ (بÙ
ا ÙØ´Ù
٠جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس)Ø ØÙØ« "
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Ùتبة Ùغة س٠اÙخاصة بجÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ
اÙÙØÙدة عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
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ستØدد Ù
ا إذا Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تجÙ
Ùع "
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ج اØتÙار٠بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ù
Ùا٠أ٠ÙعÙ
Ù
عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ. عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد "
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Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ ÙبدÙØ Ù
Ù "
+"ÙاØÙØ© استراتÙجÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ù
Ùع Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
Ù
اÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠سÙÙÙÙ Ù٠أثر "
+"سÙبÙØ Ø¥Ø° Ø£Ù٠سÙثبط اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ
بدÙا٠ع٠أ٠Ùشجع اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتطÙÙر "
+"اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة. ÙÙذ٠اﻷسباب Ùإ٠استخداÙ
رخصة Ù
Ùتبة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠خطÙØ© "
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ا Ùخص Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ."
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msgid ""
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اتخاذ٠ÙÙÙ"
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ا تÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
بأداء ÙظÙÙØ© خاصة تجعÙÙا Ù
ÙÙدة"
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جÙØ§ØªØ ØÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ٠ترخÙصÙا
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Ø© (GPL) Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ"
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اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
عÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙØ·Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙساعد"
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Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
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Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©."
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اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
بأداء ÙظÙÙØ© خاصة تجعÙÙا Ù
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جÙØ§ØªØ ØÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ٠ترخÙصÙا
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Ø© (GPL) Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ "
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اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
عÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙØ·Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙساعد "
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Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙعطÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙÙØ© ضد Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©."
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msgid ""
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-"عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
Ùتبة رÙدÙاÙÙ (GNU
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ات تØرÙر سطÙر اﻷÙاÙ
ر ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش
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Ùتبة Ù
رخصة باستخداÙ
"
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Ø© اÙعادÙØ© (GNU GPL)Ø ÙÙÙس
باستخداÙ
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ر عÙÙ Ø§ï»·Ø±Ø¬Ø Ø³Ùؤثر سÙبا٠عÙ٠عدد
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تستخدÙ
رÙدÙاÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù"
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اÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙا٠براÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد ÙاØد عÙ٠اﻷÙÙ"
-" تÙ
تطÙÙر٠ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Øرة تستخدÙ
Ù
Ùتبة
رÙدÙاÙÙØ ÙÙذا ÙØ¬Ø§Ø ØÙÙÙ٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙ
جتÙ
ع"
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جÙات اÙØرة."
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ثاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
Ùتبة رÙدÙاÙÙ (GNU
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ر ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش
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Ùتبة Ù
رخصة باستخداÙ
"
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Ø© اÙعادÙØ© (GNU GPL)Ø ÙÙÙس
باستخداÙ
رخصة اÙÙ
Ùتبة (Library GPL). "
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ر عÙÙ Ø§ï»·Ø±Ø¬Ø Ø³Ùؤثر سÙبا٠عÙ٠عدد
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تستخدÙ
رÙدÙاÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù Ùذا "
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ÙÙا٠براÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد ÙاØد عÙ٠اﻷÙ٠تÙ
"
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جÙØ© Øرة تستخدÙ
Ù
Ùتبة رÙدÙاÙÙØ
ÙÙذا ÙØ¬Ø§Ø ØÙÙÙ٠باÙÙسبة ÙÙ
جتÙ
ع "
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-"Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙدÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙÙØ©
اÙÙ
اÙØ Ø£Ù
ا Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة"
-" ÙعÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙصÙعÙا Ø£ÙضÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙبعضÙÙ
اÙبعض.
أتÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
٠اﻷÙاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا"
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جÙ
Ùعة ضخÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙÙ
رخصة
برخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا"
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Ø«ÙÙ Ù٠عاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©. Ù
Ø«Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ùتبات ستÙÙر ÙØدات اÙبÙاء"
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جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ع اÙÙÙت ستتراÙÙ
اﻷÙضÙÙØ© بØÙØ«"
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Ù٠تطÙÙر براÙ
ج Øرة Ø£Ùثر ÙØ£Ùثر."
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برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙدÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙÙØ©
اÙÙ
اÙØ Ø£Ù
ا Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة "
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Ø£Ù ÙصÙعÙا Ø£ÙضÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙبعضÙÙ
اÙبعض.
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Ù
٠اﻷÙاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا "
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جÙ
Ùعة ضخÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙÙ
رخصة
برخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا "
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Ø«ÙÙ Ù٠عاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
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Ø«Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ùتبات ستÙÙر ÙØدات اÙبÙاء "
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جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ع اÙÙÙت ستتراÙÙ
اﻷÙضÙÙØ© بØÙØ« "
+"ÙÙ
Ù٠تطÙÙر براÙ
ج Øرة Ø£Ùثر ÙØ£Ùثر."
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-"(1) Ùذ٠اÙرخصة تعر٠اÙآ٠برخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©
اÙÙ
ØµØºØ±Ø©Ø Øت٠ﻻ Ùعط٠اﻻÙطباع بأÙ"
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Ùع اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Ùجب أ٠تستخدÙ
ÙØ°Ù
اÙرخصة. ÙÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙتÙاصÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ"
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ÙاÙØ© <a
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اذا Ùجب أﻻ"
-" تستخدÙ
رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
صغرة ÙترخÙص Ù
Ùتبت٠اÙÙادÙ
Ø©</a>."
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Ø©
اÙÙ
ØµØºØ±Ø©Ø Øت٠ﻻ Ùعط٠اﻻÙطباع بأ٠"
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Ùع اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Ùجب أ٠تستخدÙ
ÙØ°Ù
اÙرخصة. ÙÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙتÙاصÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ "
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ÙاÙØ© <a
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رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
صغرة ÙترخÙص Ù
Ùتبت٠اÙÙادÙ
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ÙÙد Ùا٠“إ٠أ٠عÙ
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Ùبدأ Ù
٠خدش اÙÙ
برÙ
ج ÙØÙتÙ"
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تطÙÙرÙا Øت٠ÙتÙ
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Ù
اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
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Ø«ÙاÙØ ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
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Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ
اÙخاصة بجÙÙØ Ùا٠Ùذا ﻷ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
Ù
شابÙ"
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Ùتبة سÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ø·ÙرÙا Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش (BASH)Ø Ùا٠Ùذا ï»·Ù"
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Ù
شاب٠ÙÙÙÙÙس ÙØتاج ÙÙجÙد Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø ÙØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر برÙاÙ
ج"
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Ù
شاب٠ÙÙÙÙÙس Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙØتÙ٠عÙÙ"
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ر ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠ÙÙ
ت بتطÙÙرÙا"
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ÙجÙ
Ùع Ùغة س٠(GNU C compiler)Ø ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس (GNU Emacs)Ø"
-" ÙÙ
ÙصØÙØ Ø§ÙØ´Ùرة (GDB)Ø ÙبرÙاÙ
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Ø«ÙاÙØ ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ
اÙخاصة بجÙÙØ Ùا٠Ùذا ﻷ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
Ù
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Ùتبة سÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ø·ÙرÙا Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش (BASH)Ø Ùا٠Ùذا ï»·Ù "
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Ù
شاب٠ÙÙÙÙÙس ÙØتاج ÙÙجÙد Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø ÙØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
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ج "
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Ù
شابÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙس Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙØتÙ٠عÙÙ "
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ر ÙÙطب٠عÙÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠ÙÙ
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ÙجÙ
Ùع Ùغة س٠(GNU C compiler)Ø ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس (GNU
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ÙصØÙØ Ø§ÙØ´Ùرة "
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Ø«Ùا٠ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر برÙاÙ
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ÙÙØÙ Ù
Ø٠برÙاÙ
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ع بسبب Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© براءة اختراع Ø®ÙارزÙ
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ع اÙبرÙ
ج٠ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
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جة ÙستÙ٠اÙرسÙÙ
ÙØ© (LessTif)Ø ÙÙ
ا"
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Ùتب جÙÙÙ
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شرÙع ÙارÙ
ÙÙÙ (Harmony)Ø
ÙاÙت٠Ùتجت جÙ
ÙعÙا"
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٠اÙرغبة ÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
شاÙ٠اÙت٠تسببÙا Ù
Ùتبات برÙ
جÙØ© اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© (اÙظر"
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اÙØ© اÙخصÙصÙØ© (GNU Privacy Guard)"
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ØÙ ÙظÙر٠Ù
٠براÙ
ج اÙتشÙÙر
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©Ø ï»¹ÙÙ
اÙÙا بأ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ï»» Ùجب"
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ÙØرÙتÙÙ
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Ø«Ùا٠ÙÙ
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Ø٠برÙاÙ
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Ø´ÙÙØ© براءة اختراع Ø®ÙارزÙ
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ع اÙبرÙ
ج٠ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
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٠اÙرغبة ÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
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ØÙ ÙظÙر٠Ù
٠براÙ
ج اÙتشÙÙر
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©Ø ï»¹ÙÙ
اÙÙا بأ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ï»» Ùجب "
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تخÙÙرÙÙ
بÙ٠خصÙصÙتÙÙ
ÙØرÙتÙÙ
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Ù٠باÙعÙ
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ت إضاÙØ© اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
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Ù ÙبÙ
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Ø© أغراضÙÙ
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اÙ
اتÙÙ
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ÙÙتÙبÙت Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
٠أجÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙ
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ÙاÙ
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جÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙتÙØ ÙÙ
Ù"
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سÙÙÙÙ
بإطÙا٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ù
تÙاÙ
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ستخدÙ
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ÙتÙ
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ستخدÙ
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ÙÙÙات ÙظاÙ
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Ø´ÙÙراÙØ Ùبدأ اÙÙ
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Ø© تشغÙ٠أخرٗÙ
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Ùع Ù
ÙÙÙات ÙظاÙ
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Ø© تشغÙ٠أخرٗÙ
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ختÙÙØ© ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
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ع "
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ج Ø£ÙÙÙ Ù
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ا
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ا Ø£ÙÙا اجتذبت اÙتÙ
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شرÙع جÙÙ. Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اﻷخرÙØ
ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùد أد٠ÙتأخÙر اÙتÙ
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Ø·Ùر٠جÙ٠أصبØÙا
ÙÙضÙÙ ÙÙتÙÙ
Ù٠صÙاÙØ© Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
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ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزات جدÙدة ÙÙذ٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
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٠اÙÙظاÙ
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ÙÙØ© جعÙت بعض اÙبراÙ
ج Ø£ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ا
ÙاÙØªØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙا اجتذبت اÙتÙ
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شرÙع جÙÙ. Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اﻷخرÙØ
ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùد أد٠ÙتأخÙر اÙتÙ
ا٠ÙظاÙ
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Ùزات جدÙدة ÙÙذ٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
بÙتابة اﻷجزاء "
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٠اÙÙظاÙ
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1990Ù
Ø Ùا٠ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ Ùد شار٠عÙÙ
اﻻÙتÙ
اÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ«Ùاء اÙجزء اÙÙ
ÙÙÙدØ"
-" ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùا٠ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
. ÙÙا Ùد ÙررÙا تطÙÙر
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
اÙخاصة بÙا ÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ù"
-" اÙعÙ
ÙÙات اÙخدÙ
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٠عÙÙ
رأس ÙÙاة Ù
ا٠(Mach). ÙÙاة"
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ا٠اÙÙ
صغرة (microkernel) ÙÙ ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا Ù٠جاÙ
عة ÙارÙÙج٠Ù
ÙÙÙÙ"
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Ù Ø«Ù
Ù٠جاÙ
عة
ÙÙتا٠(University of"
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جÙ
Ùعة Ù
٠اÙÙ
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Ø«Ù
جاء اﻻسÙ
Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ù ÙÙرد Ù
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اÙØ ØÙØ« ستÙÙÙ
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بÙا ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس. تأخر تطÙÙر
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ا٠ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشئ اÙØ°Ù ÙÙا
Ùد ÙÙعدÙا بÙ."
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1990Ù
Ø Ùا٠ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ Ùد شار٠عÙÙ
اﻻÙتÙ
اÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ«Ùاء اÙجزء اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ¯Ø "
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. ÙÙا Ùد ÙررÙا تطÙÙر
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
اÙخاصة بÙا ÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ù "
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ÙÙات اÙخدÙ
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٠عÙÙ
رأس ÙÙاة Ù
ا٠(Mach). ÙÙاة "
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ا٠اÙÙ
صغرة (microkernel) ÙÙ ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
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تطÙÙرÙا Ù٠جاÙ
عة ÙارÙÙج٠Ù
ÙÙÙÙ "
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Ù Ø«Ù
Ù٠جاÙ
عة
ÙÙتا٠(University of "
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جÙ
Ùعة Ù
٠اÙÙ
خدÙÙ
ات (ÙÙ
Ù
Ø«Ù
جاء اﻻسÙ
Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ù ÙÙرد Ù
عÙاÙا "
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٠عÙ٠رأس
ÙÙاة Ù
اÙØ ØÙØ« ستÙÙÙ
بعÙ
Ù ÙاÙØ© اÙÙظائ٠"
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بÙا ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس. تأخر تطÙÙر
ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ï»·ÙÙا ÙÙا ÙÙتظر إطÙا٠"
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ا٠ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشئ اÙØ°Ù ÙÙا
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٠أسباب اختÙارÙا ÙÙذا اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ©
تÙاÙ٠اÙجزء اﻷصعب Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©: ÙÙÙ"
-" Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙصØÙÙØ Ùادر عÙ٠اÙتصØÙØ"
-" عÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© ÙاÙت Ùد
اÙتÙ
Ùت باÙÙع٠ÙÙ ÙÙاة Ù
اÙØ ÙعÙÙÙ"
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بتصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡
ÙÙاة ÙÙرد باعتبارÙا براÙ
ج Ù
ستخدÙ
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-" عادÙØ©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠باستخداÙ
Ù
ÙصØÙØ Ø´Ùرة جÙÙ (GDB). Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤس٠أ٠اﻷÙ
ر استغر٠ÙÙتاÙ"
-" Ø·ÙÙÙا٠ÙÙغاÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
خدÙÙ
ات Ù
تعددة
اÙÙظائ٠(multithreaded servers)Ø"
-" ÙاÙت٠تتÙاص٠Ù
ع بعضÙا اÙبعض باستخداÙ
اÙرسائÙØ Ø§ØªØ¶Ø Ø£ÙÙا صعبة اÙتصØÙØ."
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ر استغر٠أعÙاÙ
ا٠طÙÙÙØ©
Ùتص٠ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ÙÙ
رØÙØ© اÙÙضÙج."
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٠أسباب اختÙارÙا ÙÙذا اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ©
تÙاÙ٠اÙجزء اﻷصعب Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©: ÙÙÙ "
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ØاÙÙØ© تصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙصØÙÙØ Ùادر عÙ٠اÙتصØÙØ Ø¹ÙÙ "
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ستÙÙ Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© ÙاÙت Ùد اÙتÙ
Ùت باÙÙع٠ÙÙ ÙÙاة Ù
اÙØ ÙعÙÙÙ ÙÙد "
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بتصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙاة
ÙÙرد باعتبارÙا براÙ
ج Ù
ستخدÙ
عادÙØ©Ø "
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Ù
ÙصØÙØ Ø´Ùرة جÙÙ (GDB). Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤس٠أ٠اﻷÙ
ر استغر٠ÙÙتا٠طÙÙÙا٠"
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ا أ٠اÙÙ
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تعددة اÙÙظائÙ
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ع بعضÙا اÙبعض باستخداÙ
اÙرسائÙØ Ø§ØªØ¶Ø
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ر "
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ا٠طÙÙÙØ© Ùتص٠ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ÙÙ
رØÙØ© اÙÙضÙج."
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msgid "Alix"
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ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض بداÙة٠أ٠تÙسÙ
Ù ÙÙاة جÙÙ
باسÙ
ÙÙرد. اﻻسÙ
اﻷصÙÙ ÙاÙ"
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اÙÙ
رأة اÙت٠ÙاÙت ØبÙبتÙ
ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت. ÙاÙت Ø£ÙÙÙس Ù
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ÙÙÙÙس (system administrator)Ø ÙÙاÙت Ùد أشارت Ù
Ù
Ùب٠ﻷ٠اسÙ
Ùا سÙتÙاÙÙ Ù
ع"
-" ÙÙ
Ø· اÙتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
تبع عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس. ÙعÙÙ
سبÙ٠اÙÙ
زاØØ Ø£Ø®Ø¨Ø±Øª Ø£ÙÙÙس صاØباتÙا"
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ا بتسÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙاة
ÙظاÙ
باسÙ
Ù.” ÙÙ
أعÙ٠أÙا"
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Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس."
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ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض بداÙة٠أ٠تÙسÙ
Ù ÙÙاة جÙÙ
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ÙÙرد. اﻻسÙ
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اÙÙ
رأة اÙت٠ÙاÙت ØبÙبتÙ
ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت. ÙاÙت Ø£ÙÙÙس Ù
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Ù
Ùب٠ﻷ٠اسÙ
Ùا سÙتÙاÙÙ Ù
ع "
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Ø· اÙتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
تبع عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس. ÙعÙÙ
سبÙ٠اÙÙ
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شخص Ù
ا بتسÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙاة
ÙظاÙ
باسÙ
Ù.” ÙÙ
أعÙ٠أÙا "
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Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس."
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ÙستÙ
ر اﻷÙ
ر عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ï»·Ù Ù
اÙÙÙ
بÙØ´ÙÙÙ (ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùعر٠اﻵ٠باسÙ
تÙÙ
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Ø·Ùر اÙرئÙس٠ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø©Ø ÙضÙ٠اسÙ
ÙÙردØ
ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù٠أعاد تعرÙ٠أÙÙÙس ÙترÙ
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عÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙÙاة—ÙÙ٠اÙجزء اÙØ°Ù
ÙستÙب٠استدعاءات اÙÙظاÙ
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ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
عاÙجتÙا عبر إرساÙ
اÙرسائ٠ÙÙ
خدÙÙ
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ÙستÙ
ر اﻷÙ
ر عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ï»·Ù Ù
اÙÙÙ
بÙØ´ÙÙÙ (ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùعر٠اﻵ٠باسÙ
تÙÙ
اس)Ø "
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Ø·Ùر اÙرئÙس٠ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø©Ø ÙضÙ٠اسÙ
ÙÙردØ
ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù٠أعاد تعرÙ٠أÙÙÙس ÙترÙ
ز Ø¥ÙÙ "
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عÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙÙاة—ÙÙ٠اÙجزء اÙØ°Ù
ÙستÙب٠استدعاءات اÙÙظاÙ
(system "
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Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
عاÙجتÙا عبر إرساÙ
اÙرسائ٠ÙÙ
خدÙÙ
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اسÙ
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Ù ÙاØÙØ© أخرÙØ Ùا٠تصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙرد"
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Ùتبة Ùغة س٠ترسÙ
اÙرسائ٠Ù
باشرة ÙÙÙ
خدÙÙ
Ø§ØªØ ÙÙذا Ù
ا جعÙ"
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سÙ
٠أÙÙÙس ÙتÙ
Ø¥Ùغاؤ٠ÙÙختÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
."
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Ù ÙاØÙØ© أخرÙØ Ùا٠تصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙرد "
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Ùتبة Ùغة س٠ترسÙ
اÙرسائ٠Ù
باشرة ÙÙÙ
خدÙÙ
Ø§ØªØ ÙÙذا Ù
ا جع٠"
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سÙ
٠أÙÙÙس ÙتÙ
Ø¥Ùغاؤ٠ÙÙختÙÙ Ù
Ù
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
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Ùع Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø§ØªØ ÙاÙ
Ø£Øد أصدÙائÙا Ùد رأ٠اسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس ØÙÙÙ
ا"
-" Ùا٠ÙطاÙع Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر اÙخاصة بÙÙاة ÙÙردØ
ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
Ø°Ùر اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙا. ÙÙÙذا تسÙÙ ÙÙا"
-" أ٠تر٠ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
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Ùع Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø§ØªØ ÙاÙ
Ø£Øد أصدÙائÙا Ùد رأ٠اسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس ØÙÙÙ
ا "
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ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
Ø°Ùر اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙا. ÙÙÙذا تسÙÙ ÙÙا "
+"أ٠تر٠ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
Ùا."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Linux and GNU/Linux"
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msgstr ""
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ÙÙØ Ùï»» ÙعÙÙ
Ø¥Ù ÙاÙت ستص٠Ùذ٠اÙÙ
رØÙØ©"
-" عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ. إ٠اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙائÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙدرات
ب٠Ù
شاÙÙ Ùاتجة ع٠Ù
رÙÙØ© اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
"
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اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ Ùï»» ÙعÙÙ
Ø¥Ù ÙاÙت ستص٠ÙØ°Ù "
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ÙÙ
اÙÙائÙ
عÙÙ
اÙÙدرات ب٠Ù
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رÙÙØ© "
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ÙÙ
ÙÙسÙØ Ùï»» Ùبد٠أ٠ÙÙاÙÙ ØÙÙÙاÙ
ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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1991Ù
ÙاÙ
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Ù
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ع
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ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1992Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس"
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جÙØ© Øرة. عÙ
ÙÙØ© دÙ
ج ÙÙاة
ÙÙÙÙس Ù
ع ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
ÙتÙ
Ù Ùتج عÙÙا"
-" ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Øر Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù. (عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙدÙ
ج ÙÙسÙا
ÙاÙت عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙبÙرة بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ). Ø¥Ù"
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ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة Ù
تÙاÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠اÙÙÙÙ
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اÙعاÙ
1991Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس تÙرÙاÙدس "
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Ù
تÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ع
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙأطÙ٠عÙÙÙا اسÙ
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ÙÙÙÙ Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1992Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس "
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Ù
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جÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
ÙتÙ
Ù Ùتج عÙÙا "
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تÙاÙ
Ù. (عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙدÙ
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ÙاÙت عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙبÙرة بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ). Ø¥Ù "
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ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة Ù
تÙاÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠اÙÙÙÙ
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
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-"Ùذ٠اÙÙسخة ÙسÙ
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-"/a>Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ¶Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙÙسخة عبارة ع٠Ù
زÙج
ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù
ÙÙÙÙس"
-" ÙÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
. أرج٠Ù
٠اÙÙارئ أﻻ ÙÙع ÙÙ
اÙخطأ اÙشائع ÙÙÙÙÙ
بتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
"
-" “ÙÙÙÙس”Ø ï»·Ù Ùذا ÙعÙÙ Ùسب عÙ
ÙÙا Ùشخص
آخر. أرج٠Ù
٠اÙجÙ
Ùع Ø£Ù <a"
-" href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">ÙÙسبÙا Ø¥ÙÙÙا Ùض٠أعÙ
اÙÙا</a>."
+"We call this system version <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\"> GNU/Linux</"
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+"Ùذ٠اÙÙسخة ÙسÙ
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Ù ÙظاÙ
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ÙÙÙÙس "
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اÙخطأ اÙشائع ÙÙÙÙÙ
بتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
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ÙÙا Ùشخص
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٠اÙجÙ
Ùع Ø£Ù <a "
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اÙÙا</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Challenges in our future"
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ÙدرتÙا عÙ٠تطÙÙر Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ختÙÙØ© Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»»"
-" ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا ï»» ÙÙÙر أ٠أÙÙا Ùصعب Ø¥ÙÙاÙÙا.
ÙÙاÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙتØدÙات اÙت٠تجعÙ"
-" Ù
ستÙب٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙÙ
عاÙÙ
Ø
Ù
ÙاجÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙتØدÙات ستØتاج Ù
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-" Ù
جÙÙد Ù
تÙاص٠ÙÙتطÙÙر Ùدرة عÙ٠اÙتØÙ
Ù Ùد تÙ
تد ÙسÙÙات Ù
تÙاصÙØ©. ستØتاج Ù
Ùا"
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ÙÙ
ا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙع اÙØ°Ù ÙظÙر ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙدر
اÙÙاس ØرÙتÙÙ
ÙÙصرÙا عÙ٠أﻻ ÙسÙ
ØÙا"
-" ÙÙائ٠Ù
Ù Ùا٠بأ٠ÙجردÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙا."
+"ÙÙد برÙÙÙا عÙÙ Ù
ÙدرتÙا عÙ٠تطÙÙر Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ختÙÙØ© Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» "
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ÙÙاÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
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ستÙب٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙÙ
عاÙÙ
Ø Ù
ÙاجÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙتØدÙات ستØتاج Ù
Ùا Ùبذ٠"
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جÙÙد Ù
تÙاص٠ÙÙتطÙÙر Ùدرة عÙ٠اÙتØÙ
Ù Ùد تÙ
تد ÙسÙÙات Ù
تÙاصÙØ©. ستØتاج Ù
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ÙÙ
ا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙع اÙØ°Ù ÙظÙر ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙدر
اÙÙاس ØرÙتÙÙ
ÙÙصرÙا عÙ٠أﻻ ÙسÙ
ØÙا ÙÙائ٠"
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Ù Ùا٠بأ٠ÙجردÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙا."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "The following four sections discuss these challenges."
@@ -1658,10 +1647,10 @@
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صÙع٠اÙعتاد ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠بÙثرة ï»·Ù ÙØاÙظÙا عÙÙ
سرÙØ© Ù
ÙاصÙات عتادÙÙ
Ø Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر ÙجعÙ"
-" Ù
٠اÙصعب Ùتابة Ù
ØرÙات Øرة تتÙØ ÙÙÙاة
ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥Ùس (XFree86) أ٠تدعÙ
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-" اÙعتاد اÙجدÙد. ÙدÙÙا Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© Øرة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا سÙÙÙدÙا غدا٠إ٠ÙÙ
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-" ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠دعÙ
ØÙاسÙب اÙغد."
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صÙع٠اÙعتاد ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠بÙثرة ï»·Ù ÙØاÙظÙا عÙÙ
سرÙØ© Ù
ÙاصÙات عتادÙÙ
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ر Ùجع٠"
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ØرÙات Øرة تتÙØ ÙÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس
ÙÙÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥Ùس (XFree86) أ٠تدعÙ
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Ø© Øرة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا سÙÙÙدÙا غدا٠إ٠ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ "
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٠دعÙ
ØÙاسÙب اÙغد."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1670,10 +1659,10 @@
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msgstr ""
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Ù Ù
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙدسة"
-" اÙعÙسÙØ© Øت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ù
عرÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا
دعÙ
اÙعتاد اÙÙ
عÙÙ. بÙÙتÙا ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ"
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اÙعتاد اÙÙ
دعÙÙ
باÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. طاÙÙ
ا أ٠أعدادÙا Ù
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ÙاصÙات سÙÙتÙ٠بÙا اﻷÙ
ر Ø£Ù ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø³Ùاسة دØر ذاتÙ."
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Ù Ù
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙدسة "
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ÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ù
عرÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا
دعÙ
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عÙÙ. بÙÙتÙا ÙÙ
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اÙعتاد اÙÙ
دعÙÙ
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ÙاصÙات سÙÙتÙ٠بÙا اﻷÙ
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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@@ -1684,11 +1673,12 @@
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msgstr ""
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ÙÙ
Ø© صعبة. Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ
ÙدÙÙا Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùدرة ÙعزÙ
ÙÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا"
-" Ù
٠إÙÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙتأÙÙد—ÙÙØ· إذا تÙ
ÙÙا Ù
٠بÙاء شعÙر ÙÙ٠بأ٠ØرÙØ©"
-" اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ Ù
سأÙØ© Ù
Ø¨Ø¯Ø£Ø Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ØرÙات
اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù٠أÙ
ر غÙر Ù
ÙبÙ٠عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ."
-" إذا٠Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ
أغÙبÙا ببذ٠اÙÙ
اÙØ Ø£Ù
اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙزÙ
ÙØ Øت٠ÙتÙ
Ù٠جÙ
Ùعا٠Ù
Ù"
-" استخداÙ
اÙÙ
ØرÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙتأÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¥Ø°Ø§
Ùا٠اﻹصرار عÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ© شعÙرا٠عاÙ
اÙ."
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ÙÙ
Ø© صعبة. Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ
ÙدÙÙا Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùدرة ÙعزÙ
"
+"ÙÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠إÙÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙتأÙÙد—ÙÙØ·
إذا تÙ
ÙÙا Ù
٠بÙاء شعÙر ÙÙ٠بأ٠"
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جÙات ÙÙ Ù
سأÙØ© Ù
Ø¨Ø¯Ø£Ø Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ØرÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù٠أÙ
ر غÙر Ù
ÙبÙ٠عÙÙ "
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أغÙبÙا ببذ٠اÙÙ
اÙØ
أ٠اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙزÙ
ÙØ Øت٠ÙتÙ
Ù٠جÙ
Ùعا٠"
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٠استخداÙ
اÙÙ
ØرÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙتأÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¥Ø°Ø§
Ùا٠اﻹصرار عÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ© شعÙرا٠"
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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@@ -1697,11 +1687,11 @@
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2008Ù
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Ø´ÙÙØ© تÙ
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ÙظاÙ
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-" ÙÙا٠Ùسخة Øرة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اﻷساس٠عÙÙ <a
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ÙÙع ÙÙبر٠بÙت (LibreBoot)</a> (إصدارة Ù
Ù ÙÙربÙت
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ÙاصÙات اﻷجÙزة Øت٠ÙتÙ
Ù٠أعضاء ÙرÙÙ ÙÙبر٠بÙت Ù
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Ùا بدÙÙ"
-" استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØ«ÙائÙØ© “(blobs)” غÙر
اÙØرة)."
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ÙØÙظة Ù٠عاÙ
2008Ù
: Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© تÙ
تد ØتÙ
ÙظاÙ
اﻹدخا٠Ùاﻹخراج اﻷساس٠"
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٠اÙÙظاÙ
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ÙÙع ÙÙبر٠بÙت (LibreBoot)</a> (إصدارة Ù
Ù
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Ø´ÙÙØ© "
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Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ù
ÙاصÙات اﻷجÙزة
Øت٠ÙتÙ
Ù٠أعضاء ÙرÙÙ ÙÙبر٠بÙت Ù
Ù "
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Ùا بدÙ٠استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØ«ÙائÙØ©
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Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© غÙر اÙØرة ÙاÙت٠تÙستخدÙ
عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة تعÙ
Ù ÙشرÙ"
-" ﻻصطÙاد Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØاÙØ©Ø ØªØ¹Ù
٠خصائص اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙجذابة"
-" ÙطعÙ
Ø Ø¨ØÙØ« Ø£Ù٠إذا ÙÙ
ت باستعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙتبةØ
عÙدÙا تÙÙÙ ÙÙعت Ù٠اÙشرÙØ ï»·Ù"
-" برÙاÙ
ج٠عÙدÙا ÙÙ ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø¬Ø²Ø¡Ø§Ù Ù
٠أÙظÙ
Ø©
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة. (بصÙرة أدÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù"
-" Ùدرج برÙاÙ
ج٠Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ <em>Ù
٠اÙعÙ
Ù</em> Ù٠غÙاب"
-" اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©). اﻷسÙØ£ Ù
Ù Ùذا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙصبØ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة"
-" اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ø´ÙÙراÙØ ØÙÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بإغراء اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙÙعÙا"
-" ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙشرÙ."
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Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© غÙر اÙØرة ÙاÙت٠تÙستخدÙ
عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة تعÙ
Ù Ùشر٠"
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Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØاÙØ©Ø ØªØ¹Ù
٠خصائص اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙجذابة "
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Ø Ø¨ØÙØ« Ø£Ù٠إذا ÙÙ
ت باستعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙتبةØ
عÙدÙا تÙÙÙ ÙÙعت Ù٠اÙشرÙØ ï»·Ù "
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ج٠عÙدÙا ÙÙ ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø¬Ø²Ø¡Ø§Ù Ù
٠أÙظÙ
Ø©
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة. (بصÙرة أدÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù "
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ج٠Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ <em>Ù
٠اÙعÙ
Ù</em> Ù٠غÙاب "
+"اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©). اﻷسÙØ£ Ù
Ù Ùذا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙصبØ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة "
+"اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ø´ÙÙراÙØ ØÙÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بإغراء اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙÙعÙا
ÙÙ "
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2017Ù
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اختراع اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙاÙت٠Ù
٠شأÙÙا Ø£Ù "
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Ùزات بعÙدة ع٠Ù
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-" اÙÙتÙب غÙر ØراÙØ ÙعÙدÙا سÙØتاج ÙÙتÙب آخر."
+"عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
Ù Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙا بد Ù
٠اÙتأÙد Ø£Ù٠باﻹÙ
Ùا٠تعدÙ٠اÙÙ
ØتÙÙ <em>اÙتÙÙÙ</em> "
+"ÙÙÙتÙØ¨Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
تÙزÙع اÙÙتÙب اÙجدÙد عبر
اÙÙسائط اÙÙ
Ø¹ØªØ§Ø¯Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ®Ø¯Ø§Ù
اÙÙÙÙات "
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Ø£ÙÙÙØ©. Ù
٠دÙÙ Ùذ٠اﻹÙ
ÙاÙÙØ©Ø ØªØµØ¨Ø ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙÙÙد عائÙا٠أÙ
اÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙÙØµØ¨Ø "
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2014,8 +2004,8 @@
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"philosophy."
msgstr ""
-"Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة باÙÙعÙ
ÙاÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙاÙ٠ﻹÙتاج Ø·ÙÙ Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù Ù
Ù"
-" اÙÙتÙبات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙ
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برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة باÙÙعÙ
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ÙÙ
اÙÙاÙ٠ﻹÙتاج Ø·ÙÙ Ù
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Ù Ù
Ù "
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رة اÙثاÙÙØ©Ø Ùبد٠أ٠Ù
ستÙبÙÙا ÙعتÙ
د عÙÙ ÙÙسÙتÙا."
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msgid "We must talk about freedom"
@@ -2028,10 +2018,10 @@
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"practical reasons."
msgstr ""
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اÙتÙدÙرÙØ© تخبرÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙا٠عشرة Ù
ÙاÙÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
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Ø Ø¨Ù
ا"
-" ÙØ´Ù
٠دÙبÙا٠(Debian) جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ٠رÙدÙات (Red Hat)
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-" اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùد ÙصÙت Ù
رØÙØ© Ù
٠اÙتÙ
Ùز
اÙعÙ
Ù٠بØÙØ« صار اÙÙ
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اÙتÙدÙرÙØ© تخبرÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙا٠عشرة Ù
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ستخدÙ
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Ø "
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ا ÙØ´Ù
٠دÙبÙا٠(Debian) جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ٠رÙدÙات (Red
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٠اÙتÙ
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ر ÙاضØØ©Ø Ù
Ø«Ù
اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
اÙÙ
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-" اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙازدÙاد أعداد زبائ٠شرÙات اÙبرÙ
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اÙØرة بشÙÙ
تجارÙØ Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠تطÙÙر برÙ
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ر ÙاضØØ©Ø Ù
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اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
اÙÙ
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اÙØرة بشÙÙ
تجارÙØ Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠تطÙÙر برÙ
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اÙ
باÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙتÙاÙ
٠بصÙرة
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٠اÙÙع٠باÙÙÙسÙØ© اÙت٠تÙÙ
Ù ÙراءÙØ"
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شاÙ٠جÙ
Ø©. ÙدرتÙا عÙÙ Ù
ÙاجÙØ© اÙتØدÙات ÙاÙÙ
خاطر اÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙرة"
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د عÙ٠إرادتÙا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ùدا٠ÙاØدة
Ù
٠أج٠اÙØرÙØ©. ÙÙÙ ÙتأÙد Ù
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جتÙ
عÙا ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ï»¹Ø±Ø§Ø¯Ø©Ø Ùجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ÙÙشر اÙÙÙرة ÙÙ Ùسط اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد"
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اÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØر."
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اÙ
باÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙتÙاÙ
٠بصÙرة
أسرع Ù
٠اÙÙع٠باÙÙÙسÙØ© اÙت٠تÙÙ
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جتÙ
عÙا ÙÙ
تÙÙ ÙØ°Ù Ø§ï»¹Ø±Ø§Ø¯Ø©Ø Ùجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
ÙÙشر اÙÙÙرة ÙÙ Ùسط اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد "
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اÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØر."
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جÙÙدات اÙÙ
بذÙÙØ© Ùجذب اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد"
-" ÙضÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙا تÙÙÙ ÙتتجاÙز اÙÙ
جÙÙدات اÙÙ
بذÙÙØ© ÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙ
بادئ اﻷÙÙÙØ©"
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جتÙ
عÙا. ÙتÙجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
باÙÙ
جÙÙدÙÙ Ù
عاÙØ ÙÙ
ا ÙتÙجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØاÙظ عÙÙ"
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ا."
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ر: اÙÙ
جÙÙدات اÙÙ
بذÙÙØ© Ùجذب اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد "
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ÙÙ
ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙا تÙÙÙ ÙتتجاÙز اÙÙ
جÙÙدات اÙÙ
بذÙÙØ© ÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙ
بادئ اﻷÙÙÙØ© "
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جتÙ
عÙا. ÙتÙجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
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جÙÙدÙÙ Ù
عاÙØ ÙÙ
ا ÙتÙجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØاÙظ عÙÙ "
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ا."
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ØاÙÙØ© تعÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد Ù
بادئ
اÙØرÙØ© أصبØت Ø£Ùثر صعÙبة Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1998Ù
Ø"
-" ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùرر جزء Ù
Ù Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ø£Ù
ÙتÙÙÙÙا ع٠استخداÙ
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جÙات اÙØرة”Ø ÙاستخدÙ
Ùا تعبÙر
“اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ©"
-" اÙÙ
صدر” عÙضا٠عÙÙ."
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ØاÙÙØ© تعÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد Ù
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اÙØرÙØ© أصبØت Ø£Ùثر صعÙبة Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1998Ù
Ø "
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ا Ùرر جزء Ù
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جتÙ
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جÙات اÙØرة Ø£Ù
ÙتÙÙÙÙا ع٠استخداÙ
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اÙتعبÙر اÙجدÙد
ØاÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙادÙا أ٠ارتبا٠Ùد ÙÙجÙ
Ù
Ù"
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ÙÙظة “Øرة” عبر استبداÙÙا
بÙÙظة"
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جاÙÙØ©”—ÙÙÙ Ùد٠Ù
شرÙع. ÙÙÙÙ
اÙبعض اﻵخر ØاÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙضعÙا"
-" رÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
بادئ اÙت٠أÙÙÙ
ت Ø¥Ùشاء ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع جÙ٠إÙ٠اÙجاÙبØ"
-" ÙÙضÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙربÙا Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
دراء اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙÙ
ÙاÙزبائ٠ÙاÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
تÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
ÙÙÙ
"
-" Ø£ÙدÙÙÙÙجÙات ÙÙرÙØ© تجعÙÙÙ
ÙÙدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
Ùسب
عÙ٠اÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙاÙÙ
بادئ. ÙتÙجة"
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ÙتÙØØ©” تÙÙ
Ù Ù٠ترÙÙزÙا عÙ٠إÙتاج براÙ
ج"
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جتÙ
ع ÙاÙÙ
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اÙتعبÙر اÙجدÙد
ØاÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙادÙا أ٠ارتبا٠Ùد ÙÙجÙ
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٠استخداÙ
ÙÙظة “Øرة” عبر استبداÙÙا
بÙÙظة “Ù
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شرÙع. ÙÙÙ٠اÙبعض اﻵخر ØاÙÙÙا
Ø£Ù ÙضعÙا رÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
بادئ اÙت٠أÙÙÙ
ت "
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جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع جÙ٠إÙÙ
اÙجاÙØ¨Ø ÙÙضÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙربÙا Ø¥ÙÙ "
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دراء اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙÙ ÙاÙزبائ٠ÙاÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ
تÙÙ
اÙعدÙد Ù
ÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙدÙÙÙÙجÙات ÙÙرÙØ© "
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ÙÙدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙ
Ùسب عÙ٠اÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
ÙاÙÙ
بادئ. ÙتÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠رÙØ "
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صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©” تÙÙ
Ù Ù٠ترÙÙزÙا
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ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
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جÙات “ÙÙÙÙس” تشÙÙ Ù
ثاÙا٠ÙاضØاÙ
عÙÙ Ùذا—جÙ
ÙعÙا تÙ
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ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙÙ
Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. ØÙÙÙ
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Ø© Ù
Ù Ù
ÙتÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙت أ٠أ٠برÙاÙ
ج آخر Ù
شابÙØ Ù٠ستÙÙÙ
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙات بتØØ°Ùر"
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برÙ
جÙÙ Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù
Ø£ÙÙا
ستعرض إعÙاÙات ÙÙاØ"
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جÙات “ÙÙÙÙس” تشÙÙ Ù
ثاÙا٠ÙاضØاÙ
عÙÙ Ùذا—جÙ
ÙعÙا تÙ
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ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙÙ
Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس. ØÙÙÙ
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Ø© Ù
Ù Ù
ÙتÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙت أ٠أ٠برÙاÙ
ج آخر Ù
شابÙØ Ù٠ستÙÙÙ
Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙات بتØØ°Ùر "
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برÙ
جÙÙ Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù
Ø£ÙÙا
ستعرض إعÙاÙات ÙÙاØ"
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اÙÙاتج ع٠اÙتجارة Ù
٠شأÙ٠أÙ
Ùساعد Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بعدة طرÙØ"
-" ÙÙذا اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدا٠عÙ٠عدة Ù
ستÙÙات. ÙÙÙ٠اÙتساب اÙدعÙ
عبر تÙÙÙÙ"
-" اÙØدÙØ« ع٠اÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙ
بادئ ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙجعÙ
اﻷÙ
ر ÙارثÙاÙØ ï»·ÙÙ ÙزÙد اÙÙجÙØ© بÙÙ"
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Ù
ارسة ÙاÙتÙعÙØ© باÙØÙÙ٠اÙت٠تØدثÙا
عÙÙا سابÙاÙ."
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اÙÙاتج ع٠اÙتجارة Ù
٠شأÙ٠أÙ
Ùساعد Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بعدة طرÙØ "
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ر ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدا٠عÙ٠عدة Ù
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ÙÙ٠أ٠ÙجعÙ
اﻷÙ
ر ÙارثÙاÙØ ï»·ÙÙ ÙزÙد اÙÙجÙØ© بÙÙ "
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Ù
ارسة ÙاÙتÙعÙØ© باÙØÙÙ٠اÙت٠تØدثÙا
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صادر
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-" عاÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¹Ù ÙÙس اÙÙئة Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù
Ø£ÙÙاÙÙÙ
ا تختÙ٠ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙاÙÙ
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شرÙع جÙÙ ÙستÙ
ر Ù٠استخداÙ
تعبÙر
“اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة” ÙتأÙÙد Ø£Ù"
-" اÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙس اÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ø£Ù
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ÙÙ
ÙأساسÙ."
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جÙات اÙØرة” ٓاÙÙ
صادر
اÙØرة” تتØدثاÙØ Ø¨ØµÙرة "
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Ø©Ø Ø¹Ù ÙÙس اÙÙئة Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù
Ø£ÙÙاÙÙÙ
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Ø© ÙÙدا (“ÙÙس ÙÙاÙÙ Ù
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ت
بتÙÙÙØ° Ù
عظÙ
أعÙ
اÙÙ ÙØ£Ùا ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙدرتÙ"
-" عÙ٠أداء اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
٠أ٠Ù
جÙÙدات٠ستÙØ¬Ø Ù٠اÙÙصÙÙ"
-" ï»·ÙداÙÙا. ÙÙÙÙÙ٠استÙ
ررت Ù٠اÙÙ
ØاÙÙØ©Ø ï»·ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙا٠شخص آخر ÙØÙ٠بÙ٠اÙعدÙ"
-" ÙاÙÙ
دÙÙØ©. رغÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙجاØØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙجØت Ù٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù"
-" Ù
ساعÙÙ."
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Ø© ÙÙدا (“ÙÙس ÙÙاÙÙ Ù
ا ÙسÙ
Ù ‘باÙÙ
ØاÙÙØ©’”) تبد٠"
+"جÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا ï»» تصÙØ ÙÙ ØاÙتÙ. ÙÙد ÙÙ
ت
بتÙÙÙØ° Ù
عظÙ
أعÙ
اÙÙ ÙØ£Ùا ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù Ùدرت٠"
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ÙÙ
Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
٠أ٠Ù
جÙÙدات٠ستÙØ¬Ø Ù٠اÙÙصÙÙ "
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ررت Ù٠اÙÙ
ØاÙÙØ©Ø ï»·ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙا٠شخص آخر ÙØÙ٠بÙ٠اÙعد٠"
+"ÙاÙÙ
دÙÙØ©. رغÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
تأÙدا٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙجاØØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙجØت Ù٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù Ù
ساعÙÙ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2170,11 +2159,11 @@
"to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on "
"other hackers to come and join me."
msgstr ""
-"Ù٠أØÙا٠أخرÙØ ÙØ´Ùت Ù
جÙÙداتÙØ ÙسÙطت بعض
اÙÙ
د٠اÙت٠ÙÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ
بØÙ
اÙتÙا. ÙÙÙÙÙÙ"
-" ÙÙت أجد Ù
دÙÙØ© أخر٠Ù
Ùددة Ù
٠اÙعدÙØ ÙÙÙت
أجÙز ÙÙس٠ÙÙ
عرÙØ© أخر٠ÙÙدÙاع عÙÙا."
-" Ù
ع Ù
رÙر اÙÙÙØªØ ØªØ¹ÙÙ
ت ÙÙ٠أبØØ« عÙ
اÙتÙدÙدات ÙاÙÙ
Ø®Ø§Ø·Ø±Ø ÙÙÙ٠أضع ÙÙس٠Ù
ا بÙÙ"
-" اÙعد٠ÙاÙÙ
دÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت اÙذ٠أÙادÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙأتÙا"
-" ÙÙشارÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©."
+"Ù٠أØÙا٠أخرÙØ ÙØ´Ùت Ù
جÙÙداتÙØ ÙسÙطت بعض
اÙÙ
د٠اÙت٠ÙÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ
بØÙ
اÙتÙا. ÙÙÙÙÙÙ "
+"ÙÙت أجد Ù
دÙÙØ© أخر٠Ù
Ùددة Ù
٠اÙعدÙØ ÙÙÙت
أجÙز ÙÙس٠ÙÙ
عرÙØ© أخر٠ÙÙدÙاع عÙÙا. "
+"Ù
ع Ù
رÙر اÙÙÙØªØ ØªØ¹ÙÙ
ت ÙÙ٠أبØØ« ع٠اÙتÙدÙدات
ÙاÙÙ
Ø®Ø§Ø·Ø±Ø ÙÙÙ٠أضع ÙÙس٠Ù
ا بÙÙ "
+"اÙعد٠ÙاÙÙ
دÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت اÙذ٠أÙادÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙأتÙا "
+"ÙÙشارÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2185,12 +2174,12 @@
"of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your "
"freedom, you must be prepared to defend it."
msgstr ""
-"اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
أعد اÙÙ
داÙع اÙÙØÙد ع٠اÙÙضÙØ©. Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
رÙØ ÙاÙÙ
ÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ø±Ù Øشدا٠Ù
Ù"
-" اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بØÙر اÙØ®ÙادÙ
ÙتعزÙز دÙاعاتÙÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙ٠أدر٠أÙ"
-" Ùذ٠اÙÙ
دÙÙØ© سÙ٠تظ٠صاÙ
دة—اﻵ٠عÙÙ
اﻷÙÙ. ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
خاطر تتزاÙد عاÙ
ا٠بعد"
-" عاÙ
Ø Ùاﻵ٠تÙÙÙ
شرÙØ© Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت (Microsoft)
باستÙدا٠Ù
جتÙ
عÙا بصÙرة Ù
باشرة. ﻻ"
-" ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù Ùأخذ Ù
ستÙب٠اÙØرÙØ© عÙ٠أÙ٠شئ Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙ. ï»» تتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع٠عÙ٠أÙ٠شئ"
-" Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙ! إذا ÙÙت ترغب باÙÙ
ØاÙظة عÙÙ ØرÙتÙØ
ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙ٠أ٠تجÙز ÙÙس٠ÙÙدÙاع عÙÙا."
+"اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
أعد اÙÙ
داÙع اÙÙØÙد ع٠اÙÙضÙØ©. Ù
Ù
اÙÙ
رÙØ ÙاÙÙ
ÙØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ø±Ù Øشدا٠Ù
Ù "
+"اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠بØÙر اÙØ®ÙادÙ
ÙتعزÙز دÙاعاتÙÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙ٠أدر٠أ٠"
+"Ùذ٠اÙÙ
دÙÙØ© سÙ٠تظ٠صاÙ
دة—اﻵ٠عÙÙ
اﻷÙÙ. ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙ
خاطر تتزاÙد عاÙ
ا٠بعد "
+"عاÙ
Ø Ùاﻵ٠تÙÙÙ
شرÙØ© Ù
اÙÙرÙسÙÙت (Microsoft)
باستÙدا٠Ù
جتÙ
عÙا بصÙرة Ù
باشرة. ﻻ "
+"ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù Ùأخذ Ù
ستÙب٠اÙØرÙØ© عÙ٠أÙ٠شئ Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙ. ï»» تتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع٠عÙ٠أÙ٠شئ "
+"Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙ! إذا ÙÙت ترغب باÙÙ
ØاÙظة عÙÙ ØرÙتÙØ
ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙ٠أ٠تجÙز ÙÙس٠ÙÙدÙاع عÙÙا."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -2199,77 +2188,72 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
-"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and "
-"other corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
-msgstr ""
-"اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙظاÙ
جÙ٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙد"
-" اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙا٠<a"
-" href=\"/contact/\">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ عÙ"
-" رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات أ٠اÙتراØات
أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙد"
-" اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden><"
-"/a>."
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙظاÙ
جÙ٠إÙÙ "
+"اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. "
+"ÙÙا٠<a href=\"/contact/\">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. "
+"ÙÙتبÙÙغ ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ "
+"اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+#
+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
#. to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
#. our web pages, see <a
#. href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
#. README</a>.
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please see the <a "
-"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
-"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
-msgstr ""
-"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا"
-" ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©"
-" Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
-"><address@hidden></a>.</p>."
-"<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا
ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا"
-" اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translat"
-"ions.html\">Translations README</a>)."
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا "
+"ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© "
+"Ø¥ÙÙ <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>.</p>.<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ©
اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠ترجÙ
Ø© "
+"اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø Ùرج٠Ùراءة دÙÙÙ
اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a href=\"/server/"
+"standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a>)."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015, "
"2017, 2018 Richard Stallman"
msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015,"
-" 2017, 2018 رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
اÙ"
+"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015, "
+"2017, 2018 رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
اÙ"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
-"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\";>Creative Commons "
-"Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
-msgstr ""
-"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\""
-" href=\"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\";>رخصة
اÙÙ
شاع"
-" اÙإبداعÙ"
-" ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"https://creativecommons.org/";
+"licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar\">رخصة اÙÙ
شاع اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب
اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠"
+"4.0 دÙÙÙ</a>."
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
"
-"<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"";
-"><address@hidden></a>, 2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د."
+"<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\"><address@hidden></a>, 2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د."
#. timestamp start
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:"
-
-
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.19
retrieving revision 1.20
diff -u -b -r1.19 -r1.20
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist 12 Apr 2016 15:42:09 -0000 1.19
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.20
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
value='<div id="translations">
<p>
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">català </a> [ca]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html">ÄeÅ¡tina</a> [cs]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</span>
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" title="English" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html" title="اÙعربÙØ©" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ca" hreflang="ca"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html" title="català " />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html" title="ÄeÅ¡tina" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="de" hreflang="de"
href="/gnu/thegnuproject.de.html" title="Deutsch" />
Index: licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.166
retrieving revision 1.167
diff -u -b -r1.166 -r1.167
--- licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html 13 Mar 2018 11:59:14 -0000 1.166
+++ licenses/gpl-faq.fr.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.167
@@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@
more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
-this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7</p>
@@ -1334,7 +1334,7 @@
more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
-this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Linking <var>[name of your program]</var> statically or dynamically with
other modules is making a combined work based on <var>[name of your
@@ -4122,7 +4122,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2018/03/13 11:59:14 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/gpl-faq.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-faq.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.81
retrieving revision 1.82
diff -u -b -r1.81 -r1.82
--- licenses/gpl-faq.ru.html 13 Mar 2018 08:32:13 -0000 1.81
+++ licenses/gpl-faq.ru.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.82
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@
GNU.</p>
<p>ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии GNU
вмеÑÑе Ñ
-ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой; еÑли ÑÑо не Ñак, Ñм.
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой; еÑли ÑÑо не Ñак, Ñм.
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>ÐополниÑелÑное ÑазÑеÑение в
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñ Ñазделом 7 GNU GPL
веÑÑии 3</p>
@@ -1310,7 +1310,7 @@
GNU.</p>
<p>ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии GNU
вмеÑÑе Ñ
-ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой; еÑли ÑÑо не Ñак, Ñм.
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой; еÑли ÑÑо не Ñак, Ñм.
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ÑÑаÑиÑеÑкой или
динамиÑеÑкой компоновки <var>[название ваÑей
пÑогÑаммÑ]</var> Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими модÑлÑми
полÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа,
@@ -3893,7 +3893,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2018/03/13 08:32:13 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.85
retrieving revision 1.86
diff -u -b -r1.85 -r1.86
--- licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html 31 Mar 2018 10:36:17 -0000 1.85
+++ licenses/gpl-howto.fr.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.86
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. <a id="TransNote1-rev"
href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
+ along with this program. If not, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. <a id="TransNote1-rev"
href="#TransNote1"><sup>1</sup></a>
</pre>
<p>Pour les programmes comprenant plusieurs fichiers, il est mieux de remplacer
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. <a
id="TransNote2-rev" href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
+ along with Foobar. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. <a
id="TransNote2-rev" href="#TransNote2"><sup>2</sup></a>
</pre>
<p>Pour utiliser une autre version des licences du groupe GPL, il faut modifier
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2018/03/31 10:36:17 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/gpl-howto.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/gpl-howto.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.29
retrieving revision 1.30
diff -u -b -r1.29 -r1.30
--- licenses/gpl-howto.ru.html 31 Mar 2018 17:29:34 -0000 1.29
+++ licenses/gpl-howto.ru.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.30
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with this program. If not, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
(ÐÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма: Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ и/или изменÑÑÑ
ее на ÑÑловиÑÑ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной
лиÑензии GNU в Ñом виде, в каком
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии GNU
вмеÑÑе Ñ ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой. ÐÑли ÑÑо не Ñак,
Ñм.
- <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.)
+ <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.)
</pre>
<p>ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, ÑоÑÑоÑÑиÑ
более, Ñем из
одного Ñайла, лÑÑÑе замениÑÑ Ñлова
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with Foobar. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
(ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ñайл — ÑаÑÑÑ Foobar.
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@
ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии GNU
вмеÑÑе Ñ ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой. ÐÑли ÑÑо не Ñак,
Ñм.
- <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.)
+ <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.)
</pre>
<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑимениÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑий GPL,
измениÑе ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвого болÑÑого
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2018/03/31 17:29:34 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/gpl-faq.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.82
retrieving revision 1.83
diff -u -b -r1.82 -r1.83
--- licenses/po/gpl-faq.fr-en.html 13 Mar 2018 11:59:16 -0000 1.82
+++ licenses/po/gpl-faq.fr-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.83
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@
for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7</p>
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@
for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Linking <var>[name of your program]</var> statically or dynamically with
other modules is making a combined work based on <var>[name of your
@@ -3933,7 +3933,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/03/13 11:59:16 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.63
retrieving revision 1.64
diff -u -b -r1.63 -r1.64
--- licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru-en.html 13 Mar 2018 08:32:13 -0000 1.63
+++ licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.64
@@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@
for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Additional permission under GNU GPL version 3 section 7</p>
@@ -1343,7 +1343,7 @@
for more details.</p>
<p>You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
+with this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.</p>
<p>Linking <var>[name of your program]</var> statically or dynamically with
other modules is making a combined work based on <var>[name of your
@@ -3933,7 +3933,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/03/13 08:32:13 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.149
retrieving revision 1.150
diff -u -b -r1.149 -r1.150
--- licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 07:51:09 -0000 1.149
+++ licenses/po/gpl-faq.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.150
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2018-06-17 07:26+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -2679,11 +2678,6 @@
"GNU."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><blockquote><p>
-# | You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
-# | with this program; if not, see <http{+s+}://www.gnu.org/licenses>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along "
-#| "with this program; if not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses>.";
msgid ""
"You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with "
"this program; if not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses>.";
Index: licenses/po/gpl-howto.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.44
retrieving revision 1.45
diff -u -b -r1.44 -r1.45
--- licenses/po/gpl-howto.fr-en.html 31 Mar 2018 10:36:17 -0000 1.44
+++ licenses/po/gpl-howto.fr-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.45
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with this program. If not, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>For programs that are more than one file, it is better to replace
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with Foobar. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>To use a different set of GPL versions, you would modify the end of
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/03/31 10:36:17 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru-en.html 31 Mar 2018 17:29:35 -0000 1.26
+++ licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.27
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with this program. If not, see
<https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>For programs that are more than one file, it is better to replace
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
- along with Foobar. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+ along with Foobar. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
</pre>
<p>To use a different set of GPL versions, you would modify the end of
@@ -307,7 +307,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/03/31 17:29:35 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 07:51:09 -0000 1.34
+++ licenses/po/gpl-howto.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:34 -0000 1.35
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2018-06-17 07:26+0000\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
@@ -326,30 +325,7 @@
"должно вÑглÑдеÑÑ Ñак:"
#. type: Content of: <pre>
-# | This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or
-# | modify\\n it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
-# | published by\\n the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
-# | License, or\\n (at your option) any later version.\\n\\n This
-# | program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\\n but
-# | WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\\n
-# | MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\\n GNU
-# | General Public License for more details.\\n\\n You should have received
-# | a copy of the GNU General Public License\\n along with this program.
-# | If not, see <http{+s+}://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.\\n
#, no-wrap
-#| msgid ""
-#| " This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n"
-#| " it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n"
-#| " the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n"
-#| " (at your option) any later version.\n"
-#| "\n"
-#| " This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n"
-#| " but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n"
-#| " MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\n"
-#| " GNU General Public License for more details.\n"
-#| "\n"
-#| " You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n"
-#| " along with this program. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.\n";
msgid ""
" This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n"
" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n"
@@ -403,32 +379,7 @@
"ÐÐÐÐÐÐÐД. ÐапÑимеÑ,"
#. type: Content of: <pre>
-# | This file is part of Foobar.\\n\\n Foobar is free software: you can
-# | redistribute it and/or modify\\n it under the terms of the GNU General
-# | Public License as published by\\n the Free Software Foundation, either
-# | version 3 of the License, or\\n (at your option) any later
-# | version.\\n\\n Foobar is distributed in the hope that it will be
-# | useful,\\n but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty
-# | of\\n MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\\n
-# | GNU General Public License for more details.\\n\\n You should have
-# | received a copy of the GNU General Public License\\n along with Foobar.
-# | If not, see <http{+s+}://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.\\n
#, no-wrap
-#| msgid ""
-#| " This file is part of Foobar.\n"
-#| "\n"
-#| " Foobar is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify\n"
-#| " it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by\n"
-#| " the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or\n"
-#| " (at your option) any later version.\n"
-#| "\n"
-#| " Foobar is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,\n"
-#| " but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of\n"
-#| " MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the\n"
-#| " GNU General Public License for more details.\n"
-#| "\n"
-#| " You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License\n"
-#| " along with Foobar. If not, see
<http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.\n";
msgid ""
" This file is part of Foobar.\n"
"\n"
Index: proprietary/proprietary-drm.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/proprietary-drm.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- proprietary/proprietary-drm.ru.html 13 Jun 2018 13:29:30 -0000 1.18
+++ proprietary/proprietary-drm.ru.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:35 -0000 1.19
@@ -38,6 +38,26 @@
</p>
<ul>
+<li><p>ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми не
пÑоÑÑо не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
+копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликованнÑе ÑабоÑÑ. Ðаже
когда оно позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ, оно доÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñ ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон. ÐоÑи ÐокÑоÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² неболÑÑой
+ÑÑаÑÑе <a
+href="https://boingboing.net/2010/02/18/infographic-buying-d.html";>
пÑиводиÑ
+в каÑеÑÑве пÑимеÑа DVD</a>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¾ÑÑждаем пÑопагандиÑÑÑкое вÑÑажение
“пиÑаÑÑÑво” пÑимениÑелÑно
+к лÑдÑм, коÑоÑÑе обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми.
Ðногие из ÑÑиÑ
DVD пÑоизводÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑки; в оÑноÑении
ÑÑой пÑакÑики Ñлово
+“пиÑаÑÑÑво”, возможно, ÑаÑÑиÑно
опÑавдано. Ðо не Ñогда, когда
+полÑзоваÑелей заÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¾ÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¸Ð²ÑÑ
видеоÑоликов.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑинÑипиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина ÑÑиÑ
неÑдобÑÑв и
пÑинÑипиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми в DVD
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑебовании
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑа DVD
неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
иÑ
.
+</p>
+</li>
+
<li><p>ÐÑиложение Android Netflix <a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/netflix-cracks-down-on-vpn-and-proxy-pirates-150103/";>
пÑинÑдиÑелÑно иÑполÑзÑÐµÑ Google DNS</a>. ÐÑо
один из меÑодов, пÑименÑемÑÑ
@@ -305,7 +325,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2018/06/13 13:29:30 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru-en.html 13 Jun 2018 13:29:30 -0000
1.18
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:35 -0000
1.19
@@ -29,6 +29,24 @@
</p>
<ul>
+<li><p>DRM does more nastiness to published works than merely stopping
+people from looking at and/or copying them. Even when it allows you to
+look, it harasses you in many
+ways. <a href="https://boingboing.net/2010/02/18/infographic-buying-d.html";>
+This presents</a> DVDs as an example.</p>
+
+<p>We condemn the propaganda term “pirate” when it is
+applied to people that share copies. Many of these DVDs are made and
+distributed commercially; in reference to that practice,
+“pirate” might be partly justified. But not when they
+protect users from harassment.</p>
+
+<p>The fundamental cause of this harassment, and the fundamental wrong
+of the DRM in DVDs, is the requirement to use nonfree software to play
+the DVD. Fortunately we have free replacement software.
+</p>
+</li>
+
<li><p>The Netflix Android app <a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/netflix-cracks-down-on-vpn-and-proxy-pirates-150103/";>
forces the use of Google DNS</a>. This is one of the methods that Netflix
@@ -252,7 +270,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/06/13 13:29:30 $
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:35 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 07:51:11 -0000
1.52
+++ proprietary/po/proprietary-drm.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:35 -0000
1.53
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2018-06-16 19:25+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Proprietary DRM - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -86,10 +85,10 @@
"buying-d.html\"> This presents</a> DVDs as an example."
msgstr ""
"ЦиÑÑовое ÑпÑавление огÑаниÑениÑми не
пÑоÑÑо не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
-"копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликованнÑе ÑабоÑÑ. Ðаже
когда оно позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ, "
-"оно доÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñ ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон. ÐоÑи
ÐокÑоÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² неболÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑе "
-"<a href=\"https://boingboing.net/2010/02/18/infographic-";
-"buying-d.html\"> пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве пÑимеÑа DVD</a>."
+"копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑбликованнÑе ÑабоÑÑ. Ðаже
когда оно позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ "
+"пÑоÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ, оно доÑÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ Ñ ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон. ÐоÑи ÐокÑоÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² неболÑÑой "
+"ÑÑаÑÑе <a
href=\"https://boingboing.net/2010/02/18/infographic-buying-d.html";
+"\"> пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð² каÑеÑÑве пÑимеÑа DVD</a>."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
msgid ""
@@ -100,9 +99,9 @@
msgstr ""
"ÐÑ Ð¾ÑÑждаем пÑопагандиÑÑÑкое вÑÑажение
“пиÑаÑÑÑво” пÑимениÑелÑно "
"к лÑдÑм, коÑоÑÑе обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми.
Ðногие из ÑÑиÑ
DVD пÑоизводÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ "
-"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑки; в
оÑноÑении ÑÑой пÑакÑики Ñлово
“пиÑаÑÑÑво”, "
-"возможно, ÑаÑÑиÑно опÑавдано. Ðо не Ñогда,
когда полÑзоваÑелей заÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ "
-"надоедливÑÑ
видеоÑоликов."
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑки; в
оÑноÑении ÑÑой пÑакÑики Ñлово “"
+"пиÑаÑÑÑво”, возможно, ÑаÑÑиÑно
опÑавдано. Ðо не Ñогда, когда "
+"полÑзоваÑелей заÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¾ÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¸Ð²ÑÑ
видеоÑоликов."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
msgid ""
@@ -111,9 +110,9 @@
"Fortunately we have free replacement software."
msgstr ""
"ÐÑинÑипиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина ÑÑиÑ
неÑдобÑÑв и
пÑинÑипиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ "
-"ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми в DVD
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑебовании полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ "
-"Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑа DVD неÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе "
-"пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
."
+"ÑиÑÑового ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑми в DVD
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑебовании "
+"полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑа DVD
неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ
иÑ
."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><p>
msgid ""
Index: software/recent-releases-include.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/recent-releases-include.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1478
retrieving revision 1.1479
diff -u -b -r1.1478 -r1.1479
--- software/recent-releases-include.ru.html 16 Jun 2018 20:59:25 -0000
1.1478
+++ software/recent-releases-include.ru.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:35 -0000
1.1479
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
<ul>
-<li><strong>June 16, 2018</strong>
+<li><strong>16 иÑÐ½Ñ 2018</strong>
<ul>
<li><a
-href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-06/msg00008.html";>gdbm-1.15
-released [stable]</a>, <i>Sergey Poznyakoff</i>, <tt>16:27</tt></li>
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-06/msg00008.html";>ÐÑпÑÑен
+gdbm-1.15 [ÑÑабилÑнÑй]</a>, <i>СеÑгей ÐознÑков</i>,
<tt>16:27</tt></li>
</ul></li>
<li><strong>14 иÑÐ½Ñ 2018</strong>
<ul>
Index: software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2076
retrieving revision 1.2077
diff -u -b -r1.2076 -r1.2077
--- software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 07:51:11 -0000
1.2076
+++ software/po/recent-releases-include.ru.po 17 Jun 2018 08:31:35 -0000
1.2077
@@ -14,24 +14,12 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2018-06-16 20:57+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | <strong>June 1[-4-]{+6+}, 2018</strong>
-#| msgid "<strong>June 14, 2018</strong>"
msgid "<strong>June 16, 2018</strong>"
msgstr "<strong>16 иÑÐ½Ñ 2018</strong>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
-# | <a
-# |
[-href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-01/msg00000.html\";>gdbm-1.14-]
-# |
{+href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-06/msg00008.html\";>gdbm-1.15+}
-# | released [stable]</a>, <i>Sergey Poznyakoff</i>, [-<tt>17:39</tt>-]
-# | {+<tt>16:27</tt>+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-01/msg00000.html";
-#| "\">gdbm-1.14 released [stable]</a>, <i>Sergey Poznyakoff</i>, <tt>17:39</"
-#| "tt>"
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu/2018-06/msg00008.html";
"\">gdbm-1.15 released [stable]</a>, <i>Sergey Poznyakoff</i>, <tt>16:27</tt>"
Index: education/edu-faq.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-faq.ar.html
diff -N education/edu-faq.ar.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-faq.ar.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-faq.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>أسئÙØ© شائعة ØÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
ÙاÙتعÙÙÙ
- Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-faq.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.ar.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="/education/education.html">اÙتعÙÙÙ
</a> ← أسئÙØ© شائعة</p>
+
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
+<!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.ar.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>أسئÙØ© شائعة ØÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙاÙتعÙÙÙ
</h2>
+
+<p>اÙعدÙد Ù
٠دعاة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙاجÙÙÙ
صعÙبة ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙØاÙÙÙ٠اÙتØدث Ù
ع Ù
دراء
+اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© ØÙÙ ÙÙائد استخداÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. Ù٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
+اﻷØÙا٠ﻻ ÙÙÙÙ Ù
دراء اÙÙ
دارس Ùد سÙ
عÙا Ù
Ù
Ùب٠ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠أØÙاÙ
+أخر٠ÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ùد سÙ
عÙا بÙ
صطÙØ “اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙجعÙÙÙ
+Ù
تشÙÙÙÙ ØÙÙ Ù
اÙÙØ© اﻷÙ
ر. ÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ©
سÙستعرض بعض اﻷسئÙØ© اÙØ´Ø§Ø¦Ø¹Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ا سÙÙرد
+Ø£Ùض٠اﻹجابات اÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙØ© ÙتبدÙد اÙØ´ÙÙÙ ØÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>Ø£Ùا Ù
عÙÙ
Ø ÙÙد ØاÙÙت Ù
رارا٠أ٠أشرØ
Ùإدارة اÙÙ
درسة ÙÙائد استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+ذات اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
Ø¯Ø±Ø³Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ï»»
Ùبد٠عÙÙÙÙ
اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
بÙذا اÙÙ
ÙضÙع.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>Ø¥Ù Ù
صطÙØ “اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©” ÙرÙ
ز ÙÙØ· ÙÙÙÙائد اÙتÙÙÙØ©
+ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ùد ï»» تÙÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس راغبة ÙÙ Ùذا
اﻷÙ
ر ﻷ٠اÙبراÙ
ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© تÙÙ
+باØتÙاجاتÙا اÙتÙÙÙØ©. Ùجب عÙÙ٠أ٠تØدثÙÙ
Ù
Ù
Ù
ÙظÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ï»»
+“اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙساعد٠ÙÙ
Ø´Ø±Ø Ø§ï»·Ø³Ø¨Ø§Ø¨ اÙÙÙسÙÙØ© ÙاﻷخÙاÙÙØ©
+اÙت٠Ùجب عÙ٠أساسÙا رÙض اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©.</p>
+
+ <p>ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اﻻطÙاع عÙ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙØ© اÙتاÙÙØ©
Ùتعر٠<a
+href="/education/edu-why.html">ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات
اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© أ٠تستخدÙ
+ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</a>. </p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>ÙسرÙÙ ÙØ«Ùرا٠أ٠أر٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
دارس ÙÙد
تØÙÙت ﻻستخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙÙ
+أظ٠اﻷÙ
ر Ù
ÙؤÙسا٠Ù
ÙÙ. شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اﻻØتÙارÙØ© تÙ
تÙ٠اÙÙÙØ© ÙاÙتأثÙØ±Ø ØتÙ
+عÙÙ Ù
ستÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©.
اÙÙضع بأÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ø«Ùر ÙÙØ¥Øباط.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>ربÙ
ا Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙØÙÙÙ٠أ٠شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùد ÙجØت ÙÙ Ùرض Ù
ÙتجاتÙا عÙÙ
+اÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙØ°Ù٠باستخداÙ
اÙÙ
دارس ÙأدÙات
دعاÙØ© ÙإعÙاÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙØÙÙÙ٠أÙضاÙ
+أ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
دارس ØÙ٠اÙعاÙÙ
Ùد ÙجØت ÙÙ
استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بصÙرة
+ÙاعÙØ© ÙبÙتائج Ù
Ù
تازة. ÙرؤÙØ© بعض اﻷÙ
Ø«ÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
بزÙارة صÙØØ© <a
+href="/education/edu-cases.html">دراسات اÙØاÙØ©</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>ØÙÙÙ
ا أطÙÙÙا Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1983Ù
Ø
Ùا٠اÙÙضع Ù
Øبطا٠ÙÙا باÙÙ
Ø«Ù. ÙÙد
+بدأÙا ØÙÙÙا Ù
٠اÙصÙØ±Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا استطعÙا Ø£Ù
Ùص٠اÙÙÙÙ
ﻵﻻ٠Ù
٠اﻷشخاص اÙØ°ÙÙ
+ÙستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ØÙ٠اÙعاÙÙ
.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>Ø£Ùا أترأس Ù
ؤسسة تÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙÙØÙ Ùرغب بتعÙÙÙ
Ø·ÙابÙا ÙÙÙÙØ© استخداÙ
Ùإدارة ÙظاÙ
+برÙ
جÙات Øرة. ÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
ضطر ﻷ٠أذع٠ÙÙ
ÙÙج
Ùزارة اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙتطÙب تعÙÙÙ
+اÙØ·Ùاب باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>إذا ÙÙت ØرÙÙا٠Ù
جبرا٠عÙ٠استخداÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙات غÙر ØØ±Ø©Ø Ùجب عÙÙ٠أ٠تخبر
+Ø·Ùاب٠بÙضÙØ Ø£Ù٠تعتبر Ùذ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر
أخÙاÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ£Ù٠تÙÙÙ
بتدرÙسÙا بسبب Ø£ÙÙ
+Ù
جبر عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ£Ù٠ستÙÙÙ
بتدرÙس اÙØد اﻷدÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب Øت٠ÙتسÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ùاب Ø£Ù
+ÙستثÙ
رÙا بÙÙØ© ÙÙتÙÙ
Ù٠استخداÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠تØترÙ
ØرÙاتÙÙ
.</p>
+
+ <p>Ùجب عÙÙÙا أﻻ ÙÙس٠أ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا
تأثÙر ÙبÙر عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
Ø¹Ø ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙØÙ ØÙÙÙ
ا
+ÙÙعÙÙ Ø·ÙابÙا بÙÙائد استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذ٠إØد٠اÙطر٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ
+استخداÙ
Ùا ÙÙضغط عÙ٠صاÙع٠اÙÙرار. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أÙ
تبدأ بتÙعÙØ© Ø·Ùاب٠ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
+اÙØرة ÙÙÙائدÙا اﻷخÙاÙÙØ©Ø Ø¥Ø° Ø£ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
ØتÙ
٠أÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
عÙا بÙذا اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ù
Ù
+ÙبÙ. Ùد Ùؤد٠Ùذا ÙتشÙÙÙ <a
+href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>جÙ
عÙØ© برÙ
جÙات
Øرة</a> ÙÙ
+اÙÙ
درسة برعاÙت٠ÙإشراÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا أ٠تÙص٠صÙتÙا عبر Ùتابة اÙرسائÙ
+ÙÙزارة اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ø Ùعبر تÙظÙÙ
اÙØ£Ùشطة اÙتÙ
ترÙÙج ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ©
+ÙØ£Ùشطة أخر٠Ù
تعددة تصب ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
ÙØÙ.</p>
+
+ <p>ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùبدأ Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØÙاسÙب باÙÙ
طاÙبة
بØÙÙÙÙÙ
Ø ØÙÙÙا ستضطر اÙØÙÙÙ
ات ÙتعدÙÙ
+ÙÙاÙÙÙÙا Øسب اÙÙ
طاÙب. ÙÙذا اÙسبب Ùإ٠اÙÙعÙ
اÙسÙاس٠ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
ع٠Ùعتبرا٠رÙÙزتÙÙ
+أساسÙتÙÙ ï»» غÙ٠عÙÙÙ
ا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙرÙد اÙتØدث عÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
+ </dd>
+</dl>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙظاÙ
جÙ٠إÙÙ
+اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙاÙ
+<a href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ
+ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات أ٠اÙتراØات
أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙد
+اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
+ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©
+Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>.<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
+Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© ÙÙ
ترجÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø ÙرجÙ
+Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2016 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</p>
+
+<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar";>رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
+اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0
دÙÙÙ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ar.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>,
+2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:
+
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:32 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: education/edu-why.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-why.ar.html
diff -N education/edu-why.ar.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-why.ar.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-why.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø£Ù
تستخدÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة - Ù
شرÙع
+جÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-why.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.ar.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">اÙتعÙÙÙ
</a> ← <a
+href="/education/education.html#indepth">Ù
ÙاÙات Ù
ÙصÙØ©</a> ←
ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب
+عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© أ٠تستخدÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</p>
+
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
+<!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.ar.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© Ø£Ù
تستخدÙ
ÙتعÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<p><strong>"Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس أ٠تعÙÙ
Ø·ÙابÙا ÙÙÙ
ÙصبØÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙاطÙÙ٠جزءا٠ﻻ Ùتجزأ Ù
Ù
+Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙØ ÙØ§Ø¯Ø±Ø Ù
ستÙÙ ÙØر."</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>ÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙÙØ Ùستعرض اﻷسباب اÙت٠تجع٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙاجب عÙ٠اÙجاÙ
عات ÙاÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©
+بÙاÙØ© Ù
ستÙÙاتÙا أ٠تستخدÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
بصÙرة ØصرÙØ©.</p>
+
+<h3>اÙÙ
شارÙØ©</h3>
+
+<p>Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
دارس أ٠تÙÙÙ
بتعÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
شارÙØ©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠بأ٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ثاÙا٠ÙØتذÙ
+بÙ. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تدعÙ
اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©
بتسÙÙÙÙا ÙÙ
شارÙØ© اÙÙ
عرÙØ© ÙاﻷدÙات
+اÙÙ
صاØبة ÙÙا:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>اÙÙ
عرÙØ©</strong>. اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙØ·Ùاب ØدÙØ«Ù
اÙس٠ÙÙ
تÙÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙبة ÙÙ
+اÙبرÙ
Ø¬Ø©Ø ÙÙÙ
Ù
بÙÙرÙ٠باÙØÙاسÙب ÙÙ
تØÙ
سÙÙ ÙÙ
عرÙØ© ÙÙ٠تعÙ
٠أÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙÙÙا. ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ï»» تتÙÙر باستخداÙ
اﻷÙظÙ
Ø©
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©Ø ÙÙذا Ù
ا Ùجع٠اÙÙ
عÙÙ
Ù٠غÙر
+ÙادرÙ٠عÙ٠تÙÙÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
. ÙÙÙÙ
ØÙÙÙ
ا تÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© تتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
+برÙ
جÙات ØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¹ÙدÙا ÙتسÙÙ ÙÙÙ
عÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
ÙشرØÙا ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
اÙÙ
بادئ اﻷساسÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
+ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بإعطائÙÙ
Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر ÙÙدرسÙا
اÙØ·Ùاب ÙÙتعÙÙ
Ùا Ù
ÙÙا.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>اﻷدÙات</strong>. ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
عÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
ÙÙزعÙا ÙØ·ÙابÙÙ
Ùسخا٠Ù
٠اÙبراÙ
ج
+اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù٠اÙصÙØ Ø¨ØÙØ« ÙتسÙÙ ÙÙØ·Ùاب
Ø£Ù ÙستخدÙ
Ùا اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ
+Ù
ÙازÙÙÙ
. Ù
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج
ÙتÙزÙعÙا ÙÙس Ø£Ù
را٠Ù
ÙبÙÙا٠ÙØØ³Ø¨Ø Ø¨Ù
+Ù٠أÙ
ر Ù
ستØب.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>اÙÙ
سئÙÙÙØ© اﻻجتÙ
اعÙØ©</h3>
+
+<p>ÙÙد أصبØت اÙØÙسبة جزءا٠ﻻ Ùتجزأ Ù
Ù
ØÙاتÙا اÙÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ© تسÙÙ
+Ù٠تغÙÙر اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بصÙرة سرÙØ¹Ø©Ø ÙاÙÙ
دارس
تÙعب دÙرا Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠Ù٠تشÙÙÙ Ù
ستÙبÙ
+اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© تجÙÙز اÙØ·Ùاب
ÙÙصبØÙا أعضاء٠ÙاعÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع رÙÙ
Ù
+ØØ±Ø ÙØ°Ù٠عبر تعÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùارات اÙÙازÙ
Ø© اÙتÙ
ستÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
Ù
٠اÙتØÙÙ
ÙÙ ØÙاتÙÙ
+اÙشخصÙØ©. اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ùجب أﻻ تÙÙ٠تØت رØÙ
Ø© Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠باتخاذ
+اÙÙرارات اÙت٠ﻻ ÙÙ
Ù٠تغÙÙرÙا إﻻ Ù
٠جاÙبÙÙ
.
Ùجب عÙ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ© أﻻ
+تسÙ
Ø ÙشرÙات اÙبراÙ
ج اﻻØتÙارÙØ© بأ٠تÙرض
سطÙتÙا عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙ
ستÙبÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h3>اﻻستÙÙاÙÙØ©</h3>
+
+<p>اÙÙ
دارس ÙدÙÙا Ù
سئÙÙÙØ© أخÙاÙÙØ© تÙض٠بأÙ
عÙÙÙا تدرÙس اﻻستÙÙاÙÙØ©Ø ï»» اﻻعتÙ
ادÙØ©
+عÙÙ Ù
Ùتج Ù
عÙ٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ©. باﻹضاÙØ© ÙØ°ÙÙ
Ùإ٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙÙسÙØ§Ø Ø¹ÙدÙ
ا تختار
+استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙا تÙتسب
استÙÙاÙÙØ© ع٠اÙÙ
صاÙØ Ø§ÙتجارÙØ© ÙتتÙادÙ
+اÙÙÙÙع تØت رØÙ
Ø© اÙبائعÙÙ.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© تجع٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات Ù
Ùصات Ùتثب Ù
ÙÙا ÙتصÙ
+ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ Ù
Ù
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ùرض برÙ
جÙاتÙا
عÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙشرÙات تعرض
+Ùسخا٠Ù
Ø®ÙØ¶Ø©Ø ÙØ£ØÙاÙا٠Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ù
٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙÙ
ؤسسات اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø
+ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙ٠تضÙ
٠أ٠اÙØ·Ùاب سÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙصبØÙا Ù
عتÙ
دÙÙ
+عÙÙÙا. بعد Ø£Ù Ùتخرج Ùؤﻻء اÙØ·Ùاب Ùإ٠شرÙات
اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù٠تÙÙÙ
بتÙدÙÙ
تخÙÙضات
+ÙÙÙ
Ùï»» ÙÙشرÙات اÙت٠تÙظÙÙÙ
. Ù
ا تÙعÙ٠شرÙات
اÙبرÙ
جÙات باختصار Ù٠أÙÙا تÙÙÙ
+بتجÙÙد اÙÙ
دارس ÙاÙجاÙ
عات بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙجÙ
Ùع
عÙ
Ùاء ÙÙÙدÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙØ٠اﻻعتÙ
ادÙØ©
+اÙدائÙ
Ø© Ù
د٠اÙØÙاة.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>رخص اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تتÙ
Ùز بعدÙ
اÙتÙاء
صÙاØÙتÙØ§Ø Ù
Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠أÙÙ Øا٠تبÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة
+Ù
ا ÙØ®Ùار استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة تظ٠Ù
ستÙÙØ© ع٠اÙجÙØ© صاØبة
+اÙبرÙاÙ
ج. عÙاÙØ© عÙÙ Ø°ÙÙØ Ùإ٠رخص اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة تÙ
ÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙØÙ ÙÙ
+استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج Øسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
ا تÙ
ÙØÙÙ
اÙØÙ ÙÙ Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج Ùإعادة
+تÙزÙعÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ÙØÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Øت٠تتÙاسب Ù
ع اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
+اÙخاصة. Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
Ø¤Ø³Ø³Ø§ØªØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ أرادت Ø£Ù
تضÙÙ ÙظÙÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ© ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
اØ
+ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا ØÙÙئذ أ٠تÙÙÙ
باستخداÙ
Ø£Ù Ù
برÙ
ج
ﻷداء اÙÙظÙÙØ© اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙبة بدÙ٠اÙØÙجة
+ÙÙرجÙع ÙÙجÙØ© اﻷصÙÙØ© صاØبة اÙبرÙاÙ
ج.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©</h3>
+
+<p>اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙØ·Ùاب اÙÙÙÙ
ÙأخذÙÙ Ù٠اÙØسباÙ
Ù
ا إذا ÙاÙت اÙجاÙ
عة تدرس عÙÙÙ
+اÙØاسÙب ÙتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج باستخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙبØØ«Ù٠ع٠اÙÙ
ؤسسة اÙتÙ
+سÙتÙÙÙÙ ÙÙÙا تعÙÙÙ
ÙÙ
اÙعاÙÙ. ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات تعÙ٠أ٠اÙØ·Ùاب ÙدÙÙÙ
اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
+دراسة ÙÙÙÙØ© عÙ
٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙÙ
تطÙÙعÙا ÙتÙاسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
+اÙخاصة. اÙÙ
عرÙØ© باÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة تساعد
Ø£Ùضا٠Ù٠تعÙÙ
أخÙاÙÙات اÙبرÙ
جة
+ÙاÙÙ
Ù
ارسة اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©.</p>
+
+<h3>اÙØÙظ ÙاÙتÙÙÙر</h3>
+
+<p>ÙØ°Ù Ù
Ùزة أخر٠سÙÙتÙ
بÙا Ù
دراء اÙÙ
ؤسسات
اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø Ø±ØºÙ
Ø£ÙÙا Ùائدة
+ثاÙÙÙØ©. اÙÙÙطة اﻷساسÙØ© ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙØÙ ÙÙ
Ø£ÙÙا ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùعط٠اﻹذ٠باستخداÙ
Ùإعادة
+تÙزÙع اÙبراÙ
ج بصÙرة Ù
جاÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ø¨Ø³Ø¹Ø± Ù
Ø®ÙضØ
ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùعط٠اÙÙ
دارس اÙÙرصة Ùتساعد
+اÙعÙائ٠اÙت٠تعاÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اÙÙ
ادÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù
ا
ÙØÙ٠اÙÙ
ساÙاة ÙاÙعد٠Ù٠إعطاء
+اÙÙرص ÙجÙ
Ùع اÙØ·ÙØ§Ø¨Ø Ø¨ØºØ¶ اÙÙظر ع٠ØاÙتÙÙ
اÙÙ
ادÙØ©.</p>
+
+<h3>اÙجÙدة</h3>
+
+<p>ÙÙا٠ÙÙرة Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙجÙدة ÙاﻵÙ
ÙØ©Ø ÙاÙت٠تساعد Ù٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ©
+اÙتعÙÙÙ
ÙØ©. Ù٠جÙ
Ùع اﻷØÙاÙØ Ùإ٠جÙدة اﻷداء
تعتبر Ùائدة ثاÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙاÙÙد٠اﻷساسÙ
+ÙÙ ØرÙØ© Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØÙاسÙب Ùب٠Ù٠شئ.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙظاÙ
جÙ٠إÙÙ
+اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙاÙ
+<a href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ
+ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات أ٠اÙتراØات
أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙد
+اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
+ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©
+Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>.<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
+Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© ÙÙ
ترجÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø ÙرجÙ
+Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>).</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة</p>
+
+<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar";>رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
+اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0
دÙÙÙ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ar.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>,
+2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:
+
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:32 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: education/po/edu-faq.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-faq.ar-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-faq.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-faq.ar-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>Frequently Asked Questions About Free Software and Education
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-faq.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="/education/education.html">Education</a>
→
+FAQ</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Frequently Asked Questions About Free Software and Education</h2>
+
+<p>Many Free Software advocates encounter difficulties when talking to
+the administrators of educational institutions about the advantages of
+using and teaching Free Software. Often school administrators have never
+heard of Free Software or have heard only about “open source”,
+so they raise many doubts. Here we put together some of the most common
+questions and the best possible answers to eliminate uncertainties.</p>
+
+<dl>
+ <dt>As a teacher, I've been trying hard to explain to the school's
+ administrators the advantages that open source software can bring to our
+ school, but they don't seem to be interested.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>“Open source” refers only to the technical advantages
+ of software. Schools may not be interested in that aspect since most
+ probably technical requirements are already satisfied by the
+ proprietary software in use. You need to talk to them in terms of
+ Free Libre Software, not “open source”, so that you can
+ explain to them the philosophical and ethical reasons why educational
+ institutions should reject proprietary software.</p>
+
+ <p>See the reasons <a href="/education/edu-why.html">why educational
+ institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software.</a> </p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>I would love to see all schools migrate to Free Software, but I think
+ it's hopeless. Proprietary software companies have too much power, even
+ over schools. The situation is discouraging.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>While it is true that proprietary software corporations have
+ managed to impose their products on society by using schools as
+ propaganda agents, it is also true that many schools around the world
+ have adopted Free Software with excellent results. See our
+ <a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a> section for some
+ examples.</p>
+
+ <p>When we started the GNU Project back in 1983, the situation was
+ very discouraging for us too. We started from zero, and today
+ millions of people around the world use Free Libre Software.</p>
+ </dd>
+
+ <dt>I am the head of a technical institute and I would like to teach our
+ students the use and administration of a Free Libre platform, but I have
+ to comply with the curriculum established by the Ministry of Education,
+ which requires the teaching of proprietary platforms and programs.</dt>
+
+ <dd>
+ <p>If you are literally forced to teach nonfree software, you should
+ tell your students that you consider this software unethical, that
+ you are doing this only because you are being forced, and that you
+ will do as little of it as possible so that you can move on to
+ freedom-respecting software.</p>
+
+ <p>We must not forget that schools have a great influence on society,
+ so making our students aware of the advantages of Free Software is a
+ way of putting pressure on decision makers. You can start by telling
+ your students about Free Software and its ethical values, as they might
+ never have heard of it. With your endorsement and support, this may
+ lead to the formation of a <a
+ href="http://libreplanet.org/wiki/Group_list";>Free Software Group</a>
+ in your school. Then the group can make its voice heard by writing
+ letters to the Ministry, holding events to promote Free Software, and
+ other similar activities.</p>
+
+ <p>When computer users will start demanding their rights, Governments
+ will have to issue their laws accordingly. That is why political and
+ social awareness is a fundamental aspect which cannot be left aside
+ when talking about Free Software.</p>
+ </dd>
+</dl>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:33 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: education/po/edu-why.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-why.ar-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-why.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-why.ar-en.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<title>Why Educational Institutions Should Use and Teach Free Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-why.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/education-menu.html" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/education.html#indepth">In Depth</a> →
+Why Educational Institutions Should Use and Teach Free Software</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Why Educational Institutions Should Use and Teach Free Software</h2>
+
+<div class="center">
+<p><strong>"Schools should teach their students to be citizens of a
+strong, capable, independent and free society."</strong></p>
+</div>
+
+<p>These are the main reasons why universities and schools of all
+levels should use exclusively Free Software.</p>
+
+<h3>Sharing</h3>
+
+<p>Schools should teach the value of sharing by setting an example. Free
+software supports education by allowing the sharing of knowledge and
+tools:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Knowledge</strong>. Many young students have a talent for
+programming; they are fascinated with computers and eager to learn how their
+systems work. With proprietary software, this information is a secret so
+teachers have no way of making it available to their students. But if it is
+Free Software, the teacher can explain the basic subject and then hand out
+the source code for the student to read and learn.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li><strong>Tools</strong>. Teachers can hand out to students copies of the
+programs they use in the classroom so that they can use them at home. With
+Free Software, copying is not only authorized, it is encouraged.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Social Responsibility</h3>
+
+<p>Computing has become an essential part of everyday life. Digital
+technology is transforming society very quickly, and schools have an
+influence on the future of society. Their mission is to get students
+ready to participate in a free digital society by teaching them the
+skills to make it easy for them to take control of their own lives.
+Software should not be under the power of a software developer who
+unilaterally makes decisions that nobody else can change. Educational
+institutions should not allow proprietary software companies to impose
+their power on the rest of society and its future.</p>
+
+<h3>Independence</h3>
+
+<p>Schools have an ethical responsibility to teach strength, not dependency
+on a single product or a specific powerful company. Furthermore, by
+choosing to use Free Software, the school itself gains independence from
+any commercial interests and it avoids vendor lock-in.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Proprietary software companies use schools and universities as a
+springboard to reach users and thus impose their software on society as
+a whole. They offer discounts, or even gratis copies of their proprietary
+programs to educational institutions, so that students will learn to use
+them and become dependent on them. After these students graduate, neither
+they nor their future employers will be offered discounted copies.
+Essentially, what these companies are doing is they are recruiting schools
+and universities into agents to lead people to permanent lifelong
+dependency.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Free software licenses do not expire, which means that once Free
+Software is adopted, institutions remain independent from the vendor.
+Moreover, Free Software licenses grant users the rights not only to
+use the software as they wish, to copy it and distribute it, but also
+to modify it in order to meet their own needs. Therefore, if
+institutions eventually wish to implement a particular function in a
+piece of software, they can engage the services of any developer to
+accomplish the task, independently from the original vendor.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Learning</h3>
+
+<p>When deciding where they will study, more and more students are
+considering whether a university teaches computer science and software
+development using Free Software. Free software means that students are
+free to study how the programs work and to learn how to adapt them for
+their own needs. Learning about Free Software also helps in studying
+software development ethics and professional practice.</p>
+
+<h3>Saving</h3>
+
+<p>This is an obvious advantage that will appeal immediately to many school
+administrators, but it is a marginal benefit. The main point of this
+aspect is that by being authorized to distribute copies of the programs
+at little or no cost, schools can actually aid families facing financial
+issues, thus promoting fairness and equal opportunities of learning
+among students.</p>
+
+<h3>Quality</h3>
+
+<p>Stable, secure and easily installed Free Software solutions are
+available for education already. In any case, excellence of performance
+is a secondary benefit; the ultimate goal is freedom for computer users.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:33 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html
diff -N gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.ar.html 17 Jun 2018 08:31:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1070 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ØÙÙ Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ - Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="جÙÙØ Ù
شرÙع جÙÙØ Ø§ÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
اÙتارÙØ®" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<h2>Ù
شرÙع جÙÙ</h2>
+
+<p>
+بÙÙÙ
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
اÙ</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Ùذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠تÙ
Ùشر٠أÙÙا٠ÙÙ Ùتاب <em>اÙÙ
صادر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© (Open
+Sources)</em>. رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
ا٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أبدا٠Ù
Ù <a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Ù
ÙاصرÙ
استخداÙ
تعبÙر
+“اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”</a>Ø ÙÙÙÙ٠شارÙ
بÙذا اÙÙ
Ùا٠Ù٠اÙÙتاب اÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙر
+ﻻعتÙاد٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙض٠أ٠تÙÙ٠أÙÙار ÙرؤÙ
ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
Ø°ÙÙرة ÙÙ
+اÙÙتاب ع٠أ٠تÙÙ٠غائبة عÙÙ.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙ
اذا ÙؤÙ
٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ© بÙ
Ùا٠<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">Ø£Ù Ùصر جÙ
Ùعا٠عÙÙ
+أ٠تÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠ÙستخدÙ
Ùا Øرة</a>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>Ø£ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙ
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات</h3>
+<p>
+ØÙÙÙ
ا بدأت اÙعÙ
٠بÙ
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠بÙ
عÙد Ù
اساشÙستس ÙÙتÙÙÙÙÙجÙا <acronym
+title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym> Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1971Ù
Ø
+Ùجدت Ø£ÙÙ٠صرت جزءا٠Ù
Ù Ù
جتÙ
ع ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
شارÙØ©
اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø§Ùشئ اÙØ°Ù Ùا٠Ù
تÙاصÙاÙ
+Ù٠اﻷعÙاÙ
اÙت٠سبÙت اÙتØاÙ٠باÙÙ
ختبر. ÙÙ
تÙÙ Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
Ùتصرة تØدÙداÙ
+عÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù ÙاÙت Ù
Ù
ارسة ÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙدÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب ÙÙسÙØ§Ø Ù
Ø«ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù Ù
شارÙØ© ÙصÙات
+اÙطبخ ÙدÙÙ
Ø© ÙدÙ
عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙطبخ ÙÙ Øد ذاتÙا.
غÙر Ø£ÙÙا ÙÙا ÙÙÙÙ
باÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ø£Ùثر
+بÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠غÙرÙا.</p>
+<p>
+Ùا٠Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠ÙستخدÙ
ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ÙعتÙ
د Ù
بدأ اÙÙ
شارÙØ© باÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙاÙ
+اÙÙظاÙ
Ùدع٠ÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ© باÙÙÙت غÙر
اÙتÙاÙÙÙ <acronym title="Incompatible
+Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible Timesharing System). ÙاÙ
+ÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ ÙرÙ٠عÙ
٠اÙÙ
ختبر (1) Ùد
صÙ
Ù
Ùا ÙبرÙ
جÙا اÙÙظاÙ
باستخداÙ
+Ùغة اÙتجÙ
ÙØ¹Ø Ø¹Ù٠أجÙزة دÙجÙتا٠<acronym
title="Programmed Data
+Processor">PDP</acronym>-10Ø ÙÙÙ Ù
٠أضخÙ
اÙØÙاسÙب اÙتÙ
ÙاÙت Ù
ÙجÙدة ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
+اÙÙÙت. ÙØÙØ« Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙت عضÙا٠ÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
جتÙ
عØ
ÙÙ
برÙ
جا٠ÙÙ ÙرÙ٠عÙ
Ù Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
+اﻻصطÙاعÙØ ÙÙد ÙاÙت ÙظÙÙت٠تتطÙب أ٠أÙÙÙ
بتØسÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ·Ù٠عÙ٠برÙ
جÙاتÙا ÙÙظ
“اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة”Ø
+ÙØ°Ù٠ﻷ٠اÙÙÙظ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ùد تÙ
اختراع٠بعدØ
ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙÙ
Ùع Ù
٠أ٠Ù
ا ÙÙا ÙÙ
ارسÙ
+Ùا٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùا٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙتابعÙÙ ÙجاÙ
عة أخر٠أ٠شرÙØ© Ù
ختÙÙØ©
+ÙرغبÙÙ Ù٠استخداÙ
أ٠ترÙÙØ© Ø£Øد براÙ
جÙاØ
ÙÙا ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙت ترÙ
+شخصا٠آخر ÙستخدÙ
برÙاÙ
جا٠غÙر Ù
Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙجذب
Ø°Ù٠اÙتباÙÙØ Ùا٠بإÙ
ÙاÙ٠أ٠تطÙب
+Ù
٠اÙشخص اﻵخر Ø£Ù ÙسÙ
Ø Ù٠برؤÙØ© Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
ØµØ¯Ø±Ø ØÙØ« ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠تÙرأÙØ§Ø ÙتÙÙÙ
+بتعدÙÙÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
تستخدÙ
أجزاء Ù
ÙÙا ÙعÙ
Ù
برÙاÙ
ج جدÙد ÙÙÙاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+(1) استخداÙ
ÙÙظة “ÙرصÙØ©” بÙ
عÙÙ “Ùسر
اﻷÙ
Ù” Ù٠خطأ
+شائع ترتÙب٠اÙÙسائط اﻹعÙاÙ
ÙØ© اÙØدÙثة. ÙØÙ
ÙÙراصÙØ© Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙرÙض Ø£Ù Ùعتر٠بÙذا
+اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙØ®Ø§Ø·Ø¦Ø ÙÙصر عÙ٠استخداÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© بÙ
عÙاÙا اÙصØÙØ ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙعÙ٠أ٠اÙÙرصاÙ
+Ù٠شخص Ùجب اÙبرÙ
Ø¬Ø©Ø Ø£Ù Ø´Ø®Øµ ÙستÙ
تع باÙØ°Ùاء
اÙÙ
رØØ Ø£Ù Ø´Ø®Øµ ÙÙ
ارس اﻻثÙÙÙ
+Ù
عاÙ. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ùراءة اÙÙ
زÙد ÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙت٠<a
+href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>ØÙ٠اÙÙرصÙØ©
+اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>اÙÙÙار اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اﻷÙÙÙ</h3>
+<p>
+Ù٠بداÙØ© اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙÙات Ù
٠اÙÙر٠اÙÙ
اضÙØ ØªØºÙر
اÙÙضع ÙÙÙا٠عÙ
ا Ùا٠عÙÙÙØ ÙØ°ÙÙ
+ØÙÙÙ
ا Ùررت شرÙØ© دÙجÙتا٠Digital Ø¥ÙÙا٠تصÙÙع
سÙسÙØ© ØÙاسÙب PDP-10. بÙÙÙ
ا ÙاÙ
+اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
راÙÙا٠ÙÙÙÙا٠بÙ
ا ÙÙاسب
اÙستÙÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ ÙØ´Ù Ù٠اÙتÙسع بÙ
ا ÙÙائÙ
+Ù
ساØات اÙعÙاÙÙ٠اÙضخÙ
Ø© اÙت٠صارت Ù
تÙÙرة ÙÙ
اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙÙات. Ùذا Ùا٠ÙعÙ٠أ٠جÙ
Ùع
+اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙا ÙظاÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
باÙÙÙت غÙر اÙتÙاÙÙÙ ITS Ùد أصبØت باÙÙØ©
+ÙغÙر صاÙØØ© ÙÙعÙ
Ù.</p>
+<p>
+Ùا٠Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠بÙ
ختبر
اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠Ùد اÙÙار Ùب٠ذÙ٠بÙترة
+ÙصÙرة. ÙÙ٠اÙعاÙ
1981Ù
Ø ÙاÙت شرÙØ© سÙÙ
بÙÙÙس
(Symbolics) Ùد ÙجØت Ù٠تÙظÙ٠أغÙب
+اÙÙراصÙØ© اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اÙتابعÙÙ ÙÙ
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء
اÙاصطÙاعÙØ Ù
Ù
ا أد٠ﻹضعا٠Ù
جتÙ
ع
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اÙذ٠صار عاجزا٠ع٠اÙÙ
شارÙØ© بÙÙس
اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙسابÙØ©. (Ø¥Ù Ùتاب
+اÙÙراصÙØ© (Hackers)Ø Ù
٠تأÙÙ٠ستÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ ÙØÙÙ
ÙصÙا٠دÙÙÙا٠ÙÙذ٠اﻷØداثØ
+باﻹضاÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠أÙÙ ÙرسÙ
صÙرة ÙاضØØ© ÙÙذا اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع Ù٠ذرÙØ© ÙشاطÙ). ÙÙÙ
ا Ø¨Ø¹Ø¯Ø ØÙÙÙ
ا
+ÙاÙ
Ù
ختبر اÙØ°Ùاء اﻻصطÙاع٠Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1982Ù
بشراء جÙاز ØاسÙب PDP-10 ØدÙØ«Ø Ùرر
+اÙÙ
دراء استخداÙ
ÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
باÙÙÙت Ù
٠دÙجÙتاÙØ ÙاÙØ°Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ØراÙØ
+عÙضا٠ع٠ÙظاÙ
ITS اÙÙدÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+أجÙزة اÙØÙاسÙب اÙØدÙثة ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙØªØ ÙجÙاز
VAX أ٠جÙاز 68020Ø ÙاÙت جÙ
ÙعÙا
+تØÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙخاصة بÙØ§Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أÙÙا ØراÙ: Ùا٠Ùجب عÙÙ٠أ٠تÙÙÙ
+بتÙÙÙع اتÙاÙÙØ© عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء اﻷسرار ÙÙ ÙÙت
ترغب باÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ Ùسخة Ù
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج.</p>
+<p>
+Ùا٠Ùذا ÙعÙ٠أ٠أÙ٠خطÙØ© ÙتÙجب عÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا ﻻستخداÙ
جÙاز ØاسÙب Ù٠أ٠تعد
+بأÙÙ Ù٠تÙدÙ
Ùد اÙعÙÙ ÙجارÙØ Ø¨Ù
ا ÙعÙ٠تØرÙÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع. Ùا٠اÙÙاÙÙÙ
+اÙجدÙد اÙØ°Ù Ùضع٠Ù
Ùا٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©
ÙÙ: “إذا ÙÙ
ت باÙÙ
شارÙØ© Ù
ع
+جارÙØ ÙØ£Ùت إذا٠ÙرصاÙ. إذا ÙÙت ترغب بإجراء
أ٠تعدÙÙات عÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
Ø¬Ø Ùجب عÙÙÙ
+أ٠تتÙس٠إÙÙÙا ÙÙÙÙÙ
بذÙÙ.”</p>
+<p>
+Ùد ÙتÙاجأ بعض اÙÙراء Ù
Ù ÙÙرة أ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اﻻجتÙ
اع٠ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© —
+ÙÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙÙرض ÙاÙÙ٠عدÙ
اÙÙ
شارÙØ©
ÙعدÙ
تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات — ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
+ï»» اجتÙ
اعÙØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ï»» أخÙاÙÙØ
ÙباÙتاÙÙ ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ارسة خاطئة Ù
٠أساسÙا. ÙÙÙÙ
+Ù
اذا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØ·Ù٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
ÙعتÙ
د عÙÙ
تÙرÙ٠اÙرأ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø ÙÙجع٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ï»»
+ØÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùï»» ÙÙØ©Ø Ø§ÙÙارئ اÙØ°Ù Ùجد Ùذ٠اÙÙÙرة
Ù
Ùاجئة ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙتÙع بأ٠ÙظاÙ
+اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© اﻻجتÙ
اع٠ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
Ù
ÙسÙÙÙ
بÙØ Ø£Ù ÙÙ Ù
Ù ØÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙظاÙ
+باﻻعتÙ
اد عÙ٠اÙشرÙØ· اÙت٠ÙرضÙا عÙÙ٠أصØاب
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ø£ÙÙسÙÙ
. ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا
+Ø£Ù ÙتÙÙÙ
Ø°ÙÙØ ÙÙاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ùد بذÙÙا
اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙÙت ÙاÙجÙد ﻹÙÙاع
+اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بأ٠ÙÙا٠طرÙÙØ© ÙاØدة ÙÙØ· ÙÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙتØدث Ùاشر٠اÙبراÙ
ج ع٠“Ùرض ØÙÙÙÙÙ
” باÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù
+”Ù
Øاربة ÙØ¥ÙÙا٠<a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">اÙÙرصÙØ©</a>“ ÙØ¥Ù
بÙ
ا
+<em>ÙÙÙÙÙÙÙ</em> Ù٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙ
ا٠عÙÙ
اﻹطÙاÙ. اÙرساÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ùراء
+تصرÙØاتÙÙ
تÙÙ
Ù Ù٠اÙتراضاتÙÙ
غÙر اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©Ø
ÙاÙت٠ÙتعÙ٠عÙ٠اÙجÙ
ÙÙر اÙÙبÙ٠بÙا
+بدÙ٠بØØ« أ٠تÙ
ØÙص. إذاÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙ
باÙبØØ« ÙÙ
Ùذ٠اﻻÙتراضات اﻵÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ø£Øد Ùذ٠اﻻÙتراضات Ù٠أ٠شرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
Ù
ØÙÙا أ٠تÙ
تÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙباÙتاÙÙ
+أ٠تÙرض سÙطتÙا عÙ٠جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙØ£Ù
Ùذا Ø٠طبÙع٠ÙغÙر Ùاب٠ÙÙÙÙاش. (إذا
+سÙÙ
Ùا بأ٠Ùذا Ø٠طبÙعÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø°ÙÙ ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠اﻻعتراض عÙÙÙØ Ø¨ØºØ¶
+اÙÙظر ع٠Ù
Ùدار اﻷذ٠اÙذ٠سÙسبب٠ÙÙجÙ
ÙÙر). Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ø«Ùر ÙÙاÙتÙ
اÙ
أ٠دستÙر
+اÙÙÙاÙات اÙÙ
تØدة ÙاÙÙÙاÙ
Ùس اÙÙاÙÙÙÙØ©
ترÙضا٠ÙجÙØ© اÙÙظر ÙØ°ÙØ ØÙØ« Ø£Ù ØÙÙÙ
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ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙست ØÙÙÙا٠أصÙÙØ©Ø ÙØ¥ÙÙ
ا Ù٠خطة
اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
صطÙعة تÙرضÙا اÙØÙÙÙ
ات
+ÙتÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù Ù
Ù
ارسة ØÙÙÙ
اÙطبÙع٠ÙÙ
اÙÙÙÙ ÙاÙÙ
شارÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙا٠اÙتراض ضÙ
Ù٠آخر ÙÙض٠بأ٠اÙشئ اÙÙØÙد
ذ٠اﻷÙÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ Ù
ÙضÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ
+ÙÙع اÙÙظائ٠اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙاÙ
بÙا — بÙ
عÙ٠أÙÙا ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù ØÙاسÙب Ùجب Ø£Ùا
+ÙÙتÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙر ÙÙ ÙÙع اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØ°Ù ÙÙسÙ
ÙØ ÙÙا
باÙعÙØ´ ÙÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙا٠اÙتراض ثاÙØ« بأÙÙا ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ضطرÙÙ
ÙÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙشرÙات اÙبرÙ
جÙات بأ٠تسÙطر
+عÙÙ Ù
ستخدÙ
٠برÙ
جÙاتÙØ§Ø Ùإﻻ ÙÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠براÙ
ج ÙعاÙØ© (Ø£Ù ÙÙ ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
+Ù
٠اÙØصÙ٠عÙ٠برÙاÙ
ج ÙÙÙÙ
بÙذ٠اÙÙظÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
تÙÙ). ربÙ
ا بدا Ùذا اﻻÙتراض Ù
ÙØ·ÙÙاÙ
+ÙÙÙÙÙØ© اﻷÙÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
Ùد برÙÙت عÙ٠أÙÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتØصÙ
+عÙ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙدة بدÙ٠أÙ
Ùضع ÙÙÙدا٠عÙÙÙا.</p>
+<p>
+إذا ÙررÙا Ø£Ù ÙرÙض Ùذ٠اﻻÙØªØ±Ø§Ø¶Ø§ØªØ ÙأردÙا Ø£Ù
ÙØÙÙ
عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سائ٠استÙادا٠عÙÙ
+اÙÙ
ÙØ·Ù ÙاﻷخÙا٠ÙÙØدÙÙ
Ø§Ø ÙاضعÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ø£ÙÙاÙØ ÙØ¥ÙÙا سÙص٠Ù٠اÙÙÙاÙØ© ÙÙتائج
+Ù
ختÙÙØ© ÙÙÙاÙ. ÙÙبغ٠أ٠تÙÙÙ Ùد٠Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù
اÙØÙاسÙب ØرÙØ© تعدÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات بÙ
ا
+ÙÙاسب اØتÙاجاتÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
ا ÙÙبغ٠أ٠تÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙÙ
ØرÙØ© Ù
شارÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø¨Ø¨Ø³Ø§Ø·Ø© ï»·Ù
+Ù
ساعدة اﻵخرÙÙ Ù٠اﻷساس Ù٠بÙاء اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع.</p>
+<p>
+بÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
ساØØ© ï»» تسÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø±Ø¶ Ù
Ø·ÙÙ ÙÙأسباب
اÙت٠تÙÙدÙا ÙÙذ٠اÙÙتÙØ¬Ø©Ø Ø¹ÙÙÙ ÙÙصØ
+اÙÙارئ باﻻطÙاع عÙ٠صÙØØ© <a
href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> ÙصÙØØ© <a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3>اÙØ®Ùار اﻷخÙاÙ٠اÙÙاسÙ</h3>
+<p>
+بعد اÙÙÙار Ù
جتÙ
ع٠اÙÙدÙÙ
Ø ØµØ§Ø± Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستØÙÙ
عÙ٠أ٠أÙاص٠ÙاÙسابÙ. ÙعÙÙ٠صار
+عÙ٠أ٠أÙÙÙ
بأÙس٠خÙار أخÙاÙ٠عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+اÙØ®Ùار اﻷسÙÙ Ùا٠أ٠أÙضÙ
ÙعاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©Ø ØÙØ« Ø£ÙÙÙ
بتÙÙÙع اتÙاÙÙات
+عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء Ø§ï»·Ø³Ø±Ø§Ø±Ø ÙØ£Ùطع Ùعدا٠بأÙا أساعد
زÙ
Ùائ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ. عÙÙ Ø§ï»·Ø±Ø¬Ø Ø£ÙÙÙ
+ÙÙت سأÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر برÙ
جÙات سÙتÙ
إصدارÙا تØت
اتÙاÙÙات عدÙ
Ø¥Ùشاء Ù
Ù
اثÙØ©Ø Ù
Ù
ا
+سÙزÙد اÙضغط عÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙضطرÙÙ
ÙØ®ÙاÙØ© زÙ
ÙائÙÙ
باÙÙ
Ø«Ù.</p>
+<p>
+Ùا٠ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠جÙ٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ا٠بسÙÙÙ Ùذا
اÙطرÙÙØ ÙربÙ
ا Ø£Ù
تعت ÙÙس٠بÙتابة
+اÙبراÙ
ج ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙÙت. اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙÙت أعÙÙ
Ø£Ù٠عÙدÙ
ا تÙتÙÙ Ù
سÙرت٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙØ©Ø
+عÙدÙا سأÙظر ÙÙÙراء ÙجÙ
Ùع اÙسÙÙات اÙتÙ
ÙضÙتÙا Ù٠بÙاء اÙجدرا٠اÙت٠تÙص٠اÙÙاس
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+
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Ùتبة Ùغة س٠تعتبر ÙظÙÙØ© عاÙ
Ø©Ø
ﻷ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
اØتÙار٠أ٠Ù
ÙجÙ
Ùع Ø´Ùرة
+ÙØتاج ÙÙجÙد Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ. ÙÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙØ٠إ٠ÙÙا
سÙجع٠Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠Ù
تÙÙرة ØصراÙ
+عÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ¥Ù Ùذ٠اÙخطÙØ© ÙÙ
تÙÙ
Ùتعط٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ø£Ù
+Ø£ÙضÙÙØ©—عÙ٠اÙعÙس تÙ
اÙ
اÙØ ÙاÙت ÙØ°Ù
اÙخطÙØ© ستثبط Ù
Ù ÙرغبÙ٠باستخداÙ
+Ù
ÙتبتÙا.</p>
+
+<p>ÙÙا٠ÙظاÙ
ÙاØد ÙØ´Ù٠استثÙاءا٠ÙÙÙاعدةØ
ÙÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ (بÙ
ا ÙØ´Ù
٠جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس)Ø
+ØÙØ« Ø£Ù Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠اÙخاصة بجÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
Ùتبة
Ùغة س٠اÙÙØÙدة عÙÙ Ùذا
+اÙÙظاÙ
. باÙتاÙÙ Ùإ٠شرÙØ· اÙتÙزÙع اÙخاصة بÙ
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠ستØدد Ù
ا إذا Ùا٠Ù
Ù
+اÙÙ
Ù
Ù٠تجÙ
Ùع برÙاÙ
ج اØتÙار٠بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ù
Ùا٠أ٠ÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ. عÙÙ
+اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠عدÙ
ÙجÙد سبب أخÙاÙÙ ÙجعÙÙا ÙسÙ
Ø
باÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ
+إﻻ Ø£ÙÙ ÙبدÙØ Ù
Ù ÙاØÙØ© استراتÙجÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù Ù
Ùع
Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
٠اÙعÙ
٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ
+سÙÙÙÙ Ù٠أثر سÙبÙØ Ø¥Ø° Ø£Ù٠سÙثبط اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا٠ع٠أ٠Ùشجع
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙتطÙÙر اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØرة. ÙÙØ°Ù
اﻷسباب Ùإ٠استخداÙ
رخصة Ù
Ùتبة جÙÙ
+اÙعاÙ
Ø© Ù٠خطÙØ© استراتÙجÙØ© ÙÙÙ
ا Ùخص Ù
Ùتبة
Ùغة سÙ.</p>
+
+<p>باÙÙسبة ÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙÙغات اﻷخرÙØ ÙØ¥Ù
اÙÙرار اﻻستراتÙج٠Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتÙ
اتخاذ٠ÙÙÙ
+ØاÙØ© عÙÙ Øدة. ØÙÙÙ
ا تÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
بأداء ÙظÙÙØ© خاصة تجعÙÙا Ù
ÙÙدة
+ÙÙتابة اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ØÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ٠ترخÙصÙا
باستخداÙ
رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© (GPL) Ù
ÙÙ
اÙØ
+ØÙØ« Ø£Ù Ùذا سÙØصر استخداÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©
عÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙØ·Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙساعد
+Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙعطÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙÙØ© ضد Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©.</p>
+
+<p>عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ù
Ùتبة رÙدÙاÙÙ (GNU
Readline)Ø ÙاÙت٠تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا ÙتÙÙر
+خدÙ
ات تØرÙر سطÙر اﻷÙاÙ
ر ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش
(BASH)Ø Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ùتبة Ù
رخصة باستخداÙ
+رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙعادÙØ© (GNU GPL)Ø ÙÙÙس
باستخداÙ
رخصة اÙÙ
Ùتبة (Library
+GPL). Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر عÙÙ Ø§ï»·Ø±Ø¬Ø Ø³Ùؤثر سÙبا٠عÙ٠عدد
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠تستخدÙ
رÙدÙاÙÙØ Ø¥ï»»
+Ø£Ù Ùذا ï»» Ùعتبر خسارة باÙÙسبة Ø¥ÙÙÙا. ÙÙ ÙÙس
اÙÙÙØªØ ÙÙا٠براÙ
ج Ù
ÙÙد ÙاØد عÙÙ
+اﻷÙ٠تÙ
تطÙÙر٠ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Øرة تستخدÙ
Ù
Ùتبة
رÙدÙاÙÙØ ÙÙذا ÙØ¬Ø§Ø ØÙÙÙ٠باÙÙسبة
+ÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
+
+<p>Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ© ÙدÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙضÙÙØ©
اÙÙ
اÙØ Ø£Ù
ا Ù
برÙ
ج٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
+ÙعÙÙÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙصÙعÙا Ø£ÙضÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙبعضÙÙ
اÙبعض.
أتÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
٠اﻷÙاÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا
+Ù
جÙ
Ùعة ضخÙ
Ø© Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© اÙÙ
رخصة
برخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙس ÙدÙÙا
+Ù
Ø«ÙÙ Ù٠عاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اﻻØتÙارÙØ©. Ù
Ø«Ù ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
Ùتبات ستÙÙر ÙØدات اÙبÙاء
+اﻷساسÙØ© اÙت٠ستساعد Ù٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
ع اÙÙÙت ستتراÙÙ
اﻷÙضÙÙØ© بØÙØ«
+ÙÙ
Ù٠تطÙÙر براÙ
ج Øرة Ø£Ùثر ÙØ£Ùثر.</p>
+
+<p>(1) Ùذ٠اÙرخصة تعر٠اÙآ٠برخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©
اÙÙ
ØµØºØ±Ø©Ø Øت٠ﻻ Ùعط٠اﻻÙطباع بأÙ
+جÙ
Ùع اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Ùجب أ٠تستخدÙ
ÙØ°Ù
اÙرخصة. ÙÙÙ
زÙد Ù
٠اÙتÙاصÙÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
+اﻻصطÙاع عÙÙ Ù
ÙاÙØ© <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">ÙÙ
اذا Ùجب أﻻ
+تستخدÙ
رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
صغرة ÙترخÙص Ù
Ùتبت٠اÙÙادÙ
Ø©</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠تÙبÙØ© اÙÙ
تطÙبات (أ٠خدش
اÙØÙØ©)Ø</h3>
+<p>
+إرÙ٠راÙÙ
ÙÙد Ùا٠“إ٠أ٠عÙ
٠برÙ
ج٠جÙد
Ùبدأ Ù
٠خدش اÙÙ
برÙ
ج ÙØÙتÙ
+اÙخاصة.” ربÙ
ا Ùا٠Ùذا Ù
ا ÙØدث Ù٠بعض
اﻷØÙاÙØ ÙÙÙ٠اÙØÙÙÙØ© أ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
Ù
+أجزاء جÙ٠اﻷساسÙØ© تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا Øت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
Ù
اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ ØØ±Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ù
+اÙبراÙ
ج جاءت ÙتÙجة رؤÙØ© Ùخطة استراتÙجÙØ©Ø
ï»» ÙتÙجة اÙدÙاع ÙØظÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙ
Ø«ÙاÙØ ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة سÙ
اÙخاصة بجÙÙØ Ùا٠Ùذا ﻷ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
Ù
شابÙ
+ÙÙÙÙÙس ÙØتاج ÙÙجÙد Ù
Ùتبة سÙ. ØÙÙÙ
ا Ø·ÙرÙا Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
ر باش (BASH)Ø Ùا٠Ùذا ï»·Ù
+Ø£Ù ÙظاÙ
Ù
شاب٠ÙÙÙÙÙس ÙØتاج ÙÙجÙد Ù
ÙÙØ° Ø£ÙاÙ
Ø±Ø ÙØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر برÙاÙ
ج
+اﻷرشÙØ© تار (GNU tar)Ø Ùا٠Ùذا ﻷ٠أ٠ÙظاÙ
Ù
شابÙ
ÙÙÙÙÙس Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙØتÙ٠عÙÙ
+برÙاÙ
ج أرشÙØ©. ÙÙس Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙطب٠عÙ٠اÙبراÙ
ج اÙت٠ÙÙ
ت بتطÙÙرÙا
+شخصÙاٗÙ
ÙجÙ
Ùع Ùغة س٠(GNU C compiler)Ø ÙبرÙاÙ
ج
Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙس (GNU Emacs)Ø
+ÙÙ
ÙصØÙØ Ø§ÙØ´Ùرة (GDB)Ø ÙبرÙاÙ
ج اﻹÙشاء (GNU
Make).</p>
+<p>
+بعض براÙ
ج جÙ٠تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا ÙتتجاÙب Ù
ع بعض
اÙتÙدÙدات اÙت٠ÙاÙت تÙاجÙ
+ØرÙاتÙا. ÙÙ
Ø«Ùا٠ÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر برÙاÙ
ج ضغط اÙÙ
ÙÙات (gzip) ÙÙØÙ Ù
Ø٠برÙاÙ
ج اÙضغط
+اÙخاص بÙÙÙÙس (Compress)Ø ÙاÙذ٠اÙتسب٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع
بسبب Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© براءة اختراع
+Ø®ÙارزÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙ
بÙÙ-زÙÙ-ÙÙÙØ´ (<acronym
title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym>
+). شاÙدÙا اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
ج٠ÙÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر
بÙئة برÙ
جة ÙستÙ٠اÙرسÙÙ
ÙØ©
+(LessTif)Ø ÙÙ
ا شاÙدÙا تطÙر بÙئة Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ùتب جÙÙÙ
(<acronym title="GNU Network
+Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>)Ø ÙÙ
شرÙع ÙارÙ
ÙÙÙ
(Harmony)Ø ÙاÙتÙ
+Ùتجت جÙ
ÙعÙا Ù
٠اÙرغبة ÙÙ Ø٠اÙÙ
شاÙ٠اÙتÙ
تسببÙا Ù
Ùتبات برÙ
جÙØ© اØتÙارÙØ© Ù
عÙÙØ©
+(اÙظر أدÙاÙ). ÙØ٠اﻵ٠ÙÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر برÙاÙ
ج
جÙÙ ÙØÙ
اÙØ© اÙخصÙصÙØ© (GNU Privacy
+Guard) ÙÙÙ ÙØÙ Ù
ØÙ ÙظÙر٠Ù
٠براÙ
ج اÙتشÙÙر
اﻻØتÙارÙØ©Ø ï»¹ÙÙ
اÙÙا بأ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
+ï»» Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتÙ
تخÙÙرÙÙ
بÙ٠خصÙصÙتÙÙ
ÙØرÙتÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+باÙØ·Ø¨Ø¹Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اÙÙ
سئÙÙÙ٠ع٠Ùتابة
Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج أصبØÙا Ù
ÙتÙ
Ù٠باÙعÙ
ÙØ
+ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
تÙ
ت إضاÙØ© اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙخصائص Ù
Ù ÙبÙ
أشخاص آخرÙÙØ ÙخدÙ
Ø© أغراضÙÙ
+ÙاÙتÙ
اÙ
اتÙÙ
. إﻻ Ø£Ù Ùذا ÙÙس اÙسبب اÙØ°Ù
ÙÙتÙبÙت Ùذ٠اÙبراÙ
ج Ù
٠أجÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙ
+اﻷÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h3>تطÙرات غÙر Ù
تÙÙعة</h3>
+<p>
+Ù٠بداÙØ© إطÙا٠Ù
شرÙع جÙÙØ ÙÙت أتخÙ٠أÙÙا
سÙÙÙÙ
بتطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙتÙØ ÙÙ
Ù
+Ø«Ù
سÙÙÙÙ
بإطÙا٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ù
تÙاÙ
Ùا٠ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ Ø¥ï»» أ٠اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙسÙ.</p>
+<p>
+بÙ
ا أ٠جÙ
Ùع Ù
ÙÙÙات ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا عÙÙ
ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø Ùإ٠جÙ
Ùع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙÙات
+ÙاÙت تعÙ
٠عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙÙ ÙÙÙÙس Ùب٠أ٠ÙÙتÙ
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠بÙترة Ø·ÙÙÙØ©. بعض ÙØ°Ù
+اÙبراÙ
ج Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
Ø´ÙÙراÙØ Ùبدأ اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙ
تÙسÙع اÙبراÙ
ج ÙترÙÙتÙا ÙتعÙ
٠عÙÙ
+Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙ٠أخرٗÙ
ث٠أÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ© ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
تÙ٠تتÙاÙÙ Ù
ع
+بعضÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ø§ï»¹Ø¶Ø§ÙØ© Ùبعض Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙÙ
اﻷخرÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ùذ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© جعÙت بعض اÙبراÙ
ج Ø£ÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
ا
ÙاÙØªØ ÙÙ
ا Ø£ÙÙا اجتذبت اÙتÙ
ÙÙÙ
+ÙاÙÙ
تطÙعÙÙ ÙÙ
شرÙع جÙÙ. Ù
٠اÙÙاØÙØ© اﻷخرÙØ
ÙØ¥Ù Ùذا Ùد أد٠ÙتأخÙر اÙتÙ
ا٠ÙظاÙ
+اÙتشغÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙتÙØ ï»·Ù Ù
Ø·Ùر٠جÙ٠أصبØÙا
ÙÙضÙÙ ÙÙتÙÙ
Ù٠صÙاÙØ© Ùسخ اÙبراÙ
ج
+اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ©Ø ÙإضاÙØ© Ù
Ùزات جدÙدة ÙÙذ٠اÙبراÙ
Ø¬Ø Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
بÙتابة اﻷجزاء
+اÙÙاÙصة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
.</p>
+
+<h3>ÙÙاة ÙÙرد (The GNU Hurd)</h3>
+<p>
+بØÙÙ٠عاÙ
1990Ù
Ø Ùا٠ÙظاÙ
جÙÙ Ùد شار٠عÙÙ
اﻻÙتÙ
اÙØ Ø¨Ø§Ø³ØªØ«Ùاء اÙجزء اÙÙ
ÙÙÙدØ
+ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùا٠ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
. ÙÙا Ùد ÙررÙا تطÙÙر
ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
اÙخاصة بÙا ÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ù
+اÙعÙ
ÙÙات اÙخدÙ
ÙØ© (server processes) اÙت٠تعÙ
٠عÙÙ
رأس ÙÙاة Ù
ا٠(Mach). ÙÙاة
+Ù
ا٠اÙÙ
صغرة (microkernel) ÙÙ ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
تÙ
تطÙÙرÙا
Ù٠جاÙ
عة ÙارÙÙج٠Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
+(Carnegie Mellon University) بداÙØ©ÙØ Ù
Ù Ø«Ù
Ù٠جاÙ
عة
ÙÙتا٠(University of
+Utah). ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ÙÙ Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
٠اÙÙ
خدÙÙ
ات (ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
جاء اﻻسÙ
Ø Ø£Ù Ø£Ù ÙÙرد Ù
عÙاÙا
+باﻻÙجÙÙزÙØ© اÙÙØ·Ùع) ÙاÙت٠ستعÙ
٠عÙ٠رأس
ÙÙاة Ù
اÙØ ØÙØ« ستÙÙÙ
بعÙ
Ù ÙاÙØ© اÙÙظائÙ
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بÙا ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس. تأخر تطÙÙر
ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ï»·ÙÙا ÙÙا ÙÙتظر إطÙاÙ
+ÙÙاة Ù
ا٠ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠اÙشئ اÙØ°Ù ÙÙا Ùد
ÙÙعدÙا بÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ù
٠أسباب اختÙارÙا ÙÙذا اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù
ØاÙÙØ©
تÙاÙ٠اÙجزء اﻷصعب Ù
٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©: ÙÙÙ
+Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø¯Ù٠أÙ
ÙÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙا Ù
ÙصØÙÙØ Ùادر عÙ٠اÙتصØÙØ
+عÙÙ Ù
ستÙÙ Ø´Ùرة اÙÙ
صدر. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© ÙاÙت Ùد
اÙتÙ
Ùت باÙÙع٠ÙÙ ÙÙاة Ù
اÙØ ÙعÙÙÙ
+ÙÙد ÙÙا ÙتÙÙع Ø£ÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
بتصØÙØ Ø£Ø®Ø·Ø§Ø¡ ÙÙاة
ÙÙرد باعتبارÙا براÙ
ج Ù
ستخدÙ
+عادÙØ©Ø ÙØ°Ù٠باستخداÙ
Ù
ÙصØÙØ Ø´Ùرة جÙÙ (GDB). Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤس٠أ٠اﻷÙ
ر استغر٠ÙÙتاÙ
+Ø·ÙÙÙا٠ÙÙغاÙØ©Ø ÙÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
خدÙÙ
ات Ù
تعددة
اÙÙظائ٠(multithreaded servers)Ø
+ÙاÙت٠تتÙاص٠Ù
ع بعضÙا اÙبعض باستخداÙ
اÙرسائÙØ Ø§ØªØ¶Ø Ø£ÙÙا صعبة
+اÙتصØÙØ. اÙÙتÙجة أ٠اﻷÙ
ر استغر٠أعÙاÙ
اÙ
Ø·ÙÙÙØ© Ùتص٠ÙÙاة ÙÙرد ÙÙ
رØÙØ© اÙÙضÙج.</p>
+
+<h3>Ø£ÙÙÙس</h3>
+<p>
+ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙ
Ùترض بداÙة٠أ٠تÙسÙ
Ù ÙÙاة جÙÙ
باسÙ
ÙÙرد. اﻻسÙ
اﻷصÙÙ ÙاÙ
+Ø£ÙÙÙس—ÙÙ٠اسÙ
اÙÙ
رأة اÙت٠ÙاÙت ØبÙبتÙ
ÙÙ Ø°Ù٠اÙÙÙت. ÙاÙت Ø£ÙÙÙس Ù
دÙرة
+ÙظاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس (system administrator)Ø ÙÙاÙت Ùد أشارت Ù
Ù
Ùب٠ﻷ٠اسÙ
Ùا سÙتÙاÙÙ Ù
ع
+ÙÙ
Ø· اÙتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
تبع عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© ÙÙÙÙس. ÙعÙÙ
سبÙ٠اÙÙ
زاØØ Ø£Ø®Ø¨Ø±Øª Ø£ÙÙÙس صاØباتÙا
+بأÙÙ “ÙÙبغ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
شخص Ù
ا بتسÙ
ÙØ© ÙÙاة
ÙظاÙ
باسÙ
Ù.” ÙÙ
أعÙ٠أÙا
+Ø¨Ø´Ø¦Ø ÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ùررت أ٠أÙاجئÙا بÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙ
ÙستÙ
ر اﻷÙ
ر عÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙطرÙÙØ©Ø ï»·Ù Ù
اÙÙÙ
بÙØ´ÙÙÙ (ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùعر٠اﻵ٠باسÙ
تÙÙ
اس)Ø
+ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
Ø·Ùر اÙرئÙس٠ÙÙÙÙØ§Ø©Ø ÙضÙ٠اسÙ
ÙÙردØ
ÙÙ
ا Ø£Ù٠أعاد تعرÙ٠أÙÙÙس ÙترÙ
ز Ø¥ÙÙ
+جزء Ù
عÙÙ Ù
٠اÙÙÙاة—ÙÙ٠اÙجزء اÙØ°Ù
ÙستÙب٠استدعاءات اÙÙظاÙ
(system
+calls) ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
بÙ
عاÙجتÙا عبر إرساÙ
اÙرسائ٠ÙÙ
خدÙÙ
ات ÙÙرد.</p>
+<p>
+ÙاØÙاÙØ Ø§ÙÙصÙت ع٠أÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙÙاÙ
ت Ù٠بتغÙÙر
اسÙ
Ùا. Ù
Ù ÙاØÙØ© أخرÙØ Ùا٠تصÙ
ÙÙ
+ÙÙرد Ùد تغÙر بØÙØ« صارت Ù
Ùتبة Ùغة س٠ترسÙ
اÙرسائ٠Ù
باشرة ÙÙÙ
خدÙÙ
Ø§ØªØ ÙÙذا Ù
ا
+جع٠اÙجزء اÙÙ
سÙ
٠أÙÙÙس ÙتÙ
Ø¥Ùغاؤ٠ÙÙختÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙÙÙ Ùب٠أ٠تØدث جÙ
Ùع Ùذ٠اÙتغÙÙØ±Ø§ØªØ ÙاÙ
Ø£Øد أصدÙائÙا Ùد رأ٠اسÙ
Ø£ÙÙÙس ØÙÙÙ
ا
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صدر اÙخاصة بÙÙاة ÙÙØ±Ø¯Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
Ø°Ùر اﻷÙ
ر ÙÙا. ÙÙÙذا تسÙÙ ÙÙا
+أ٠تر٠ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
Ù
سÙ
اة باسÙ
Ùا.</p>
+
+<h3>ÙÙÙÙس ÙجÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</h3>
+<p>
+ï»» زاÙت ÙÙاة ÙÙرد غÙر صاÙØØ© ÙÙاستخداÙ
اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ Ùï»» ÙعÙÙ
Ø¥Ù ÙاÙت ستص٠ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
رØÙØ© عÙ٠اﻹطÙاÙ. إ٠اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
اÙÙائÙ
عÙÙ
اÙÙدرات ب٠Ù
شاÙÙ Ùاتجة ع٠Ù
رÙÙØ©
+اÙتصÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙسÙØ Ùï»» Ùبد٠أ٠ÙÙاÙÙ ØÙÙÙا٠ÙÙØ°Ù
اÙÙ
شاÙÙ Ù٠اÙÙÙت اÙØاÙÙ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÙØس٠اÙØØ¸Ø ÙÙا٠ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
أخر٠Ù
تÙÙرة. ÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
1991Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس تÙرÙاÙدس
+(Linus Torvalds) بتطÙÙر ÙÙاة ÙظاÙ
Ù
تÙاÙÙØ© Ù
ع
ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙأطÙ٠عÙÙÙا اسÙ
ÙÙÙÙس
+(Linux). Ù٠اÙبداÙØ© ÙاÙت اÙÙÙاة اØتÙارÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙ
Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1992Ù
ÙاÙ
ÙÙÙÙس
+بترخÙصÙا ÙبرÙ
جÙØ© Øرة. عÙ
ÙÙØ© دÙ
ج ÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس
Ù
ع ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
ÙتÙ
Ù Ùتج عÙÙا
+ÙظاÙ
تشغÙÙ Øر Ù
تÙاÙ
Ù. (عÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙدÙ
ج ÙÙسÙا
ÙاÙت عÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙبÙرة بطبÙعة اÙØاÙ). Ø¥Ù
+اÙÙض٠ÙعÙد ÙÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠استخداÙ
Ùسخة Ù
تÙاÙ
ÙØ© Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙ٠اÙÙÙÙ
.</p>
+<p>
+Ùذ٠اÙÙسخة ÙسÙ
ÙÙا <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس
+(GNU/Linux)</a>Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙÙ ÙÙØ¶Ø Ø£Ù Ø§ÙÙسخة عبارة ع٠Ù
زÙج ÙتÙÙÙ Ù
Ù ÙظاÙ
جÙÙØ
+باستخداÙ
ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙÙاة اÙÙظاÙ
. أرج٠Ù
Ù
اÙÙارئ أﻻ ÙÙع Ù٠اÙخطأ اÙشائع ÙÙÙÙÙ
+بتسÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙظاÙ
“ÙÙÙÙس”Ø ï»·Ù Ùذا ÙعÙÙ
Ùسب عÙ
ÙÙا Ùشخص آخر. أرج٠Ù
Ù
+اÙجÙ
Ùع Ø£Ù <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">ÙÙسبÙا Ø¥ÙÙÙا
Ùض٠أعÙ
اÙÙا</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>اÙتØدÙات اÙÙادÙ
Ø©</h3>
+<p>
+ÙÙد برÙÙÙا عÙÙ Ù
ÙدرتÙا عÙ٠تطÙÙر Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ختÙÙØ© Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا
+ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا ï»» ÙÙÙر أ٠أÙÙا Ùصعب Ø¥ÙÙاÙÙا.
ÙÙاÙ٠اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙتØدÙات اÙت٠تجعÙ
+Ù
ستÙب٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة غÙر ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø§ÙÙ
عاÙÙ
Ø Ù
ÙاجÙØ© Ùذ٠اÙتØدÙات ستØتاج Ù
Ùا ÙبذÙ
+Ù
جÙÙد Ù
تÙاص٠ÙÙتطÙÙر Ùدرة عÙ٠اÙتØÙ
Ù Ùد تÙ
تد ÙسÙÙات Ù
تÙاصÙØ©. ستØتاج Ù
Ùا
+تصÙ
ÙÙ
ا٠Ù
٠اÙÙÙع اÙØ°Ù ÙظÙر ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙدر
اÙÙاس ØرÙتÙÙ
ÙÙصرÙا عÙ٠أﻻ ÙسÙ
ØÙا
+ÙÙائ٠Ù
Ù Ùا٠بأ٠ÙجردÙÙ
Ù
ÙÙا.</p>
+<p>
+اﻷجزاء اﻷربعة اÙÙادÙ
Ø© ستÙاÙØ´ ÙØ°Ù
اÙتØدÙات باÙتÙصÙÙ.</p>
+
+<h3>Ù
ÙاصÙات اÙعتاد اÙسرÙØ©</h3>
+<p>
+Ù
صÙع٠اÙعتاد ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ٠بÙثرة ï»·Ù ÙØاÙظÙا عÙÙ
سرÙØ© Ù
ÙاصÙات عتادÙÙ
Ø Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر ÙجعÙ
+Ù
٠اÙصعب Ùتابة Ù
ØرÙات Øرة تتÙØ ÙÙÙاة ÙÙÙÙس
ÙÙÙظاÙ
عرض Ø¥Ùس (XFree86) أ٠تدعÙ
+اÙعتاد اÙجدÙد. ÙدÙÙا Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© Øرة بÙاÙ
ÙÙا
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا سÙÙÙدÙا غدا٠إ٠ÙÙ
+ÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠دعÙ
ØÙاسÙب اÙغد.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙا٠طرÙÙتا٠ÙÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©. ÙÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙدسة
+اÙعÙسÙØ© Øت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
Ù Ù
عرÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا دعÙ
اÙعتاد اÙÙ
عÙÙ. بÙÙتÙا ÙÙ
Ù٠أÙ
+ÙختارÙا استخداÙ
اÙعتاد اÙÙ
دعÙÙ
باÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة. طاÙÙ
ا أ٠أعدادÙا Ù
ستÙ
رة ÙÙ
+اÙتزاÙد Ùإ٠سرÙØ© اÙÙ
ÙاصÙات سÙÙتÙ٠بÙا اﻷÙ
ر Ø£Ù ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø³Ùاسة دØر ذاتÙ.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙÙ٠اÙÙÙدسة اÙعÙسÙØ© Ù
ÙÙ
Ø© صعبة. Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ
ÙدÙÙا Ù
برÙ
جÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ùدرة ÙعزÙ
+ÙÙتÙ
ÙÙÙا Ù
٠إÙÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙتأÙÙد—ÙÙØ·
إذا تÙ
ÙÙا Ù
٠بÙاء شعÙر ÙÙ٠بأÙ
+ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙÙ Ù
سأÙØ© Ù
Ø¨Ø¯Ø£Ø Ùأ٠اÙÙ
ØرÙات
اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù٠أÙ
ر غÙر Ù
ÙبÙ٠عÙÙ
+اﻹطÙاÙ. إذا٠Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ
أغÙبÙا ببذ٠اÙÙ
اÙØ
أ٠اÙÙÙÙÙ Ù
٠اÙزÙ
ÙØ Øت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
+جÙ
Ùعا٠Ù
٠استخداÙ
اÙÙ
ØرÙات اÙØرةØ
باÙتأÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¥Ø°Ø§ Ùا٠اﻹصرار عÙÙ ÙÙ٠اÙØرÙØ©
+شعÙرا٠عاÙ
اÙ.</p>
+<p>
+(Ù
ÙØÙظة Ù٠عاÙ
2008Ù
: Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© تÙ
تد ØتÙ
ÙظاÙ
اﻹدخا٠Ùاﻹخراج اﻷساسÙ
+(BIOS). ÙÙا٠Ùسخة Øرة Ù
٠اÙÙظاÙ
اﻷساس٠عÙÙ <a
+href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>Ù
ÙÙع ÙÙبر٠بÙت (LibreBoot)</a>
(إصدارة Ù
Ù
+ÙÙربÙت coreboot). اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© تÙÙ
Ù ÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙØصÙÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ÙاصÙات اﻷجÙزة Øت٠ÙتÙ
ÙÙ
+أعضاء ÙرÙÙ ÙÙبر٠بÙت Ù
٠دعÙ
Ùا بدÙ٠استخداÙ
اÙبراÙ
ج اÙØ«ÙائÙØ©
+“(blobs)” غÙر اÙØرة).</p>
+
+<h3>اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© غÙر اÙØرة</h3>
+<p>
+اÙÙ
Ùتبات اÙبرÙ
جÙØ© غÙر اÙØرة ÙاÙت٠تÙستخدÙ
عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة تعÙ
Ù ÙشرÙ
+ﻻصطÙاد Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙ ÙØ°Ù
اÙØاÙØ©Ø ØªØ¹Ù
٠خصائص اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙجذابة
+ÙطعÙ
Ø Ø¨ØÙØ« Ø£Ù٠إذا ÙÙ
ت باستعÙ
ا٠اÙÙ
ÙتبةØ
عÙدÙا تÙÙÙ ÙÙعت Ù٠اÙشرÙØ ï»·Ù
+برÙاÙ
ج٠عÙدÙا ÙÙ ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø¬Ø²Ø¡Ø§Ù Ù
٠أÙظÙ
Ø©
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØرة. (بصÙرة أدÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù
+Ùدرج برÙاÙ
ج٠Ù٠اÙÙظاÙ
Ø ÙÙÙ٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ÙÙ
ÙتÙ
ÙÙ <em>Ù
٠اÙعÙ
Ù</em> Ù٠غÙاب
+اÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙÙ
عÙÙØ©). اﻷسÙØ£ Ù
Ù Ùذا ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙصبØ
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØ°Ù ÙستخدÙ
اÙÙ
Ùتبة
+اﻻØتÙارÙØ© Ù
Ø´ÙÙراÙØ ØÙÙÙا سÙÙÙÙ
Ùذا
اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بإغراء اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠اﻵخرÙÙ ÙÙÙعÙا
+ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙشرÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ø£ÙÙ Ù
ثا٠ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ùا٠Ù٠اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙÙØ§ØªØ Ù
ع Ù
جÙ
Ùعة أدÙات Ù
ÙتÙÙ (Motif). رغÙ
+Ø£ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙÙا٠أÙظÙ
Ø© تشغÙÙ Øرة ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
اÙÙÙØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙ Ùا٠Ù
٠اÙÙØ§Ø¶Ø ØجÙ
+اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© اÙت٠ستسببÙا Ù
ÙتÙÙ ÙÙØ£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙØرة
ÙÙÙ
ا بعد. Ùا٠رد Ù
شرÙع جÙ٠عÙÙ
+Ù
ستÙÙÙÙ: باÙØ·Ùب Ù
Ù Ù
شارÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
اÙÙ
ÙÙردة أ٠تدعÙ
Ù
جÙ
Ùعة أدÙات Ø¥Ùس
+اÙØرة (X Toolkit) باﻹضاÙØ© ÙدعÙ
Ùا ÙÙ
ÙتÙÙØ
ÙباÙØ·Ùب Ù
٠بعضÙÙ
Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ
Ùا بتطÙÙر
+بدÙÙ Øر ÙÙ
ÙتÙÙ. Ùذ٠اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© استغرÙت اÙعدÙد Ù
٠اÙسÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù ÙÙسÙ
ÙتÙÙ
+(LessTif)Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر Ù
Ù Ùب٠Ù
جÙ
Ùعة اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙÙ
اÙتÙاÙÙÙ (Hungry Programmers) صار
+Ù
٠اÙÙÙØ© بØÙØ« Ø£ØµØ¨Ø ÙدعÙ
أغÙبÙØ© تطبÙÙات Ù
ÙتÙ٠بØÙÙ٠عاÙ
1997Ù
.</p>
+<p>
+بÙ٠عاÙ
Ù 1996Ù
Ù1998Ù
ظÙرت Ù
جÙ
Ùعة أدÙات غÙر Øرة
أخرÙØ ØªÙعÙÙ٠ببرÙ
جة اÙÙاجÙات
+اÙرسÙÙ
ÙØ© (<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym>).
ÙØ°Ù
+اÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعة سÙ
Ùت ÙÙÙت (Qt) ÙأصبØت تستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
Ùدرة Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرةØ
+بÙ
ا ÙÙÙا بÙئة Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ùتب "ÙÙÙ" (<acronym title="K
Desktop
+Environment">KDE</acronym>).</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠باﻹÙ
Ùا٠استخداÙ
بÙئة ÙÙÙ (<acronym title="K
Desktop
+Environment">KDE</acronym>) عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس اÙØرةØ
ÙØ°ÙÙ ï»·ÙÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
+ÙستطÙع استخداÙ
Ù
Ùتبة ÙÙÙت. إﻻ أ٠بعض
إصدارات جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙØ³Ø ÙاÙت٠ÙÙ
تÙ٠تÙ
اÙع
+استخداÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙاÙ
ت بإضاÙØ©
بÙئة ÙÙ٠إÙ٠تÙ٠اﻷÙظÙ
Ø©—Ù
Ù
ا
+Ùتج عÙ٠أÙظÙ
Ø© ذات Ùدرات أعÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙÙا ذات
ØرÙØ© Ø£ÙÙ. Ù
جÙ
Ùعة بÙئة ÙÙÙ ÙاÙت تشجع
+اÙÙ
برÙ
جÙ٠بÙÙØ© ÙÙÙ ÙستخدÙ
Ùا Ù
Ùتبة ÙÙÙØªØ Ù
Ù
ا Ùتج عÙ٠أ٠اÙÙ
ÙاÙÙÙ Ù
Ù
+“Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù ÙÙÙÙس” اÙØدÙØ«ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙدÙÙÙ
أدÙÙ ÙÙرة بØجÙ
ÙطبÙعة
+اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©. Ùا٠اÙÙضع Ùبد٠سÙئا٠ÙÙغاÙØ©.</p>
+<p>
+استجاب Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ©
بطرÙÙتÙÙ: بÙئة Ø³Ø·Ø Ù
Ùتب جÙÙÙ
+(GNOME)Ø ÙÙ
شرÙع ÙارÙ
ÙÙÙ (Harmony).</p>
+<p>
+Ù
شرÙع جÙÙÙ
(ÙÙ٠اختصار Ùعبارة بÙئة ÙÙ
Ùذج
اÙÙائ٠اÙشبÙÙØ Ø£Ù GNU Network
+Object Model Environment) ÙÙ Ù
شرÙع بÙئة Ø³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
Ùتب
اÙخاص بجÙÙ. Ù٠عاÙ
1997Ù
+بدأ Ù
ÙجÙ٠د٠إÙÙازا Ùذا اÙÙ
شرÙع بدعÙ
Ù
Ù
شرÙØ© رÙدÙات (Red Hat)Ø ÙÙا٠اÙغرض
+تÙÙÙر Ø¥Ù
ÙاÙÙات Ù
شابÙØ© ÙØ³Ø·Ø Ø§ÙÙ
ÙØªØ¨Ø ÙÙÙÙ
باستخداÙ
برÙ
جÙات Øرة ØصرÙاÙ. ÙÙاÙ
+بعض اÙÙ
Ùزات اÙتÙÙÙØ© Ø£ÙضاÙØ Ù
ث٠أ٠جÙÙÙ
ÙدعÙ
Ù
جÙ
Ùعة Ù
ختÙÙØ© Ù
Ù Ùغات اÙبرÙ
جةØ
+ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
ØصÙرا٠عÙÙ Ùغة سÙ++. ÙÙÙ٠اÙغرض
اﻷساس٠Ù
٠اÙÙ
شرÙع Ùا٠اÙØرÙØ©: أﻻ
+Ùضطر Ø£Øد ﻻستخداÙ
أ٠برÙ
جÙات غÙر Øرة.</p>
+<p>
+Ù
شرÙع ÙارÙ
ÙÙÙ Ù٠عبارة ع٠Ù
Ùتبة تÙاÙÙÙØ©
بدÙÙØ©Ø ØªÙ
تصÙ
ÙÙ
Ùا Ùتجع٠باﻹÙ
ÙاÙ
+تشغÙ٠براÙ
ج بÙئة ÙÙ٠بدÙ٠اÙØÙجة ﻻستخداÙ
Ù
Ùتبة ÙÙÙت.</p>
+<p>
+Ù٠عاÙ
1998Ù
أعÙÙ Ù
Ø·Ùر٠Ù
Ùتبة ÙÙÙت ع٠إجراء
تغÙÙر Ù٠رخصتÙÙ
Ø ÙاÙØ°Ù Ùا٠Ù
Ù
+شأÙ٠أ٠Ùجع٠Ù
Ù ÙÙÙت برÙ
جÙØ© Øرة. عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أÙÙ Ù
٠اÙصعب Ù
عرÙØ© اÙØÙÙÙØ©Ø Ø¥ï»»
+Ø£ÙÙ٠أعتÙد Ø£Ù Ùذ٠اÙخطÙØ© Ùا٠سببÙا (عÙÙ
اﻷÙ٠جزئÙاÙ) Ù
ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙصارÙ
+إزاء اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© اÙت٠سببتÙا Ù
Ùتبة ÙÙÙت ØÙÙÙ
ا
ÙاÙت غÙر Øرة. (ï»» زاÙت اÙرخصة
+اÙجدÙدة غÙر Ù
رÙØØ© ÙغÙر Ù
ÙصÙØ©Ø ÙعÙÙÙ ï»» زا٠Ù
٠اﻷÙض٠تÙاد٠استخداÙ
ÙÙÙت).</p>
+<p>
+[Ù
ÙØÙظة ÙاØÙØ©: Ù٠سبتÙ
بر 2000Ù
Ø ØªØÙ٠ترخÙص
ÙÙÙت Ø¥Ù٠رخصة جÙ٠اÙعاÙ
Ø©Ø Ù
Ù
ا Ùتج
+عÙÙ ØÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© جذرÙاÙ].</p>
+<p>
+اÙسؤا٠اﻵÙ: ÙÙ٠سÙستجÙب ÙÙÙ
Ùتبة اÙبرÙ
جÙØ©
غÙر اÙØرة اÙت٠ستأت٠تاÙÙاÙØ ÙÙ
+سÙتÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع بÙÙÙت٠أÙÙ
ÙØ© اÙبÙاء بعÙداÙ
ع٠Ùذا اÙشرÙØ Ø£Ù
أ٠بعضÙا سÙÙرر
+اÙتÙاز٠ع٠ØرÙتÙÙ
Ù
٠أج٠اÙراØØ© ÙسÙÙÙØ©
اﻻستخداÙ
Ø Ù
Ù
ا سÙÙتج عÙÙ Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© ÙبÙرة
+بÙ٠تأÙÙØ¯Ø Ø¥Ù Ù
ستÙبÙÙا ÙعتÙ
د تÙ
اÙ
ا٠عÙÙ
ÙÙسÙتÙا.</p>
+
+<h3>براءات اختراع اÙبرÙ
جÙات</h3>
+<p>
+إ٠أÙبر تÙدÙد ÙÙاجÙÙ Ùأت٠Ù
Ù Ùب٠براءات
اختراع اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ ÙاÙت٠Ù
٠شأÙÙا Ø£Ù
+تجع٠اÙØ®ÙارزÙ
Ùات ÙاÙÙ
Ùزات بعÙدة ع٠Ù
تÙاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
دة Ùد تص٠إÙÙ
+عشرÙ٠عاÙ
اÙ. عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙØ¥Ù Ø®ÙارزÙ
ÙØ©
اÙضغط اÙÙ
عرÙÙØ© باسÙ
+ÙÙ
بÙÙ-زÙÙ-ÙÙÙØ´ (LZW) تÙ
تسجÙÙÙا Ùبراءة اختراع
Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1983Ù
Ø Ùï»» زÙÙا اÙÙÙÙ
+عاجزÙ٠ع٠إصدار براÙ
ج Øرة ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø¥Ùتاج Ù
ÙÙات جÙÙ (<acronym title="Graphics
+Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>) Ù
ضغÙطة بÙذ٠اÙØ®ÙارزÙ
ÙØ©.
[اÙتÙت صÙاØÙØ©
+براءة اﻻختراع Ùذا Ù٠اÙعاÙ
2009Ù
]. Ù
ثا٠آخر
Øدث Ù٠اÙعاÙ
1998Ù
Ø ØÙØ« اضطررÙا
+ﻹÙÙا٠تÙزÙع برÙاÙ
ج ﻹÙشاء Ù
ÙÙات Ø¥Ù
ب٠3
اÙصÙتÙØ© (<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio
+Layer 3">MP3</acronym>)Ø ÙØ°Ù٠بسبب اÙتÙدÙد برÙع ÙضÙØ©
سرÙØ© براءة
+اﻻختراع. [براءة اﻻختراع Ùذ٠اÙتÙت
صÙاØÙتÙا Ù٠اÙعاÙ
2017Ù
. ÙÙ
ÙÙ٠أ٠تر٠طÙÙ
+اÙÙترة اÙت٠اضطررÙا ï»»ÙتظارÙا Øت٠تÙتÙÙ
صÙاØÙØ© اÙÙثائÙ].
+</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙا٠طرÙÙتا٠ÙÙتعاÙ
Ù Ù
ع براءات اﻻختراع: ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا اÙبØØ« ع٠Ù
ا Ùثبت أ٠براءة
+اﻻختراع باطÙØ©Ø Ø£Ù ÙÙ
ÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙبØØ« ع٠طرÙ
بدÙÙØ© ﻹÙجاز ÙÙس اÙÙ
ÙÙ
Ø©. اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© Ø£Ù
+ÙÙا ÙاتÙ٠اÙطرÙÙتÙ٠تعÙ
Ùا٠ÙÙ ØاÙات Ù
عÙÙØ©Ø
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ا تÙش٠اÙطرÙÙتاÙØ Ø¹ÙدÙا ÙÙ
ÙÙ
+Ùبراءة اﻻختراع أ٠تجبر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
عÙ٠أ٠تÙÙد بعض اÙÙ
Ùزات ÙاÙخصائص اÙتÙ
+ÙØتاجÙا اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. باÙØ·Ø¨Ø¹Ø ØÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙتظر
ÙÙترة Ø·ÙÙÙØ© Ùإ٠براءات اﻻختراع تÙتÙÙ
+صÙاØÙتÙا (Ù
٠اÙÙ
تÙÙع أ٠تÙتÙ٠صÙاØÙØ©
براءات اختراع Ø¥Ù
ب٠3 ÙÙ 2018Ù
)Ø ÙÙÙÙ
+Ù
ا اÙذ٠سÙÙعÙÙ Øت٠Ùأت٠تارÙØ® اÙتÙاء
اÙصÙاØÙØ©Ø</p>
+<p>
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سجÙØ© تØت براءات
اﻻختراع. ÙÙÙ٠اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙدرÙ٠اÙبرÙ
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+
+<h3>اÙÙثائ٠اÙØرة</h3>
+<p>
+إ٠أÙبر ÙÙص ÙÙ ÙظاÙ
تشغÙ٠جÙ٠اÙØر ÙÙس عجز
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+<p>
+بصÙرة عاÙ
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اÙÙÙÙد عÙ٠اÙطرÙÙØ© اÙت٠ÙتÙ
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ثاÙØ Ø§Ø´ØªØ±Ø§Ø· اﻹبÙاء عÙÙ ØÙÙ٠اÙÙ
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بعبارة أخرÙØ Ù
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جÙات اÙØرة Ù
٠اﻻستÙادة اÙÙاÙ
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٠اÙÙتÙب.</p>
+<p>
+عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
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٠اÙتأÙد Ø£Ù٠باﻹÙ
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+<p>
+Ù٠سÙÙÙÙ Ù
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رة اÙثاÙÙØ©Ø Ùبد٠أ٠Ù
ستÙبÙÙا ÙعتÙ
د عÙÙ ÙÙسÙتÙا.</p>
+
+<h3>Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتØدث ع٠اÙØرÙØ©</h3>
+<p>
+اﻷرÙاÙ
اÙتÙدÙرÙØ© تخبرÙا Ø£Ù ÙÙا٠عشرة Ù
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ستخدÙ
ﻷجÙزة جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس اÙÙÙÙ
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ا ÙØ´Ù
٠دÙبÙا٠(Debian) جÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ٠رÙدÙات (Red
Hat)
+“ÙÙÙÙس”. اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùد ÙصÙت Ù
رØÙØ© Ù
٠اÙتÙ
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ÙÙØ©
بØتة.</p>
+<p>
+اÙÙتائج اﻹÙجابÙØ© ÙÙذا اﻷÙ
ر ÙاضØØ©Ø Ù
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جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙزÙادة اÙÙدرة عÙ٠إÙÙاع
+اÙشرÙات بتطÙÙر برÙ
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اÙØرة بشÙÙ
تجارÙØ Ø¹Ùضا٠ع٠تطÙÙر برÙ
جÙاتÙÙ
بصÙرة
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+<p>
+ÙÙÙ٠اﻻÙتÙ
اÙ
باÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙتÙاÙ
٠بصÙرة أسرع
Ù
٠اÙÙع٠باÙÙÙسÙØ© اÙت٠تÙÙ
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د عÙ٠إرادتÙا ÙÙÙÙÙÙ Ùدا٠ÙاØدة Ù
٠أج٠اÙØرÙØ©. ÙÙÙ ÙتأÙد Ù
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ستخدÙ
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+Øا٠اÙضÙ
اÙ
ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
جتÙ
ع اÙØر.</p>
+<p>
+ÙÙÙÙÙا ÙÙأس٠ÙÙØ´Ù ÙÙ Ùع٠Ùذا اﻷÙ
ر: اÙÙ
جÙÙدات اÙÙ
بذÙÙØ© Ùجذب اÙÙ
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عÙا تÙÙÙ ÙتتجاÙز اÙÙ
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ا ÙتÙجب عÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙØاÙظ عÙÙ
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ا.</p>
+
+<h3>“اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©”</h3>
+<p>
+Ù
ØاÙÙØ© تعÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙجدد Ù
بادئ
اÙØرÙØ© أصبØت Ø£Ùثر صعÙبة Ù٠اÙعاÙ
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ا Ùرر جزء Ù
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جÙات اÙØرة”Ø ÙاستخدÙ
Ùا تعبÙر
“اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ©
+اÙÙ
صدر” عÙضا٠عÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+بعض اÙØ°ÙÙ ÙضÙÙا استخداÙ
اÙتعبÙر اÙجدÙد
ØاÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙتÙادÙا أ٠ارتبا٠Ùد ÙÙجÙ
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٠استخداÙ
ÙÙظة “Øرة” عبر استبداÙÙا
بÙÙظة
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شرÙع. ÙÙÙ٠اÙبعض
اﻵخر ØاÙÙÙا Ø£Ù ÙضعÙا
+رÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
بادئ اÙت٠أÙÙÙ
ت Ø¥Ùشاء ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
شرÙع جÙ٠إÙ٠اÙجاÙبØ
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دراء اÙتÙÙÙØ°ÙÙÙ
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صادر اÙÙ
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باÙا٠ÙÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙاÙÙ
بادئ.</p>
+<p>
+Ø¥Ù Ù
جÙات “ÙÙÙÙس” تشÙÙ Ù
ثاÙا٠ÙاضØاÙ
عÙÙ Ùذا—جÙ
ÙعÙا تÙ
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ا تظÙر اÙÙسخة
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برÙ
جÙÙ Ù
٠استخداÙ
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Ø¬Ø Ø£Ù
Ø£ÙÙا
ستعرض إعÙاÙات ÙÙاØ</p>
+<p>
+إ٠اÙدعÙ
اÙÙاتج ع٠اÙتجارة Ù
٠شأÙ٠أ٠Ùساعد
Ù
جتÙ
ع اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة بعدة طرÙØ
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ر ÙÙ
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ستÙÙات. ÙÙÙ٠اÙتساب اÙدعÙ
عبر تÙÙÙÙ
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بادئ ÙÙ
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Ù
ارسة ÙاÙتÙعÙØ© باÙØÙÙ٠اÙت٠تØدثÙا
عÙÙا سابÙاÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ø¥Ù “اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة” ٓاÙÙ
صادر
اÙØرة” تتØدثاÙØ Ø¨ØµÙرة
+عاÙ
Ø©Ø Ø¹Ù ÙÙس اÙÙئة Ù
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جÙØ§ØªØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£Ù
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ا تختÙ٠ع٠اÙبرÙ
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Ø£Ù
ر Ù
ÙÙ
ÙأساسÙ.</p>
+
+<h3>ØاÙÙ!</h3>
+<p>
+ØÙÙ
Ø© ÙÙدا (“ÙÙس ÙÙاÙÙ Ù
ا ÙسÙ
Ù ‘باÙÙ
ØاÙÙØ©’”) تبدÙ
+جÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙÙا ï»» تصÙØ ÙÙ ØاÙتÙ. ÙÙد ÙÙ
ت
بتÙÙÙØ° Ù
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اÙÙجاØØ Ø¥ï»» Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙجØت Ù٠اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
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ساعÙÙ.</p>
+<p>
+Ù٠أØÙا٠أخرÙØ ÙØ´Ùت Ù
جÙÙداتÙØ ÙسÙطت بعض اÙÙ
د٠اÙت٠ÙÙت Ø£ÙÙÙ
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ع Ù
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ت ÙÙ٠أبØØ« عÙ
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برÙ
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ÙÙ
Ø©.</p>
+<p>
+اÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ
أعد اÙÙ
داÙع اÙÙØÙد ع٠اÙÙضÙØ©. Ù
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رÙØ ÙاÙÙ
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دÙÙØ© سÙ٠تظ٠صاÙ
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خاطر تتزاÙد عاÙ
ا٠بعد
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Ø Ùاﻵ٠تÙÙÙ
شرÙØ© Ù
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باستÙدا٠Ù
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باشرة. ﻻ
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ستÙب٠اÙØرÙØ© عÙ٠أÙ٠شئ Ù
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ØاÙظة عÙÙ ØرÙتÙØ
ÙÙبغ٠عÙÙ٠أ٠تجÙز ÙÙس٠ÙÙدÙاع
+عÙÙا.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>اÙرجاء ارسا٠اﻻستÙسارات اÙعاÙ
Ø© ØÙÙ Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙظاÙ
جÙ٠إÙÙ
+اÙبرÙد اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÙÙاÙ
+<a href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙتÙاصÙ</a> Ù
ع Ù
ؤسسة
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. ÙÙتبÙÙغ
+ع٠رابط ï»» ÙعÙ
٠أ٠أ٠تعدÙÙات أ٠اÙتراØات
أخرÙØ Ùرج٠إرسا٠رساÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠اÙبرÙد
+اﻹÙÙترÙÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÙØÙ Ùبذ٠أÙص٠جÙدÙا ÙÙÙÙر ترجÙ
Ø© دÙÙÙØ©
ÙعاÙÙØ© اÙجÙØ¯Ø©Ø ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا ï»» ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا
+ÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙعÙÙب. Ùرج٠إرسا٠تعÙÙÙاتÙÙ
ÙاÙتراØاتÙÙ
اÙعاÙ
Ø© بخصÙص Ùذ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø©
+Ø¥ÙÙ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>.<p>ÙÙ
عÙÙÙ
ات
+Ø£Ùثر ØÙÙ ÙÙÙÙØ© اÙتعاÙÙ Ù
عÙا ÙÙÙÙ
شارÙØ© ÙÙ
ترجÙ
Ø© اÙÙ
ÙاÙات عÙÙ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙØ¹Ø ÙرجÙ
+Ùراءة دÙÙ٠اÙترجÙ
Ø© (<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>).</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015,
+2017, 2018 رÙتشارد ستاÙÙ
اÙ</p>
+
+<p>Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙÙ Ù
رخص بÙ
Ùجب <a rel="license"
+href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ar";>رخصة اÙÙ
شاع
+اÙإبداع٠ÙÙسب اÙÙ
ÙصÙÙÙ - Ù
Ùع اÙاشتÙا٠4.0
دÙÙÙ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ar.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<strong>ترجÙ
Ø©</strong>: Ù
ØÙ
د عصاÙ
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>,
+2018. Ù
راجعة: ÙبÙÙ Ù
ØÙ
د.</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+تÙ
اÙتØدÙØ« ÙÙ:
+
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:33 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/thegnuproject.ar-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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@@ -0,0 +1,1069 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>About the GNU Project
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software,
Free Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>. Richard
+Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed
+this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
+be entirely absent from that book.
+</p>
+<p>
+Why it is even more important than ever
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist
+that the software we use be free</a>.
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
+<p>
+When I started working at the
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>
+Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a
+software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing
+of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old
+as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we
+did it more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
+<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the
+Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
+<acronym title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of
+the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI
+Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
+<p>
+We did not call our software “free software”, because that
+term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from
+another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we
+gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and
+interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so
+that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make
+a new program.</p>
+<p>
+(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security
+breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We
+hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
+to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
+cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
+article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
+Hacking</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>The collapse of the community</h3>
+<p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and
+powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address
+spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly
+all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before.
+In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of
+the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable
+to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
+prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
+administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system
+instead of ITS.</p>
+<p>
+The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had
+their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you
+had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.</p>
+<p>
+This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not
+to help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The
+rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you
+share with your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes,
+beg us to make them.”</p>
+<p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system
+that says you are not allowed to share or change software—is
+antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as
+a surprise to some readers. But what else could we say about a system
+based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who
+find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software
+social system as a given, or judged it on the terms suggested by
+proprietary software businesses. Software publishers have worked long
+and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the
+issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
+“rights” or “stopping <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is
+asked to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
+<p>
+One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural
+right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If
+this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the
+public, we could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution and
+legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right,
+but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users'
+natural right to copy.</p>
+<p>
+Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
+software is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users
+should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.</p>
+<p>
+A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would
+never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not
+offer a company power over the users of the program. This assumption
+may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement
+demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without
+putting chains on it.</p>
+<p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues
+based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first,
+we arrive at very different conclusions. Computer users should be
+free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share
+software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
+<p>
+There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web pages
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h3>A stark moral choice</h3>
+<p>
+With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible.
+Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.</p>
+<p>
+The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing
+nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.
+Most likely I would also be developing software that was released
+under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other
+people to betray their fellows too.</p>
+<p>
+I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing
+code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on
+years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life
+making the world a worse place.</p>
+<p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a
+nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT
+AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer. (The
+lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer
+extremely frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure
+agreements were innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share
+with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone
+else.</p>
+<p>
+Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the
+computer field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they
+would still be wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and
+restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.</p>
+<p>
+So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the
+good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could
+write, so as to make a community possible once again?</p>
+<p>
+The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.
+That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an
+operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
+the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again
+have a community of cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join.
+And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
+conspiring to deprive his or her friends.</p>
+<p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job.
+So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I
+was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with
+Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
+switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
+a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced
+as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
+other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
+name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters,
+debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them,
+Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating
+system would include them too.</p>
+<p>
+Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+ If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+ If not now, when?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
+<p>
+(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p>
+
+<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
+<p>
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it
+has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore,
+is the definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs.
+ (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access
+ to the source code, since making changes in a program without
+ having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis
+ or for a fee.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program,
+ so that the community can benefit from your improvements.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no
+contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the
+freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold
+on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an
+important way to raise funds for free software development.
+Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these
+collections is not free software.</p>
+<p>
+Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long
+looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term.
+The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
+lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
+“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong
+meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3>
+<p>
+Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into
+reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software
+wherever that was possible. For example, I decided at the very
+beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years
+later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing
+another window system for GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Because of these decisions, and others like them,
+the GNU system is not the same as the collection of all
+GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU
+software, programs that were developed by other people and projects
+for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free
+software.</p>
+
+<h3>Commencing the project</h3>
+<p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere
+with distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the
+staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed
+their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a
+proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a large
+amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose:
+creating a new software-sharing community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly
+invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
+
+<h3>The first steps</h3>
+<p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free
+University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for
+“free” is written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler
+designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to
+support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU
+could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the
+GNU Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I
+obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a
+multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It
+supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed
+to be a system-programming language. I added a C front end, and began
+porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. But I had to give that
+up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack
+space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.</p>
+<p>
+I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
+entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
+into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the
+whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I
+concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new
+compiler is now known as <acronym title="GNU Compiler
Collection">GCC</acronym>;
+none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and
+use the C front end that I had written. But that was some years
+later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was
+beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems
+to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had
+done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.</p>
+<p>
+At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the
+question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the
+anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer,
+prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site;
+when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name
+to our new ftp server.) But at that time, many of the interested
+people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So
+the question was, what would I say to them?</p>
+<p>
+I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a
+<acronym title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I
+will mail it back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was
+looking for ways to make money from free software. So I announced
+that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In
+this way, I started a free software distribution business, the
+precursor of the companies that today distribute entire GNU/Linux
+system distributions.</p>
+
+<h3>Is a program free for every user?</h3>
+<p>
+If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author,
+this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone
+who has a copy of it. For example,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware"> public domain
+software</a> (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but
+anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it. Likewise, many
+free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive
+licenses which allow proprietary modified versions.</p>
+<p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.
+Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive
+license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They
+added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and
+covered by the same nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were
+no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
+not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
+that they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of
+counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question,
+“Is this program free?” If you judged based on the freedom
+provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say
+that X was free software. But if you measured the freedom of the
+average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software.
+Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix
+systems, not the free version.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft and the GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So
+we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
+from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is
+called “copyleft”.(1)</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
+of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it
+becomes a means for keeping the program free.</p>
+<p>
+The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
+run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
+modified versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their
+own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define “free
+software” are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become
+inalienable rights.</p>
+<p>
+For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This
+ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if
+it is published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers
+volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their
+employers from saying, “You can't share those changes, because
+we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the
+program.”</p>
+<p>
+The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to
+ensure freedom for every user of the program. The companies that
+privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to
+their systems and hardware. These changes were small compared with
+the great extent of X, but they were not trivial. If making changes
+were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone
+to take advantage of the excuse.</p>
+<p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code.
+Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms
+are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as
+well. To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to
+sink a ship. Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug
+this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program
+must be such that the larger combined version is also free and
+copylefted.</p>
+<p>
+The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU
+software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We
+have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
+GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
+copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary
+for manuals.(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
+including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
+used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
+I was developing at the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
+Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became
+involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek
+funding once again. So in 1985 we created
+the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
+a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The
+<acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
+other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
+free manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free
+software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code,
+CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to
+redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for
+which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's
+choice of platform). Today the FSF
+still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You
+can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
+number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library
+and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a
+GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by
+a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
+shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
+<acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne Again
+Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
+not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a
+complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name
+“Bourne Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p>
+
+<h3>Free software support</h3>
+
+<p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
+practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the
+users' freedom, we wish them success.</p>
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software
+business. When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way
+to make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free
+software I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such
+as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software
+development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a
+number of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on
+CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user
+questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even
+beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
+software products.</p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves
+with the term “open source” actually base their business
+on nonfree software that works with free software. These are not
+free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
+products tempt users away from freedom. They call these programs
+“value-added packages”, which shows the values they
+would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom
+more, we should call them “freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
+
+<h3>Technical goals</h3>
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage,
+allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the
+user's freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
+the work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
+wherever that made sense.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by
+deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit
+machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished),
+and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a
+megabyte. In programs for which handling very large files was not
+crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into
+core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.</p>
+
+<p>These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix
+counterparts in reliability and speed.</p>
+
+<h3>Donated computers</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because
+the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix
+system, and replace the components of that system one by one. But
+they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a
+copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's
+philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software. But,
+applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence
+in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to
+use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free
+replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today
+we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them
+with free operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's
+operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Task List</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system
+components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to
+make a list of the remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers
+to write the missing pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task
+List. In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various
+other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
+truly complete system ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential
+ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call
+“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a
+narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating
+system.</p>
+
+<p>Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the
+beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But
+compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
+list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
+different kinds of games that users might like.</p>
+
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
+task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't
+even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
+Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
+people to write.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3>
+
+<p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
+Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link
+proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?</p>
+
+<p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
+proprietary software products are entitled to include our code. (Why
+contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)
+Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of
+strategy.</p>
+
+<p>The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
+comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available
+only to free software would not have given free software any
+advantage—it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
+includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the
+distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is
+possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There
+is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU
+system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more
+to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of
+free applications. That is why using the Library GPL is a good
+strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
+considered on a case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job
+that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under
+the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other
+free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary
+software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
+command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the
+ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the
+amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at
+least one useful application has been made free software specifically
+so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides;
+free software developers need to make advantages for each other. I
+hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries
+that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing
+useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
+adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p>
+
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License,
+to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it.
+See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
+Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
+
+<h3>Scratching an itch?</h3>
+<p>
+Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by
+scratching a developer's personal itch.” Maybe that happens
+sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in
+order to have a complete free operating system. They come from a
+vision and a plan, not from impulse.</p>
+<p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system
+needs a C library, BASH because a Unix-like
+system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a
+tar program. The same is true for my own programs—the GNU C
+compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
+which had been lost to the community because of
+the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found
+people to develop LessTif, and more recently started
+<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
+and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
+libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
+replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not
+have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the
+work, and many features were added to them by various people for the
+sake of their own needs and interests. But that is not why the
+programs exist.</p>
+
+<h3>Unexpected developments</h3>
+<p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop
+the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it
+happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
+system, each component could run on Unix systems long before a
+complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular,
+and users began extending them and porting them—to the various
+incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
+funds and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also
+delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as
+GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding
+features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write
+one missing component after another.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a
+herd of GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the
+various jobs of the Unix kernel. The start of development was delayed
+as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been
+promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a
+source-level debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been
+done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as
+user programs, with GDB. But it took a long time to make that possible,
+and the multithreaded servers that send messages to each other have
+turned out to be very hard to debug. Making the Hurd work solidly has
+stretched on for many years.</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
+name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
+joke, she told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after
+me.” I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel
+named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main
+developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix
+to refer to a certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap
+system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
+independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would
+send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component
+disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the
+name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So
+she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
+
+<h3>Linux and GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know
+if it ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that
+result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not
+clear whether solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds
+developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. It was
+proprietary at first, but in 1992, he made it free software; combining
+Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete
+free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in
+itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a
+version of the GNU system today.</p>
+<p>
+We call this system version <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">
+GNU/Linux</a>, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU
+system with Linux as the kernel. Please don't fall into the practice
+of calling the whole system “Linux”, since that means
+attributing our work to someone else.
+Please <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> give us equal
+mention</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Challenges in our future</h3>
+<p>
+We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free
+software. This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.
+Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting
+them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting
+for years. It will require the kind of determination that people
+display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it
+away.</p>
+<p>
+The following four sections discuss these challenges.</p>
+
+<h3>Secret hardware</h3>
+<p>
+Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware
+specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers
+so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete
+free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot
+support tomorrow's computers.</p>
+<p>
+There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do
+reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The
+rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software;
+as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a
+self-defeating policy.</p>
+<p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
+sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a
+strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
+nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
+extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
+Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
+<p>
+(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free
+BIOS, <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of
coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that
+LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs”.)</p>
+
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
+<p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap
+for free software developers. The library's attractive features are
+the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your
+program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly
+speaking, we could include your program, but it
+won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.) Even worse, if
+a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can
+lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the
+80s. Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was
+clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU
+Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software
+projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and
+by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif. The job
+took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became
+powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree
+<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit
+library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free
+software, the desktop
+<acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
+use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
+systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added
+KDE to their systems—producing a system with more capabilities,
+but less freedom. The KDE group was actively encouraging more
+programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “Linux users”
+had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.
+The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways:
+GNOME and Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop
+project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the
+support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop
+facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has technical
+advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not
+just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of
+any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it
+possible to run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license
+which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no
+way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the
+community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was
+nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it
+remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
+<p>
+[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
+which essentially solved this problem.]</p>
+<p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the
+whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will
+many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major
+problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>Software patents</h3>
+<p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
+years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
+1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
+compressed <acronym title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s.
+[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce
+<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit. [As of
+2017, these patents have expired. Look how long we had to wait.]
+</p>
+<p>
+There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
+patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
+But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
+patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
+want. After a long wait, the patents expire (the MP3 patents are
+expected to have expired by 2018), but what will we do until then?</p>
+<p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
+free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the
+patented features. But those who value free software because they
+expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure
+when a patent holds it back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about
+the practical effectiveness of the “bazaar” model of
+development, and the reliability and power of some free software,
+we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom and principle.</p>
+
+<h3>Free documentation</h3>
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for
+free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online
+and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the
+program.</p>
+<p>
+Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I
+don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to
+modify all sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think
+you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this
+one, which describe our actions and our views.</p>
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual, too—so they can
+provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program.
+A nonfree manual, which does not allow programmers to be conscientious
+and finish the job, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.
+For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they
+don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to
+fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block the free
+software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of
+the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
+through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another
+manual.</p>
+<p>
+Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to
+produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future
+depends on philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>We must talk about freedom</h3>
+<p>
+Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
+systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”.
+Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are
+flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p>
+<p>
+The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing
+free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more
+ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software
+instead of proprietary software products.</p>
+<p>
+But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the
+philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to
+meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to
+stand firm for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we
+need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the
+community.</p>
+<p>
+But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our
+community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of
+our community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two
+efforts in balance.</p>
+
+<h3>“Open Source”</h3>
+<p>
+Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a
+part of the community decided to stop using the term “free
+software” and say “open source software”
+instead.</p>
+<p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated
+the free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead
+to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that
+places profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus,
+the rhetoric of “open source” focuses on the potential to
+make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom,
+community, and principle.</p>
+<p>
+The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they
+are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works
+with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these
+magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads
+for it?</p>
+<p>
+The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways;
+all else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by
+speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it
+makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education
+even worse.</p>
+<p>
+“Free software” and “open source” describe the
+same category of software, more or less, but say different things
+about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to
+use the term “free software”, to express the idea that
+freedom, not just technology, is important.</p>
+
+<h3>Try!</h3>
+<p>
+Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds
+neat, but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while
+anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be
+enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because
+there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising
+myself, I have sometimes succeeded.</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found
+another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time,
+I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my
+city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.</p>
+<p>
+Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I
+see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
+this city may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each
+year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We
+can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for
+granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
+defend it.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
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+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014,
2015, 2017, 2018
+Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2018/06/17 08:31:34 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>