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Date: |
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CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/12/29 07:00:46
Modified files:
philosophy/po : eldred-amicus.translist
Added files:
philosophy : eldred-amicus.ru.html
philosophy/po : eldred-amicus.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
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Patches:
Index: po/eldred-amicus.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- po/eldred-amicus.translist 21 May 2015 07:18:18 -0000 1.9
+++ po/eldred-amicus.translist 29 Dec 2017 12:00:46 -0000 1.10
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@
<span dir="ltr" class="original"><a lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.en.html">English</a> [en]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html"
hreflang="x-default" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="en" hreflang="en"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.en.html" title="English" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.fr.html" title="français" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ko.html" title="íêµì´" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: eldred-amicus.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: eldred-amicus.ru.html
diff -N eldred-amicus.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ eldred-amicus.ru.html 29 Dec 2017 12:00:44 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,911 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Ðоклад Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¤Ð¡ÐÐ, ÐлдÑед пÑоÑив
ÐÑкÑоÑÑа - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, ФСÐÐ, Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, GNU, Linux, Ñвобода,
+пÑогÑаммÑ, влаÑÑÑ, авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво,
ÑаÑÑиÑение, заÑвление, ÑлдÑед, ÑÑкÑоÑÑ,
+микки маÑÑ, закон, диÑней, Ñонни боно,
обÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñила, веÑнÑй" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>Ðоклад Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¤Ð¡ÐÐ, ÐлдÑед пÑоÑив
ÐÑкÑоÑÑа</h2>
+
+<!--
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+<p>
+[ ÐÑигиналÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпна Ñакже в
ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
<a
+href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ps">PostScript</a> и <a
+href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a>.]
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align:center">
+ÐÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÑ 01-618
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ÐнÑÑанÑиÑ:
+<br /> <b>ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+ÐÑик ÐлдÑед и дÑ.,
+<br /> <i>заÑвиÑели,</i> <br />
+<br />
+пÑоÑив <br />
+<br />
+Ðжона Ð. ÐÑкÑоÑÑа, оÑиÑиалÑно
ÑполномоÑенного
+<br />
+ÑÑидиÑеÑкого конÑÑлÑÑанÑа,
+<br /> <i>оÑвеÑÑика.</i> <br />
+<br />
+<br /> <b>РоÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° запÑÐ¾Ñ ÑазÑÑÑнений в
+<br />
+ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов
+<br />
+окÑÑга ÐолÑмбиÑ</b>
+<br />
+<br /> Ðоклад amicus curiae в лиÑе
+<br />
+Фонда Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ
+<br />
+в поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð·Ð°ÑвиÑелей
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ðбен Ðоглен
+<br /> СÑдебнÑй ÑекÑеÑаÑÑ
+<br />
+ÐÐ 10027, ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк
+<br />
+116 ÐеÑÑ-ÑÑÑиÑ, 435
+<br /> (212) 854-8382 <br />
+<br />
+СекÑеÑаÑÑ amicus curiae
+
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 style="text-align:center"
+id="SECTION01000000000000000000">РаÑÑмаÑÑиваемÑй
вопÑоÑ</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li>ÐаблÑждалÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд,
вÑноÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑановление о Ñом, ÑÑо ÑоглаÑно
+ÐаÑагÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве ÐонгÑеÑÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ ÑÑок ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
+авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав до неогÑаниÑеннÑÑ
пÑеделов
поÑÑедÑÑвом <i>пооÑеÑедного</i>
+Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ð»Ñно “огÑаниÑеннÑÑ
”
пÑодлений?</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">СодеÑжание</h4>
+
+<!--Table of Contents-->
+<ul>
+<li><a id="tex2html16"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION01000000000000000000">ÐоÑÑановка
вопÑоÑа</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html17"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION02000000000000000000">СодеÑжание</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html18"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION03000000000000000000">СÑÑлки</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html19"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION04000000000000000000">ÐнÑеÑеÑ
докладÑика</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html20"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION05000000000000000000">СÑÑÑ
аÑгÑменÑаÑии</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html21"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06000000000000000000">ÐÑгÑменÑаÑиÑ</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a id="tex2html22"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06010000000000000000">УÑÑедиÑели
+пÑедполагали, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑдеÑ
ÑÑидиÑеÑкой монополией, коÑоÑой
+нагÑаждаÑÑ Ð·Ð° авÑоÑÑкие ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑого
огÑаниÑенное вÑемÑ</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html23"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06020000000000000000">ÐÑÑоÑиÑеÑкаÑ
полиÑика,
+Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
ÑовеÑÑенно необÑ
одима длÑ
+ÑоглаÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой монополии
Ñ ÑиÑÑемой ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a id="tex2html24"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06021000000000000000">ÐеогÑаниÑенное
+ÑаÑÑиÑение ÑÑока монополии на
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие авÑоÑÑкие ÑабоÑÑ
неÑовмеÑÑимо как
+Ñ ÐаÑагÑаÑом об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, Ñак и Ñ
ÐеÑвой попÑавкой</a></li>
+<li><a id="tex2html25"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06022000000000000000">ÐÑÑаÑ
попÑавка
+запÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ñе законодаÑелÑнÑе
дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении пÑав ÑизиÑеÑкой
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, и не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ
конÑÑиÑÑÑионного опÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+оÑноÑении ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо
недопÑÑÑимо в оÑноÑении обÑÑной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a id="tex2html26"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06030000000000000000">РеалÑнÑе
ÑгÑозÑ
+злоÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ коÑÑÑпÑии опÑавдÑваÑÑ
ÑÑÑогий конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑй конÑÑолÑ
+ÑаÑÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑока ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
монополий</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a id="tex2html27"
+href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION07000000000000000000">ÐаклÑÑение</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!--End of Table of Contents-->
+<h3 id="SECTION03000000000000000000">СÑÑлки</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>ÐÑеÑеденÑÑ</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐбÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов, 250 U.S. 616
(1919) 10
+<br />
+ÐаÑÑи пÑоÑив Ðллена (дело о монополиÑÑ
),
+<br />
+11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603) 5
+<br />
+ÐлдÑед пÑоÑив Рено, 239 F.3d 372 (CADC 2001) 7, <i>во
многиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
</i>
+<br />
+“ФейÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ð±ÑликейÑнє пÑоÑив “Ð
ÑÑел ÑелеÑон
+<br />
+ÑеÑвиє, 499 U.S. 340 (1991) 7,11,12
+<br />
+ÐолÑдÑÑейн пÑоÑив ÐалиÑоÑнии, 412 U.S. 546 (1973) 12
+<br />
+“ÐаÑÐ¿ÐµÑ & Ð Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð±Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑÑ” пÑоÑив
“ÐейÑн
+<br />
+ÑнÑеÑпÑайзеє, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) 9
+<br />
+“Ðавайи Ñ
аÑзинг оÑоÑиÑи” пÑоÑив
+<br />
+ÐидкиÑÑа, 467 U.S. 229 (1984) 14
+<br />
+“ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк Таймє пÑоÑив Салливана, 376
U.S. 254 (1964) 10
+<br />
+Рено пÑоÑив СоÑза амеÑиканÑкиÑ
гÑажданÑкиÑ
Ñвобод,
+<br />
+521 U.S. 844 (1997) 10
+<br />
+“Сан-ФÑанÑиÑко аÑÑÑ & аÑлеÑикє
пÑоÑив
+<br />
+ÐлимпийÑкого комиÑеÑа СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов,
+<br />
+483 U.S. 522 (1987) 9
+<br />
+Ð¨Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¿ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Фоли, 667 F.2d 102 (CADC 1981) 11
+<br />
+“ÐанÑÑакÑÑÑа СингеÑа” пÑоÑив
“ÐанÑÑакÑÑÑÑ ÐжÑна”,
+163 U.S. 169 (1896) 11
+<br />
+Ðела о ÑоваÑнÑÑ
знакаÑ
, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 11
+<br />
+ÐбÑазоваÑелÑнÑй ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑ Ðападной ÐиÑджинии
пÑоÑив ÐаÑнеÑÑа,
+<br />
+319 U.S. 624 (1943) 10
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии, ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ноÑмÑ</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонÑÑ. СШÐ, ÑÑ. I, §8, cl. 8 3, <i>во многиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
</i>
+<br />
+ÐонÑÑ. СШÐ, ÐопÑавка I 7, <i>во многиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
</i>
+<br />
+ÐонÑÑ. СШÐ, ÐопÑавка V 13,14
+<br />
+Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве 1709 года (СÑаÑÑÑ
ÐннÑ),
+<br />
+8 Ðнна, c. 19 6
+<br />
+Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве 1790 года, 1 Stat. 124 6
+<br />
+Ðакон Сонни Ðоно о ÑаÑÑиÑении ÑÑока
+<br />
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, Pub. L. No. 105-298,
+<br />
+Ðлава I, 112 Stat. 2827 3, <i>во многиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
</i>
+<br />
+СÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾ монополиÑÑ
, 21 Jac. I, c. 3 5
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>ÐÑÑгие маÑеÑиалÑ</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐоÑай ÐенклеÑ, Свободен как веÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
обÑего
+<br />
+полÑзованиÑ: ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка огÑаниÑиваеÑ
+<br />
+ÑÑемление обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ,
+<br />
+74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354 (1999) 8
+<br />
+УилÑÑм ÐлекÑÑон, ÐомменÑаÑии
+<br />
+к законам Ðнглии (1769) 5
+<br />
+ХаÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ обÑие Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ и пÑовинÑии
+<br />
+ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкого залива (ÐоÑÑон, 1814) 6
+<br />
+144 ÐапиÑи ÐонгÑеÑÑа H9951 (ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ´Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñед. 7
окÑ. 1998) 3
+<br />
+Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð. ÐмеÑÑон, СиÑÑема ÑвободÑ
+<br />
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (1970) 9
+<br />
+ÐÐ°ÐºÑ Ð¤Ð°ÑÑанд, ÐапиÑи ФедеÑалÑного
+<br />
+ÑобÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ 1787 года (1937) 6
+<br />
+ÐжоÑдж Ðи ÐаÑкинÑ, Ðакон и влаÑÑи
+<br />
+в СÑаÑом ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑе (1960) 6
+<br />
+Ðелвилл Ð. ÐиммеÑ, СокÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ авÑоÑÑкое
пÑаво
+<br />
+гаÑанÑии ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова и пÑеÑÑÑ, даннÑе
+<br />
+ÐеÑвой попÑавкой?, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180 (1970) 8
+<br />
+ÐаÑк Роз, ÐвÑоÑÑ Ð¸ владелÑÑÑ:
+<br />
+ÐзобÑеÑение авÑоÑÑкого пÑава (1993) 6
+<br />
+СеÑили ÐÐ°Ð¹Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð£ÑджвÑд, ÐоÑолевÑкий миÑ
(1955) 5
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐ¾Ð¼ÐµÑ 01-618
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+ÐнÑÑанÑиÑ:
+<br /> <b>ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+ÐÑик ÐлдÑед и дÑ.,
+<br /> <i>заÑвиÑели,</i> <br />
+<br />
+пÑоÑив <br />
+<br />
+Ðжона Ð. ÐÑкÑоÑÑа, оÑиÑиалÑно
ÑполномоÑенного
+<br />
+ÑÑидиÑеÑкого конÑÑлÑÑанÑа,
+<br /> <i>оÑвеÑÑика.</i> <br />
+<br />
+<br /> <b>РоÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° запÑÐ¾Ñ ÑазÑÑÑнений в
+<br />
+ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов
+<br />
+окÑÑга ÐолÑмбиÑ</b>
+<br />
+<br /> Ðоклад amicus curiae в лиÑе
+<br />
+Фонда Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ
+<br />
+в поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð·Ð°ÑвиÑелей
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION04000000000000000000">ÐнÑеÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñика</h3>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ пÑиводиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ Фонда
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ,
+благоÑвоÑиÑелÑной оÑганизаÑии Ñ Ð³Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¹
конÑоÑой в ÐоÑÑоне (ÑÑаÑ
+ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑ).<a id="tex2html1"
href="#foot151"><strong>[1]</strong></a> Фонд
+Ñбежден, ÑÑо лÑди Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑнÑ
изÑÑаÑÑ, пеÑедаваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг дÑÑÐ³Ñ Ð¸
+ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑми они
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+пеÑедаваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг дÑÑÐ³Ñ Ð¸ ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
кÑлинаÑнÑе ÑеÑепÑÑ, по коÑоÑÑм они
+гоÑовÑÑ, и ÑÑо пÑаво пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвободÑ
+вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком обÑеÑÑве. Фонд
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ доÑÑижением ÑÑой Ñели
+Ñ 1985 года, непоÑÑедÑÑвенно
ÑазÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ, а Ñакже
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¸
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, лиÑензиÑованнÑе
на
+ÑÑловиÑÑ
, позволÑÑÑиÑ
вÑем полÑзоваÑелÑм
копиÑоваÑÑ, изменÑÑÑ Ð¸
+пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока
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+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим Ñе же ÑамÑе ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, изменÑÑÑ Ð¸
+пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. Фонд ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
кÑÑпнейÑим ÑоÑазÑабоÑÑиком опеÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU (ÑиÑоко пÑименÑемой ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²
ваÑианÑе GNU/Linux длÑ
+ÑазнообÑазнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
пеÑÑоналÑнÑÑ
и заканÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑÑеÑами
+ÑÑпеÑкомпÑÑÑеÑов). ÐÑпÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñондом
СÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU
+пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑиÑоко
иÑполÑзÑемÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ “ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм”. Ðна ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº на
главнÑе компоненÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, Ñак и на деÑÑÑки ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
+пÑименÑемÑÑ
на деÑÑÑкаÑ
миллионов
компÑÑÑеÑов по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑ. Фонд
+глÑбоко заинÑеÑеÑован в пÑименении и
ÑазвиÑии авÑоÑÑкого пÑава Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑениÑ
+обмена, а Ñакже оÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñав полÑзоваÑелей
и обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION05000000000000000000">СÑÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑменÑаÑии</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+РдейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи Сонни [Ðоно] Ñ
оÑел,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑа авÑоÑÑкого пÑава длилаÑÑ
+веÑно.
+<br /> --ÐÑедÑÑ. ÐÑÑи Ðоно
+<br />
+144 ÐапиÑи ÐонгÑеÑÑа H9951 (ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ´Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñед. 7
окÑ. 1998)
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑли покойнÑй пÑедÑÑавиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ðоно бÑл
Ñбежден, ÑÑо Ñакое возможно, Ñо он
+оÑибалÑÑ. ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд заблÑждалÑÑ,
вÑноÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑановление о Ñом, ÑÑо
+конгÑеÑÑменÑ, ÑазделÑÑÑие его Ñели, могÑÑ
доÑÑиÑÑ Ñого, ÑÑо ÑвнÑм обÑазом
+запÑеÑено ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑией, еÑли они пÑоÑÑо
бÑдÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо ÑÑдом
+поÑледоваÑелÑнÑÑ
акÑов, а не единÑм
ÑÑаÑÑÑом.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐикÑо вÑеÑÑез не оÑÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼ÑÑлÑ, ÑÑо
ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑиÑÑ Ñвно
+недозволенной Ñели, Ñазделив ÑÑедÑÑва ее
доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° некоÑоÑое ÑиÑло
+законодаÑелÑнÑÑ
акÑов. Тем не менее
ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд поÑÑановил, ÑÑо до ÑеÑ
+поÑ, пока каждÑй оÑделÑно взÑÑÑй акÑ
ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑоÑно опÑеделенное
+ÑиÑловое пÑиÑаÑение, ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
пÑодлеваÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
+пÑав неопÑеделенно долго. ÐÑо заклÑÑение
наÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð² пÑÑмом пÑоÑивоÑеÑии Ñ
+ÑоÑмÑлиÑовкой ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве (ÑÑ. I, §8, паÑ. 8), в
+его еÑÑеÑÑвенном ÑмÑÑле. Ðолее Ñого,
конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ðнглии и
+ÐÑиÑанÑкой СевеÑной ÐмеÑики
недвÑÑмÑÑленно ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° важноÑÑÑ
+“огÑаниÑеннÑÑ
ÑÑоков” обладаниÑ
вÑеми монополиÑми, коÑоÑÑми
+наделÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑво, в ÑазÑÑд коÑоÑÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и паÑенÑÑ Ð²Ñ
одÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+ÑазновидноÑÑи. Само Ñо зло, коÑоÑое
пÑивело конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑÑ
законодаÑелей
+Ðнглии и ÐÑиÑанÑкой СевеÑной ÐмеÑики к
ÑомÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаиваÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑого
+огÑаниÑенном ÑÑоке коÑолевÑкиÑ
и
ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
монополий, а Ñакже к ÑомÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑо ÑÑебование в ÑоÑÑав
ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве ÑÑаÑÑи
+I,— Ñамо ÑÑо зло пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð²
пÑодлении задним ÑиÑлом ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
+авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав ÐкÑом Сонни Ðоно о
ÑаÑÑиÑении ÑÑока авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав (CTEA),
+Pub. L. No. 105-298, Title I, 112 Stat. 2827, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð² данном ÑÑдебном
пÑоÑеÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑÑеÑе авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав ÑÑебование
огÑаниÑенноÑÑи во вÑемени заÑиÑаеÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние, пÑедÑÑмаÑÑиваÑ
его поÑÑоÑнное
+обогаÑение. ÐбÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние —
Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей
+конÑÑиÑÑÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвободÑ
вÑÑажениÑ. Ðак Ñже пÑизнал в пÑоÑлом даннÑй
+ÑÑд, неÑколÑко аÑпекÑов ÑиÑÑемÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑебÑемÑе
+конÑÑиÑÑÑией огÑаниÑениÑ, налагаемÑе на
пÑиÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¸, пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ
+коÑоÑÑÑ ÑполномоÑен ÐонгÑеÑÑ. ÐгÑаниÑение
ÑÑока пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ñобо важное
+конÑÑиÑÑÑионное огÑаниÑение влаÑÑи
ÐонгÑеÑÑа не ÑолÑко в ÑвÑзи Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо
+оно пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð² Ñамом ÑекÑÑе — а
ÑÑо вÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвно
+подÑазÑмеваемÑÑ
огÑаниÑений, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ
добÑоÑовеÑÑнÑм иÑполÑзованием и
+диÑ
оÑомией
“идеївÑÑажение” — но Ñакже
+благодаÑÑ ÑÑнкÑии, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ вÑполнÑеÑ:
оÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñакого обÑедоÑÑÑпного
+ÑеÑÑÑÑа, как обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние.</p>
+
+<p>
+CTEA неконÑÑиÑÑÑионно ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑгÑозÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ,
+пÑенебÑÐµÐ³Ð°Ñ ÑÑно обознаÑеннÑм
ÑÑебованием огÑаниÑенноÑÑи ÑÑока. ÐÑли бÑ
+ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвовал в одноÑÑоÑоннем
поÑÑдке в ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑоков
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава (ÑÑо, по-видимомÑ,
ÐенеÑалÑнÑй ÑолиÑиÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑиÑаеÑ
+возможнÑм), пÑинÑдиÑелÑно вноÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
маÑеÑиал в обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние
+за деÑÑÑилеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑекÑÑиÑ
планов, Ñо
индÑÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава, неÑомненно,
+ÑаÑкÑиÑиковала Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑелÑнÑй
пÑоÑеÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº пÑиÑинÑÑÑий ей ÑÑеÑб. ÐÑли бÑ,
+Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, ÐонгÑеÑÑ ÑобиÑалÑÑ
пÑодлиÑÑ 50-леÑнÑÑ Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð´Ñ ÑедеÑалÑнÑÑ
+оÑганов на дополниÑелÑнÑе 99 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑекÑÑим ÑаÑÑенкам, Ñо, беÑÑпоÑно,
+поÑÑебовалаÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÐµÐ½ÑаÑиÑ. ÐонгÑеÑÑÑ
не должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾ ÑÑемлÑÑÑ
+инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва в возвÑаÑении в
обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние — ÑоÑно
+Ñак же, как ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ позволено оÑнимаÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
пеÑвонаÑалÑного ÑÑока Ñ
+пÑавообладаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑемлÑÑÑ
коммеÑÑеÑкие инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð°ÑендодаÑелей в
+веÑеÑÑвенной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи. ÐÑо Ñамое
малое, Ñего ÑÑебÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑионнаÑ
+ÑиÑÑема ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ, ÑоÑмÑлиÑовка
ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, а
+Ñакже иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
ÑÑадиÑий.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06000000000000000000">ÐÑгÑменÑаÑиÑ</h3>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">УÑÑедиÑели
пÑедполагали, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑдеÑ
ÑÑидиÑеÑкой монополией,
+коÑоÑой нагÑаждаÑÑ Ð·Ð° авÑоÑÑкие ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑÑого огÑаниÑенное вÑемÑ</h3>
+
+<p>
+Слова “на огÑаниÑеннÑе ÑÑоки”
поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÐаÑагÑаÑе об
+авÑоÑÑком пÑаве (ÑÑаÑÑÑ I, §8, паÑ. 8) в
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе длиÑелÑного и
+непÑиÑÑного опÑÑа ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð°,
ÑвÑзанного Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñми, коÑоÑÑми
+пÑемиÑовало гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво. С ÑемнадÑаÑого
века ÑÑебование огÑаниÑенноÑÑи ÑÑока
+бÑло оÑновнÑм конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑм меÑ
анизмом
боÑÑÐ±Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñми
+злоÑпоÑÑеблениÑми влаÑÑÑÑ, пÑиÑÑÑими
коÑолевÑким или ÑÑидиÑеÑким
+монополиÑм. ÐÑименение коÑолевой
ÐлизавеÑой паÑенÑнÑÑ
пиÑем,
+монополизиÑÑÑÑиÑ
опÑеделеннÑе ÑÑеÑÑ
пÑомÑÑленноÑÑи, как ÑпоÑоб полÑÑениÑ
+ÑÑедÑÑв Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑпÑаÑиваÑÑиÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° доÑ
одÑ, пÑивело к ÑÑÐ´ÐµÐ±Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑÑ
+<cite>ÐаÑÑи пÑоÑив Ðллена (дело о монополиÑÑ
),
11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603)</cite>,
+в коÑоÑом Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑолевÑкого паÑенÑа
на пÑоизводÑÑво и ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ
+игÑалÑнÑÑ
каÑÑ Ð±Ñла пÑизнана ниÑÑожной.
ÐаÑем Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑламенÑа
+поÑледовал СÑаÑÑÑ Ð¾ монополиÑÑ
(21 Jac. I,
c. 3) 1624 года, в
+коÑоÑом обÑÑвлÑлоÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑолÑко паÑламенÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑидиÑеÑкие
+монополии, огÑаниÑеннÑе новÑми
изобÑеÑениÑми, на ÑÑок, не пÑевоÑÑ
одÑÑий
+ÑеÑÑÑнадÑаÑи леÑ. <i>См.</i> 4 УилÑÑм ÐлекÑÑон,
<cite>ÐомменÑаÑии к законам
+Ðнглии</cite> *159 (1769). ÐÑо конÑÑиÑÑÑионное
огÑаниÑение бÑло наÑÑÑено
+ÐаÑлом I во вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑиода его деÑпоÑиÑного
лиÑного пÑавлениÑ; ÑÑо пÑивело к
+коÑолевÑким монополиÑм, вÑзвавÑим
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенное недоволÑÑÑво в годÑ,
+пÑедÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие ÐнглийÑкой гÑажданÑкой
войне. <i>См.</i> СеÑили ÐайолеÑ
+УÑджвÑд, <cite>ÐоÑолевÑкий миÑ</cite> 156-62 (1955).</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐмеÑиканÑкие колониÑÑÑ, наÑ
одÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾
вÑаждебнÑÑ
оÑноÑениÑÑ
Ñ Ñежимом ÐаÑла I,
+оÑÑеÑливо оÑознавали зло, пÑоиÑÑекаÑÑее
из гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
монополий; в
+колонии ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкого залива
ÐенеÑалÑнÑй ÑÑд Ñже в 1641 годÑ
+поÑÑановил, ÑÑо “не жалÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸ не
дозволÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ нами никакиÑ
+монополий, кÑоме монополий на новÑе
изобÑеÑениÑ, к вÑгоде Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑанÑ
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑемÑе, да и ÑеÑ
лиÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑаÑкое
вÑемє. <cite>ХаÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ обÑие
+Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¸ и пÑовинÑии
ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкого залива</cite> (ÐоÑÑон, 1814);
+Ñм. Ñакже ÐжоÑдж Ðи ÐаÑÐºÐ¸Ð½Ñ <cite>Ðакон и
влаÑÑи в СÑаÑом
+ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑе</cite> 130 (1960).</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðогда ÑоÑÑавлÑлÑÑ Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве 1709 года, знамениÑÑй
+“СÑаÑÑÑ Ðннє, ÑедакÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаивали
на огÑаниÑенном ÑÑоке, более
+жеÑÑком, Ñем пÑедлагали авÑоÑÑ, вклÑÑаÑ
Ðжона Ðокка; они взÑли
+ÑеÑÑÑнадÑаÑилеÑний пÑедел из СÑаÑÑÑа о
монополиÑÑ
. <i>См.</i> ÐаÑк Роз
+<cite>ÐвÑоÑÑ Ð¸ владелÑÑÑ: ÐзобÑеÑение
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава</cite> 44-47
+(1993). СÑок, ÑказаннÑй в СÑаÑÑÑе ÐннÑ,—
ÑеÑÑÑнадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ñ
+возобновлением еÑе на ÑеÑÑÑнадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ,
еÑли авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñл жив к конÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвого
+ÑÑока,— бÑл пÑинÑÑ ÐонгÑеÑÑом ÐеÑвого
ÑозÑва в Ðаконе об авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве 1790 года. <i>См.</i> <cite>Ðакон об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве
+1709 года</cite>, 8 Ðнна c 19; <cite>Ðакон 31 маÑ
+1790 года</cite>, 1 Stat. 124-25.</p>
+
+<p>
+УÑÑедиÑели ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии единодÑÑно
пÑинÑли мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð± огÑаниÑении ÑÑока
+авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав пÑи ÑоÑÑавлении ÑÑаÑÑи I,
без ÑодеÑжаÑелÑнÑÑ
+обÑÑждений. <i>См.</i> 2 ÐÐ°ÐºÑ Ð¤Ð°ÑÑанд,
<cite>ÐапиÑи ФедеÑалÑного ÑобÑаниÑ
+1787 года</cite>, 321-325, 505-510, 570, 595 (1937)<a id="tex2html2"
+href="#foot152"><strong>[2]</strong></a>. ÐоÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ñак, как
показало
+поÑледÑÑÑее заимÑÑвование ÑÑока из
СÑаÑÑÑа о монополиÑÑ
в Ðаконе об
+авÑоÑÑком пÑаве 1790 года, УÑÑедиÑели и
ÐонгÑеÑÑ ÐеÑвого ÑозÑва дейÑÑвовали
+в ÑÑловиÑÑ
полной оÑведомленноÑÑи о
долгой иÑÑоÑии деÑÑелÑноÑÑи по конÑÑолÑ
+ÑÑеÑба, наноÑимого ÑÑидиÑеÑкими
монополиÑми, поÑÑедÑÑвом огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑока.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑионное знаÑение ÑÑебованиÑ
“огÑаниÑеннÑÑ
ÑÑоков” нелÑзÑ
+извÑаÑаÑÑ, как ÑÑо делали Ð±Ñ ÑаÑÑÑждениÑ
ÐпеллÑÑионного ÑÑда, допÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÐонгÑеÑÑа возможноÑÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ
неогÑаниÑенно пÑодлеваемÑе ÑÑоки,— не
+более, Ñем позволÑÑ ÐонгÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
конÑÑиÑÑÑионное ÑÑебование
+оÑигиналÑноÑÑи. <cite>“ФейÑÑ
пабÑликейÑнє пÑоÑив “Ð ÑÑел
+ÑелеÑон ÑеÑвиє</cite>, 499 U.S. 340, 346-347 (1991).
ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй
+ÑÑд допÑÑÑил пÑинÑипиалÑнÑÑ Ð¾ÑибкÑ,
Ñделав заклÑÑение, ÑÑо “ни в
+ÑекÑÑе, ни в иÑÑоÑии Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего, ÑÑо
ÑказÑвало Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо ÑÑок дейÑÑвиÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава не “огÑаниÑен во
вÑемени”, еÑли он впоÑледÑÑвии
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑиÑен до дÑÑгого
“огÑаниÑенного
+вÑемени””. <cite>ÐлдÑед пÑоÑив Рено</cite>,
239 F.3d 372, 379
+(CADC 2001). Ð ÑвÑзи Ñ ÑÑим Ðакон о ÑаÑÑиÑении
ÑÑока авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав не
+должен ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð² изолÑÑии. ÐопÑоÑ
в Ñом, еÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо-либо в ÑекÑÑе
+или в иÑÑоÑии, делаÑÑее
анÑиконÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑми одиннадÑаÑÑ
пÑодлений ÑÑока
+монополий за поÑледние ÑоÑок леÑ, коÑоÑÑе
пÑивели по ÑÑÑи к пÑекÑаÑениÑ
+ÑоÑÑа обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ,
опеÑаÑанного пеÑед лиÑом ÑÑда законом,
+коÑоÑÑй оÑкладÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
оÑделÑно взÑÑого авÑоÑÑкого пÑава на
+деÑÑÑилеÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">ÐÑÑоÑиÑеÑкаÑ
полиÑика, Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, ÑовеÑÑенно
+необÑ
одима Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑоглаÑованиÑ
авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой монополии Ñ ÑиÑÑемой
ÑвободÑ
+вÑÑажениÑ</h3>
+
+<p>
+Ðак ни важен пÑинÑип огÑаниÑенноÑÑи во
вÑемени Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñего ÑÑегÑлиÑованиÑ
+ÑÑеÑбов, пÑоиÑÑекаÑÑиÑ
из ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
монополий, в ÑÑеÑе авÑоÑÑкого пÑава он
+ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ ÐµÑе более кÑиÑиÑной Ñели.
ÐгÑаниÑение ÑÑока авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
+гаÑанÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнное пополнение
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ, ÑÑого обÑиÑного
+Ñ
ÑанилиÑа обÑей кÑлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑеловеÑеÑÑва.
ÐбÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
+ÑÑамплин обÑеÑÑвенного ÑвоÑÑеÑÑва, зонÑ
Ñвободного воÑпÑоизводÑÑва и обмена,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñий.
Ðак изÑÑно показал ÐоÑай ÐенклеÑ,
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвование жизнеÑпоÑобного и
ÑаÑÑÑÑего обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ
пÑимиÑÑеÑ
+иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑе пÑава ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñами ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвободÑ
+вÑÑажениÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐеÑваÑ
попÑавка. <i>См.</i> ÐоÑай ÐенклеÑ,
+<cite>Свободен как веÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñего
полÑзованиÑ: ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка
+огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑемление обÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниÑ</cite> 74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354,
+386-394 (1999). СÑд допÑÑÑил оÑибкÑ, оÑклонÑÑ Ñ
легкоÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑвиÑелей
+каÑаÑелÑно ÐеÑвой попÑавки. СнаÑала ÑÑоÑ
ÑÑд заÑвил, ÑÑо ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐеÑвой
+попÑавки “каÑегоÑиÑеÑки”
ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑием междÑ
+вÑÑажением и идеей, а Ñакже Ñем, ÑÑо лÑбой
маÑеÑиал, на коÑоÑÑй
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, вÑ
одиÑ
в ÑÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑовеÑÑного
+иÑполÑзованиÑ, а ÑÑало бÑÑÑ, наÑÑолÑко
оÑноваÑелÑно заÑиÑен Ñ ÑоÑки зÑениÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ, ÑÑо Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÐеÑваÑ
попÑавка заÑÑагиваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑ. 239
+F.3d, на 375-376.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑоÑка зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
веÑной. СÑд ÑоглаÑилÑÑ Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо
+попÑÑка ÐонгÑеÑÑа ÑделаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
веÑнÑм <i>в Ñакой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке</i>
+бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑена ÑекÑÑом ÐаÑагÑаÑа об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве. <i>Там же</i>,
+377. Ðо даже еÑли маневÑ, ÑоÑÑоÑÑий в
доÑÑижении веÑноÑÑи по ÑаÑÑÑм,
+поÑледоваÑелÑнÑми пÑодлениÑми Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑной
Ñилой, каким-Ñо обÑазом обÑ
одиÑ
+пÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑÐ¸Ñ ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве, ÑÑо Ñем ÑамÑм не оÑменÑеÑ
+ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ ÐеÑвой попÑавки. Ðак вÑÑазилÑÑ
великий иÑÑледоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
+Ðелвилл ÐиммеÑ,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ÐÑли Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²ÐµÑно владеÑÑ Ð·ÐµÐ¼Ð»ÐµÐ¹ в наÑей
ÑÑÑане, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑ
+веÑно и <cite>ÐлиÑой в СÑÑане ÑÑдеÑ</cite>? ÐÑвеÑ
Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÐеÑвой
+попÑавке. ÐÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ аÑпекÑа ÑвободÑ
Ñлова, коÑоÑÑй нÑжно ÑÑавновеÑиваÑÑ Ð²
+ÑÑеÑб веÑного Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÑзаемой
веÑеÑÑвенной и лиÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑÑ.
Такой
+аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова еÑÑÑ Ð² оÑноÑении
лиÑеÑаÑÑÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, Ñо еÑÑÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Ðелвилл Ð. ÐиммеÑ, <cite>СокÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво гаÑанÑии ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова
+и пÑеÑÑÑ, даннÑе ÐеÑвой попÑавкой?</cite>, 17 UCLA
L. Rev. 1180, 1193
+(1970). </p>
+
+<p>
+РавнÑм обÑазом ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд не
вÑÑÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжки в поÑÑановлениÑÑ
+ÑÑого ÑÑда. ÐапÑоÑив, как ÑвÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·
ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеннÑÑ
ÑÑим ÑÑдом пÑеÑеденÑов,
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и ÑвÑзаннÑе Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
ÑÑидиÑеÑкие монополии на вÑÑажение должнÑ
+ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ, как лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ñма,
каÑаÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑеÑи, ÑÑебованиÑм ÐеÑвой
+попÑавки. Рделе “ÐаÑÐ¿ÐµÑ & РоÑ
паблиÑеÑÑ” пÑоÑив
+“ÐейÑн ÑнÑеÑпÑайзеє, 471 U.S. 539 (1985),
ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд оÑклонил Ñо,
+ÑÑо он оÑ
аÑакÑеÑизовал как “иÑклÑÑение
из авÑоÑÑкого пÑава длÑ
+обÑеÑÑвенной ÑигÑÑÑ”, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½
наÑел доÑÑаÑоÑнÑм, ÑÑо
+“гаÑанÑии ÐеÑвой попÑавки Ñже вклÑÑенÑ
в ÑазлиÑие Ðаконом об авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве междÑ... ÑакÑами и идеÑми, а
пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑво Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑной деÑÑелÑноÑÑи и
+кÑиÑики ÑÑадиÑионно обеÑпеÑивалоÑÑ
докÑÑиной добÑоÑовеÑÑного
+иÑполÑзованиє. <i>Там же</i>, на 560. Таким
обÑазом, по заÑвлениÑ
+ÑÑда, он не наÑел “никакиÑ
оÑнований”
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑнейÑего ÑаÑÑиÑениÑ
+докÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑовеÑÑного иÑполÑзованиÑ.
<i>Там же</i>. ÐÑо никоим обÑазом не
+подÑазÑмеваеÑ, как по каким-Ñо
ÑообÑажениÑм ÑеÑил ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд, ÑÑо
+пÑеÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ñ “ÐаÑÐ¿ÐµÑ & Роє ÑÑоиÑ
“непÑеодолимой”
+пÑегÑадой пеÑед вÑеми возÑажениÑми ÐеÑвой
попÑавки пÑоÑив поÑледÑÑÑиÑ
+авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовÑÑ
законодаÑелÑнÑÑ
акÑов.
<i>См.</i> 239 F.3d, на 375. Рделе
+“Сан-ФÑанÑиÑко аÑÑÑ & аÑлеÑикє
пÑоÑив ÐлимпийÑкого комиÑеÑа
+СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов 483 U.S. 522 (1987) ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд
пÑименил ÑÑандаÑÑнÑй анализ
+ÐеÑвой попÑавки к законÑ, ÑегÑлиÑÑÑÑемÑ
оÑобÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ÑанÑ, ÑÑ
однÑÑ Ñ ÑоваÑнÑм
+знаком, к ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ “олимпийÑкий”,
поÑÑавив вопÑоÑ
+“пÑевоÑÑ
одÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ побоÑнÑе огÑаниÑениÑ
Ñвобод ÐеÑвой попÑавки
+необÑ
одимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑимÑлиÑованиÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенного доÑ
ода
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва”. <i>Там же</i>, на 537 (ÑиÑаÑа
опÑÑена).</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка не ÑеÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°ÐºÑÑма
огÑаниÑенноÑÑи вÑÑажениÑ. Создание новÑÑ
+пÑоизведений поÑÑедÑÑвом кÑиÑики,
подÑажаниÑ, пеÑеÑмоÑÑа и пеÑеоÑоÑмлениÑ
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑего маÑеÑиала ÑоÑÑавлÑеÑ
неоÑÑемлемÑй пÑизнак ÑазвиÑой кÑлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾
+вÑеÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑваÑ
, маÑÑеÑÑÑваÑ
и наÑкаÑ
.
ÐеÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑоÑÑо ÑÑд
+незавиÑимÑÑ
докÑÑин, но “ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениє. <i>См.</i>
+Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð. ÐмеÑÑон, <cite>СиÑÑема ÑвободÑ
вÑÑажениÑ</cite> (1970). ÐаÑа
+конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑивеÑженноÑÑÑ
“беÑпÑепÑÑÑÑвеннÑм, ÑÑÑойÑивÑм и ÑиÑоко
+оÑкÑÑÑÑм” обÑеÑÑвеннÑм диÑкÑÑÑиÑм
(“ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк Таймє пÑоÑив
+Салливана, 376 U.S. 254, 270 (1964)), “ÑÑнкÑ
идей” (ÐбÑамÑ
+пÑоÑив Рено пÑоÑив СоÑза амеÑиканÑкиÑ
гÑажданÑкиÑ
Ñвобод, 521 U.S. 844, 885
+(1997), ÑÑ. СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919),
где ни Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+влаÑÑей не допÑÑкаеÑÑÑ “пÑедпиÑÑваÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+оÑÑодокÑалÑнÑм”. Ðело ÐбÑазоваÑелÑнÑй
ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÑ Ðападной ÐиÑджинии пÑоÑив
+ÐаÑнеÑÑа, 319 U.S. 624, 642 (1943), ÑÑебÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
ÑмоÑÑели Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим
+ÑкепÑиÑизмом на вÑе огÑаниÑениÑ
ÑоÑмиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹. ÐаконÑ,
+ÑпоÑобÑÑвÑÑÑие ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¹ на
вÑÑажение идей, пÑи пÑименении
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¿ÑовеÑкÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
заÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи ÑÑндаменÑалÑнейÑие
+ÑвободÑ. ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве не
оÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑеализÑÑÑее его
+законодаÑелÑÑÑво Ð¾Ñ Ñакой пÑовеÑки, а
ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипÑ, позволÑÑÑие
+ÑÑидиÑеÑким монополиÑм ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑвоваÑÑ Ñо
Ñвободой вÑÑажениÑ. ÐÑинÑип
+огÑаниÑенноÑÑи во вÑемени пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
далеко не ÑамÑй малознаÑиÑелÑнÑй из
+ÑÑиÑ
пÑинÑипов. ÐÑказÑваÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ Ð½ÑнеÑнего
+законодаÑелÑного пÑоÑеÑÑа в более ÑиÑоком
конÑекÑÑе полиÑики ÐонгÑеÑÑа в
+оÑноÑении поÑÑепенного неогÑаниÑенного
повалÑного пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав и
+в ÑвÑзи Ñ ÑелÑми, ÑÑÑанавливаемÑми Ñамим
ÐаÑагÑаÑом об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
+ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд не вÑполнил Ñвоей
обÑзанноÑÑи заÑиÑаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑÑеннÑе инÑеÑеÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ.</p>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">ÐеогÑаниÑенное
ÑаÑÑиÑение ÑÑока монополии на
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие авÑоÑÑкие ÑабоÑÑ
+неÑовмеÑÑимо как Ñ ÐаÑагÑаÑом об
авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, Ñак и Ñ ÐеÑвой попÑавкой</h4>
+
+<p>
+Ðменно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñоздание иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑÑ
пÑав на вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾
+ÑопÑÑжено Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой опаÑноÑÑÑÑ
монополизаÑии идей, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑоÑÑÑеÑÑвованиÑ
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава и ÐеÑвой попÑавки
жизненно важно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑе
+пÑава на вÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ñли огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¾
вÑемени. Ркакой-Ñо конкÑеÑнÑй моменÑ
+вÑе иÑклÑÑаÑÑие пÑава должнÑ
пÑекÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ. Ðо наÑей ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии
пÑекÑаÑение
+дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав на лÑбое
пÑоизведение необÑаÑимо пеÑÐµÐ´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>
+С ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии ÑÑо
пÑекÑаÑение обÑзаÑелÑно. РконÑекÑÑе
паÑенÑов
+ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд опиÑÑвал Ñакое пÑекÑаÑение как
“ÑÑловие” Ñого, ÑÑо
+пÑоизведение, на коÑоÑое ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ
вÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑидиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ,
+пеÑÐµÐ¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð² обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние по
иÑÑеÑении ÑÑока
+паÑенÑа. “ÐанÑÑакÑÑÑа СингеÑа”
пÑоÑив “ÐанÑÑакÑÑÑÑ
+ÐжÑна”, 163 U.S. 169, 185 (1896).</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑевиднÑй
конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑй пÑинÑип, ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд
+поÑÑановил, ÑÑо ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ
веÑноÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав поÑÑолÑкÑ,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½ бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо
поÑледоваÑелÑно, поÑÑоÑнно пÑодлÑÑ Ð²Ñе
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие авÑоÑÑкие пÑава на
номиналÑно “огÑаниÑеннÑе”
+ÑÑоки. ÐÑо поÑÑановление пÑоÑивоÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
+Ñак и ÐеÑвой попÑавке. ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд
оÑибоÑно поÑÑановил, ÑледÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
+же пÑеÑеденÑÑ, <i>Ñм.</i> Ð¨Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¿ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Фоли,
667 F.2d 102, 112 (CADC
+1981), ÑÑо ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑаза, ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑаÑ
ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
+пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐонгÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво
“ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñки и
+полезнÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑв, обеÑпеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
огÑаниÑеннÑе ÑÑоки авÑоÑов и изобÑеÑаÑелей
+иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑм пÑавом на иÑ
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвенно пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
оÑкÑÑÑиє,
+не Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐºÐ»Ð°ÑаÑией Ñели никакого
ÑÑÑеÑÑвенного огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÐонгÑеÑÑ. Ðо ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд пÑизнал,
как и Ñледовало, ÑÑо пÑеÑеденÑÑ
+ÑÑого ÑÑда ÑÑно показÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо влаÑÑÑ
ÐонгÑеÑÑа в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи
+огÑаниÑена ÐаÑагÑаÑом об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве,
и Ñаким обÑазом, его дейÑÑвиÑ
+напÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñазделение единой ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð¸Ð·
двадÑаÑи одного Ñлова и
+демонÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñого, ÑÑо пеÑвÑе ÑеÑÑÑ Ñлов
по каким-Ñо пÑиÑинам конÑÑиÑÑÑионно
+не знаÑимÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд ÑнаÑала поÑÑановил в <cite>ÐелаÑ
о
ÑоваÑнÑÑ
знакаÑ
</cite>, 100
+U.S. 82 (1879), а заÑем подÑвеÑдил в ÑиÑиÑованном
вÑÑе деле ФейÑÑа, 499
+U.S., на 346-47, ÑÑо ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии не
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑнижаÑÑ ÑÑебование
+оÑигиналÑноÑÑи, ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвие
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава на авÑоÑÑкие ÑабоÑÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ñже ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑими
вÑÑажениÑми, или на Ñакие, в коÑоÑÑÑ
+ÑабоÑа авÑоÑа по ÑобиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
каÑалогизаÑии ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑей инÑоÑмаÑии не
неÑеÑ
+“зеÑна ÑвоÑÑеÑÑва”, коÑоÑое
ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑией. Ðднако
+ÑоглаÑно ÐпеллÑÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑдÑ, пÑинÑип
оÑигиналÑноÑÑи поÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+иÑклÑÑиÑелÑно из Ñлов
“пÑоизведениѓ и “авÑоє, не
+полÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð¸ малейÑей поддеÑжки Ñо ÑÑоÑонÑ
деклаÑаÑии назнаÑениÑ, коÑоÑÑм
+оÑкÑÑваеÑÑÑ ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
дÑÑгиÑ
пеÑеÑиÑлений
+законодаÑелÑнÑÑ
возможноÑÑей в ÑÑаÑÑе I,
§8 налиÑием деклаÑаÑии
+назнаÑениÑ; ÑолÑко он “опиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
ÑелÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
+поÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед Ñобой, Ñак и ÑÑедÑÑва к ее
доÑÑижениє. ÐолÑдÑÑейн
+пÑоÑив ÐалиÑоÑнии, 412 U.S. 546, 555 (1973). ÐÑинÑÑие
ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑагÑаÑа,
+оÑÑиÑаÑÑее ÑÑидиÑеÑкое дейÑÑвие Ñлов,
коÑоÑÑе ÑоÑÑавиÑели ÑпеÑиалÑно и
+неÑипиÑно вклÑÑили в его ÑоÑÑав,
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимой манеÑÑ
+инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑии ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðднако даже без ÑÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑало
паÑагÑаÑа пÑедÑдÑÑие заÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого ÑÑда
+показÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд невеÑно
понимал задаÑÑ
+инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑии. ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ñлова “огÑаниÑеннÑе
+ÑÑоки” ÑиÑÑо ÑоÑмалÑно, Ñак ÑÑо —
поÑле деÑÑÑи пÑедÑдÑÑиÑ
+пеÑекÑÑваÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¿Ñодлений, наÑавÑиÑ
ÑÑ
в 1962 годÑ, ÑдеÑживаÑÑиÑ
по
+ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð²Ñе пÑоизведениÑ, авÑоÑÑкие
пÑава коÑоÑÑÑ
иÑÑекли бÑ, Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
ода в
+обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние на вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸
Ñелого Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — новое
+пÑодление ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑоков еÑе на
двадÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
вопÑоÑов о
конÑÑиÑÑÑионноÑÑи, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ðµ
пÑодление на
+двадÑаÑилеÑний пеÑиод ÑиÑленно
огÑаниÑено. Ðднако ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамÑй ÑоÑмалÑнÑй
+анÑиконÑекÑÑнÑй подÑ
од к Ñловам пÑивел бÑ
к ÑомÑ, ÑÑо бÑло оÑвеÑгнÑÑо ÑÑим
+ÑÑдом в деле ФейÑÑа: ÑелеÑоннÑе каÑалоги,
беÑÑпоÑно, ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
+“пÑоизведениÑми” в Ñом же Ñамом
иÑкалеÑенном ÑмÑÑле, в каком
+пÑодление ÑÑока, введенное законом Сонни
Ðоно, “огÑаниÑено”.</p>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">ÐÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка
запÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ñе законодаÑелÑнÑе
дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении пÑав
+ÑизиÑеÑкой ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи, и не ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ
конÑÑиÑÑÑионного опÑавданиÑ
+допÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² оÑноÑении ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ
Ñого, ÑÑо недопÑÑÑимо в оÑноÑении
+обÑÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи</h4>
+
+<p>
+Ðо логике поÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐпеллÑÑионного
ÑÑда, коÑоÑÑÑ, оÑевидно, поддеÑживаеÑ
+в ÑÑом ÑÑде генеÑалÑнÑй ÑолиÑиÑоÑ,
ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑовеÑÑи закон,
+ÑокÑаÑаÑÑий ÑÑок ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав, пеÑемеÑÑив кÑÑпнÑй коÑпÑÑ
+пÑоизведений, на коÑоÑÑе в наÑÑоÑÑее вÑемÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкие пÑава,
+в обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½
пÑоÑÑо ÑказÑвал, ÑÑо ÑÑок авÑоÑÑкиÑ
+пÑав ÑокÑаÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑеÑÑÑнадÑаÑи леÑ,
ÑоглаÑно ÐпеллÑÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑдÑ, ÑÑо
+ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑебованиÑ
“огÑаниÑеннÑÑ
ÑÑоков”, и Ñ ÑÑдов не
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð° ÑазмÑÑлÑÑÑ, ÑодейÑÑвовала
ли ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑемена пÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñки и
+полезнÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑв, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
пÑавообладаÑелей вполне можно бÑло бÑ
ожидаÑÑ
+возÑажений, ÑÑо Ñакое изменение
длиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав
+лиÑило иÑ
вÑгод, коÑоÑÑми
“авÑоÑÑко-пÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñделка” ÑкобÑ
+“обеÑпеÑиваеє иÑ
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+
+<p>
+Ðо авÑоÑÑко-пÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñделка Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ
ÑÑоÑонÑ: она
+“обеÑпеÑиваеє авÑоÑов огÑаниÑенной
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+пеÑеÑ
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пеÑеÑ
ода за ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвой ÑÑоÑонÑ
+конÑепÑÑалÑно ниÑем не оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ÑвелиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¸ пÑавообладаÑелей
+за ÑÑÐµÑ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
ода, Ñо еÑÑÑ Ð²ÑгодÑ
обÑеÑÑва в Ñелом Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑажениÑ. СокÑаÑение или
ÑÑÑÑанение обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+повÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑов,
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
Ñже бÑли ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ
+ÑаÑÑеÑом на Ñже пÑедоÑÑавлÑемÑе пÑава, не
ÑодейÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ и не
+ÑÑиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ важнÑе инÑеÑеÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова, ÑÑебÑÑÑие здоÑового
+обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ.<a id="tex2html3"
+href="#foot138"><strong>[3]</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+ТоÑно Ñак же ÐаÑагÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð± изÑÑÑии ÐÑÑой
попÑавки не допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ñакой
+безвозмездной законодаÑелÑной пеÑеменÑ
ÑÑловий ÑкÑплÑаÑаÑии веÑеÑÑвенной
+ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи. ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво — ÑÑо
не ÑдивиÑелÑно в ÑвеÑе его
+пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· обÑÑного пÑава —
пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑи знакомÑÑ
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ “владений” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
ÑабоÑ, наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑа
+ÑÑока в годаÑ
или пожизненного плÑÑ ÑÑока
в годаÑ
, Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
одом в
+обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑд
поÑÑановил, ÑÑо законодаÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑемена
+ÑакиÑ
владений, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑниÑÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
ода
+веÑеÑÑвенной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи Ñ ÑелÑÑ
пеÑеÑаÑпÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑнÑми
+ÑÑоÑонами, пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ “пÑблиÑное
полÑзование” в ÑеÑминаÑ
+ÐаÑагÑаÑа об изÑÑÑии, и не пÑоÑивоÑеÑиÑ
ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии в ÑлÑÑае
+компенÑаÑии. “Ðавайи Ñ
аÑзинг
оÑоÑиÑи” пÑоÑив ÐидкиÑÑа, 467
+U.S. 229 (1984). Ðо никÑо не говоÑил, ÑÑо ÐонгÑеÑÑ
или законодаÑели ÑÑаÑов
+могли Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ маÑÑовой
пеÑедаÑи ÑоÑÑоÑний аÑендаÑоÑам
+поÑÑедÑÑвом пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑоков вÑеÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
договоÑов аÑендÑ, иÑклÑÑаÑ
+или оÑÐ¾Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° неопÑеделеннÑй ÑÑок
возвÑаÑение обÑекÑа владелÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
+вÑплаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÐµÐ½ÑаÑии.</p>
+
+<p>
+То, ÑÑо ÐÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка запÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²
оÑноÑении наÑÑÑений ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
пÑав на
+веÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ, не должно
бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимо Ñам, где пÑава,
+ÑниÑÑожаемÑе изменениÑми в
законодаÑелÑÑÑве на пÑава ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи,
+пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñава на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова и
пÑбликаÑии. ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд,
+оÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑвиÑелÑм, ÑаÑÑмаÑÑивал иÑ
как
лиÑ, пÑÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñава
+на полÑзование ÑабоÑами, авÑоÑÑкими
пÑавами на коÑоÑÑе обладаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие. 239
+F.3d, на 376. ÐаÑвиÑели, напÑоÑив, пÑеÑендовали
на Ñвое конÑÑиÑÑÑионное
+пÑаво полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоизведениÑми, коÑоÑÑе
воÑли Ð±Ñ Ð² обÑеÑÑвенное доÑÑоÑние
+(как ÑÑо ÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¼,
дейÑÑвовавÑим на моменÑ, когда
пÑедоÑÑавлÑлиÑÑ
+конкÑеÑнÑе ÑÑидиÑеÑкие монополии, бÑвÑие
пÑедмеÑом ÑазбиÑаÑелÑÑÑва), еÑли бÑ
+не имело меÑÑо неконÑÑиÑÑÑионное
вмеÑаÑелÑÑÑво ÐонгÑеÑÑа.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">РеалÑнÑе ÑгÑозÑ
злоÑпоÑÑÐµÐ±Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ коÑÑÑпÑии опÑавдÑваÑÑ
ÑÑÑогий
+конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑй конÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑениÑ
ÑÑока ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
монополий</h3>
+
+<p>
+Ð ÑеÑение пеÑвого века наÑей ÑеÑпÑблики
ÑÑок авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав ÑвелиÑивалÑÑ
+один Ñаз. Ð ÑеÑение ÑледÑÑÑиÑ
ÑемидеÑÑÑи
Ð»ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑвелиÑили еÑе один
+Ñаз. С 1962 года ÑÑок авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав
ÑвелиÑивали ÑегÑлÑÑно Ñ
+пÑиÑаÑениÑми Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ года до двадÑаÑи
леÑ, и пÑиÑок пÑоизведений
+СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов в обÑеÑÑвенное
доÑÑоÑние поÑÑи пÑекÑаÑилÑÑ. ÐÑедлагаемÑй
+на ÑаÑÑмоÑÑение ÑÑого ÑÑда
законодаÑелÑнÑй Ð°ÐºÑ Ð¾ÑкладÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑение
пÑав на
+маÑеÑиал, заÑиÑеннÑй ÐеÑвой попÑавкой, длÑ
вÑеÑ
, кÑоме владелÑÑев
+ÑÑидиÑеÑкиÑ
монополий, еÑе на одно
поколение.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðикакой поÑÑдок законодаÑелÑÑÑва не мог
Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑÑно ÑказаÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвие
+именно ÑеÑ
зол, пÑоÑив коÑоÑÑÑ
боÑолиÑÑ
УÑÑедиÑели ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии, а Ñакже иÑ
+пÑедÑеÑи, и коÑоÑÑе дали Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÐаÑагÑаÑÑ
об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве и его ÑÑебованиÑ
+“огÑаниÑеннÑÑ
ÑÑоков”. Ðогда наÑи
пÑедÑеÑÑвенники в боÑÑбе за
+конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ опаÑноÑÑÑ
коÑÑÑпÑии в пÑедоÑÑавлении
+монополий, опаÑноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ имели в
видÑ, пÑоиÑÑекала Ð¾Ñ Ð¸ÑполниÑелей,
+коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ ÑпоÑÑебиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñакие монополии
+в ÑелÑÑ
ÑбоÑа ÑÑедÑÑв незавиÑимо оÑ
законодаÑелей. РнаÑе вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо законодаÑели, коÑоÑÑм
ÑÑаÑÑей I, §8 пÑедоÑÑавлена
+влаÑÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ Ñакие монополии,
воÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой влаÑÑÑÑ Ðº вÑгоде
+пÑавообладаÑелей за ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвенного
доÑÑоÑниÑ. Такое
+пÑименение — Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑд
+ÑаÑÑнÑÑ
воÑÑин к вÑгоде монополиÑÑов,
коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð²ÑаÑаÑÑ
+малÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñной ÑенÑÑ,
извлекаемой Ñаким обÑазом из наÑелениÑ, в
+ÑоÑме пожеÑÑвований на кампании —
ÐонгÑеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑено пÑоÑÑой
+ÑоÑмÑлиÑовкой ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком
пÑаве и ÐеÑвой попÑавкой. ÐÑименение
+повÑоÑнÑÑ
пÑомежÑÑоÑнÑÑ
пÑодлений длÑ
доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑекÑа веÑноÑÑи не менее
+опаÑно, Ñем единÑй законодаÑелÑнÑй акÑ,
коÑоÑÑй по ÑоглаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑÑоÑон бÑл
+Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑм. ÐапÑоÑив, ÑакаÑ
законодаÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑика повÑÑаеÑ
+опаÑноÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÑпÑии, не ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÑÑеÑба длÑ
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION07000000000000000000">ÐаклÑÑение</h3>
+
+<p>
+Ðозможно, покойнÑй пÑедÑÑавиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ðоно и в
Ñамом деле бÑл Ñбежден, ÑÑо
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво должно длиÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно. То,
ÑÑо лÑбой законодаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
+пÑидеÑживаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого мнениÑ, говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾
велиÑине Ñой опаÑноÑÑи длÑ
+оÑновополагаÑÑей ÑаÑÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвободÑ
вÑÑажениÑ, в какой мÑ
+оказалиÑÑ. ÐÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÐ´Ñ ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑановиÑÑ,
ÑÑо пÑодление ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑоков
+авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑав в законе Ðоно наÑÑÑаеÑ
ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐаÑагÑаÑа об авÑоÑÑком
+пÑаве и ÐеÑвой попÑавки. РеÑение
ÐпеллÑÑионного ÑÑда ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑмениÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐлагодаÑÑ Ð·Ð° внимание.
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ðбен Ðоглен
+<br /> СÑдебнÑй ÑекÑеÑаÑÑ
+<br />
+ÐÐ 10027, ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк
+<br />
+116 ÐеÑÑ-ÑÑÑиÑ, 435
+<br /> (212) 854-8382 <br />
+<br />
+СекÑеÑаÑÑ amicus curiae
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul>
+<li><a id="foot151" href="#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a> СекÑеÑаÑи
обеиÑ
ÑÑоÑон
+вÑÑазили ÑоглаÑие пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÑоÑ
доклад, и ÑÑи ÑоглаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñли пÑедÑÑавленÑ
+клеÑком ÑÑого ÑÑда. СекÑеÑаÑи ни одной из
ÑÑоÑон не пÑиÑаÑÑÐ½Ñ Ðº ÑоÑÑавлениÑ
+ÑÑого доклада, и ни одно лиÑо, кÑоме amicus curiae
и его ÑекÑеÑаÑÑ, не
+вноÑили никакого денежного вклада в его
подгоÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÑ Ð¸ вÑпÑÑк.</li>
+
+<li><a id="foot152" href="#tex2html2"><sup>2</sup></a>
ÐдинÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ñавка
+ÑоÑÑоÑла в замене ÑÑазÑ, пеÑвонаÑалÑно
пÑедложенной ЧаÑлÑзом Ðикни из Южной
+ÐаÑолинÑ, ÑÑо монополии пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ
на “опÑеделенное”
+вÑемÑ. <i>См.</i> 3 <i>Ñам же</i>, на 122.</li>
+
+<li><a id="foot138" href="#tex2html3"><sup>3</sup></a>
ÐпеллÑÑионнÑй ÑÑд Ñвел к
+минимÑÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñение обеднениÑ
обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ, когда заÑвил, ÑÑо
+“ÑоÑ
Ñанение доÑÑÑпа к ÑабоÑам, коÑоÑÑе
в пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае
+иÑÑезаÑÑ — не вÑ
одÑÑ Ð² обÑеÑÑвенное
доÑÑоÑние, а
+иÑÑезаÑÑ — “ÑодейÑÑвÑеÑ
пÑогÑеÑÑÑ” наÑÑолÑко же
+неÑомненно, наÑколÑко ÑÑимÑлиÑÑеÑ
Ñоздание новÑÑ
Ñабоє. 239 F.3d, на
+379. ÐÑо оÑÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑлка на заÑвлениÑ,
вÑдвинÑÑÑе пÑавообладаÑелÑми в
+пÑоÑеÑÑе законодаÑелÑÑÑва, о Ñом, ÑÑо
опÑеделеннÑе клаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑ, в ÑаÑÑноÑÑи
+ÑилÑмÑ, не ÑоÑ
ÑанÑлиÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑизиÑеÑки, еÑли
Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава не
+бÑла пÑодлена. ÐоÑÑаÑоÑно напомниÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ñакой пÑинÑип вознагÑаждениÑ
+монополий авÑоÑÑкого пÑава пÑоÑивоÑеÑиÑ
конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑебованиÑ
+оÑигиналÑноÑÑи: ÐонгÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можеÑ
голоÑоваÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑоÑ
Ñанение книг, ÑилÑмов или
+мÑзÑки Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑи Ñ
ÑаниÑелÑ
ÑÑидиÑеÑкой монополии копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ð¸Ð»Ð°ÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑелÑе
деÑÑÑилеÑиÑ.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2002 Ðбен Ðоглен</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted
+worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the
+copyright notice, are preserved. </p><p> (ÐÑквалÑное
копиÑование и
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение вÑей ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи
ÑазÑеÑено по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð½Ð¾ на
+лÑбом ноÑиÑеле пÑи ÑÑловии, ÑÑо ÑÑо
пÑимеÑание и пÑимеÑание об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
+пÑаваÑ
ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑÑÑ)</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2017/12/29 12:00:44 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/eldred-amicus.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/eldred-amicus.ru-en.html
diff -N po/eldred-amicus.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/eldred-amicus.ru-en.html 29 Dec 2017 12:00:46 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,895 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.78 -->
+<title>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation, GNU, Linux,
freedom, software, power, rights, copyright, extension, opinion, eldred,
ashcroft, mickey mouse, law, disney, sonny bono, retroactive, perpetual" />
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/eldred-amicus.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>FSF's Brief Amicus Curiae, Eldred v. Ashcroft</h2>
+
+<!--
+original version by: Nikos Drakos, CBLU, University of Leeds
+* revised and updated by: Marcus Hennecke, Ross Moore, Herb Swan
+* with significant contributions from:
+ Jens Lippmann, Marek Rouchal, Martin Wilck and others -->
+
+<p>
+[ This file is also available
+in <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.ps">PostScript</a>
+and <a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.pdf">PDF</a> formats. ]
+</p>
+
+<p style="text-align:center">
+No. 01-618
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+I<small>N </small>T<small>HE</small>
+<br /> <b>Supreme Court of the United States</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+E<small>RIC </small>E<small>LDRED</small>, <i>et al.</i>,
+<br /> <i>Petitioners,</i> <br />
+<br />
+v. <br />
+<br />
+J<small>OHN </small>D. A<small>SHCROFT</small>, In his official capacity
+<br />
+as Attorney General,
+<br /> <i>Respondent.</i> <br />
+<br />
+<br /> <b>On Writ of Certiorari to the United States
+<br />
+Court of Appeals for the
+<br />
+District of Columbia Circuit</b>
+<br />
+<br /> <b>Brief <i>Amicus Curiae</i> of the
+<br />
+Free Software Foundation
+<br />
+in Support of Petitioners</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small>
+<br /> <i>Counsel of record</i>
+<br />
+435 West 116th Street
+<br />
+New York, NY 10027
+<br /> (212) 854-8382 <br />
+<br />
+Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i>
+
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 style="text-align:center"
+id="SECTION01000000000000000000">Question Presented</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li>Did the Court of Appeals err in holding that, under the Copyright
+Clause, Congress may indefinitely extend the term of existing
+copyrights by <i>seriatim</i> adoption of nominally
+“limited” extensions?</li>
+</ol>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</h4>
+<!--Table of Contents-->
+
+<ul>
+<li><a name="tex2html16"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION01000000000000000000">Question
+ Presented</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html17"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION02000000000000000000">Contents</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html18"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of
+ Authorities</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html19"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest
+ of <i>Amicus Curiae</i></a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html20"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of
+ Argument</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html21"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a name="tex2html22"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers
+ Intended Copyright to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of
+ Authorship For A Strictly Limited Time</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html23"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical
+ Policy Embodied in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to
+ Reconcile the Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free
+ Expression</a>
+<ul>
+<li><a name="tex2html24"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite
+ Extension of the Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is
+ Incompatible with Both the Copyright Clause and the First
+ Amendment</a></li>
+<li><a name="tex2html25"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth
+ Amendment Prohibits Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to
+ Physical Property Rights, and There Is No Constitutional
+ Justification for Permitting What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property
+ to be Done with Free Expression</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a name="tex2html26"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular
+ Dangers of Abuse and Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional
+ Scrutiny When the Term of Statutory Monopolies is Extended</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a name="tex2html27"
+ href="eldred-amicus.html#SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!--End of Table of Contents-->
+
+<h3 id="SECTION03000000000000000000">Table of Authorities</h3>
+
+<p>
+<i>Cases</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616 (1919) 10
+<br />
+Darcy v. Allen, (The Case of Monopolies),
+<br />
+11 Co. Rep. 84 (1603) 5
+<br />
+Eldred v. Reno, 239 F.3d 372 (CADC 2001) 7, <i>passim</i>
+<br />
+Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone
+<br />
+Service, Co., Inc., 499 U.S. 340 (1991) 7,11,12
+<br />
+Goldstein v. California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973) 12
+<br />
+Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. v. Nation
+<br />
+Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539 (1985) 9
+<br />
+Hawaii Housing Authority v.
+<br />
+Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 (1984) 14
+<br />
+New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254 (1964) 10
+<br />
+Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union,
+<br />
+521 U.S. 844 (1997) 10
+<br />
+San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v.
+<br />
+United States Olympic Committee,
+<br />
+483 U.S. 522 (1987) 9
+<br />
+Schnapper v. Foley, 667 F.2d 102 (CADC 1981) 11
+<br />
+Singer Mfg. Co. v. June Mfg. Co., 163 U.S. 169 (1896) 11
+<br />
+Trademark Cases, 100 U.S. 82 (1879) 11
+<br />
+West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette,
+<br />
+319 U.S. 624 (1943) 10
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Constitutions, Statutes, and Regulations</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+U.S. Const. Art. I, §8, cl. 8 3, <i>passim</i>
+<br />
+U.S. Const. Amend. I 7, <i>passim</i>
+<br />
+U.S. Const. Amend. V 13,14
+<br />
+Copyright Act of 1709 (Statute of Anne),
+<br />
+8 Anne, c. 19 6
+<br />
+Copyright Act of 1790, 1 Stat. 124 6
+<br />
+Sonny Bono Copyright Term
+<br />
+Extension Act, Pub. L. No. 105-298,
+<br />
+Title I, 112 Stat. 2827 3, <i>passim</i>
+<br />
+Statute of Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, c. 3 5
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<i>Other Materials</i>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yochai Benkler, Free as the Air to Common
+<br />
+Use: First Amendment Constraints on
+<br />
+Enclosure of the Public Domain,
+<br />
+74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354 (1999) 8
+<br />
+William Blackstone, Commentaries on
+<br />
+the Laws of England (1769) 5
+<br />
+The Charter and General Laws of the Colony
+<br />
+and Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston, 1814) 6
+<br />
+144 Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily ed. Oct. 7, 1998) 3
+<br />
+Thomas I. Emerson, The System of Freedom
+<br />
+of Expression (1970) 9
+<br />
+Max Farrand, The Records of the Federal
+<br />
+Convention of 1787 (1937) 6
+<br />
+George Lee Haskins, Law and Authority
+<br />
+in Early Massachusetts (1960) 6
+<br />
+Melville B. Nimmer, Does Copyright Abridge
+<br />
+the First Amendment Guaranties of Free Speech
+<br />
+and the Press?, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180 (1970) 8
+<br />
+Mark Rose, Authors and Owners:
+<br />
+The Invention of Copyright (1993) 6
+<br />
+Cecily Violet Wedgwood, The King's Peace (1955) 5
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No. 01-618
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+I<small>N </small>T<small>HE</small>
+<br /> <b>Supreme Court of the United States</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+E<small>RIC </small>E<small>LDRED</small>, <i>et al.</i>,
+<br /> <i>Petitioners,</i> <br />
+<br />
+v. <br />
+<br />
+J<small>OHN </small>D. A<small>SHCROFT</small>, In his official capacity
+<br />
+as Attorney General,
+<br /> <i>Respondent.</i> <br />
+<br />
+<br /> <b>On Writ of Certiorari to the United States
+<br />
+Court of Appeals for the
+<br />
+District of Columbia Circuit</b>
+<br />
+<br /> <b>Brief <i>Amicus Curiae</i> of the
+<br />
+Free Software Foundation
+<br />
+in Support of Petitioners</b>
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION04000000000000000000">Interest of <i>Amicus
+Curiae</i></h3>
+
+<p>
+This brief is filed on behalf of the Free Software Foundation, a
+charitable corporation with its main offices in Boston,
+Massachusetts.<a name="tex2html1"
+href="#foot151"><strong>[1]</strong></a> The Foundation believes that
+people should be free to study, share and improve all the software
+they use, as they are free to share and improve all the recipes they
+cook with, and that this right is an essential aspect of the system of
+free expression in a technological society. The Foundation has been
+working to achieve this goal since 1985 by directly developing and
+distributing, and by helping others to develop and distribute,
+software that is licensed on terms that permit all users to copy,
+modify and redistribute the works, so long as they give others the
+same freedoms to use, modify and redistribute in turn. The Foundation
+is the largest single contributor to the GNU operating system (used
+widely today in its GNU/Linux variant for computers from PCs to
+supercomputer clusters). The Foundation's GNU General Public License
+is the most widely used “free software” license, covering
+major components of the GNU operating system and tens of thousands of
+other computer programs used on tens of millions of computers around
+the world. The Foundation is strongly interested in the use and
+development of copyright law to encourage sharing, and to protect the
+rights of users and the public domain.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION05000000000000000000">Summary of Argument</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+Actually, Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to
+last forever.
+<br /> --Rep. Mary Bono
+<br />
+144 Cong. Rec. H9951 (daily ed. Oct. 7, 1998)
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+If the late Representative Bono believed that was possible, he was
+mistaken. The Court of Appeals erred in holding that Congressmen
+sharing his object can achieve what the Constitution expressly
+forbids, simply because they do so in a series of enactments rather
+than a single statute.</p>
+
+<p>
+No one seriously contends that Congress may achieve an expressly
+unauthorized end by dividing the means of its achievement into
+multiple statutes. Yet the Court of Appeals held that, so long as
+each individual statute states a precise numerical increment, Congress
+can extend the life of existing copyrights indefinitely. This
+conclusion is in direct conflict with the language of the Copyright
+Clause, Article I, §8, cl. 8, in its natural sense. The
+constitutional history of England and British North America, moreover,
+is unambiguous about the importance of “limited Times” in
+the control of all state-awarded monopolies, of which genus copyright
+and patent are species. The very evils that led English and British
+North American constitutional lawyers to insist on the strictly
+limited term of royal and statutory monopolies, and to embody that
+requirement in the Copyright Clause of Article I, are present in the
+retroactive extension of existing copyrights by the Sonny Bono
+Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA),
+Pub. L. No. 105-298, Title I, 112 Stat. 2827, at issue
+in this case.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the sphere of copyright, the limited time requirement protects the
+public domain, by providing for its constant enrichment. The public
+domain is an essential resource of our constitutional system of free
+expression. As this Court has previously recognized, several aspects
+of the copyright system represent constitutionally-required
+limitations on the nature of the monopoly Congress is empowered to
+grant. The limited term is not only a particularly important
+constitutional limitation on Congressional power by virtue of its
+presence in the text itself—which goes beyond the
+textually-implicit limitations of fair use and the idea-expression
+dichotomy—but also in the function it serves: the protection of
+the common resource of the public domain.</p>
+
+<p>
+The CTEA unconstitutionally imperils the commons of the public domain
+by flouting the clear intention of the limited term requirement. If
+Congress had acted unilaterally to reduce copyright terms, as the
+Solicitor General seems to believe it may, forcing some material into
+the public domain decades ahead of current schedule, no doubt the
+copyright industries would attack the legislation as a taking. If, on
+the other hand, Congress acted to extend every 50-year lease by the
+federal government for an additional 99 years at the government's
+current rent, there is no question that compensation would be
+required. Congress should not be permitted to take the public's
+reversionary interest in the public domain, any more than it can take
+a portion of the copyright holder's original term or of any leasehold
+interest in real property. The constitutional system of free
+expression, the language of the Copyright Clause, and the history of
+our tradition demand no less.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06000000000000000000">Argument</h3>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06010000000000000000">The Framers Intended Copyright
+to Be a Statutory Monopoly Awarded to Works of Authorship For A
+Strictly Limited Time</h3>
+
+<p>
+The words “for limited Times” appear in the Copyright
+Clause, Article I, §8, cl. 8 as the result of long and
+bitter experience with the constitutional evil of state-awarded
+monopolies. From the seventeenth century, the requirement of
+limitation in time was a basic constitutional mechanism for dealing
+with the potential for abuse of power inherent in the royal or
+statutory monopoly. The use by Queen Elizabeth of letters patent
+monopolizing certain trades as a means of raising money from bidders
+for monopoly profits gave rise to the case of <i>Darcy</i>
+v. <i>Allen</i>, (<i>The Case of Monopolies</i>), 11 Co. Rep. 84
+(1603), in which a royal patent monopoly on the making and
+distribution of playing cards was held void. Parliament followed in
+1624 with the Statute of Monopolies, 21 Jac. I, c. 3, which
+declared that only Parliament might grant statutory monopolies,
+limited to new inventions, for a period not to exceed fourteen
+years. <i>See</i> 4 William Blackstone, <i>Commentaries on the Laws
+of England</i> *159 (1769). This constitutional limitation was evaded
+by Charles I during his period of despotic personal rule; the
+resulting royal monopolies formed a significant grievance in the years
+leading up to the English Civil War. <i>See</i> Cecily Violet
+Wedgwood, <i>The King's Peace</i> 156-62 (1955).</p>
+
+<p>
+American colonists at odds with the government of Charles I perceived
+the evil of governmental monopolies; in the Massachusetts Bay Colony
+as early as 1641, the Colony's General Court decreed that “there
+shall be no monopolies granted or allowed amongst us, but of such new
+inventions that are profitable to the country, and that for a short
+time.” <i>The Charter and General Laws of the Colony and
+Province of Massachusetts Bay</i> 170 (Boston, 1814); see also George
+Lee Haskins, <i>Law and Authority in Early Massachusetts</i> 130
+(1960).</p>
+
+<p>
+When the Copyright Act of 1709, the famous “Statute of
+Anne,” was framed, the drafters insisted on a limited term far
+more stringent than authors, including John Locke, had proposed; they
+adopted the fourteen-year limit from the Statute of
+Monopolies. <i>See</i> Mark Rose, <i>Authors and Owners: The
+Invention of Copyright</i> 44-47 (1993). The term provided by the
+Statute of Anne, fourteen years with a renewal of fourteen years if
+the author survived the first term, was adopted by First Congress in
+the Copyright Act of 1790. <i>See</i> Copyright Act of 1709, 8 Anne,
+c. 19; Act of May 31, 1790, 1 Stat. 124-25.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Framers of the Constitution unanimously accepted the idea of the
+limited term for copyrights in the drafting of Article I, without
+substantial discussion. <i>See</i> 2 Max Farrand, <i>The Records of
+the Federal Convention of 1787</i>, at 321-325, 505-510, 570, 595
+(1937).<a name="tex2html2" href="#foot152"><strong>[2]</strong></a> In
+doing so, as the subsequent employment in the Copyright Act of 1790 of
+the term of years from the Statute of Monopolies shows, the Framers
+and the First Congress acted in full awareness of the long history of
+attempts to control the harm done by statutory monopolies by limiting
+their term.</p>
+
+<p>
+The constitutional importance of the “limited Times”
+restriction cannot be vitiated, as the Court of Appeals' reasoning
+would do, by affording Congress the opportunity to create perpetuities
+on the installment plan, any more than Congress can eliminate the
+constitutional requirement of originality. <i>Feist Publications,
+Inc.</i> v. <i>Rural Telephone Service, Co., Inc.</i>, 499 U.S. 340,
+346-347 (1991). The Court of Appeals erred fundamentally in its
+conclusion that there is “nothing in text or in history that
+suggests that a term of years for a copyright is not a ‘limited
+Time’ if it may later be extended for another ‘limited
+Time.’” <i>Eldred</i> v. <i>Reno</i>, 239 F.3d 372, 379
+(CADC 2001). In this regard, the CTEA should not be judged in
+isolation. The question is whether there is anything in text or
+history rendering constitutionally objectionable the eleven extensions
+of the monopoly term in the last forty years, resulting in a virtual
+cessation of enlargements to the public domain, capped by the statute
+before the Court, which postpones the reversion on every single
+existing copyright for decades.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06020000000000000000">The Historical Policy Embodied
+in the Copyright Clause is Absolutely Essential to Reconcile the
+Copyright Monopoly with the System of Free Expression</h3>
+
+<p>
+As important as the principle of limited time is in the general
+restraint of the harms that flow from statutory monopolies, in the
+area of copyright it has an even more crucial purpose to serve. The
+limited term of copyright ensures the steady replenishment of the
+public domain, the vast repository of the common culture of humankind.
+The public domain is the springboard of societal creativity, the zone
+of free reproduction and exchange that makes innovation possible. As
+Yochai Benkler has elegantly shown, the existence of a vital and
+expanding public domain reconciles the exclusive rights of the
+copyright system with the underlying goals of the system of free
+expression protected by the First Amendment. <i>See</i> Yochai
+Benkler, <i>Free as the Air to Common Use: First Amendment Constraints
+on Enclosure of the Public Domain</i>, 74 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 354, 386-394
+(1999). The Court below erred in its facile dismissal of petitioners'
+First Amendment concerns. That Court first held in its opinion that
+the First Amendment's requirements are “categorically”
+satisfied by the distinction between expression and idea, and then
+that any material covered by copyright but subject to the defense of
+fair use is therefore so copiously protected for purposes of free
+expression that no First Amendment claim can possibly lie. 239 F.3d,
+at 375-376.</p>
+
+<p>
+This position simply cannot be right. The Court below conceded that
+an attempt by Congress to make copyright perpetual <i>in haec
+verba</i> would be prohibited by the language of the Copyright Clause.
+<i>Id.</i>, at 377. But even if the subterfuge of achieving
+perpetuity piecemeal, by repeated retroactive extensions, somehow
+evades the plain command of the Copyright Clause, it does not thus
+render impotent the First Amendment. As the great copyright scholar
+Melville Nimmer asked:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+If I may own Blackacre in perpetuity, why not also <i>Black
+Beauty</i>? The answer lies in the first amendment. There is no
+countervailing speech interest which must be balanced against
+perpetual ownership of tangible real and personal property. There is
+such a speech interest, with respect to literary property, or
+copyright.</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>Melville B. Nimmer, <i>Does Copyright Abridge the First Amendment
+Guaranties of Free Speech and the Press?</i>, 17 UCLA L. Rev. 1180,
+1193 (1970). </p>
+
+<p>
+Nor has the Court of Appeals' position any support in the holdings of
+this Court. On the contrary, as this Court's cases make clear,
+copyright and related statutory monopolies in expression must conform
+like any other regulation of speech to the requirements of the First
+Amendment. In <i>Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc.</i> v. <i>Nation
+Enterprises</i>, 471 U.S. 539 (1985), this Court rejected what it
+characterized as “a public figure exception to copyright,”
+because it found sufficient “the First Amendment protections
+already embodied in the Copyright Act's distinction between …
+facts and ideas, and the latitude for scholarship and comment
+traditionally afforded by fair use.” <i>Id.</i>, at 560. Thus,
+the Court said, it found “no warrant” for a further
+expansion of the doctrine of fair use. <i>Id.</i> This by no means
+implies, as the Court of Appeals somehow concluded, that <i>Harper
+& Row</i> stands as an “insuperable” bar to all First
+Amendment challenges to all subsequent copyright statutes. <i>See</i>
+239 F.3d, at 375. In <i>San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc.</i>
+v. <i>United States Olympic Committee</i>, 483 U.S. 522 (1987), this
+Court applied standard First Amendment analysis to a statute conveying
+special quasi-trademark protection to the word “Olympic,”
+asking “whether the incidental restrictions on First Amendment
+freedoms are greater than necessary to further a substantial
+government interest.” <i>Id.</i>, at 537 (citation omitted).</p>
+
+<p>
+The First Amendment abhors the vacuum of limited expression. The
+making of new works by the criticism, imitation, revision, and
+rearrangement of existing material is the hallmark of literate culture
+in all the arts and sciences. The First Amendment establishes not
+merely a series of independent doctrines, but a “system of free
+expression.” <i>See</i> Thomas I. Emerson, <i>The System of
+Freedom of Expression</i> (1970). Our constitutional commitments to
+an “uninhibited, robust, and wide-open” public
+debate, <i>New York Times Co.</i> v. <i>Sullivan</i>, 376 U.S. 254,
+270 (1964), a “marketplace of ideas,” <i>Reno</i>
+v. <i>American Civil Liberties Union</i>, 521 U.S. 844, 885
+(1997); <i>cf.</i> <i>Abrams</i> v. <i>United States</i>, 250
+U.S. 616, 630 (1919), where there shall be no power to
+“prescribe what shall be orthodox” <i>West Virginia Board
+of Education</i> v. <i>Barnette</i>, 319 U.S. 624, 642 (1943), require
+us to view with great skepticism all restrictions on the formation and
+expression of ideas. Laws tending to establish monopolies in the
+expression of ideas must pass the exacting scrutiny that protects our
+most fundamental freedoms. The Copyright Clause does not exempt the
+legislation enacted under it from such scrutiny, but rather
+establishes principles that enable statutory monopolies and freedom of
+expression to coexist. Of these, the principle of limitation in time
+is far from the least important. By refusing to consider the effect
+of the instant legislation in the broader context of a Congressional
+policy of piecemeal, indefinite, wholesale extension of copyrights,
+and in relation to the purposes established by the Copyright Clause
+itself, the Court of Appeals failed in its duty to protect the
+invaluable interests of the system of free expression.</p>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION06021000000000000000">Indefinite Extension of the
+Term of Monopoly on Existing Works of Authorship is Incompatible with
+Both the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment</h4>
+
+<p>
+Precisely because the creation of exclusive rights in expressions
+inevitably involves some danger of the monopolization of ideas, it is
+crucial to the coexistence of copyright and the First Amendment that
+all exclusive rights over expressions are limited in time. At some
+specific moment, all exclusionary rights must end. Under our
+Constitution, the reversion of every work of authorship is irrevocably
+vested in the public.</p>
+
+<p>
+This reversion is not constitutionally optional. In the context of
+patents, this Court has described the reversion as a
+“condition” that the work subject to temporary statutory
+monopoly will pass into the public domain upon the patent's
+expiration. <i>Singer Mfg. Co.</i> v. <i>June Mfg. Co.</i>, 163
+U.S. 169, 185 (1896).</p>
+
+<p>
+Notwithstanding this evident constitutional principle, the Court of
+Appeals held that Congress may create a perpetuity in copyrights so
+long as it does so sequentially, by repeatedly extending all existing
+copyrights for nominally “limited” terms. This holding
+contradicts the spirit of both the Copyright Clause and the First
+Amendment. The Court of Appeals erroneously held, following its own
+precedent, <i>see</i> <i>Schnapper</i> v. <i>Foley</i>, 667 F.2d 102,
+112 (1981), that the single phrase comprising the Copyright Clause,
+empowering Congress “To promote the Progress of Science and
+useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
+the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
+Discoveries,” imposes no substantive limitation on Congress
+through its declaration of purpose. But the Court of Appeals
+acknowledged, as it must, that this Court's cases show clearly that
+Congressional power is indeed limited by the Copyright Clause, and so
+its effort is bent to the disintegration of a single phrase of
+twenty-seven words, directed at showing that the first nine are
+somehow constitutionally irrelevant.</p>
+
+<p>
+This Court first held in the <i>Trademark Cases</i>, 100 U.S. 82
+(1879), and reaffirmed in <i>Feist, supra</i>, 499 U.S., at 346-47,
+that Congress cannot constitutionally dilute the requirement of
+originality, by extending copyright coverage to works of authorship
+that make use of expressions already in existence, or in which the
+author's effort in collection and arrangement of existing information
+does not establish that “modicum of creativity” the
+Constitution requires. According to the Court of Appeals, however,
+the principle of originality emerges solely from the words
+“Writing” and “Author,” taking not the
+slightest support from the declaration of purpose that begins the
+Copyright Clause.</p>
+
+<p>
+The Copyright Clause is unique among the enumerations of legislative
+power in Article I, §8 in containing a declaration of purpose; it
+alone “describes both the objective which Congress may seek and
+the means to achieve it.” <i>Goldstein</i> v. <i>California</i>,
+412 U.S. 546, 555 (1973). Adopting a reading of the clause that
+denies legal effect to the words the drafters specifically and
+atypically included is an implausible style of constitutional
+construction.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even without reference to the beginning of the clause, however, this
+Court's prior opinions show that the Court of Appeals has misperceived
+the task of construction. The Court of Appeals treats the words
+“limited Times” in purely formal terms, so
+that—after ten previous interlocking extensions beginning in
+1962, holding substantially all works with otherwise-expiring
+copyrights out of the public domain for a generation—the CTEA's
+extension of existing terms for another twenty years raises no
+substantive constitutional question because the new twenty-year
+extension period is numerically definite. The same formal,
+anti-contextual approach to the words would result, however, in the
+result rejected by this Court in <i>Feist</i>: telephone directories
+are undeniably “writings” in the same crabbed sense that
+the term extension contained in the CTEA is “limited.”</p>
+
+<h4 id="SECTION06022000000000000000">The Fifth Amendment Prohibits
+Legislative Action Such as This With Respect to Physical Property
+Rights, and There Is No Constitutional Justification for Permitting
+What Cannot Be Done with Mere Property to be Done with Free
+Expression</h4>
+
+<p>
+On the logic of the Court of Appeals' holding, which is apparently
+supported in this Court by the Solicitor General, Congress could pass
+a statute shortening the term of existing copyrights, reallocating a
+large body of currently-covered works to the public domain. If the
+statute simply provided that the term of copyright be reduced to
+fourteen years, according to the Court of Appeals, that would satisfy
+the requirement of “limited Times,” and there would be no
+occasion for the Courts to inquire into whether such a change promoted
+the progress of science and the useful arts, though copyright holders
+could well be expected to contend that such an alteration of the
+duration of existing copyrights deprived them of the benefit that the
+“copyright bargain” supposedly “secures”
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the copyright bargain faces two ways: “securing”
+authors their limited monopoly in return for the reversion to the
+public. Increasing the reversionary interest at the expense of the
+first estate is conceptually no different than increasing the
+copyright holder's monopoly at the expense of the reversionary
+interest, which is that of the whole society and the system of free
+expression. Shrinking or eliminating the public domain in order to
+increase the benefit to the monopolists, whose works have already been
+created in reliance on the previous allocation of rights, neither
+promotes the progress of knowledge nor respects the
+critically-important free speech interest in the health of the public
+domain.<a name="tex2html3"
+href="#foot138"><strong>[3]</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+Nor would the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment permit such
+uncompensated legislative adjustment of the terms of interest in real
+property. Copyright—not surprisingly in view of its common law
+origins—adopts an essentially familiar structure of
+“estates” in works of authorship, beginning with a
+conveyance for term of years or a life interest plus a term of years,
+with a reversion to the public domain. This Court has held that
+legislative alteration of such estates that destroys or limits the
+reversionary interest in real property in order to achieve
+redistribution between private parties is “public use”
+within the meaning of the Takings Clause, and is constitutional if
+compensated. <i>Hawaii Housing Authority</i> v. <i>Midkiff</i>, 467
+U.S. 229 (1984). But it has never been suggested that Congress or a
+state legislature could achieve a similarly vast wealth transfer to
+present lessees through the extension of the terms of all existing
+leases, extinguishing or indefinitely postponing the reversionary
+interest, without paying compensation.</p>
+
+<p>
+What the Fifth Amendment prohibits with respect to interference with
+existing rights in real property should not be permissible where the
+rights being destroyed by legislative changes in property rules are
+rights to the freedom of speech and publication. The Court of Appeals
+dismissively viewed petitioners as seeking to enforce rights to use
+the copyrighted works of others. 239 F.3d, at 376. On the contrary,
+petitioners claim only their constitutional entitlement to use the
+works that would have entered the public domain, as required by the
+law in effect at the time the particular statutory monopolies at issue
+were granted, had it not been for unconstitutional Congressional
+interference.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION06030000000000000000">Particular Dangers of Abuse and
+Corruption Justify Strict Constitutional Scrutiny When the Term of
+Statutory Monopolies is Extended</h3>
+
+<p>
+During the first century of our Republic, the term of copyright was
+extended once. During the next seventy years, it was extended once
+more. Since 1962, copyright terms have been extended regularly, in
+increments ranging from one year to twenty years, and the flow of
+US-copyrighted works into the public domain has nearly ceased. The
+statute before this Court postpones rights in material protected by
+the First Amendment to any but the holders of statutory monopolies for
+an additional generation.</p>
+
+<p>
+No pattern of legislation could more clearly indicate the presence of
+the very evils against which the Framers of the Constitution and their
+forebears contended, and which gave rise to the Copyright Clause and
+its requirement for “limited Times.” When our predecessors
+in the struggle for constitutional liberty perceived a danger from
+corruption in the grant of monopolies, the danger they apprehended was
+from the executive, which might use its power to grant such monopolies
+to raise money independent of the legislature. In our time the risk
+is that the legislature, which is granted the power to create such
+monopolies by Article I, §8, will use that power to benefit
+copyright holders at the expense of the public domain. Such a
+purpose—to turn the system of free expression into a series of
+private fiefdoms for the benefit of monopolists, who may choose to
+rebate a small portion of the monopoly rents thus extracted from the
+population in the form of campaign contributions—is forbidden to
+Congress by the plain wording of the Copyright Clause and by the First
+Amendment. The use of repeated interim extensions to achieve the
+effect of a perpetuity is not less dangerous than the single enactment
+that all parties concede would be unconstitutional. On the contrary,
+such a legislative practice increases the dangers of corruption
+without reducing the harm to the public domain.</p>
+
+<h3 id="SECTION07000000000000000000">Conclusion</h3>
+
+<p>
+Perhaps the late Representative Bono did indeed believe that copyright
+should last forever. That any legislator could hold that view
+suggests the degree of danger to a fundamental part of the system of
+free expression into which we have drifted. This Court should hold
+that the extension of existing copyright terms in the CTEA violates
+the requirements of the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment. The
+decision of the Court of Appeals should be reversed.</p>
+
+<p>
+Respectfully submitted.
+<br />
+<br />
+<br />
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>E<small>BEN </small>M<small>OGLEN</small>
+<br /> <i>Counsel of record</i>
+<br />
+435 West 116th Street
+<br />
+New York, NY 10027
+<br /> (212) 854-8382 <br />
+<br />
+Counsel for <i>Amicus Curiae</i>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+
+<ul>
+<li><a name="foot151" href="#tex2html1"><sup>1</sup></a> Counsel for
+both parties have consented to the filing of this brief, and those
+consents have been filed with the Clerk of this Court. No counsel for
+either party had any role in authoring this brief, and no person other
+than the <i>amicus</i> and its counsel made any monetary contribution
+to its preparation and submission.</li>
+
+<li><a name="foot152" href="#tex2html2"><sup>2</sup></a> The only
+amendment made was in the replacement of the phrase originally
+suggested by Charles Pinckney of South Carolina, that monopolies be
+granted for a “certain” time. <i>See</i> 3
+<i>id.</i>, at 122.</li>
+
+<li><a name="foot138" href="#tex2html3"><sup>3</sup></a> The Court of
+Appeals minimized the importance of the impoverishment of the public
+domain when it maintained that “[p]reserving access to works
+that would otherwise disappear—not enter the public domain but
+disappear—‘promotes Progress’ as surely as does
+stimulating the creation of new works.” 239 F.3d, at 379. This
+is an apparent reference to claims made by copyright holders in the
+legislative process that certain classes of works, particularly films,
+would not be physically preserved unless the copyright monopoly were
+extended. It is sufficient to point out that such a principle for the
+award of copyright monopolies conflicts with the constitutionally
+mandated requirement of originality: Congress cannot elect to preserve
+books, films, or music by conveying to the conservator a statutory
+monopoly of copying and distribution lasting decades.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
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+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
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+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
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+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2002 Eben Moglen</p>
+
+<p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
+permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
+notice, and the copyright notice, are preserved.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/12/29 12:00:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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