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Wed, 30 Nov 2016 13:57:42 +0000 (UTC) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/11/30 13:57:42
Modified files:
philosophy/po : rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist
Added files:
philosophy : rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html
philosophy/po : rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
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http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist 12 Apr 2016 15:42:10 -0000
1.2
+++ po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist 30 Nov 2016 13:57:42 -0000
1.3
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.cs.html">ÄeÅ¡tina</a> [cs]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
@@ -14,5 +15,6 @@
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="cs" hreflang="cs"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.cs.html" title="ÄeÅ¡tina" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.fr.html" title="français" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.pl.html" title="polski" />
+<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html" title="ÑÑÑÑкий" />
<link rel="alternate" type="text/html" lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.tr.html" title="Türkçe" />
<!-- end translist file -->
Index: rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html
diff -N rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ rms-nyu-2001-transcript.ru.html 30 Nov 2016 13:57:41 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2228 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ: Ñвобода и
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
+пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
+<h2>СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ: Ñвобода и
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>ÐапиÑÑ ÑеÑи РиÑаÑда СÑолмена
“СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ: Ñвобода и
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво”, пÑоизнеÑенной в
ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑкÑком ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе в ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑке
+(ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк) 29 Ð¼Ð°Ñ 2001 года.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже оÑигинал <a
href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">в
+ÑекÑÑовом виде</a> и его <a
+href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-summary.txt">оглавление</a>.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p><b>УÑеÑки</b>. Я Ðайк УÑеÑки. Я законÑил
УÑилиÑе пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва
+ШÑеÑна. Я Ñакже один из диÑекÑоÑов ЦенÑÑа
пÑогÑеÑÑивной ÑеÑ
ники. ÐÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸
+ÑакÑлÑÑеÑа ÐнÑоÑмаÑики Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ
пÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ. Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ
+неÑколÑко Ñлов пеÑед Ñем, как пеÑедаÑÑ
Ñлово ÐдÑ, коÑоÑÑй пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑего.</p>
+
+<p>УнивеÑÑиÑÐµÑ — ÑÑо меÑÑо, где
пооÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ±Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸ ведÑÑÑÑ
+инÑеÑеÑнÑе диÑкÑÑÑии. Рв кÑÑпном
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе диÑкÑÑÑии оÑобенно
+инÑеÑеÑнÑ. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑй доклад, ÑÑоÑ
ÑеминаÑ, Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñаз в ÑазÑÑд
+ÑакиÑ
диÑкÑÑÑий. Я наÑ
ожÑ, ÑÑо обÑÑждение
оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа
+оÑобенно инÑеÑеÑно. Ð Ñом ÑмÑÑле... <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Я занимаÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
+ÑекÑÑ — ÑÑо дÑÑгое движение. <i>[ÑмеÑ
,
аплодиÑменÑÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>УÑеÑки</b>. Ðогда Ñ Ð² ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
наÑал
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой оÑÑаÑли, по ÑÑÑи
+вÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑвободнÑ. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñли по
кÑÑгÑ. Ðни ÑÑали ÑвободнÑ, а
+поÑом пÑоизводиÑели пÑогÑамм, из необÑ
одимоÑÑи ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñвой ÑÑнок, двинÑли
+иÑ
в дÑÑгом напÑавлении. ÐножеÑÑво
ÑазÑабоÑок, коÑоÑÑе поÑвилиÑÑ Ñ
+пеÑÑоналÑнÑми компÑÑÑеÑами, двигалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑоÑно ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ кÑÑгÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ инÑеÑеÑнейÑий ÑÑанÑÑзÑкий
ÑилоÑоÑ, ÐÑÐµÑ Ðеви, он говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾
+движении в ÑÑом напÑавлении, а Ñакже о
движении в кибеÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑве как
+ÑвÑзанном не ÑолÑко Ñ ÑеÑ
никой, но и Ñ
обÑеÑÑвенной пеÑеÑÑÑойкой,
+полиÑиÑеÑкой пеÑеÑÑÑойкой, ее пÑиноÑÑÑ
пеÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² оÑноÑениÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑлÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾ÑоÑÑоÑние ÑеловеÑеÑÑва. РмÑ
надеемÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑпÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑÑом напÑавлении, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑпÑÑ
вÑколÑÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ диÑÑиплинÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе обÑÑно миÑно дÑемлÑÑ Ð²
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе. ÐÑ Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼ оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑнÑÑ
+диÑкÑÑÑий. Я пеÑÐµÐ´Ð°Ñ Ñлово ÐдÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ШонбеÑг</b>. Я Ðд ШонбеÑг Ñ ÑакÑлÑÑеÑа
ÐнÑоÑмаÑики ÐнÑÑиÑÑÑа
+ÐÑÑанÑа. ÐозволÑÑе мне попÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ
вÑеÑ
пÑиÑедÑиÑ
ÑÑда. РобÑем и в
+ÑаÑÑноÑÑи конÑеÑанÑÑе — ÑÑо
беÑполезнÑй аÑÐ¿ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿ÑблиÑнÑÑ
+вÑÑÑÑплений, но в ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае они в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи полезнÑ, как легко
+показал Ðайк, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо конÑеÑанÑÑе,
напÑимеÑ, Ñказал емÑ, Ñделав неÑоÑнÑе
+замеÑаниÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑавиÑÑ Ð¸
ÑÑоÑниÑÑ Ð¸ <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ввеÑÑи
+диÑкÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² нÑжное ÑÑÑло.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, позволÑÑе мне как можно более
кÑаÑко пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñого, кÑо в ÑÑом не
+нÑждаеÑÑÑ. РиÑаÑд — оÑлиÑнÑй пÑимеÑ
Ñеловека, коÑоÑÑй, дейÑÑвÑÑ
+на меÑÑном ÑÑовне, наÑал мÑÑлиÑÑ
глобалÑно, ÑÑолкнÑвÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ñоблемами
+недоÑÑÑпноÑÑи иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа дÑайвеÑов
пÑинÑеÑа в ÐабоÑаÑоÑии
+иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа много леÑ
назад. Ðн Ñазвил ÑоÑÑоÑÑелÑнÑÑ
+ÑилоÑоÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавила вÑеÑ
наÑ
пеÑеÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ñвои взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, как
+пÑоизводÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, на Ñо, ÑÑо
ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð¸
+на Ñо, ÑÑо в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑво пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ. ÐозволÑÑе мне
попÑивеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð Ð¸ÑаÑда.
<i>[аплодиÑменÑÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðе Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸ мне кÑо-нибÑдÑ
ÑаÑÑ? <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
+СпаÑибо. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Microsoft за
пÑедоÑÑавление мне возможноÑÑи
+<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> бÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑой плаÑÑоÑме.
ÐеÑколÑко поÑледниÑ
Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ñ
+ÑÑвÑÑвовал ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº авÑоÑ, книга коÑоÑого
по ÑÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑв где-Ñо
+запÑеÑена <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>. ТолÑко во вÑеÑ
ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
об ÑÑом пÑиводиÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑное
+Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑа, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Microsoft опиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ GNU GPL
как лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑого
+иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, и болÑÑинÑÑво
пÑбликаÑий в пÑеÑÑе ÑÑо
+повÑоÑÑÑÑ. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей (конеÑно, не
по Ñвоей вине) пÑоÑÑо не оÑознаÑÑ,
+ÑÑо наÑа ÑабоÑа никак не ÑвÑзана Ñ
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе
+пÑоделали оÑновнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ ÐµÑе до
Ñого, как лÑди ввели вÑÑажение
+“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ” в обиÑ
од.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ ÑÑаÑÑвÑем в движении за ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ ÑобиÑаÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾
+Ñом, в Ñем ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ ÑÑо движение, в Ñем его
ÑмÑÑл, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñделали, и,
+поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÑопÑиÑÑие ÑаÑÑиÑно
ÑинанÑиÑÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑилиÑем
пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва, Ñ
+оÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ подÑобнее, Ñем обÑÑно,
на ÑвÑзи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ñ
+пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑвом, а Ñакже Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими
ÑÑеÑами обÑеÑÑвенной жизни.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, кÑо-Ñо из ваÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, никогда
не пиÑал пÑогÑамм длÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑов, но вÑ, возможно, гоÑовиÑе. Ð
Ñаз Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑовиÑе, еÑли ÑолÑко Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+гений, вÑ, навеÑное, полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ ÑеÑепÑами.
Ð Ñаз Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ ÑеÑепÑами,
+Ñо вам, навеÑное, доводилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑепÑа Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, коÑоÑÑй им
+поделилÑÑ. Рвам, навеÑное,
доводилоÑÑ — еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑолÑко не ÑовÑем
+новиÑок — менÑÑÑ ÑеÑепÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, в
нем ÑÑо-Ñо Ñказано, но вам
+не обÑзаÑелÑно повÑоÑÑÑÑ ÑÑо в ÑоÑноÑÑи.
Ðожно опÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
+ингÑедиенÑÑ. ÐобавиÑÑ Ð³ÑибÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑ
иÑ
лÑбиÑе. ÐоложиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе Ñоли,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑÐ°Ñ ÑовеÑовал вам ÑÑезаÑÑ ÑебÑ
в ÑÑом — неважно, ÑÑо
+именно. Ðожно даже вноÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
поболÑÑе, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð² ÑÑом понимаеÑе. Ð
+еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑли Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑеÑепÑ,
пÑигоÑовили Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоиÑ
пÑиÑÑелей, а им ÑÑо
+понÑавилоÑÑ, Ñо не иÑклÑÑено, ÑÑо кÑо-Ñо из
ниÑ
ÑпÑоÑиÑ: “Рможно мне
+ÑпиÑаÑÑ ÑеÑепÑ?” Ð ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ñогда
ÑделаеÑе? Ðожно вÑпиÑаÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
+ÑеÑепÑа Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñими изменениÑми и пеÑепиÑаÑÑ
ее Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. Такого Ñода
+дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÐµÑÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑно
полезнÑÑ
ÑеÑепÑов лÑбого Ñода.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑеÑÐµÐ¿Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ож на
компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ÐомпÑÑÑеÑнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ожа на ÑеÑепÑ: ÑÑд
Ñагов, коÑоÑÑе нÑжно ÑделаÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо желаемÑй Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑ. Так ÑÑо пеÑедаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
+компÑÑÑеÑной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñак же
еÑÑеÑÑвенно. ÐноÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²
+нее, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑабоÑа, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑполнениÑ
коÑоÑой она напиÑана,— ÑÑо не
+ÑовÑем Ñо, ÑÑо вам нÑжно. ÐомÑ-Ñо она
оÑлиÑно подоÑла, но вам нÑжно ÑделаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо дÑÑгое. Ркогда Ð²Ñ ÐµÐµ изменили, она,
ÑкоÑее вÑего, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°
+дÑÑгим. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи, ÑÑ
однÑе Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñими. Так ÑÑо они
+ÑпÑоÑÑÑ: “Рможно мне взÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ?”
ÐонеÑно, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑй
+Ñеловек, Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð´Ð¸Ñе. Так поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð²Ñе
поÑÑдоÑнÑе лÑди.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, пÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли бÑ
ÑеÑепÑÑ ÑпаковÑвалиÑÑ Ð² ÑеÑнÑе
+ÑÑики. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ видиÑе ингÑедиенÑов, коÑоÑÑе
Ñам иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, не говоÑÑ Ñж о
+Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, пÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+знакомого, Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñвали Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑом и
ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑпÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑÑÑмÑ. ÐÑо
+поднÑло Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
ÑеÑ
, кÑо
пÑивÑк обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑепÑами. Ðо
+на ÑÑо-Ñо и поÑ
ож Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.
ÐиÑ, в коÑоÑом обÑаÑ
+поÑÑдоÑноÑÑÑ Ð² оÑноÑении дÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей
запÑеÑена или не допÑÑкаеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ ÑÑо замеÑил? Я замеÑил
ÑÑо поÑомÑ, ÑÑо в ÑемидеÑÑÑÑе годÑ
+XX века мне поÑÑаÑÑливилоÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑообÑеÑÑва пÑогÑаммиÑÑов,
+коÑоÑÑе обменивалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами. Так воÑ,
ÑÑо ÑообÑеÑÑво могло пÑовеÑÑи
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑодоÑловнÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑки к наÑалÑ
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники. Ðднако в
+ÑемидеÑÑÑÑе Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ XX века ÑообÑеÑÑво, где
лÑди обменивалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами,
+бÑло ÑедкоÑÑÑÑ. Ð ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑÑо бÑло ÑÑо-Ñо
вÑоде кÑайнего ÑлÑÑаÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+в лабоÑаÑоÑии, где Ñ ÑабоÑал, вÑÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема бÑла пÑогÑаммой,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑвалаÑÑ Ð² наÑем
ÑообÑеÑÑве, и Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли гоÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+лÑбой ее ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼ Ñгодно. ÐÑбой мог
Ñвободно зайÑи, поÑмоÑÑеÑÑ, забÑаÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ делаÑÑ Ð²Ñе, ÑÑо ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñло надо. Ð ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
не бÑло Ñведомлений
+об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
. СоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво бÑло
наÑим обÑазом жизни. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑазÑ
+жизни ниÑÑо не ÑгÑожало. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ боÑолиÑÑ Ð·Ð°
него. Ðам не пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо
+боÑоÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо Ñак жили. Ð, как мÑ
дÑмали, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ñак жиÑÑ
+и далÑÑе. Так ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли,
но Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо поÑом наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво бÑло ÑазÑÑÑено
ÑÑдом каÑаÑÑÑоÑ. РконÑе конÑов оÑ
+него не оÑÑалоÑÑ Ð¸ Ñледа. У компÑÑÑеÑа PDP-10,
на коÑоÑом Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ вÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ, конÑилаÑÑ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжка.
Ðак Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе, наÑа
+ÑиÑÑема — ÐеÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени —
+пиÑалаÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годов, Ñак ÑÑо ее
пиÑали на ÑзÑке аÑÑемблеÑа. Ðа нем
+обÑÑно и пиÑалиÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
. Так ÑÑо, конеÑно,
+ÑзÑк аÑÑемблеÑа Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑÑ
аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑа; когда ее
+пеÑеÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаÑÑ, вÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑабоÑа
Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑаÑ
ом — Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ неÑ
+никакого пÑокÑ. ÐÑо-Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ и ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ.
ÐÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñего
+ÑообÑеÑÑва поÑли пÑаÑ
ом.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо пеÑед Ñем как ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñл
опÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй подгоÑовил менÑ,
+помог мне понÑÑÑ, ÑÑо делаÑÑ, помог
подгоÑовиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑомÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
+делаÑÑ, когда ÑÑо пÑоизойдеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в
какой-Ñо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð· Xerox в
+ÐабоÑаÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа,
где Ñ ÑабоÑал, пеÑедали лазеÑнÑй
+пÑинÑеÑ, ÑÑо бÑл пÑевоÑÑ
однÑй подаÑок,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо до ÑÑого ни Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ за
+пÑеделами компании Xerox лазеÑнÑÑ
пÑинÑеÑов
не бÑло. ÐÑинÑÐµÑ ÑабоÑал оÑенÑ
+бÑÑÑÑо, пеÑаÑал по ÑÑÑаниÑе в ÑекÑндÑ, бÑл
пÑевоÑÑ
оден во многиÑ
оÑноÑениÑÑ
,
+но он бÑл ненадежен, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо на Ñамом
деле ÑÑо бÑл ÑкоÑоÑÑное
+копиÑовалÑное ÑÑÑÑойÑÑво, пеÑеделанное в
пÑинÑеÑ. Ð, как Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÑе,
+копиÑовалÑнÑе ÑÑÑÑойÑÑва зажевÑваÑÑ
бÑмагÑ, но ÑÑдом еÑÑÑ Ñеловек, ÑÑобÑ
+попÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐÑинÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ²Ñвал бÑмагÑ, но
никÑо ÑÑого не видел. Ðн
+оÑÑанавливалÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла мÑÑлÑ, как ÑеÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ. ÐоÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÐµÑ Ñак,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй Ñаз, когда пÑинÑеÑ
заÑÑкаеÑÑÑ, маÑина, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑпÑавлÑеÑ,
+ÑообÑала об ÑÑом наÑей
многополÑзоваÑелÑÑкой маÑине, а Ñа —
+полÑзоваÑелÑм, коÑоÑÑе ждали ÑаÑпеÑаÑкÑ,
понимаеÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° пÑоÑила иÑ
+пойÑи попÑавиÑÑ Ð±ÑÐ¼Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð² пÑинÑеÑе. ÐоÑомÑ
ÑÑо как ÑолÑко они Ñзнали бÑ, ÑÑо
+в пÑинÑеÑе заело бÑмагÑ, конеÑно, еÑли
ждеÑÑ ÑаÑпеÑаÑÐºÑ Ð¸ ÑзнаеÑÑ, ÑÑо
+пÑинÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑкнÑлÑÑ, конеÑно, ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑдеÑÑ
ÑидеÑÑ Ð¸ ждаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑконÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÐµÐºÐ¾Ð²,
+ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑÑ Ð¸ попÑавиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñли в ÑÑпик, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑпÑавлÑла ÑÑим
+пÑинÑеÑом, не бÑла Ñвободна. Ðна
поÑÑавлÑлаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑом в виде одного
+ÑолÑко иÑполнÑемого Ñайла. ÐÑÑ
одного
ÑекÑÑа Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло; в Xerox не желали
+нам его даÑÑ. Так ÑÑо, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑи
навÑки пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ —
+Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ напиÑали ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени —
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не могли добавиÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Рнам оÑÑавалоÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑÑÑадаÑÑ Ð¸ ждаÑÑ.
Ðа Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑаÑпеÑаÑкÑ,
+ÑÑ
одил ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ два, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо маÑинÑ
заклинивало болÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ñемени. Ð
+ÑолÑко изÑедка — ÑÑ Ð¶Ð´ÐµÑÑ ÑаÑ, дÑмаÑ:
“Ðадно, Ñам
+заедаеÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ñ ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¹Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñвоей
ÑаÑпеÑаÑкой”. РпоÑом ÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸ÑÑ,
+ÑÑо вÑе ÑÑо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½ ÑÑоÑл и никÑо его не
попÑавил. Так ÑÑо ÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+попÑавлÑеÑÑ Ð¸ ждеÑÑ ÐµÑе полÑаÑа. Ркогда
пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑ, ÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸ÑÑ, ÑÑо его
+опÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐµÐ»Ð¾ — ÑанÑÑе, Ñем до ÑебÑ
доÑла оÑеÑедÑ. ТÑи минÑÑÑ
+пеÑаÑал, ÑÑидÑаÑÑ — ÑÑоÑл. ÐÑоÑÑо
злоÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑеÑ. Ðо Ñ
Ñже вÑего,
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸, ÑÑо могли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо иÑпÑавиÑÑ, но
кÑо-Ñо из Ñгоизма не давал нам
+ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, меÑал нам ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ.
Так ÑÑо, конеÑно, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑали
+некоÑоÑое негодование.</p>
+
+<p>РпоÑом Ñ ÑÑлÑÑал, ÑÑо Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо в
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе ÐаÑнеги-Ðеллона еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑой пÑогÑаммÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ñвал Ñам,
поÑел к Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² конÑоÑÑ Ð¸ Ñказал:
+“ÐÑивеÑ, Ñ Ð¸Ð· MIT. Ðожно мне полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+пÑинÑеÑа?” Рон оÑвеÑил: “ÐеÑ, Ñ
обеÑал не даваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+его”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Я опеÑил. Я бÑл Ñак... Ñ
Ñак ÑазозлилÑÑ, и Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+знал, Ñем оÑплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо. Ðне оÑÑавалоÑÑ
ÑолÑко повеÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ вÑйÑи
+вон. ÐавеÑное, Ñ Ñ
лопнÑл двеÑÑÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
ÐоÑом Ñ Ð´Ñмал об ÑÑом, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо бÑл ÑвидеÑелем не пÑоÑÑо
оÑделÑного пеÑегиба, а
+обÑеÑÑвенного ÑвлениÑ, коÑоÑое бÑло важно
и заÑÑагивало маÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо бÑло... Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ... мне повезло, Ñ
ÑолÑко коÑнÑлÑÑ ÑÑого, но дÑÑгим
+пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑоÑнно жиÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑи вÑего
ÑÑого. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð³Ð¾ дÑмал об
+ÑÑом. ÐонимаеÑе, он обеÑал оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ — его
+коллегами из MIT. Ðн пÑедал наÑ. Ðо не ÑолÑко
наÑ. СкоÑее вÑего, и Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñоже
+<i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° одного из ÑлÑÑаÑелей]</i>. Ð,
ÑкоÑее вÑего, и Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñоже
+<i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгого] [ÑмеÑ
]</i>. Ð,
навеÑное, и Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñоже <i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑеÑÑего]</i>. ÐеÑоÑÑно, он пÑедал
болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей в ÑÑой
+аÑдиÑоÑии — Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, за
иÑклÑÑением немногиÑ
, кÑо
+к 1980 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐµÑе не ÑодилÑÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
он обеÑал оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва поÑÑи Ñо вÑем наÑелением
планеÑÑ ÐемлÑ. Ðн подпиÑал Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾
+неÑазглаÑении.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, ÑÑо бÑло мое пеÑвое пÑÑмое
ÑÑолкновение Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñом о
+неÑазглаÑении, оно дало мне важнÑй
ÑÑок — ÑÑок бÑл важен, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо болÑÑинÑÑво пÑогÑаммиÑÑов пÑоÑ
одÑÑ
мимо него. ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑвÑе
+ÑÑолкнÑлÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñом о неÑазглаÑении,
пÑиÑем Ñ Ð±Ñл жеÑÑвой. Я и вÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ
+лабоÑаÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñли жеÑÑвами. Ð ÑÑок ÑоÑÑоÑл
в Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñов о
+неÑазглаÑении еÑÑÑ Ð¶ÐµÑÑвÑ. Ðни не невиннÑ.
Ðни не безвÑеднÑ. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑов впеÑвÑе ÑÑалкиваÑÑÑÑ Ñ
договоÑом о неÑазглаÑении, когда иÑ
+пÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ñакой договоÑ. Ð
вÑегда еÑÑÑ Ñоблазн —
+какаÑ-Ñо вÑгода, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ полÑÑаÑÑ,
когда подпиÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑо. Так ÑÑо они
+вÑдÑмÑваÑÑ Ð¾ÑговоÑки. То они говоÑÑÑ:
“ÐÑ, ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñавно ни за ÑÑо не
+полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ не
пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº заговоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑй лиÑаеÑ
+его ÑÑого?” То они говоÑÑÑ: “ÐÑе Ñак
делаÑÑ. ÐÑо Ñ Ñакой, ÑÑобÑ
+идÑи пÑоÑив ÑÑого?” То они говоÑÑÑ:
“ÐÑли Ñ Ð½Ðµ подпиÑÑ, подпиÑеÑ
+кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой”. ÐÑевозможнÑе оÑговоÑки,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑпиÑÑ ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
+ÑовеÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо когда кÑо-Ñо пÑиглаÑил Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ неÑазглаÑении, моÑ
+ÑовеÑÑÑ Ñже бÑла ÑÑвÑÑвиÑелÑна. Ðна
помнила, как Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ð»ÑÑ, когда кÑо-Ñо
+обеÑал не помогаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ и вÑей моей
лабоÑаÑоÑии ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. Ð Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+мог ÑазвеÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑделаÑÑ Ñо же Ñамое
комÑ-Ñо дÑÑгомÑ, кÑо не Ñделал мне
+ниÑего плоÑ
ого. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ ÐºÑо-Ñо
пÑоÑил Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+обмениваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо полезной
инÑоÑмаÑией Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÑнÑм вÑагом, Ñ Ð±Ñ
+ÑоглаÑилÑÑ. ÐонимаеÑе? ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо Ñделал
ÑÑо-Ñо плоÑ
ое, он ÑÑого
+заÑлÑживаеÑ. Ðо поÑÑоÑонние — они мне
ниÑего плоÑ
ого не
+Ñделали. Чем они заÑлÑжили Ñакое
обÑаÑение? ÐелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑ Ñебе плоÑ
о
+обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñо вÑем и каждÑм, инаÑе вÑ
ÑÑанеÑе паÑазиÑом обÑеÑÑва. Так ÑÑо Ñ
+Ñказал: “ÐолÑÑое ÑпаÑибо за Ñо, ÑÑо
пÑедложили мне ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑаÑелÑнÑй
+Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ñ
ÑиÑÑой ÑовеÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑловиÑÑ
,
+коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÐºÑÑеÑе, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
него. ÐолÑÑое
+ÑпаÑибо”. Таким обÑазом, Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°
заведомо не подпиÑÑвал договоÑов о
+неÑазглаÑении обÑеполезной ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой
инÑоÑмаÑии, Ñакой как пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑоÑмаÑии,
коÑоÑÑе поднимаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑÑиÑеÑкие
+вопÑоÑÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÑоналÑнÑе
даннÑе. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑели
+поговоÑиÑÑ Ñо мной о Ñом, ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одило
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ и ваÑим лÑбовником, и
+пÑоÑили Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑиÑÑ —
понимаеÑе, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
+Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ — Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ ÑоглаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+ÑÑо не обÑÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкаÑ
инÑоÑмаÑиÑ. Ðо кÑайней меÑе, ÑкоÑее вÑего,
+не обÑеполезнаÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>Ðдва ли — Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо и возможно —
Ð²Ñ ÑаÑкÑоеÑе мне
+какÑÑ-Ñо ÑказоÑнÑÑ ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ ÑекÑа, <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> и Ñогда Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑаÑÑ
+нÑавÑÑвеннÑй долг <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> пеÑедаÑÑ ÑÑо
оÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеловеÑеÑÑвÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+каждÑй мог полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого полÑзÑ. Так
ÑÑо мне Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑлоÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ
+оговоÑÐºÑ Ð² обеÑании, понимаеÑе? ÐÑли ÑÑо
пÑоÑÑо подÑобноÑÑи о Ñом, кÑо Ñего
+Ñ
оÑÐµÑ Ð¸ кÑо на кого злиÑÑÑ — Ñо, ÑÑо
показÑваÑÑ Ð² мÑлÑнÑÑ
+опеÑаÑ
,— ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸,
но еÑли знание Ñего-Ñо можеÑ
+пÑинеÑÑи колоÑÑалÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑ
ÑеловеÑеÑÑвÑ,— ÑÑого Ñ ÑкÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+должен. ÐонимаеÑе, назнаÑение наÑки и ÑеÑ
ники заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² вÑÑабоÑке
+полезной инÑоÑмаÑии Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеловеÑеÑÑва,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди могли лÑÑÑе пÑожиÑÑ ÑвоÑ
+жизнÑ. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑаем ÑкÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑÑ
инÑоÑмаÑÐ¸Ñ — еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÑжим
+ее в ÑекÑеÑе — Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñедаем Ñели
наÑей деÑÑелÑноÑÑи. ÐÑак, Ñ
+ÑеÑил, ÑÑо не должен ÑÑого делаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñем вÑеменем мое ÑообÑеÑÑво
ÑазÑÑÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо дейÑÑвовало ÑазÑÑÑаÑÑе и
+поÑÑавило Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² плоÑ
ое положение.
ÐонимаеÑе, вÑÑ ÐеÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
+ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени ÑÑÑаÑела, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
PDP-10 ÑÑÑаÑела, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº не
+мог пÑодолжаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð² каÑеÑÑве
ÑазÑабоÑÑика опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ
+по-пÑежнемÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑого нÑжно бÑло бÑÑÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва, коÑоÑое
+полÑзовалоÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами ÑообÑеÑÑва и
ÑлÑÑÑало иÑ
. Такой возможноÑÑи болÑÑе
+не бÑло, и ÑÑо поÑÑавило Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑед
нÑавÑÑвеннÑм вÑбоÑом. ЧÑо мне бÑло
+делаÑÑ? Ð¡Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
поÑÑебовала Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð´Ñи пÑоÑив ÑеÑениÑ,
+коÑоÑое Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑл. СамÑм оÑевиднÑм бÑло
пÑиÑпоÑобиÑÑÑÑ Ðº изменениÑм,
+пÑоиÑÑ
одÑÑим в миÑе. СоглаÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
положение изменилоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
+вÑнÑжден оÑказаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑвоиÑ
пÑинÑипов и
наÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑазглаÑении Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем, а ÑкоÑее вÑего и
пиÑаÑÑ
+неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо в
ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
+ÑдоволÑÑÑвие Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги — оÑобенно
+еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð» ÑÑо не в MIT — но в конÑе
Ñвоей каÑÑеÑÑ Ñ
+оглÑнÑлÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ и Ñказал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ñожил
жизнÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑÑенÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑазделÑли лÑдей, и мне ÑÑало Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑдно.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¸Ñкал Ñего-Ñо дÑÑгого, и одна
алÑÑеÑнаÑива бÑла оÑевидной. Я мог
+Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
занÑÑÑÑÑ Ñем-Ñо дÑÑгим. Так воÑ, Ñ
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло дÑÑгиÑ
замеÑнÑÑ
ÑпеÑиалÑнÑÑ
навÑков, но Ñ ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо мог бÑ
+ÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑиÑианÑом. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðе в модном
ÑеÑÑоÑане (ÑÑда Ð±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+взÑли), <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> но Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑпиÑÑ
кÑда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ÑиÑианÑом. ÐÑ
+многиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов Ñ ÑлÑÑал: “Те, кÑо
Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов,
+ÑÑебÑÑÑ ÑÑого, ÑÑого и ÑÑого. ÐÑли Ñ ÑÑого
не бÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ, Ñ ÑмÑÑ Ñ
+голодє. ÐÑквалÑно Ñак. ÐÑ, понимаеÑе,
бÑдÑÑи оÑиÑианÑом, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñ
+не ÑмÑеÑе. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Так ÑÑо Ñакой
опаÑноÑÑи вообÑе-Ñо неÑ.
+Ðо — и ÑÑо важно, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо иногда можно опÑавдаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо, ÑÑо вÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим, говоÑÑ, ÑÑо в
пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае мне бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÐµÑе
+Ñ
Ñже. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ <em>на Ñамом
деле</em> пÑиÑлоÑÑ ÑмиÑаÑÑ Ñ
+голодÑ, ÑÑо опÑавдÑвало Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñание вами
неÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑли кÑо-Ñо пÑиÑÑавил
вам к виÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑолеÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð±Ñ
+Ñказал, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑиÑелÑно. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðо Ñ
наÑел ÑпоÑоб вÑжиÑÑ, не делаÑ
+Ñего-Ñо неÑÑиÑного, Ñак ÑÑо Ñакого
опÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло. ÐÑе-Ñаки Ñ
+оÑознавал, ÑÑо Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑиÑианÑа мне не
оÑенÑ-Ñо по вкÑÑÑ, а мои навÑки
+ÑазÑабоÑÑика опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем
пÑопадÑÑ Ð·ÑÑ. Ðои навÑки не ÑпоÑÑеблÑлиÑÑ
+Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑед. ÐÑи ÑазÑабоÑке неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм мои навÑки ÑпоÑÑеблÑлиÑÑ Ð±Ñ
+во вÑед. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
пооÑÑÑли жиÑÑ Ð²
миÑе неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, мои
+навÑки ÑпоÑÑеблÑлиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑед. Так ÑÑо
лÑÑÑе пÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
по веÑÑÑ, Ñем
+ÑпоÑÑебиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ вÑед, но вÑе же ÑÑо не
оÑенÑ-Ñо Ñ
оÑоÑо.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо по ÑÑим пÑиÑинам Ñ ÑеÑил поиÑкаÑÑ
дÑÑгÑÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ. ЧÑо можеÑ
+делаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑик опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ
+ÑÑал лÑÑÑе? Ð Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ñл, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑÑик-Ñо
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем и
+нÑжен. ÐÑоблема вÑбоÑа ÑÑÑеÑÑвовала длÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
+вÑе доÑÑÑпнÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑовÑеменнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов бÑли
+неÑвободнÑ. СвободнÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñли Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ
, ÑÑÑаÑевÑиÑ
+компÑÑÑеÑов, пÑавилÑно? Так ÑÑо
ÑовÑеменнÑе компÑÑÑеÑÑ — еÑли вÑ
+Ñ
оÑели полÑÑиÑÑ ÑовÑеменнÑй компÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¸
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼, Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑждали к
+неÑвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме. ÐÑак,
еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑик опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑем напиÑал дÑÑгÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñказал: “ÐÑиÑ
одиÑе вÑе и
+обменивайÑеÑÑ ÑÑим; добÑо пожаловаÑÑ!”
Ñо ÑÑо дало Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñем ÑпоÑоб
+ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ð¼Ñ, дало Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо могÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо ÑделаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. У
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñли именно Ñе навÑки, коÑоÑÑе
+нÑжнÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ. Ð ÑÑо бÑло Ñамое
полезное пÑиложение моей жизни,
+какое ÑолÑко Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ñебе вообÑазиÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо
бÑла пÑоблема, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑо
+дÑÑгой не пÑÑалÑÑ ÑеÑиÑÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ
ÑÑвÑÑвовал, ÑÑо избÑан, ÑÑо должен
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑÑим. ÐÑли не Ñ, Ñо кÑо? Так ÑÑо
Ñ ÑеÑил, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑаÑ
+ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑмÑÑ,
пÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ — оÑ
+ÑÑаÑоÑÑи, конеÑно. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, конеÑно, мне нÑжно бÑло ÑеÑиÑÑ,
ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑо должна бÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнаÑ
+ÑиÑÑема. ÐÑжно бÑло пÑинÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе
конÑÑÑÑкÑивно-ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие ÑеÑениÑ. Ðо
+ÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑин Ñ ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑовмеÑÑимой Ñ Unix. Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, Ñ ÑолÑко
+ÑÑо наблÑдал, как одна опеÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ð», ÑÑÑаÑела,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо бÑла напиÑана Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
конкÑеÑного вида компÑÑÑеÑов. Я не
+Ñ
оÑел, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо повÑоÑилоÑÑ. Ðам нÑжна
бÑла пеÑеноÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема. Так воÑ,
+Unix бÑла пеÑеноÑима. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
повÑоÑил ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Unix, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñли
+Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑанÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñоже
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑимой и
+ÑабоÑоÑпоÑобной. РеÑе, поÑемÑ
<i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i> бÑÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑима Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹ в
+деÑалÑÑ
. Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели
ÑеÑпеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ могÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимÑÑ
+изменений. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑал
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, как мне болÑÑе вÑего
+нÑавилоÑÑ — Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑил бÑ, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ,
огÑомное
+ÑдоволÑÑÑвие — Ñ Ñделал Ð±Ñ Ñо, ÑÑо
неÑовмеÑÑимо. ÐонимаеÑе,
+деÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑалиÑÑ. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
напиÑал ÑиÑÑемÑ, полÑзоваÑели
+Ñказали Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ: “ÐÑ, вÑе ÑÑо Ñлавно, но
неÑовмеÑÑимо. Ðа пеÑеÑ
од надо
+поÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÐ¹Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можем
пÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ Ð² Ñакие Ñ
лопоÑÑ ÑолÑко длÑ
+Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемой
вмеÑÑо Unix, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑанемÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
+Unix”. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо они Ð±Ñ Ñказали.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑли Ñ Ñ
оÑел ÑоздаÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво,
в коÑоÑом бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди,—
+лÑди, коÑоÑÑе полÑзовалиÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑÑой
Ñвободной ÑиÑÑемой и пожинали плодÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва,— мне нÑжно
бÑло ÑоздаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑой
+лÑди ÑÑали Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, ÑиÑÑемÑ, на
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ пеÑейÑи,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñоздавала Ð±Ñ Ñ Ñамого наÑала
непÑеодолимого пÑепÑÑÑÑвиÑ. Так воÑ,
+ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑÑ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÑÑ
Ñ Unix и
опÑеделила непоÑÑедÑÑвеннÑе
+конÑÑÑÑкÑивнÑе ÑеÑениÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Unix
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· множеÑÑва ÑаÑÑей и вÑе
+они ÑообÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑоÑоколам, коÑоÑÑе
более или менее докÑменÑиÑованÑ. Так
+ÑÑо еÑли вам нÑжна ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑÑ Ñ Unix, вам
пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ,
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð° дÑÑгой, Ñ ÑовмеÑÑимой ÑаÑÑÑÑ. Так
ÑÑо оÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑкÑивнÑе
+ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑи одной ÑаÑÑи, и иÑ
можеÑ
пÑинимаÑÑ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑвии ÑоÑ, кÑо
+ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ. ÐÑо не
обÑзаÑелÑно опÑеделÑÑÑ Ñ Ñамого наÑала.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо нам оÑÑавалоÑÑ ÑолÑко подÑÑкаÑÑ
назÑвание Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+пÑиÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ðº ÑабоÑе. Так воÑ, мÑ, Ñ
акеÑÑ,
вÑегда подбиÑаем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
+забавнÑе или пÑоÑивнÑе названиÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо в ÑазмÑÑлениÑÑ
о Ñом, как лÑди
+бÑдÑÑ Ð´Ð¸Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° название, заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ
половина ÑдоволÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаниÑ
+пÑогÑамм. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ð Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñла ÑÑадиÑиÑ
ÑекÑÑÑивнÑÑ
ÑокÑаÑений, в
+коÑоÑÑÑ
говоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÑÑ
пиÑеÑÑ, ÑÑ
одна Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑей пÑогÑаммой. Ðожно даÑÑ
название-ÑекÑÑÑивное ÑокÑаÑение, в
+коÑоÑом говоÑиÑÑÑ: ÑÑо не Ñа пÑогÑамма.
Так, напÑимеÑ, в ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
и
+ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
бÑло множеÑÑво
ÑекÑÑовÑÑ
ÑедакÑоÑов Tico, и они обÑÑно
+назÑвалиÑÑ “Ñакой-ÑÑкой Tico”. ÐоÑом
один оÑÑÑоÑмнÑй Ñ
акеÑ
+назвал Ñвой ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ “Tint”, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ
“<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">Tint Is Not Tico</span> (Tint — ÑÑо не
+Tico)”. ÐÑо бÑло пеÑвое ÑекÑÑÑивное
ÑокÑаÑение. Ð 1975 годÑ
+Ñ ÑазÑабоÑал ÑекÑÑовÑй ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ Emacs, и
поÑвилоÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво имиÑаÑий Emacs,
+и многие из ниÑ
назÑвалиÑÑ “Ñакой-ÑÑкой
Emacs”, но один из ниÑ
+назÑвалÑÑ “Fine”, Ñо еÑÑÑ “<span lang="en"
+xml:lang="en">Fine Is Not Emacs</span> (ÐÑекÑаÑнÑй —
ÑÑо не
+Emacs)”, бÑл Sine, Ñо еÑÑÑ “<span lang="en"
xml:lang="en">Sine
+Is Not Emacs</span> (СинÑÑ — ÑÑо не Emacs)”, и
Eine, Ñо
+еÑÑÑ “<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">Eine Is Not Emacs</span>
+(Eine — ÑÑо не Emacs)”, и MINCE, Ñо еÑÑÑ
“<span
+lang="en" xml:lang="en">Mince Is Not Complete Emacs</span>
+(ФаÑÑ — ÑÑо не полнÑй Emacs)” <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑо бÑла
+ÑÑÐµÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ÑаÑиÑ. РпоÑом Eine бÑл поÑÑи
полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑепиÑан, и новаÑ
+веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑвалаÑÑ Zwei, Ñо еÑÑÑ “<span lang="en"
xml:lang="en">Zwei
+Was Eine Initially</span> (Zwei пеÑвонаÑалÑно бÑл
+Eine)”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑÑкивал ÑекÑÑÑивное
ÑокÑаÑение, коÑоÑое ÑаÑÑиÑÑовÑвалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ
как
+“ЧÑо-Ñо — ÑÑо не Unix”. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñ
пеÑебÑал вÑе 26 бÑкв и
+обнаÑÑжил, ÑÑо ни одно из ниÑ
не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ñлова.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> УгÑ, попÑобÑем
+по-дÑÑгомÑ. Я Ñделал ÑÑÑжение. Так Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
вÑÑло Ð±Ñ ÑÑеÑ
бÑквенное ÑокÑаÑение,
+“ЧÑо-Ñо — не Unix”. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑебиÑал
бÑÐºÐ²Ñ Ð¸ набÑел на
+Ñлово “GNU” — Ñлово
“GNU” —
+забавнейÑее Ñлово в английÑком ÑзÑке.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> То, ÑÑо
+надо. РазÑмееÑÑÑ, забавно оно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
ÑоглаÑно ÑловаÑÑ, оно пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ
+как “<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">new</span>
+(новÑй)”. ÐонимаеÑе? Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° нем
Ñак ÑаÑÑо ÑÑÑоиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð³Ñа
+Ñлов. ÐавайÑе Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑнÑ. ÐÑо название
живоÑного, коÑоÑое обиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÐÑÑике. Ð
+в аÑÑиканÑком пÑоизноÑении бÑл ÑелкаÑÑий
звÑк. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, и
+он ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñам еÑÑÑ. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° евÑопейÑкие
колониÑÑÑ, когда они ÑÑда
+добÑалиÑÑ, они и не подÑмали ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ ÑÑомÑ
ÑелкаÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑкÑ. Ðни пÑоÑÑо
+опÑÑÑили его и ÑÑали пиÑаÑÑ “G”, ÑÑо
ознаÑало “вообÑе-Ñо
+здеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ ÐµÑе один звÑк, коÑоÑÑй мÑ
не
+пÑоизноÑим”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Так ÑÑо веÑеÑом Ñ
оÑбÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð² ЮжнÑÑ ÐÑÑикÑ, Ñ
+иÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑил найÑи кого-нибÑдÑ, кÑо мог
Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоизноÑиÑÑ ÑÑи
+ÑелкаÑÑие звÑки, <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»,
как пÑавилÑно пÑоизноÑиÑÑ
+“GNU”, когда ÑÑо живоÑное.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо когда ÑÑо название наÑей ÑиÑÑемÑ,
пÑавилÑное пÑоизноÑение —
+“ге-нє — пÑоизноÑиÑÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑким
“G”. ÐÑли
+Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе о “новой” опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑеме, Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÑаеÑе лÑдей,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаем над ней Ñже 17 леÑ,
Ñак ÑÑо она болÑÑе не
+новаÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðо она до ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаеÑÑÑ
и вÑегда оÑÑанеÑÑÑ
+“GNU” — незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого,
ÑколÑко лÑдей назÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+по оÑибке “Linux”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð² ÑнваÑе 1984 года Ñ ÑволилÑÑ
из MIT, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпиÑÑ
+к напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑаÑÑей GNU. Ðднако они бÑли
Ñак лÑбезнÑ, ÑÑо позволили мне
+пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
обоÑÑдованием.
Рв ÑÑо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð´Ñмал,
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñем вÑе ÑÑи ÑаÑÑи, Ñделаем
полнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, а поÑом
+Ñкажем: “ÐÑиÑ
одиÑе и беÑиÑе ее”,
а лÑди ÑÑанÑÑ ÐµÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ðо вÑÑло по-дÑÑгомÑ.
ÐеÑвÑе ÑаÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал,
+бÑли пÑоÑÑо ÑавноÑеннÑми заменами,
Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑим ÑиÑлом оÑибок, какиÑ
-Ñо
+ÑаÑÑей Unix, но они не бÑли Ñем-Ñо
ÑногÑÑибаÑелÑнÑм. ÐикÑо
+в оÑобенноÑÑи не Ñ
оÑел полÑÑиÑÑ
и ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+Ñ ÑебÑ. Ðо поÑом, в ÑенÑÑбÑе
1984 года, Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпил
+к напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ GNU Emacs, ÑÑо бÑла Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑоÑаÑ
ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Emacs,
+и к наÑÐ°Ð»Ñ 1985 года она заÑабоÑала.
Я мог полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
моиÑ
пÑавок, ÑÑо бÑло немалÑм
подÑпоÑÑем, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð±Ñл
+не намеÑен ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ VI,
ÑедакÑоÑа Unix. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑак,
+до Ñого вÑемени Ñ ÑедакÑиÑовал
на какой-Ñо дÑÑгой маÑине
+и ÑоÑ
ÑанÑл ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑеÑи, ÑÑобÑ
ÑеÑÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. Ðо когда GNU Emacs
+заÑабоÑал доÑÑаÑоÑно Ñ
оÑоÑо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³
им полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, он ÑÑал
+Ñакже — дÑÑгие Ñоже заÑ
оÑели им
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так ÑÑо мне нÑжно бÑло вÑÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑали
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ. ÐонеÑно, Ñ Ð²Ñложил
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð² анонимнÑй каÑалог FTP, и ÑÑого
бÑло доÑÑаÑоÑно
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо в ÑеÑи. Ðни могли пÑоÑÑо
вÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñайл аÑÑ
ива,
+но в 1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ
не бÑли
+в ÑеÑи. Ðо ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑе мне
пÑиÑÑлали ÑообÑениÑ: “Ðак
+мне полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ?” Ðне нÑжно бÑло
ÑеÑиÑÑ, как Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð¸Ð¼
+оÑвеÑаÑÑ. ÐÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “Я Ñ
оÑÑ
ÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ñвое вÑемÑ
+на напиÑание новÑÑ
пÑогÑамм GNU,
а не на запиÑÑ
+магниÑнÑÑ
ленÑ, Ñак ÑÑо найдиÑе,
пожалÑйÑÑа, знакомого, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого еÑÑÑ
+ÐнÑеÑÐ½ÐµÑ Ð¸ коÑоÑÑй заÑ
оÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑо
и запиÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+на ленÑÑ”. Я ÑвеÑен, лÑди Ñано или
поздно, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,
+наÑ
одили Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
-Ñо знакомÑÑ
. Ðни
полÑÑали бÑ
+копии. Ðо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло ÑабоÑÑ.
У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
поÑ
+не бÑло ÑабоÑÑ Ñ Ñамого моего ÑÑ
ода
из MIT в ÑнваÑе
+1984 года. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¸Ñкал какой-Ñо ÑпоÑоб,
коÑоÑÑм Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
+заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги Ñвоей ÑабоÑой
над ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ
+оÑганизовал пÑедпÑиÑÑие на базе
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Я обÑÑвил:
+“ÐÑÑлиÑе мне 150 доллаÑов, и Ñ
пÑиÑÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ по поÑÑе
+ленÑÑ Ñ Emacs”. Ð Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали
капаÑÑ. Ð ÑеÑедине года
+они поÑÑÑпали неболÑÑим поÑоком.</p>
+
+<p>Я полÑÑал 8 или 10 заказов в меÑÑÑ.
РеÑли бÑ
+понадобилоÑÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑожиÑÑ
на одни ÑÑи денÑги, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
+вÑегда жил ÑкÑомно. Ðо ÑÑÑи Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ñ, как
ÑÑÑденÑ. Рмне ÑÑо
+нÑавиÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо денÑги не дикÑÑÑÑ
мне, ÑÑо делаÑÑ. Я Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ
+Ñо, ÑÑо ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñм Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑебÑ. ÐÑо дало
мне ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо
+казалоÑÑ ÑÑоÑÑим Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо делаÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо ÑÑаÑайÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ даÑÑ
+ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑнÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ вÑе ÑÑи
доÑогоÑÑоÑÑие пÑивÑÑки, ÑвÑзаннÑе
+Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñазом жизни ÑипиÑнÑÑ
амеÑиканÑев.
ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑо
+ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ, Ñо лÑди Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñгами ÑÑанÑÑ
дикÑоваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼, ÑÑо вам делаÑÑ
+Ñо Ñвоей жизнÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑможеÑе
занÑÑÑÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+важнее вÑего.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо бÑло пÑекÑаÑно, но Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
ÑпÑаÑивали: “ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
+говоÑиÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
когда ÑÑо ÑÑоиÑ
+150 доллаÑов?” <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑ, они
задавали ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑ
Ñбивала Ñ ÑолкÑ
многознаÑноÑÑÑ Ð°Ð½Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð¹Ñкого Ñлова
+“<span lang="en" xml:lang="en">free</span>”. Ðдно
знаÑение
+оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº Ñене, а дÑÑгое ÑказÑваеÑ
на ÑвободÑ. Ðогда Ñ
+говоÑÑ Ð¾ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
, Ñ
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑвободÑ,
+а не ÑенÑ. Так ÑÑо дÑмайÑе
о волÑной ÑеÑи,
+а не о беÑплаÑном пиве. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
Так воÑ, Ñ
+не ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑолÑко леÑ
Ñвоей жизни ÑомÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑ
менÑÑе денег. ÐÑо не бÑло моей
+ÑелÑÑ. Я пÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð¸ Ñам не пÑоÑÑ
полÑÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñги. Я
+не... а ÑледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑика одна
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
. Я не пÑоÑив Ñого,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸ дÑÑгой пÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑал
денÑги. Я не Ñ
оÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑенÑ
+бÑли низкими. ÐÑоблема ÑовÑем
не в ÑÑом. ÐÑоблема
+в Ñвободе. Свободе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, кÑо
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, вÑе
+Ñавно, пÑогÑаммиÑÑ ÑÑо или неÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ надо даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ опÑеделение
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ðне лÑÑÑе добÑаÑÑÑÑ
+до какиÑ
-Ñо наÑÑоÑÑиÑ
подÑобноÑÑей,
понимаеÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо когда
+говоÑÑÑ: “Я за Ñвободє, ÑÑо ниÑего
не знаÑиÑ. ÐÑÑÑ
+ÑÑолÑко ÑазнÑÑ
Ñвобод, за коÑоÑÑе можно
вÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ, и они
+пÑоÑивоÑеÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÑÑг дÑÑгÑ, Ñак ÑÑо
на Ñамом деле полиÑиÑеÑкий вопÑоÑ
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¹Ñие
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ — ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¼ Ñвой оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² конкÑеÑной ÑÑеÑе
+полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами. ÐÑогÑамма
Ñвободна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, конкÑеÑного
+полÑзоваÑелÑ, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑледÑÑÑие
ÑвободÑ:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Ðо-пеÑвÑÑ
, Ñвобода Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ñ — Ñвобода
вÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+в лÑбÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
, каким вам Ñгодно
обÑазом.</li>
+<li>Свобода один — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
Ñебе, изменÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+под Ñвои нÑждÑ.</li>
+<li>Свобода два — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ
+копии пÑогÑаммÑ.</li>
+<li>Свобода ÑÑи — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво, пÑбликÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑÑеннÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие могли
извлекаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸Ð· ваÑей ÑабоÑÑ.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи ÑвободÑ,
пÑогÑамма Ñвободна, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ —
+и ÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
ÑоÑмÑлиÑÑÑ ÑÑо Ñак. ÐÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнÑ
+поÑом, когда бÑÐ´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ
о СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензии GNU
(GNU
+GPL), но ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑнÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñакое
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑо более
+пÑоÑÑой вопÑоÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñвобода Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ðµ оÑевидна. ÐÑли
вам не позволено даже вÑполнÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммÑ, как вам Ñгодно, ÑÑо ÑеÑÑовÑки
огÑаниÑиÑелÑнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма. Ðо на деле болÑÑинÑÑво
пÑогÑамм даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+по менÑÑей меÑе ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ñ.
Ð Ñвобода Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ñ ÑледÑеÑ, ÑÑидиÑеÑки,
+из ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½, два и ÑÑи — Ñак
ÑÑÑÑоено авÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво. Так ÑÑо ÑвободÑ, оÑлиÑаÑÑие
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑипиÑнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм,— ÑÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½, два
и ÑÑи, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ ÑÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñобнее
+о ниÑ
и о Ñом, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ важнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода один — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
Ñебе, изменÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñвои
+нÑждÑ. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑпÑавление
оÑибок. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
+новÑÑ
возможноÑÑей. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
пеÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгÑÑ Ð²ÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод вÑеÑ
ÑообÑений об оÑибкаÑ
+на ÑзÑк наваÑ
о. ÐÑбое изменение, коÑоÑое
вам понадобиÑÑÑ —
+Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ внеÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, оÑевидно, ÑÑо пÑоÑеÑÑионалÑнÑе
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвенно
+пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑи ÑвободÑ, но не ÑолÑко
они. ÐÑбой Ñеловек
+Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно вÑÑоким ÑÑовнем
ÑмÑÑвенного ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
+немного пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑднÑе задаÑи, а еÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¸Ðµ,
+и болÑÑинÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð»Ñдей не нÑжно ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑолÑко, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑднÑе
+задаÑи. Ðо многие могÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¸Ðµ задаÑи, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,
+ÑоÑно Ñак же, как 50 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ многие
и многие амеÑиканÑÑ
+ÑÑилиÑÑ ÑемонÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð°Ð²Ñомобили, ÑÑо
позволило СШРиÑполÑзоваÑÑ
+во ÐÑоÑой миÑовой войне моÑоÑизованнÑÑ
аÑÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ победиÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло много лÑбиÑелей.</p>
+
+<p>РеÑли Ð²Ñ Ñеловек из наÑода и вообÑе не Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
нике, ÑÑо можеÑ
+ознаÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ знакомÑÑ
и вам неÑедко ÑдаеÑÑÑ
+ÑÑлÑжиÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑо-Ñо из ниÑ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммиÑÑом. Так ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
попÑоÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ из ÑвоиÑ
+знакомÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов:
“Ðе подгоÑовиÑе ли Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+ÑÑо изменение? Ðе добавиÑе ли ÑÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ?” Так ÑÑо
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ
множеÑÑво лÑдей.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑой ÑвободÑ, ÑÑо
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº пÑакÑиÑеÑкомÑ,
+маÑеÑиалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ´Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва.
Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе Ð²Ñ ÑÑановиÑеÑÑ
+заложником ÑвоиÑ
пÑогÑамм. Я ÑаÑÑказÑвал,
как ÑÑо вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑимениÑелÑно
+к лазеÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, он
ÑабоÑал Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑаÑиÑелÑно,
+а Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли иÑпÑавиÑÑ ÑÑо, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо бÑли заложниками ÑвоиÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо ÑÑо ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ñакже на
нÑавÑÑвенноÑÑи. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли компÑÑÑеÑ
+поÑÑоÑнно вÑÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑебÑ, а лÑди им
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ, иÑ
Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑÑановиÑÑÑ
+безÑÑÑ
одной, а еÑли они полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼
на ÑабоÑе, иÑ
ÑабоÑа
+ÑÑановиÑÑÑ ÑÑгоÑÑной; они ÑÑанÑÑ ÐµÐµ
ненавидеÑÑ. Ð, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, лÑди
+заÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹, ÑеÑаÑ
не обÑаÑаÑÑ
+внимание. Так ÑÑо поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди
Ñ Ð¼ÑÑлÑми: “ÐÑ, ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ
+поÑвилÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑабоÑе. ÐолÑÑе Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ниÑего не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ. ÐÑли
+Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÑодвинÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾, мне
на ÑÑо наплеваÑÑ, пÑÑÑÑ
+Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑалÑÑÑва голова болиє.
Ркогда ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, ÑÑо
+плоÑ
о Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑиÑ
лÑдей
и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва в Ñелом. ÐÑак, воÑ
+Ñвобода один, Ñвобода помогаÑÑ Ñебе.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода два — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ
+копии пÑогÑаммÑ. Так воÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑв,
коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑлиÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ,
+обмен полезнÑми знаниÑми пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
ÑÑндаменÑалÑнÑй Ð°ÐºÑ Ð´ÑÑжбÑ. Ðогда ÑÑи
+ÑÑÑеÑÑва полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑами, ÑÑоÑ
Ð°ÐºÑ Ð´ÑÑÐ¶Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð°
+пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑÑзÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. Ðни помогаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг
+дÑÑгÑ. Такова пÑиÑода дÑÑжбÑ. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
добÑой воли — дÑÑ
+помоÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ,
добÑоволÑной — пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
важнейÑий
+ÑеÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. Ðменно им оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ
обÑеÑÑво, в коÑоÑом можно жиÑÑ,
+Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ леÑа, в коÑоÑом вÑе воÑÑÑ
пÑоÑив вÑеÑ
. ÐÑÑпнейÑие
+Ñелигии миÑа пÑизнавали ÑÑо
на пÑоÑÑжении ÑÑÑÑÑелеÑий, они ÑвнÑм
+обÑазом ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда Ñ Ñ
одил в деÑÑкий Ñад, воÑпиÑаÑели
ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ðº
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ — к дÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð° —
подÑÐ°Ð»ÐºÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ðº Ñаким
+дейÑÑвиÑм. Ðни понимали, ÑÑо еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼
ÑÑо, Ð¼Ñ ÑÑимÑÑ. Так ÑÑо они
+говоÑили: “ÐÑли ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð½ÐµÑ Ð² ÑколÑ
ÑлаÑÑи, ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ должен
+ÑÑедаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
один; нÑжно поделиÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими деÑÑми”. ÐаÑе
+обÑÑение, обÑеÑÑво бÑло оÑганизовано,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑаÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
Ñ
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва. РпоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо нÑжно
делаÑÑ? ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо лÑди
+оÑдаÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ полноÑÑÑÑ.
ÐÑо ÑаÑÑÑ ÑеловеÑеÑкой пÑиÑодÑ,
+одна из многиÑ
. Так ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво, вам
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ пооÑÑением дÑÑ
а обмена. ÐонимаеÑе, он никогда
+не Ð´Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ 100%. ÐÑо можно понÑÑÑ.
ÐÑди Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑиÑÑÑÑ
+и о Ñебе. Ðо еÑли Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо ÑвелиÑим
ÑÑо, нам вÑем бÑдеÑ
+лÑÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p>СегоднÑ, Ñ ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑавиÑелÑÑÑва
СШÐ, ÑÑиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑи
+пÑоÑивоположное. “Ð, Ðжонни, ÑÑ Ð¿ÑинеÑ
в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðадно,
+не обменивайÑÑ ÐµÐ¹. ÐеÑ-неÑ. ÐбмениваÑÑÑÑ
плоÑ
о. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑ
+пиÑає.</p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо они имеÑÑ Ð² видÑ, когда говоÑÑÑ
“пиÑає? Ðни говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
+помоÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенно
ÑквиваленÑна нападениÑ
+на коÑаблÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>ЧÑо Ñказали Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом ÐÑдда или Ð¥ÑиÑÑоÑ?
ХоÑоÑо, вÑбеÑиÑе Ñвоего лÑбимого
+Ñелигиозного вождÑ. Я не знаÑ, можеÑ
бÑÑÑ, ÐенÑон Ñказал Ð±Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо
+дÑÑгое. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑо знаеÑ, ÑÑо
Ñказал бÑ
+Ð. Рон ХаббаÑд? Ðо...</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐонеÑно, он ÑмеÑ. Ðо они Ñак
не ÑÑиÑаÑÑ. ЧÑо?</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. РдÑÑгие Ñоже ÑмеÑли.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
] [неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i> ЧаÑлÑз
+ÐенÑон Ñоже ÑмеÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðни ÑмеÑли,
Ð¥ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑмеÑ, ÐÑдда ÑмеÑ...</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа, ÑÑо веÑно. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Так
ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, в ÑÑом
+оÑноÑении Ð. Рон ХаббаÑд не Ñ
Ñже
дÑÑгиÑ
. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
+Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло
<i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ð. Рон вÑегда
полÑзовалÑÑ ÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами — они оÑвободили его
Ð¾Ñ ÐагÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑе Ñавно, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо-Ñо
и еÑÑÑ Ñамое важное, поÑемÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ: мÑ
не можем позволиÑÑ Ñебе загÑÑзнение
+важнейÑего ÑеÑÑÑÑа обÑеÑÑва. ÐÑавда, ÑÑо
не ÑизиÑеÑкий ÑеÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
+не ÑиÑÑÑй воздÑÑ
и не ÑиÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð°.
ÐÑо пÑиÑ
оÑоÑиалÑнÑй
+ÑеÑÑÑÑ, но он ÑоÑно Ñак же Ñеален,
Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в наÑей жизни
+завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ðµ. ÐонимаеÑе,
наÑи дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑ
+на мÑÑли дÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей. Ðогда Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим
окÑÑжаÑÑим:
+“Ðе обменивайÑеÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг
Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом”, еÑли они наÑ
+ÑлÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвие
на обÑеÑÑво, неÑ
оÑоÑее
+воздейÑÑвие. ÐÑо Ñвобода два, Ñвобода
помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа! Ð Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑой
ÑвободÑ, ÑÑо не пÑоÑÑо наноÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑоÑ
+вÑед пÑиÑ
оÑоÑиалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва,
ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñакже
+к издеÑжкам — пÑакÑиÑеÑкомÑ,
маÑеÑиалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑедÑ. ÐÑли
+Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÑ Ð¸ он
ÑÑÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾ Ñак, ÑÑо каждомÑ
+полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой, Ñо некоÑоÑÑе
+ÑкажÑÑ: “ЧÑо ж, Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÑÑÑ
без нее”. Ð ÑÑо
+издеÑжки, пÑеднамеÑенно внеÑеннÑе
издеÑжки. Рв пÑогÑаммаÑ
,
+конеÑно, инÑеÑеÑно Ñо, ÑÑо менÑÑее ÑиÑло
полÑзоваÑелей не ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо
+нÑжно ÑделаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе пÑодÑкÑа. ÐонимаеÑе,
еÑли менÑÑе лÑдей покÑпаеÑ
+авÑомобили, можно делаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе
авÑомобилей. ÐÑо
+ÑкономиÑ. РпÑоизводÑÑво авÑомобилей
можно вкладÑваÑÑ, а можно
+не вкладÑваÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо можно
ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо неплоÑ
о, когда
+Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñена. ÐÑо
не позволÑÐµÑ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑделÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑаÑнÑ
+много ÑеÑÑÑÑов на изгоÑовление
авÑомобилей, коÑоÑÑе
+и не нÑжнÑ. Ðо еÑли Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй
новÑй авÑомобилÑ
+не ÑÑебовал никакиÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑов,
в Ñнижении пÑоизводÑÑва авÑомобилей
+не бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего Ñ
оÑоÑего. ÐÑ,
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
обÑекÑов,
+конеÑно, ÑакиÑ
как авÑомобили,
изгоÑовление каждого дополниÑелÑного
+ÑкземплÑÑа вÑегда бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÑебоваÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑов.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм ÑÑо не веÑно. ÐÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÑо Ñгодно. ÐÑо
+ÑлеменÑаÑно. ÐÑо не оÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑов,
кÑоме незнаÑиÑелÑного колиÑеÑÑва
+ÑлекÑÑоÑнеÑгии. Так ÑÑо ÑкономиÑÑ
неÑего, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑанем ÑаÑÑ
одоваÑÑ
+лÑÑÑе никакой ÑеÑÑÑÑ, еÑли наложим
на пÑименение пÑогÑамм ÑÑо
+ÑинанÑовое заÑÑÑднение. ЧаÑÑо вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑÑÑ
лÑди, коÑоÑÑе пÑинимаÑÑ ÑкономикÑ,
+ÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑкономиÑеÑкой аÑгÑменÑаÑии,
оÑнованнÑе на пÑедположениÑÑ
,
+коÑоÑÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм не вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ;
они пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑенеÑÑи иÑ
+из дÑÑгиÑ
ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸, где ÑÑи
пÑедположениÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑпÑаведливÑ,
+а заклÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑнÑ. Ðни
пÑоÑÑо беÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑениÑ
+и ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо они веÑнÑ
и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+иÑ
аÑгÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð² ÑлÑÑае пÑогÑамм
ни на Ñем
+не оÑнована. ÐÑÐµÐ´Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑÑом
ÑлÑÑае
+не вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑовеÑиÑÑ,
как Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑе
+к заклÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ на какиÑ
пÑедположениÑÑ
оно оÑновано, ÑÑобÑ
+понÑÑÑ, в какиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
ÑÑо заклÑÑение
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно. ÐÑак, ÑÑо
+Ñвобода два, Ñвобода помогаÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
ближнемÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода ÑÑи — Ñвобода помогаÑÑ
ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво, пÑбликÑÑ
+ÑлÑÑÑеннÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðне ÑаÑÑо
говоÑили: “ÐÑли пÑогÑамма
+Ñвободна, Ñо за ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ней никÑо
не полÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³,
+кÑо же над ней бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ?” ÐÑ,
конеÑно, они пÑÑали два
+знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñлова “ÑвободнÑй”,
Ñак ÑÑо в оÑнове иÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑждений бÑло недопонимание.
Ðо во вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, Ñакова бÑла
+иÑ
ÑеоÑиÑ. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑопоÑÑавиÑÑ
ÑÑÑ ÑеоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ ÑмпиÑиÑеÑким
+ÑакÑом, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼, ÑÑо ÑоÑнÑм лÑдей плаÑÑÑ
за ÑоÑÑавление ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, и ÑвÑÑе ÑоÑни ÑÑÑÑÑ
занимаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим на обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
+наÑалаÑ
. Ðад ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
+лÑдей, по ÑамÑм ÑазнообÑазнÑм
пÑиÑинам.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда Ñ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑвÑе вÑпÑÑÑил GNU Emacs —
пеÑвÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU,
+коÑоÑой лÑди по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑели
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ — и когда
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÑали поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели,
ÑеÑез какое-Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑил
+ÑообÑение, в коÑоÑом говоÑилоÑÑ:
“Ðо-моемÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñел
+в иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе оÑибкÑ, воÑ
иÑпÑавление”. РдÑÑгое:
+“ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑнкÑии”.
РеÑе иÑпÑавление
+оÑибки. РеÑе Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑнкÑиÑ. РеÑе,
и еÑе, пока они не ÑÑали
+ÑÑпаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñаким поÑоком, ÑÑо Ñже
на Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+вÑей Ñой помоÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑал,
ÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+ÑÑÑда. У Microsoft Ñакой пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>ÐпоÑледÑÑвии на ÑÑо Ñвление обÑаÑили
внимание. ÐонимаеÑе, в воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
+годаÑ
XX века многие из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ñмали, ÑÑо
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, можеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, не бÑдÑÑ Ñак Ñ
оÑоÑи, как
неÑвободнÑе, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм. Ð,
конеÑно, Ñакие как Ñ, кÑо Ñенил
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑообÑеÑÑво, говоÑили: “ÐÑ,
а Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñавно бÑдем
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами”.
Свобода ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой жеÑÑвÑ
+в ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑком ÑмÑÑле. Ð ÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди
ÑÑали замеÑаÑÑ, пÑимеÑно
+в девÑноÑÑом годÑ, ÑÑо наÑи-Ñо пÑогÑаммÑ
лÑÑÑе. Ðни бÑли ÑÑÑекÑивнее,
+надежнее, Ñем неÑвободнÑе алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РнаÑале девÑноÑÑÑÑ
кÑо-Ñо наÑел
ÑкÑпеÑименÑалÑнÑй ÑпоÑоб оÑениваÑÑ
+надежноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. Ðн Ñделал Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо. Ðн
взÑл неÑколÑко набоÑов
+ÑопоÑÑавимÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе вÑполнÑли
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑабоÑÑ — в ÑоÑноÑÑи однÑ
и ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑабоÑÑ — в ÑазнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
.
ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÑеÑÑвовали
+опÑеделеннÑе оÑновнÑе Unix-подобнÑе
ÑÑилиÑÑ. Ð ÑабоÑа, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+вÑполнÑли, имиÑиÑовала более или менее
одно и Ñо же, либо они
+Ñледовали ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии POSIX, Ñак ÑÑо они
бÑли Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð² аÑпекÑе
+ÑабоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ вÑполнÑли, но они
ÑазÑабаÑÑвалиÑÑ ÑазнÑми лÑдÑми,
+иÑ
пиÑали незавиÑимо. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли
ÑазнÑе. Так ÑÑо они Ñказали:
+“ЧÑо же, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ñмем ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ,
пÑогоним ÑеÑез ниÑ
ÑлÑÑайнÑе
+даннÑе и помеÑим, наÑколÑко ÑаÑÑо они
бÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ
+или завиÑаÑÑ”. ÐÑак, они помеÑили ÑÑо,
и ÑамÑм надежнÑм
+набоÑом пÑогÑамм бÑли пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU. ÐÑе
коммеÑÑеÑкие алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+бÑли неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, бÑли менее
надежнÑ. ÐÑак, он опÑбликовал ÑÑо
+и ÑаÑÑказал вÑем ÑазÑабоÑÑикам,
а ÑеÑез неÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð½ повÑоÑил
+ÑкÑпеÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñледними веÑÑиÑми
и полÑÑил ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑ. ÐеÑÑии GNU бÑли ÑамÑе надежнÑе.
ÐÑди — знаеÑе, еÑÑÑ
+онкологиÑеÑкие клиники и ÑкоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ,
коÑоÑÑе полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемой
+GNU, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо она Ñак надежна,
а надежноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
оÑенÑ
+важна.</p>
+
+<p>Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ гÑÑппа лÑдей,
коÑоÑÑе подÑеÑкиваÑÑ ÑÑо
+конкÑеÑное доÑÑоинÑÑво как пÑиÑинÑ,
главнÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑинÑ, по коÑоÑой
+полÑзоваÑелÑм должно бÑÑÑ ÑазÑеÑено
делаÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи веÑи
+и по коÑоÑой Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑи
ÑвободÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+ÑлÑÑали, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÑили, Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, ÑÑо Ñ,
вÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñа
+Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ
говоÑÑ Ð¾ ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
вопÑоÑаÑ
,
+о Ñом, в какого Ñода обÑеÑÑве Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим
жиÑÑ, каким должно бÑÑÑ
+Ñ
оÑоÑее обÑеÑÑво, а Ñакже о пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
, маÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
вÑгодаÑ
. Ðажно
+и Ñо, и дÑÑгое. Так ÑÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Та, дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа лÑдей —
назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ за оÑкÑÑÑÑй
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ — они ÑказÑваÑÑ
ÑолÑко на пÑакÑиÑеÑкие
+вÑгодÑ. Ðни оÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо дело
пÑинÑипа. Ðни оÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð»Ñдей
+еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
Ñо Ñвоим ближним, понимаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамма и пÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ, еÑли им
ÑÑо не нÑавиÑÑÑ. Ðднако они
+говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо позволÑÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм делаÑÑ ÑÑо
полезно. Так ÑÑо они пÑиÑ
одÑÑ
+в компании и говоÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼: “ÐнаеÑе,
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ лÑдÑм
делаÑÑ ÑÑо”. ÐÑак, как вÑ
+понимаеÑе, до какой-Ñо ÑÑепени они ведÑÑ
лÑдей в Ñом же
+напÑавлении, но по ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгим,
по пÑинÑипиалÑно дÑÑгим
+ÑилоÑоÑÑким пÑиÑинам.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо по ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð»ÑÐ±Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ,
понимаеÑе, по ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑÑ ÑÑи
+два Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑаÑÑ
одÑÑÑÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, в
движении за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ
+говоÑим: “У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на ÑÑи
ÑвободÑ. Ðам
+не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо”.
Рдвижении за оÑкÑÑÑÑй
+иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ: “Ðа, они могÑÑ
не даваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ делаÑÑ ÑÑо,
+еÑли заÑ
оÑÑÑ, но Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑаемÑÑ ÑбедиÑÑ
иÑ
ÑнизойÑи до Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
+позволиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ делаÑÑ ÑÑо”. Так воÑ,
они внеÑли вклад —
+они Ñбедили опÑеделенное ÑиÑло
пÑедпÑиÑÑий вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð² наÑем
ÑообÑеÑÑве
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе колиÑеÑÑва пÑогÑамм
в каÑеÑÑве ÑвободнÑÑ
. Так ÑÑо
+они, движение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ, внеÑли ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑй вклад
+в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво. Ð Ñаким обÑазом, мÑ
вмеÑÑе ÑабоÑаем
+над пÑакÑиÑеÑкими пÑоекÑами.
Ðо в ÑилоÑоÑÑком плане
+Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾ÑÑалÑное ÑазноглаÑие.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑожалениÑ, именно движение за оÑкÑÑÑÑй
иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ
+поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑелей, Ñак ÑÑо
болÑÑинÑÑво ÑÑаÑей о наÑей
+ÑабоÑе говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ ней как об оÑкÑÑÑом
иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе,
+и многие по Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑ, бÑдÑо
вÑе Ð¼Ñ ÑвлÑемÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ
+Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ.
Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑомÑ-Ñо
+Ñ ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом ÑазлиÑии. Я Ñ
оÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸, ÑÑо движение
+за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑое дало
Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ
+и ÑазÑабоÑало ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, вÑе еÑе
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ — и Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-пÑежнемÑ
оÑÑÑаиваем ÑÑÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкÑÑ
+ÑилоÑоÑиÑ. Я Ñ
оÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом
знали, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ незнаниÑ
+не ввеÑÑи кого-Ñо дÑÑгого
в заблÑждение.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ñакже ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ задÑмаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾
ÑобÑÑвенной позиÑии.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, ваÑе дело, какое движение
поддеÑживаÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ
+Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
и моими взглÑдами. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼
за оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ. ÐÑ
+можеÑе не ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ Ñ Ñем,
ни Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим. СвоÑ
+позиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑим полиÑиÑеÑким вопÑоÑам
опÑеделÑеÑе вÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑли Ð²Ñ ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ за
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — еÑли вÑ
+понимаеÑе, ÑÑо здеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема, в Ñом,
ÑÑо лÑди, ÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ
+конÑÑолиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸ напÑавлÑеÑÑÑ
ÑеÑением, заÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð¿Ñава голоÑа
+в ÑÑом ÑеÑении — Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑÑ, вÑ
ÑкажеÑе, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑоглаÑнÑ
+Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÐµÐ¼ за ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
и один из ÑпоÑобов
+ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо — полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
вÑÑажением “ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммє и пÑоÑÑо помогаÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
ÑзнаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑем.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñвобода ÑÑи оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð° как Ñ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкой, Ñак и пÑиÑ
оÑоÑиалÑной
+ÑÑоÑонÑ. ÐÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑой ÑвободÑ, ÑÑо
пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº пÑакÑиÑеÑкомÑ
+маÑеÑиалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑедÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
ÑообÑеÑÑво не ÑазвиваеÑÑÑ
+и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем делаÑÑ ÑÑÑекÑивнÑе
надежнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо ÑÑо
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñакже к пÑиÑ
оÑоÑиалÑномÑ
вÑедÑ, ÑÑо ÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° дÑÑ
е
+наÑÑного ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва — идее, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ ÑовмеÑÑно ÑабоÑаем
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑа ÑеловеÑеÑкого знаниÑ.
ÐонимаеÑе, наÑÑнÑй пÑогÑеÑÑ ÐºÑайне
+нÑждаеÑÑÑ Ð² лÑдÑÑ
, ÑпоÑобнÑÑ
ÑабоÑаÑÑ
дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. Ð Ñ
оÑÑ
+в наÑи дни Ð²Ñ ÑаÑÑо видиÑе, ÑÑо каждаÑ
неболÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа ÑÑенÑÑ
+дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ñак, как бÑдÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ
война Ñо вÑеми дÑÑгими
+гÑÑппами ÑÑенÑÑ
и инженеÑов. РеÑли
они не делÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг
+Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом, они деÑÐ¶Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñе пÑи Ñебе.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑи ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе оÑлиÑаÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑипиÑной
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Свобода один — Ñвобода
помогаÑÑ Ñебе, вноÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+под Ñвои нÑждÑ. Свобода два —
Ñвобода помогаÑÑ ÑвоемÑ
+ближнемÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸.
Ð Ñвобода ÑÑи — Ñвобода
+помогаÑÑ ÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ñвое ÑообÑеÑÑво, вноÑÑ
Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑбликÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими лÑдÑми. ÐÑли
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи
+ÑвободÑ, пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñвободна.
Так воÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑ
+ÑÑо в оÑноÑении конкÑеÑного
полÑзоваÑелÑ? Свободна ли пÑогÑамма
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ? <i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñеловека
из аÑдиÑоÑии]</i>
+Свободна ли пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ?
<i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгого
+Ñеловека из аÑдиÑоÑии]</i> Свободна ли
пÑогÑамма Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ?
+<i>[ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгого Ñеловека
из аÑдиÑоÑии]</i> Ðа?</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐбÑÑÑниÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа,
ÑазлиÑие Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñвободами два и
+ÑÑи. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ, они, конеÑно, ÑвÑзанÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе неÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ,
конеÑно, Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
+измененнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, но ÑÑо ÑазнаÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ð.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Свобода два — ÑÑо воÑ
ÑÑо: Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе ÑоÑнÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ вÑÑÑаеÑе ее Ñвоим знакомÑм, ÑÑобÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñй мог ÑÑим
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ðли, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
ÑоÑнÑе копии и пÑодаеÑе иÑ
+кÑÑе лÑдей, и Ñогда они могÑÑ ÑÑим
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Свобода ÑÑи — ÑÑо когда Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — или по
+кÑайней меÑе дÑмаеÑе, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑлÑÑÑениÑ,
а некоÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸
+ÑоглаÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ вÑÑ ÑазниÑа. Ðа,
кÑÑаÑи, одна пÑинÑипиалÑнаÑ
+деÑалÑ. Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ и два ÑÑебÑÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñл доÑÑÑп
+к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо изменÑÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² двоиÑном виде
+кÑайне ÑÑÑдно. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðаже пÑоÑÑейÑие
изменениÑ, напÑимеÑ, вÑвод даÑÑ
+ÑеÑÑÑÑÐ¼Ñ ÑиÑÑами, <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа. ÐÑак,
+по веÑким пÑакÑиÑеÑким пÑиÑинам доÑÑÑп
к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑедпоÑÑлкой, необÑ
одимоÑÑÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ ÑоÑки
зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñого, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑогÑамма
+Ñвободной Ð´Ð»Ñ <em>ваÑ</em>? Ðело в Ñом, ÑÑо
иногда одна
+и Ñа же пÑогÑамма Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
Ñвободной Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+и неÑвободной Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
. Так воÑ, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+паÑадокÑалÑнÑм, но позволÑÑе мне
показаÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑимеÑе, как ÑÑо
+пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ. ÐÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим пÑимеÑом —
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑамÑм болÑÑим
+в иÑÑоÑии — ÑÑой пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑала
ÑиÑÑема X Window,
+ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² MIT и вÑпÑÑеннаÑ
под лиÑензией, коÑоÑаÑ
+делала ее Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой. ÐÑли вÑ
полÑÑали веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· MIT
+Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñензией MIT, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑвободÑ
один, два
+и ÑÑи. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑа пÑогÑамма бÑла
Ñвободной. Ðо ÑÑеди ÑеÑ
,
+кÑо полÑÑил копии, бÑли ÑазлиÑнÑе
пÑоизводиÑели компÑÑÑеÑов, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix, и они внеÑли
в X изменениÑ,
+необÑ
одимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
. ÐонимаеÑе, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
+вÑего лиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑок
из ÑоÑен ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑок X. РпоÑом
+они компилиÑовали ÑÑо, вÑÑавлÑли двоиÑнÑе
ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ð² ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix
+и ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли по ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамомÑ
договоÑÑ
+о неÑазглаÑении, ÑÑо и оÑÑалÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix. РпоÑом ÑÑи
+копии полÑÑили Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей. У ниÑ
бÑла ÑиÑÑема X Window,
+но не бÑло ни одной из ÑÑиÑ
Ñвобод. Ðна не бÑла
+Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой <em>Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
</em>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, паÑÐ°Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑ Ð±Ñл в Ñом, ÑÑо Ñо, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
ли X Ñвободной, завиÑело Ð¾Ñ Ñого,
+где пÑоизводиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑение. ÐÑли
измеÑение пÑоводилоÑÑ Ð½Ð° гÑÑппе
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиков, Ð²Ñ Ñказали бÑ: “Я
наблÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи
+ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма”. ÐÑли
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ñоводили измеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑеди
+полÑзоваÑелей, Ð²Ñ Ñказали бÑ: “Ðге,
Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑва
+полÑзоваÑелей ÑÑиÑ
Ñвобод неÑ. ÐÑо
не ÑвободнаÑ
+пÑогÑамма”. Так воÑ, Ñе, кÑо
ÑазÑабоÑал X, не ÑÑиÑали ÑÑо
+пÑоблемой, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑ
ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñла
пÑоÑÑо попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ, по ÑÑÑи,
+Ñамомнение. Ðм нÑжен бÑл болÑÑой
пÑоÑеÑÑионалÑнÑй ÑÑпеÑ
. Ðни Ñ
оÑели
+ÑÑвÑÑвоваÑÑ: “Ð, наÑими пÑогÑаммами
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+лÑдей”. Ð ÑÑо бÑло веÑно. ÐÑ
пÑогÑаммами полÑзовалоÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+лÑдей, но Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð² пÑоекÑе GNU Ñо же Ñамое
ÑлÑÑилоÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами GNU, ÑÑо
+бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñовалом, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо наÑей
ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñло не пÑоÑÑо ÑÑаÑÑ
+попÑлÑÑнÑми; наÑей ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñло даÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм
ÑвободÑ, пооÑÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво,
+позволиÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ. ÐомниÑе,
ни в коем ÑлÑÑае
+не пÑинÑждаÑÑ Ðº ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑвÑ
Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼ Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло,
+но гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑем ÑазÑеÑено
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
еÑÑÑ
+Ñвобода ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ, еÑли они пожелаÑÑ.
ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей
+ÑабоÑали Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми веÑÑиÑми GNU, ÑÑо
вовÑе не бÑло бÑ
+ÑÑпеÑ
ом. ÐÑе вÑвеÑнÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ
наизнанкÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¸Ñкал ÑпоÑоб пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑо.
ÐеÑод, коÑоÑÑй Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñел, назÑваеÑÑÑ
+“авÑоÑÑким левом”. Ðн назÑваеÑÑÑ Ñак
поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо вÑоде как
+взÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и пеÑевеÑнÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð³
+на головÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ЮÑидиÑеÑки ÑабоÑа
авÑоÑÑкого лева оÑнована
+на авÑоÑÑком пÑаве. ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑим авÑоÑÑким пÑавом,
+но иÑполÑзÑем его ÑовÑем в дÑÑгиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑÑо мÑ
+делаем. ÐÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим: “Ðа ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
+пÑаво”. Ð, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, по ÑмолÑаниÑ
ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо ее запÑеÑено
+копиÑоваÑÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
или изменÑÑÑ. Ðо заÑем Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим:
+“ÐÑ ÑполномоÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
ÑÑого. ÐÑ ÑполномоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ
+ÑÑо. ÐÑ ÑполномоÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
измененнÑе и ÑаÑÑиÑеннÑе
+веÑÑии. ÐÑавÑÑе ÑÑо, как вам Ñгодно”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо еÑÑÑ ÑÑловие. Ð, конеÑно, из-за ÑÑого-Ñо
ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе ÑÑо
+и заÑеваем — ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ бÑло
наложиÑÑ ÑÑловие. СоглаÑно
+ÑÑловиÑ, когда Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
ни ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑли ÑÑо Ð±Ñ Ñо
+ни бÑло, ÑÑо ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð»ÑбÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑой
пÑогÑаммÑ, вÑÑ Ñа пÑогÑамма
+должна ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñеми же
ÑамÑми ÑÑловиÑми,
+не болÑÑе и не менÑÑе. Так ÑÑо
вам можно пÑавиÑÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
веÑÑиÑ, но когда Ð²Ñ ÑÑо
+делаеÑе, Ñе, кÑо полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑо Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ,
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ ÑамÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑили Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ.
Рне пÑоÑÑо
+в оÑноÑении ÑаÑÑей — извлеÑений,
коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ ÑкопиÑовали
+из наÑей пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
но и в оÑноÑении дÑÑгиÑ
+ÑаÑÑей ÑÑой пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе они
полÑÑили Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ. ÐÑÑ ÑÑа пÑогÑамма
+Ñеликом Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
должна бÑÑÑ Ñвободна.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸ пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ
+неоÑÑÑждаемÑми пÑавами — ÑÑо понÑÑие
из ÐеклаÑаÑии
+незавиÑимоÑÑи. ÐÑ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑÑем, ÑÑо ÑÑи
пÑава не могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+оÑнÑÑÑ. Ð, конеÑно, конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
+лева — ÑÑо СÑандаÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннаÑ
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU, о коÑоÑой
+много ÑпоÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо она Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑилÑ
ÑказаÑÑ <em>неÑ</em> Ñем, кÑо
+ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑазиÑом наÑего обÑеÑÑва.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе не ÑенÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ°Ð»Ñ
ÑвободÑ. Рони Ñ ÑадоÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð·Ñли бÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñоделали,
и воÑполÑзовалиÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+оÑпÑавной ÑоÑкой, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, иÑкÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð»Ñдей
+оÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ.
Рв ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе — Ñак
+ÑказаÑÑ, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑо
делаÑÑ — мÑ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑвали Ð±Ñ ÑÑи ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ нам поÑÑоÑнно
+пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑиÑоваÑÑ
Ñ ÑлÑÑÑеннÑми веÑÑиÑми ÑвоиÑ
+ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐанÑÑие
не из пÑиÑÑнÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>Рмногие Ñакже ÑÑвÑÑвовали —
понимаеÑе, Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑдаÑÑ Ñвое вÑемÑ
+на благо ÑообÑеÑÑва, но поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
должен оÑдаваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑÑой
+компании, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободной
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑой компании? ÐонимаеÑе,
+некоÑоÑÑе, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, даже не ÑÑиÑаÑÑ
ÑÑо злом, но они Ñ
оÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ плаÑили, еÑли они ÑÑанÑÑ ÑÑим
занимаÑÑÑÑ. ÐиÑно Ñ
+пÑедпоÑел Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе ÑÑим
не занимаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо обе ÑÑи гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ Ð»Ñдей — и Ñе,
коÑоÑÑе, как Ñ, говоÑÑÑ: “Я
+не Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑой неÑвободной
пÑогÑамме завоевÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑдаÑм
+в наÑем ÑообÑеÑÑве”, и Ñе, кÑо
говоÑÑÑ: “РазÑмееÑÑÑ,
+Ñ Ð±Ñ ÑабоÑал на ниÑ
, но Ñогда пÑÑÑÑ
они мне
+плаÑÑÑ” — и Ñ ÑеÑ
,
и Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
еÑÑÑ
+ÑеÑÑÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензией
+GNU. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо говоÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸: “Ðам
нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо взÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+без Ñвободє. Ð Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
лиÑензии
+без авÑоÑÑкого лева, Ñакие как
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ X Windows, Ñакое
+допÑÑкаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑазниÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑмÑ
каÑегоÑиÑми ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм — Ñ ÑоÑки зÑениÑ
лиÑензий. ÐÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+помеÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑкое лево Ñак, ÑÑо
лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ полÑзоваÑелÑ.
РеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+без авÑоÑÑкого лева, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
допÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
+веÑÑии. ÐÑо-Ñо <em>можеÑ</em> взÑÑÑ ÑÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑезаÑÑ ÑвободÑ. ÐÑ
+можеÑе полÑÑиÑÑ ÑакÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
в неÑвободной веÑÑии.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑа пÑоблема ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ. Ðо ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе веÑÑии
+X Windows, пÑименÑемÑе в наÑиÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
. ÐÑÑÑ
+даже аппаÑаÑÑÑа, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑки
не поддеÑживаеÑÑÑ, кÑоме как
+в неÑвободой веÑÑии X Windows. Ð ÑÑо
ÑеÑÑÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема
+наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва. Тем не менее Ñ
не Ñказал бÑ, ÑÑо
+X Windows — ÑÑо плоÑ
о, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ.
Я Ð±Ñ Ñказал,
+ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑÑики не Ñделали вÑего
возможного, ÑÑо могли бÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ. Ðо они <em>вÑпÑÑÑили</em> болÑÑое
колиÑеÑÑво пÑогÑамм,
+коÑоÑÑми Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, еÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑазниÑа междÑ
неÑовеÑÑенÑÑвом и злом. ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+гÑадаÑий добÑа и зла. Ðам нÑжно
ÑопÑоÑивлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð·Ð½Ñ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ делаеÑе абÑолÑÑно
вÑе возможное, Ñо вÑ
+не Ñ
оÑоÑи. ÐонимаеÑе, лÑди, коÑоÑÑе
ÑазÑабоÑали X Windows, внеÑли
+болÑÑой вклад в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво.
Ðо они могли Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
+кое-ÑÑо еÑе лÑÑÑее. Ðни могли бÑ
помеÑÑиÑÑ ÑаÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
+под авÑоÑÑкое лево и пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение дÑÑгими ÑÑиÑ
+оÑказÑваÑÑиÑ
в Ñвободе веÑÑий.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ, ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑакÑ, ÑÑо СÑандаÑÑнаÑ
обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU заÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ, пÑименÑÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñей ÑвободÑ, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ,
+беÑÑпоÑно, пÑиÑиной нÑнеÑниÑ
нападок
на нее Ñо ÑÑоÑонÑ
+Microsoft. ÐидиÑе ли, Microsoft оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑела бÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ¹ можно
+бÑло взÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑекÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе мÑ
напиÑали, и вложиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+в неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑобÑ
кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ñделал какие-Ñо ÑлÑÑÑениÑ
+или даже пÑоÑÑо неÑовмеÑÑимÑе
изменениÑ, им ÑолÑко ÑÑого
+и надо. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, пÑи Ñом влиÑнии на ÑÑнок,
каким полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Microsoft, им не нÑжно
+делаÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ñ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ñла меÑÑо
наÑей. Ðм пÑоÑÑо надо ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+дÑÑгой и неÑовмеÑÑимой. РпоÑом
помеÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ каждомÑ
+на ÑабоÑий компÑÑÑеÑ. Так ÑÑо GNU GPL им
ÑжаÑно
+не нÑавиÑÑÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо GNU GPL
не Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо. Ðна
+не допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ ÑакÑики “оÑвой
и ÑаÑÑиÑÑ”. Рней
+Ñказано, ÑÑо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе обмениваÑÑÑÑ
наÑими ÑекÑÑами в ÑвоиÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе делаÑÑ ÑÑо.
Ðо вам пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ,
+и на ÑеÑ
же ÑÑловиÑÑ
. ÐзменениÑми,
коÑоÑÑе Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑе, нам
+должно бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾ обмениваÑÑÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо ÑÑо двÑÑÑоÑоннее
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво, Ñо еÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво
наÑÑоÑÑее.</p>
+
+<p>Ðногие компании — даже Ñакие
болÑÑие, как IBM и
+Hewlett-Packard — ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
наÑими пÑогÑаммами
+на Ñаком оÑновании. IBM и Hewlett-Packard
вноÑÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе
+ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU. Рони
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо Microsoft ÑÑого не желаеÑ,
Ñак ÑÑо они
+заÑвлÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
не могÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ GPL. ÐÑ, еÑли
+IBM, Hewlett-Packard и SUN не пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, Ñо
они, можеÑ,
+и пÑавÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐоÑом Ñ Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑÑ
к ÑÑомÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðне нÑжно законÑиÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑиÑеÑкий обзоÑ.
ÐонимаеÑе, Ð¼Ñ Ð² 1984 годÑ
+ÑеÑили не пÑоÑÑо напиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, но ÑделаÑÑ
+ÑÑо-Ñо более ÑиÑÑемаÑиÑеÑкое: ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
+бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ñвободной. Так ÑÑо
ÑÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+пиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ, поÑом еÑе однÑ, поÑом
еÑе однÑ. ÐонеÑно, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñегда иÑкали
+коÑоÑкиÑ
пÑÑей. РабоÑа бÑла оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой,
говоÑили, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð°
+не Ñможем ее завеÑÑиÑÑ. Ð Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñл
+по менÑÑей меÑе ÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ, но,
ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, имело ÑмÑÑл поиÑкаÑÑ
+коÑоÑкиÑ
пÑÑей. Так ÑÑо мÑ
не пÑекÑаÑали поиÑков. ÐÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
+какаÑ-Ñо пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал кÑо-Ñо
дÑÑгой, а нам можно
+бÑло Ð±Ñ ÐµÐµ адапÑиÑоваÑÑ, вÑÑавиÑÑ ÐµÐµ
ÑÑда, и Ñаким обÑазом, нам
+не нÑжно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ заново?
ÐапÑимеÑ, ÑиÑÑема
+X Window. Ðа, она не бÑла под авÑоÑÑким
левом, но она
+бÑла Ñвободной, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñмогли еÑ
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвого Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ
оÑел заложиÑÑ Ð²
GNU оконнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Я напиÑал
+паÑÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем в MIT до Ñого, как
пÑиÑÑÑпил к ÑабоÑе
+над GNU. Так ÑÑо, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð² Unix
в 1984 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¹
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло, Ñ ÑеÑил, ÑÑо в GNU она
бÑдеÑ. Ðо Ð¼Ñ Ñак
+и не добÑалиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ напиÑаниÑ
оконной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо поÑвилаÑÑ X. Ð Ñ Ñказал:
“ЧÑдненÑко! Ðдной
+болÑÑой ÑабоÑой менÑÑе. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ñмем X”.
Так ÑÑо Ñ Ñказал как-Ñо
+Ñак: “ÐавайÑе возÑмем X, вÑÑавим
в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU и Ñделаем
+Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие ÑаÑÑи GNU, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,
ÑабоÑали Ñ X, когда
+ÑледÑеє. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одили дÑÑгие
пÑогÑаммÑ, напиÑаннÑе дÑÑгими
+лÑдÑми, Ñакие как ÑиÑÑема веÑÑÑки TeX,
кое-какие библиоÑеÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+из ÐеÑкли. Ðа ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвовала
Unix ÐеÑкли, но ÑÑа
+пÑогÑамма не бÑла Ñвободной. ÐÑи
библиоÑеÑнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑалÑно
+пÑоиÑÑ
одили из дÑÑгой гÑÑппÑ
в ÐеÑкли, ÑкÑпеÑименÑиÑовавÑей
+Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑей ÑоÑкой. Ð Ñаким обÑазом,
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ñодолжали, Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑзÑвали
+ÑÑи ÑаÑÑи.</p>
+
+<p>РокÑÑбÑе 1985 года Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ñновали Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
+обеÑпеÑениÑ. Так ÑÑо обÑаÑиÑе внимание,
ÑÑо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU поÑвилÑÑ
+ÑанÑÑе. Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвилÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñом, поÑÑи
+ÑеÑез два года поÑле обÑÑвлениÑ
о пÑоекÑе. РФонд
+Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — ÑÑо благоÑвоÑиÑелÑнаÑ
+оÑганизаÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑобиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑондÑ
на ÑодейÑÑвие Ñвободе обмена
+и модиÑикаÑии пÑогÑамм.
Рв воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века
+одним из главнÑÑ
вложений наÑиÑ
Ñондов
бÑла оплаÑа ÑÑÑда лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
+пиÑали ÑаÑÑи GNU. РважнейÑие пÑогÑаммÑ,
Ñакие как команднÑй
+инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ библиоÑека Си, бÑли
напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñаким обÑазом,
+а Ñакже ÑаÑÑи дÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑамм. Так бÑла
напиÑана пÑогÑамма
+<code>tar</code>, ÑовеÑÑенно необÑ
одимаÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ
вовÑе
+не впеÑаÑлÑÑÑаÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðо-моемÑ, Ñак
бÑл напиÑан GNU
+<code>grep</code>. Ð Ñаким обÑазом мÑ
пÑодвигалиÑÑ Ðº намеÑенной
+Ñели.</p>
+
+<p>Ð 1991 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
ваÑало ÑолÑко одной
ÑеÑÑезной ÑаÑÑи, и ÑÑо бÑло
+ÑдÑо. Так воÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ñложил ÑдÑо?
ÐавеÑное, поÑомÑ, ÑÑо не Ñак
+важно в каком поÑÑдке Ð²Ñ ÑÑо делаеÑе, во
вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае,
+Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой ÑоÑки зÑениÑ. Ðам
вÑе Ñавно нÑжно ÑделаÑÑ
+вÑе ÑÑо. Ð ÑаÑÑиÑно поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
надеÑлÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñможем найÑи
+загоÑÐ¾Ð²ÐºÑ ÑдÑа где-Ñо еÑе. Ð Ð¼Ñ ÐµÐµ наÑли.
ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ñли Mach, коÑоÑÑй
+ÑазÑабоÑали в ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑе
ÐаÑнеги-Ðеллона. ÐÑо бÑло не Ñелое
+ÑдÑо; ÑÑо бÑла нижнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð° ÑдÑа.
Так ÑÑо нам надо бÑло напиÑаÑÑ
+веÑÑ
нÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ, но Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑл Ñебе,
Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, веÑи вÑоде
+Ñайловой ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÑеÑевÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
и Ñак далее. Ðо ÑабоÑаÑ
+под Mach, они вÑполнÑлиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑи как
полÑзоваÑелÑÑкие пÑогÑаммÑ,
+ÑÑо должно бÑло облегÑиÑÑ Ð¾ÑладкÑ. Ðожно
оÑлаживаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑоÑÑим оÑладÑиком
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа, ÑабоÑаÑÑим
паÑаллелÑно. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð´Ñмал, ÑÑо Ñак
+Ð¼Ñ Ñможем ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑи более
вÑÑокоÑÑовневÑе ÑаÑÑи ÑдÑа за коÑоÑкое
+вÑемÑ. Ðо вÑÑло по-дÑÑгомÑ. ÐказалоÑÑ,
ÑÑо ÑÑи аÑинÑ
ÑоннÑе
+многопоÑоковÑе пÑоÑеÑÑÑ, ÑаÑÑÑлаÑÑие дÑÑг
дÑÑÐ³Ñ ÑообÑениÑ, оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно
+оÑлаживаÑÑ. Ð Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° базе Mach,
Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой мÑ
+оÑÑалкивалиÑÑ, бÑла ÑжаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑладоÑнаÑ
ÑÑеда, она бÑла ненадежна, Ñам бÑли
+ÑазлиÑнÑе пÑоблемÑ. Ðам понадобилиÑÑ
долгие годÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ ÑдÑо GNU
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо к ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, наÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ
пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑÑ ÑдÑа GNU. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+в 1991 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ ÑазÑабоÑал
дÑÑгое ÑдÑо, названное
+Linux. Рон взÑл ÑÑаÑомоднÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑнÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ, и оказалоÑÑ,
+ÑÑо его ÑдÑо заÑабоÑало Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ бÑÑÑÑее,
Ñем наÑе
+Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, ÑÑо одна
из оÑибок, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ
+Ñделал: ÑеÑение о ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑе. Ðак Ð±Ñ Ñо
ни бÑло, понаÑÐ°Ð»Ñ Ð¼Ñ
+не знали о Linux, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо он Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸
никогда
+не ÑвÑзÑвалÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ
об ÑÑом. ХоÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ о пÑоекÑе
+GNU знал. Ðо он Ñделал обÑÑвление дÑÑгим
лÑдÑм в дÑÑгиÑ
меÑÑаÑ
+ÑеÑи. Ð Ñаким обÑазом, дÑÑгие лÑди
вÑполнили ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑоÑеÑаниÑ
+Linux Ñ Ð¾ÑÑалÑной ÑиÑÑемой GNU, ÑÑобÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
комбинаÑÐ¸Ñ GNU плÑÑ Linux.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо они не оÑознавали, ÑÑо они делаÑÑ.
ÐонимаеÑе, они говоÑили: “У наÑ
+еÑÑÑ ÑдÑо — поÑмоÑÑим, какие еÑе
ÑаÑÑи можно найÑи, ÑÑобÑ
+пÑиÑоединиÑÑ Ðº ÑдÑÑ”. Так ÑÑо они
поÑмоÑÑели —
+и Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñе на, вÑе, ÑÑо им нÑжно, Ñже
+имелоÑÑ. “ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñак ÑдаÑа! —
Ñказали они. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
+ÐÑе Ñже на меÑÑе. ÐÑе, ÑÑо надо, можно
найÑи. ÐавайÑе пÑоÑÑо
+возÑмем вÑе ÑÑи ÑазнÑе ÑÑÑки, Ñложим
вмеÑÑе и полÑÑим
+ÑиÑÑемє.</p>
+
+<p>Ðни не знали, ÑÑо болÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ñого,
ÑÑо они наÑли, бÑло ÑаÑÑÑми ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU. Так ÑÑо они не оÑознавали, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Linux они
+заполнÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñобел в ÑиÑÑеме GNU. Ðни
дÑмали, ÑÑо беÑÑÑ Linux
+и делаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· нее ÑиÑÑемÑ. Так ÑÑо
они назвали ÑÑо ÑиÑÑемой
+Linux.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ЧÑо? Ðе ÑлÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐеÑ, ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо не... Ñак
ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑовинÑиалÑно.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðо ÑÑо болÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑдаÑа, Ñем
наÑ
одка X и Mach?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐеÑно. РазниÑа в Ñом, ÑÑо
лÑди, ÑазÑабоÑавÑие X и Mach,
+не задавалиÑÑ ÑелÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÑелÑ
+бÑла ÑолÑко Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ. РнаÑа-Ñо
колоÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа и воплоÑила
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² жизнÑ. ÐÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñделали
болÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñем лÑбой
+дÑÑгой пÑоекÑ. ÐÑо не ÑлÑÑайно, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо Ñе лÑди —
+они напиÑали полезнÑе ÑаÑÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ.
Ðо они делали ÑÑо не поÑомÑ,
+ÑÑо Ñ
оÑели завеÑÑиÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. У ниÑ
бÑли
дÑÑгие пÑиÑинÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñе, кÑо ÑазÑабоÑал X — они
дÑмали, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑка
+ÑеÑевой оконной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ
оÑоÑим
пÑоекÑом, и Ñак оно
+и бÑло. РвÑÑло Ñак, ÑÑо ÑÑо помогло
нам ÑделаÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðо ÑÑо не Ñо,
на ÑÑо они
+ÑаÑÑÑиÑÑвали. Ðб ÑÑом они даже
не дÑмали. ÐÑо вÑÑло
+ÑлÑÑайно. СлÑÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñза. Так воÑ, Ñ
не говоÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñо, ÑÑо
+они Ñделали, плоÑ
о. Ðни вÑполнили кÑÑпнÑй
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑазÑабоÑке
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑо Ñ
оÑоÑо.
Ðо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
не бÑло далеко
+идÑÑиÑ
планов. ÐÑи Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñли в пÑоекÑе
GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Ð, Ñаким обÑазом, именно Ð¼Ñ — каждÑй
кÑÑоÑек, коÑоÑÑй не бÑл
+вÑполнен кем-Ñо дÑÑгим — его делали
мÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸,
+ÑÑо без него Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾Ð¹
ÑиÑÑемÑ. Рдаже еÑли
+ÑÑо бÑло ÑовеÑÑенно ÑкÑÑно
и неÑоманÑиÑно, напÑимеÑ, <code>tar</code>
+или <code>mv</code>. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑ ÑÑо делали. Ðли
<code>ld</code>,
+в нем Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего заÑ
ваÑÑваÑÑего —
но Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+напиÑал. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ð Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñилагал
ÑÑилиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½ обÑ
одилÑÑ
+минимÑмом диÑкового ввода-вÑвода, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½
бÑл бÑÑÑÑее и обÑабаÑÑвал
+более кÑÑпнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо,
Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, мне нÑавиÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ
+как ÑледÑеÑ. Ðо делал Ñ ÑÑо
не поÑомÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñли
+блеÑÑÑÑие идеи о Ñом, как ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ
<code>ld</code>. Ðелал Ñ ÑÑо поÑомÑ,
+ÑÑо нам нÑжна бÑла пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑаÑ
бÑла Ð±Ñ Ñвободной. РмÑ
+не могли ÑаÑÑÑиÑÑваÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑделаеÑ
кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой. Так ÑÑо нам
+пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо или иÑкаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо,
кÑо Ð±Ñ ÑÑо Ñделал.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑÑÑи лÑдей
из ÑазнÑÑ
пÑоекÑов внеÑли вклад
+в ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ пÑоекÑ,
благодаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ, и ÑÑо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU. СиÑÑема
в оÑновном <em>ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ</em>
+ÑиÑÑемой GNU, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑÑим добавлением
многого дÑÑгого.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, однако пÑакÑика обознаÑениÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº “Linux” бÑла
+болÑÑим ÑдаÑом по пÑоекÑÑ GNU, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо мÑ,
как пÑавило, не полÑÑаем
+пÑÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñделали. Я дÑмаÑ,
Linux, ÑдÑо, пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñй ÑкземплÑÑ Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммÑ, и Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑказаÑÑ
+о нем ÑолÑко Ñ
оÑоÑее. Ðо, ладно,
вообÑе-Ñо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи, ÑÑо ÑказаÑÑ
+о нем и плоÑ
ого. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
Ðо в оÑновном Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ
+говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ нем Ñ
оÑоÑее. Ðднако пÑакÑика
обознаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU как
+“Linux” — ÑÑо пÑоÑÑо оÑибка. Я Ñ
оÑел бÑ
+попÑоÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑделаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое ÑÑилие,
необÑ
одимое, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux” и Ñаким обÑазом помогаÑÑ
нам полÑÑаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ
+пÑизнаниÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðам нÑжна Ñмблема!
ÐоÑÑанÑÑе плÑÑевÑÑ Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑÑкÑ!
+<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðа нÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. У Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñное —
гнÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑ, вÑе
+Ñавно. Так ÑÑо да, когда Ð²Ñ ÑиÑÑеÑе
пингвина, ÑиÑÑйÑе ÑÑдом
+гнÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðо давайÑе оÑÑавим
вопÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑом. Ðне нÑжно
+пÑойÑи еÑе много.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑо Ñак волнÑеÑ? Так
ÑказаÑÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ваÑ
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑпокоиÑÑ Ð¸ ÑоздаваÑÑ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ,
допÑÑÑим, понижаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
+в ваÑиÑ
глазаÑ
, <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½ÑÑÑ
вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ пÑизнании?
+ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, некоÑоÑÑе,
когда Ñ ÑÑо делаÑ, некоÑоÑÑе
+дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо из-за Ñого, ÑÑо Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ
поÑеÑиÑÑ Ñвое <em>Ñ</em>, веÑно?
+Я же не говоÑÑ... Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑоÑÑ
назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“СÑолменикѓ, веÑно? <i>[ÑмеÑ
]
[аплодиÑменÑÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p>Я пÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ GNU, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU полÑÑал
+пÑизнание. Рна ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑенÑ
конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
+важнее, Ñем полÑÑение кем-Ñо пÑизнаниÑ,
Ñамого по Ñебе. ÐонимаеÑе,
+в наÑи дни, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð»ÑдиÑеÑÑ Ð² наÑем
ÑообÑеÑÑве, болÑÑинÑÑво
+из ÑеÑ
, кÑо говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ нем и пиÑеÑ
о нем, никогда
+не ÑпоминаÑÑ GNU, и они никогда
не ÑпоминаÑÑ
+и об ÑÑиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
, о Ñвободе —
об ÑÑиÑ
+полиÑиÑеÑкиÑ
и ÑоÑиалÑнÑÑ
идеалаÑ
.
ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑе ÑÑо иÑÑ
одиÑ
+из GNU.</p>
+
+<p>Ðдеи, ÑвÑзаннÑе Ñ Linux — ÑилоÑоÑиÑ
ÑовÑем дÑÑгаÑ. РоÑновном ÑÑо
+аполиÑиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÐинÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа.
Так ÑÑо когда лÑди ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑема — ÑÑо Linux, они, как пÑавило,
дÑмаÑÑ: “Так, должно
+бÑÑÑ, вÑе ÑÑо наÑалоÑÑ Ñ ÐинÑÑа
ТоÑвалÑдÑа. Ðа его-Ñо
+ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ
пÑиÑÑалÑное
+внимание”. Ркогда они ÑлÑÑаÑ
о ÑилоÑоÑии GNU, они говоÑÑÑ:
+“Ð, ÑÑо Ñакой идеализм, ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑаÑно непÑакÑиÑно. Я
+полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Linux, а не полÑзоваÑелÑ
GNU” <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸ÑониÑ! ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑолÑко они знали!
ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ знали, ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема,
+коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ нÑавиÑÑÑ — или,
в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
,
+Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой они пÑоÑÑо без Ñма —
ÑÑо воплоÑение наÑей
+идеалиÑÑиÑеÑкой полиÑиÑеÑкой ÑилоÑоÑии.</p>
+
+<p>Ðм не обÑзаÑелÑно ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸. Ðо
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
по кÑайней меÑе бÑл Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´
+оÑноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑÑезно, обдÑмаÑÑ
ÑÑо как ÑледÑеÑ,
+опÑобоваÑÑ. Ðни понÑли бÑ, какое
оÑноÑение ÑÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ðº иÑ
+жизни. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ оÑознали:
“Я полÑзÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемой
+GNU. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ GNU. ÐÑа ÑилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ —
<em>пÑиÑина</em>,
+по коÑоÑой ÑиÑÑема, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ оÑенÑ
нÑавиÑÑÑ, ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеє. Ðни
+по кÑайней меÑе ÑаÑÑмоÑÑели Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑиÑокиÑ
+позиÑий. ÐÑо не знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо вÑе Ñ ÑÑим
ÑоглаÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑди дÑмаÑÑ
+Ñазное. ÐÑо ноÑмалÑно. Так ÑказаÑÑ, лÑди
Ñами Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñвое
+мнение. Ðо Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑа ÑилоÑоÑиÑ
полÑÑала полÑзÑ
+Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑов, коÑоÑÑÑ
она
доÑÑигла.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð»ÑнеÑеÑÑ Ð² наÑем ÑообÑеÑÑве, вÑ
ÑвидиÑе, ÑÑо поÑÑи везде
+ÑÑÑÐµÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”.
ÐонимаеÑе, ÑепоÑÑеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи назÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ “Linux”. ÐÑо
неÑеÑÑно, но они ÑÑо
+делаÑÑ. ÐÑо по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи говоÑÑÑ
компании, коÑоÑÑе ÑпаковÑваÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðа! РболÑÑинÑÑво ÑÑиÑ
ÑепоÑÑеÑов, когда пиÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑи, они
+обÑÑно не ÑмоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо как
на полиÑиÑеÑкÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
+или как на ÑоÑиалÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. Ðни
обÑÑно ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑÑо как
+ÑиÑÑо деловой вопÑÐ¾Ñ — какие
компании бÑдÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ или менее
+ÑÑпеÑнÑ, а ÑÑо же доволÑно
незнаÑиÑелÑнÑй вопÑоÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. РеÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе
на компании, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑпаковÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди еÑ
полÑзовалиÑÑ, нÑ, болÑÑинÑÑво
+из ниÑ
назÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ “Linux”.
Ð <em>вÑе</em> они
+добавлÑÑÑ ÑÑда неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонимаеÑе, в GNU GPL говоÑиÑÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑли вÑ
беÑеÑе ÑекÑÑÑ, какой-Ñо ÑекÑÑ
+из пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GPL, и добавлÑеÑе
дÑÑгой ÑекÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑделаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ кÑÑпнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо вÑÑ
ÑÑа пÑогÑамма должна вÑпÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ
+под GPL. Ðо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑÑиÑÑ
дÑÑгие оÑделÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+на ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ диÑк (лÑбого вида: жеÑÑкий
диÑк или компакÑ-диÑк),
+и Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие лиÑензии.
ÐÑо ÑÑиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑÑм
+ÑбоÑником и по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
в оÑноÑении пÑоÑÑой пеÑедаÑи двÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм комÑ-Ñо в одно и Ñо же
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
ÑÑебований
+вÑдвигаÑÑ Ð½Ðµ можем. Так ÑÑо вообÑе-Ñо
не веÑно —
+мне жалÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо не веÑно — ÑÑо
еÑли ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзÑеÑ
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GPL в пÑодÑкÑе, Ñо веÑÑ
пÑодÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ бÑÑÑ
+Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой. ÐÑо не... ÑÑо не заÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑолÑко... наÑÑолÑко
+далеко. ÐÑо ÑÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма. ÐÑли еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ
ÑазделÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+ÑообÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом
на ÑаÑÑÑоÑнии вÑÑÑнÑÑой ÑÑки —
+Ñкажем, пеÑеÑÑлкой ÑообÑений дÑÑг
дÑÑÐ³Ñ — Ñо они ÑÑидиÑеÑки
+ÑазделÑнÑ, в обÑем. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑи
компании, добавлÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑемÑ, внÑÑаÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм, ÑилоÑоÑÑки
+и полиÑиÑеÑки, оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
ÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑлÑ. Ðни
говоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм:
+“ÐолÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами можно. ÐÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ закладÑваем иÑ
+ÑÑда как добавкє.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð»ÑнеÑе в жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¾ пÑименении
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, заглавие
+болÑÑинÑÑва из ниÑ
вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº “То
или Ñе
+Ñ Linux”. Так ÑÑо они в болÑÑинÑÑве
ÑлÑÑаев назÑваÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”. Рони забиÑÑ
Ñекламой неÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме
+GNU/Linux. Так воÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñей ÑÑой ÑекламÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÐ°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ. Ðни
+говоÑÑÑ: “ÐеÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ. ÐаÑÑолÑко
+полезнÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
<em>заплаÑиÑÑ</em>, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
+иÑ
”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>Рони назÑваÑÑ ÑÑо “пакеÑÑ Ñ
добавоÑной ÑенноÑÑÑÑ”, а ÑÑо
+говоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± иÑ
ÑенноÑÑÑÑ
. ЦениÑе,
деÑкаÑÑ, пÑакÑиÑеÑкое ÑдобÑÑво,
+а не ÑвободÑ. Ð Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑоглаÑен
Ñ ÑÑими ÑенноÑÑÑми,
+Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
“пакеÑами
Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑенной
+Ñвободой”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли
Ð²Ñ ÑÑÑановили ÑвободнÑÑ
+опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñо ÑепеÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð²ÐµÑе
в миÑе ÑвободÑ. ÐÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð²Ð»ÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑе
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
заÑабаÑÑвали ÑÑолÑко
+леÑ. ÐÑи пакеÑÑ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ возможноÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑ
на ÑепÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РпоÑом, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе на
вÑÑÑавки — о пÑименении, поÑвÑÑеннÑе
+пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, они назÑваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
вÑÑÑавками
+“Linux”. Рони заÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑендами,
на коÑоÑÑÑ
+вÑÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
по ÑÑÑи ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑениÑ
+на неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑак, поÑÑи
везде, кÑда Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð¸ обÑаÑиÑе
+Ð²Ð·Ð¾Ñ Ð² наÑем ÑообÑеÑÑве, ÑÑÑеждениÑ
одобÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
+полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ, Ñади
коÑоÑой ÑазÑабаÑÑвалаÑÑ
+GNU. РлÑди могÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑеÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐµÐ¹
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑолÑко Ñам, ÑолÑко
+в ÑвÑзи Ñ GNU и в ÑвÑзи
Ñо ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
+Ñ Ð²ÑÑажением “ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммє. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑомÑ-Ñо Ñ
+и пÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”. ÐÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди
+знаÑÑ, оÑкÑда и поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²ÑÑла ÑÑа
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонеÑно, одним ÑпоÑÑеблением Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñ
не ÑможеÑе обÑÑÑниÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ
+иÑÑоÑиÑ. Ðожно напеÑаÑаÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе
дополниÑелÑнÑÑ
Ñимвола, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
+GNU/Linux; можно пÑоизнеÑÑи на Ñлог-дÑÑгой
+болÑÑе. Ðо в “GNU/Linux” менÑÑе
Ñлогов, Ñем
+в “Windows 2000”. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ðо... вÑ
говоÑиÑе ÑÑим
+не Ñак Ñж много, но вÑ
подгоÑавливаеÑе ÑлÑÑаÑелей,
+и когда они ÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾ GNU и о Ñом,
ÑÑо ÑÑо Ñакое, они
+понимаÑÑ, как ÑÑо ÑвÑзано Ñ Ð¸Ñ
жизнÑÑ.
Ð ÑÑо, коÑвенно, оказÑваеÑ
+огÑомное влиÑние. Так ÑÑо помогайÑе нам,
пожалÑйÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ ÑвидиÑе, ÑÑо Microsoft назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ GPL
“лиÑензией оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
одного
+ÑекÑÑа”. Ðни не Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди
мÑÑлили в ÑеÑминаÑ
ÑвободÑ
+как пÑоблемÑ. ÐÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжиÑе, ÑÑо они
пÑиглаÑаÑÑ Ð»Ñдей мÑÑлиÑÑ Ñзко,
+как поÑÑебиÑели, и конеÑно, даже
не оÑенÑ-Ñо ÑаÑионалÑно
+дÑмаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº поÑÑебиÑели, еÑли они ÑÑанÑÑ
вÑбиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑÑ
+Microsoft. Ðо они не Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди
дÑмали как гÑаждане
+и полиÑики. ÐÑо им вÑаждебно.
Ðо кÑайней меÑе, вÑаждебно
+по оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº иÑ
нÑнеÑней ÑÑ
еме
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, как ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ... да, Ñ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñего обÑеÑÑва.
ÐÑоÑоÑÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñема, коÑоÑаÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑоваÑÑ,— ÑÑо ÑÑо
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑий. Так воÑ, на Ñамом
деле ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+<em>ÑÑезвÑÑайно</em> полезнÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑий. РконÑе конÑов,
+болÑÑинÑÑво пÑедпÑиÑÑий в ÑазвиÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
полÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммами. ТолÑко оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑезвÑÑайно
вÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñбой компании, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñе
+конÑÑолиÑÑеÑе. РоÑновном ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+полÑзоваÑели конÑÑолиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо делаеÑ
пÑогÑамма. Ðибо индивидÑалÑно,
+пÑи доÑÑаÑоÑном желании, либо
коллекÑивно, пÑи доÑÑаÑоÑном
+желании. ÐÑи доÑÑаÑоÑном желании каждÑй
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо
+влиÑние. Ðо еÑли вам вÑе Ñавно, вÑ
Ñ ÑÑим
+не возиÑеÑÑ. Тогда Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ñем,
ÑÑо пÑедпоÑиÑаÑÑ
+дÑÑгие. Ðо еÑли вам не вÑе Ñавно, Ñо
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
+голоÑ. Ðогда пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑ, голоÑа
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðогда пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
поменÑÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑиÑе поменÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑÑ
+на ваÑем пÑедпÑиÑÑии Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов;
ниÑего ÑÑÑаÑного. ÐонимаеÑе,
+еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели пеÑедвинÑÑÑ ÑÑенÑ
в Ñвоем здании, вам
+не обÑзаÑелÑно нÑжно бÑÑÑ ÑÑÑоиÑелÑной
компанией. Ðам ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
+найÑи ÑÑÑоиÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¸ ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ: “СколÑко
Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑмеÑе за ÑÑÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ?” РеÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе измениÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑой
+полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ, вам не нÑжно бÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкой компанией. Ðам ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑолÑко пойÑи в ÑакÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ
и ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ: “СколÑко вÑ
+возÑмеÑе за Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеализоваÑÑ ÑÑи
ÑÑнкÑии? Ркогда Ð²Ñ ÑделаеÑе
+ÑÑо?” РеÑли им ÑÑо не под ÑилÑ,
можно пойÑи поиÑкаÑÑ
+кого-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгого.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑй ÑÑнок поддеÑжки. Так ÑÑо
лÑбое пÑедпÑиÑÑие, коÑоÑое
+обеÑпокоено поддеÑжкой, полÑÑиÑ
Ð¾Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑÑезвÑÑайнÑÑ
+вÑгодÑ. Ðогда пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑ,
поддеÑжка — ÑÑо монополиÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ компании или, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ,
+Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого ÑиÑла компаний, коÑоÑÑе
заплаÑили огÑомнÑе денÑги, еÑли он
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ пÑогÑамме обмена
Microsoft, но иÑ
оÑенÑ
+мало. РпоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½ÑÑ
иÑÑоÑников
поддеÑжки Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
+не много. Ð ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо им
на Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð»ÐµÐ²Ð°ÑÑ, еÑли ÑолÑко
+Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвеÑÑ
гиганÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
ваÑа
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ доÑÑаÑоÑно важна,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ñебе Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
бÑдеÑ, еÑли они Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑÑÑÑ
+или ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо еÑе. Раз вÑ
полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑаммой, они
+ÑообÑажаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе полÑÑиÑÑ
поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑолÑко Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо пеÑейÑи на дÑÑгÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — ÑÑо
+колоÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑабоÑа. Так ÑÑо в конÑе
конÑов вÑ, напÑимеÑ, плаÑиÑе
+за пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¸Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð¸Ñ ÑообÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± оÑибке.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ркогда вÑ
+заплаÑили, они вам ÑкажÑÑ: “Ð, ладно, мÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑмеÑили. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑез
+паÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑÑев Ð²Ñ ÑможеÑе кÑпиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
и поÑмоÑÑеÑÑ, иÑпÑавили мÑ
+ÑÑо или неє <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p>У ÑеÑ
, кÑо поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑойдеÑ. Ðм
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑблажаÑÑ ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½Ñов. РазÑмееÑÑÑ,
много Ñ
оÑоÑей поддеÑжки можно
+полÑÑиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно. ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑеÑе о Ñвоей
пÑоблеме в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе. ÐожеÑ
+бÑÑÑ, оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° дÑÑгой денÑ.
Ðо ÑÑо, конеÑно,
+не гаÑанÑиÑÑеÑÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
ÑвеÑенноÑÑи, вам лÑÑÑе заклÑÑиÑÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÐµÐ¹ и плаÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ¹.
Ð ÑÑо, конеÑно, один
+из меÑодов, коÑоÑÑми ÑабоÑаÑÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑнове ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгое доÑÑоинÑÑво ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ñ
ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑий, коÑоÑÑе
+полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ
в безопаÑноÑÑи
+и конÑиденÑиалÑноÑÑи. ÐÑо оÑноÑиÑÑÑ
и к ÑаÑÑнÑм лиÑам,
+но Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом в конÑекÑÑе
пÑедпÑиÑÑий. ÐонимаеÑе, когда
+пÑогÑамма неÑвободна, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ не знаеÑе,
ÑÑо же она делаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Рней могли Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑеднамеÑенно
Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑнкÑии, коÑоÑÑе пÑиÑлиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
+не по вкÑÑÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸
о ниÑ
, Ñкажем, Ñам
+могла Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð»Ð°Ð·ÐµÐ¹ÐºÐ°, позволÑÑÑаÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ваÑÑ
+маÑинÑ. Ðна могла Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе, и оÑÑÑлаÑÑ
+ÑведениÑ. ÐÑо в поÑÑдке веÑей. Ðое-какие
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Microsoft ÑÑо
+делали. Ðо не ÑолÑко Microsoft. ÐÑÑÑ
и дÑÑгие ÑазÑабоÑÑики
+неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе
подглÑдÑваÑÑ Ð·Ð° полÑзоваÑелем. РвÑ
+даже не знаеÑе, делаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ они ÑÑо. Ð,
ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, даже еÑли
+пÑедположиÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑÑик кÑиÑÑалÑно
ÑеÑÑен, каждÑй пÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ
+оÑибки. ÐогÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе
ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ваÑей безопаÑноÑÑи,
+но в коÑоÑÑÑ
никÑо не виноваÑ.
Ðо дело в Ñом,
+ÑÑо еÑли ÑÑо не ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма,
Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ñ
найÑи
+не можеÑе. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе иÑ
иÑпÑавиÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðи Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ñемени пÑовеÑиÑÑ ÑекÑÑ
каждой пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой он
+ÑабоÑаеÑ. Ðам ÑÑо не нÑжно. Ðо когда
пÑогÑамма Ñвободна, еÑÑÑ
+кÑÑпное ÑообÑеÑÑво, а в ÑообÑеÑÑве
еÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди, коÑоÑÑе пÑовеÑÑÑÑ Ñо
+или дÑÑгое. Ð Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаеÑе Ð¾Ñ ÑÑиÑ
пÑовеÑок полÑзÑ,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо еÑли еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° ÑлÑÑайнаÑ
оÑибка — конеÑно, они
+поÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ, вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени, в лÑбой
пÑогÑамме — Ñо
+они могÑÑ ÐµÐµ найÑи и ÑÑÑÑаниÑÑ. РлÑди
вÑÑд ли пÑеднамеÑенно
+Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÑÑоÑнÑкого ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑнкÑиÑ
Ñлежки, еÑли бÑдÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо иÑ
+могÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом ÑлиÑиÑÑ. РазÑабоÑÑики
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм понимаÑÑ, ÑÑо
+иÑ
не ÑлиÑаÑ. Ðни могÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо Ñайно.
Ð ÑазÑабоÑÑÐ¸ÐºÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо лÑди
поÑмоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑвидÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñам
+еÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо в наÑем ÑообÑеÑÑве
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑÑвÑÑва, ÑÑо мÑ
+Ñможем пÑоÑолкнÑÑÑ Ð² глоÑкÑ
полÑзоваÑелей ÑÑнкÑии, коÑоÑÑе им
+не по вкÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐµÐ¼, ÑÑо
еÑли полÑзоваÑелÑм ÑÑо
+не понÑавиÑÑÑ, они ÑделаÑÑ
модиÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, в коÑоÑой
+ÑÑого не бÑдеÑ. РпоÑом ÑÑанÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой веÑÑией.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐµÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе доволÑно ÑазÑмнÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе
можем пÑоÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко Ñагов
+впеÑед, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÐµÐ´Ð²Ð° ли заложим ÑÑÑ
ÑÑнкÑиÑ. РконÑе конÑов, вÑ
+пиÑеÑе ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ; Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм нÑавилаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñа веÑÑиÑ; вÑ
+не Ñ
оÑиÑе заложиÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо многим
заведомо не понÑавиÑÑÑ
+наÑÑолÑко, ÑÑо дÑÑгаÑ, Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ. Так ÑÑо вÑ
+пÑоÑÑо понимаеÑе, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ —
ÑÑо ÑаÑÑ Ð² миÑе
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. РмиÑе неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм клиенÑ
+<em>не</em> ÑаÑÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ ÑолÑко
клиенÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº
+не можеÑе влиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑми полÑзÑеÑеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑом оÑноÑении ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй меÑ
анизм
+ÑÑнкÑиониÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑии. ÐÑоÑеÑÑоÑ
ÐеÑÑиг, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½ в СÑенÑоÑде,
+обÑаÑил внимание, ÑÑо пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ,
как Ñвоего Ñода закон. ÐаждÑй, кÑо
+пиÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑми полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ
поÑÑи вÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑевозможнÑÑ
Ñелей,
+пиÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½, ÑегÑлиÑÑÑÑий Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей.
Ðогда пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвободнÑ, ÑÑи законÑ
+пиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾-демокÑаÑиÑеÑки. ÐÑо
не клаÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¼Ð¾ÐºÑаÑÐ¸Ñ —
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑоводим болÑÑие вÑбоÑÑ, говоÑÑ:
“ÐолоÑÑйÑе вÑе
+за Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑÑнкÑиє.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого мÑ
+говоÑим, в обÑем-Ñо, ÑÑо Ñе, кÑо Ñ
оÑеÑ
ÑеализоваÑÑ ÑÑнкÑÐ¸Ñ Ñак, пÑÑÑÑ
+делаÑÑ ÑÑо. РеÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ
над ÑеализаÑией ÑÑнкÑии
+по-дÑÑгомÑ, делайÑе ÑÑо. Ð Ñак
или инаÑе ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ, понимаеÑе?
+Так воÑ, еÑли многие Ñ
оÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
бÑло Ñак, ÑÑо ÑделаÑÑ
+Ñак. Ð Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñаким обÑазом каждÑй вноÑиÑ
вклад в ÑеÑение обÑеÑÑва,
+пÑоÑÑо пÑедпÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ñаги в желаÑелÑном
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ñавлении.</p>
+
+<p>Ð Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑÑ ÑÑолÑко Ñагов,
ÑколÑко Ð²Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñно Ñ
оÑиÑе. Ð
+пÑедпÑиÑÑие волÑно вÑполниÑÑ ÑÑолÑко
Ñагов, ÑколÑко они ÑоÑÑÑÑ
+полезнÑм. РпоÑле Ñого как вÑе ÑÑо
ÑложиÑÑÑ, полÑÑиÑÑÑ
+напÑавление, в коÑоÑом движеÑÑÑ
пÑогÑамма.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑаÑÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾, когда еÑÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ Ð²ÑнимаÑÑ ÐºÑÑки какой-Ñо
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑей пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑедположиÑелÑно
обÑÑно болÑÑие кÑÑки, конеÑно,
+а поÑом пиÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенное колиÑеÑÑво
ÑекÑÑов Ð¾Ñ ÑебÑ
+и ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ
в ÑоÑноÑÑи Ñо, ÑÑо нÑжно,
+на ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой не Ñ
ваÑило Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
Ñил, еÑли бÑ
+пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñ Ð½ÑлÑ, еÑли нелÑзÑ
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑдиÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие
+кÑÑки из какого-Ñо ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑего пакеÑа
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑе из Ñого ÑакÑа, ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ — ÑаÑÑ, вÑÑекаеÑ, ÑÑо мÑ,
как
+пÑавило, оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑи в оÑноÑении
ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑи
+и ÑÑандаÑÑизаÑии. ÐоÑемÑ? ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑели ÑÑо
+лÑбÑÑ. ÐолÑзоваÑели могÑÑ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, в коÑоÑой ÑедÑо
+ÑаÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑи. Так воÑ,
иногда еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа
+полÑзоваÑелей, коÑоÑой и нÑжна
опÑеделенного Ñода неÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑÑ,
+и Ñогда они ее полÑÑаÑÑ. ÐÑо ноÑмалÑно.
Ðо когда полÑзоваÑели
+Ñ
оÑÑÑ ÑледоваÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑÑ, нам,
ÑазÑабоÑÑикам, пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑледоваÑÑ ÐµÐ¼Ñ,
+и Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо знаем. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ ÑÑо.
ÐапÑоÑив, еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑмоÑÑиÑе
+на ÑазÑабоÑÑиков неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
они неÑедко ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑгоднÑм
+пÑеднамеÑенно <em>не</em> ÑледоваÑÑ
ÑÑандаÑÑÑ, и не поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
+дÑмаÑÑ, бÑдÑо даÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо
вÑгодÑ, а поÑомÑ, ÑÑо они
+навÑзÑваÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ, замÑкаÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑебÑ. РвÑ
+даже ÑвидиÑе, ÑÑо они вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени
вноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñвои
+ÑоÑмаÑÑ Ñайлов ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей полÑÑиÑÑ
+поÑледнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>СейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð°ÑÑ
иваÑиÑÑов пÑоблема: к Ñайлам,
напиÑаннÑм на компÑÑÑеÑаÑ
деÑÑÑÑ
+Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´, ÑаÑÑо невозможно полÑÑиÑÑ
доÑÑÑп; они запиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
+пÑогÑаммами, коÑоÑÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑки
ÑÑÑаÑенÑ. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑло
+запиÑано Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой, ее можно
бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸ÑÑ
+и вÑполниÑÑ. Ð ÑÑи веÑи
не бÑли бÑ, ÑÑи запиÑи
+не бÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑÑнÑ, не бÑли бÑ
недоÑÑÑпнÑ. Ðа NPR
+даже недавно жаловалиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо
и Ñпоминали ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+ÑеÑение. Так ÑÑо ÑакÑиÑеÑки пÑименÑÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
даннÑÑ
— ÑÑо вÑе Ñавно
+ÑÑо надеваÑÑ ÑÐ´Ð°Ð²ÐºÑ Ñебе на ÑеÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, Ñ ÑаÑÑказал, как ÑвободнÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° болÑÑинÑÑве
+пÑедпÑиÑÑий. Ðо как они ÑказÑваÑÑÑÑ
на Ñой конкÑеÑной Ñзкой ÑÑеÑе,
+в коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ
одÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ
по ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм? Так воÑ,
+оÑÐ²ÐµÑ — по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи никак.
РвÑе поÑомÑ, ÑÑо
+90% оÑÑаÑли пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, ÑÑдÑ
по ÑомÑ, ÑÑо мне говоÑили,
+пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð½ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе вообÑе
+не ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаÑÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð½ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ,
+ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ее
оÑÑÑÑÑÑвиÑ, вообÑе
+не ÑÑоиÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð² Ñом,
волÑÐ½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº
+полÑзоваÑели пÑавиÑÑ
и пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑли
полÑзоваÑелÑ
+ÑолÑко один и ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐµÑ
вÑеми пÑавами, пÑоблемÑ
+неÑ. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ <em>волен</em> делаÑÑ
вÑе ÑÑо. Так ÑÑо
+ÑакÑиÑеÑки лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ <em>заказнаÑ</em> пÑогÑамма,
ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ компанией
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑеннего полÑзованиÑ, Ñвободна,
до ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока здÑавого
+ÑмÑÑла Ñ
ваÑаеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑаиваÑÑ
на полÑÑении иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа
+и вÑеÑ
пÑав.</p>
+
+<p>РпÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑки Ð½ÐµÑ Ð² ÑлÑÑае
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе поÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑи
+ÑаÑов, микÑоволновой пеÑи или ÑиÑÑемÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¶Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑомобилÑ. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+в ÑÑиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ полÑÑаеÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑановки. С ÑоÑки зÑениÑ
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑо не наÑÑоÑÑий
+компÑÑÑеÑ. РпоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ ÑÐ°Ð·Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑ
пÑоблем не Ñак велик, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑÑо бÑло важно Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸Ñий ÑÑики.
Так ÑÑо по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
+оÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ
ÑоÑно Ñак же, как ÑабоÑала
+до ÑиÑ
поÑ. ÐнÑеÑеÑно оÑмеÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо
поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½ÑÑоÑÑи
+в ÑÑой ÑаÑÑи оÑÑаÑли Ñак велика, Ñо даже
еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло
+возможноÑÑи оÑганизоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ
на базе ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
+ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм вÑе же
могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð½ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑколÑко;
+оÑноÑение оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо дело обÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ñак, ÑÑо пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
базе ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ. ÐÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, занимаÑÑиеÑÑ
ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
+и на пÑеÑÑ-конÑеÑенÑии, коÑоÑаÑ
Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ, к нам
+пÑиÑоединÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди из паÑÑ ÑакиÑ
компаний. Ð, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, еÑÑÑ Ñакже
+компании, коÑоÑÑе <em>не</em>
ÑпеÑиализиÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
,
+но вÑе-Ñаки ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
и вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñе ÑаÑÑи ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, и ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе они пÑоизводÑÑ, ÑодеÑжаÑелÑнÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, как ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° базе
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм? ÐÑ, какие-Ñо из
+ниÑ
пÑодаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸. ÐонимаеÑе, Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑнÑ
копиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑо, но они
+вÑе Ñавно могÑÑ Ð¿ÑодаваÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÑи копий
в меÑÑÑ. РдÑÑгие
+пÑодаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ð¸ Ñазного Ñода
ÑÑлÑги. ÐиÑно Ñ Ð²ÑÑ Ð²ÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ñ
+воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
пÑодавал ÑÑлÑги
по поддеÑжке ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Я
+говоÑил пÑимеÑно Ñак:
“Ðа 200 доллаÑов в ÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ
+вноÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑбÑе изменениÑ, какие Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе,
в пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU, коÑоÑÑе Ñ
+напиÑал. ÐÑ Ð´Ð°, ÑаÑÑенки не низкие,
но еÑли ÑÑо бÑла
+пÑогÑамма, авÑоÑом коÑоÑой бÑл Ñ, лÑди
понимали, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑпÑавиÑÑÑÑ
+Ñ ÑабоÑой за гоÑаздо менÑÑее вÑемÑ.
<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Ð Ñак Ñ
+заÑабаÑÑвал на жизнÑ. Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ
полÑÑал болÑÑе, Ñем
+когда-либо до ÑÑого. Я Ñакже пÑоводил
занÑÑиÑ. Ð Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»ÑÑ ÑÑим
+до 1990 года, когда Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑил болÑÑÑÑ
пÑÐµÐ¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ мне болÑÑе
+не нÑжно бÑло ÑÑим занимаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо как Ñаз в 1990 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑоÑмиÑовалоÑÑ
пеÑвое пÑедпÑиÑÑие на базе
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑо бÑл Cygnus Support. Ðни
занималиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+Ñого же Ñода делами, ÑÑо и Ñ. Я,
конеÑно, мог Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑпиÑÑ
+к ним на ÑабоÑÑ, но мне ÑÑо
не бÑло нÑжно. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ
+ÑÑо не бÑло нÑжно, Ñ ÑÑвÑÑвовал, ÑÑо
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе,
+еÑли Ñ Ð¾ÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑимÑм Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ñбой
компании. Таким обÑазом Ñ
+мог Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑее и плоÑ
ое
о ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
компаниÑÑ
,
+занимаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ ÑвободнÑми и неÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, без конÑликÑа
+инÑеÑеÑов. Я ÑÑвÑÑвовал, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÑделаÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+болÑÑе. Ðо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ ÑÑо нÑжно бÑло,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
+на жизнÑ, ÑазÑмееÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑпил бÑ
к ним
+на ÑабоÑÑ. РабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑом
пÑедпÑиÑÑии ÑÑиÑно. Ðе бÑло
+пÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ ÑÑÑдиÑÑÑÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+ÑабоÑÑ. ÐÑа ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑала доÑ
одной
в пеÑвÑй же год. Ðе оÑновали
+Ñ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим капиÑалом, ÑÑо бÑли
ÑолÑко денÑги ÑÑеÑ
ее
+оÑноваÑелей. Рона ÑоÑла из года
в год, пÑиноÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñ
од каждÑй
+год, пока иÑ
не одолела жадноÑÑÑ, Ñогда
они ÑÑали иÑкаÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+Ñо ÑÑоÑонÑ, а поÑом запÑÑалиÑÑ.
Ðо до Ñого как иÑ
+одолела жадноÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑло неÑколÑко
Ð»ÐµÑ ÑÑпеÑ
а.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑÑо иллÑÑÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·
поÑазиÑелÑнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·ÑваÑÑ,
ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑазÑабоÑки
+не нÑжно ÑобиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал. Ð Ñом
ÑмÑÑле, ÑÑо ÑÑо полезно; ÑÑо
+<em>можеÑ</em> помоÑÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, еÑли Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
какой-Ñо капиÑал набÑалÑÑ,
+Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе нанÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ пиÑали
кÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. Ðо многого
+можно добиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑим ÑиÑлом
лÑдей. Рна Ñамом деле
+в колоÑÑалÑной ÑÑÑекÑивноÑÑи пÑоÑеÑÑа
ÑазÑабоÑки ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° из пÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм
миÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пеÑейÑи
+на ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. Ð ÑÑо Ñакже
опÑовеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ñо, ÑÑо говоÑиÑ
+Microsoft, когда они заÑвлÑÑÑ, ÑÑо GNU GPL —
ÑÑо плоÑ
о,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо из-за нее им ÑÑÑднее
ÑобиÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал, ÑÑобÑ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
забиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
+и вкладÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи ÑекÑÑÑ Ð² Ñвои
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑми они
+Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ не поделÑÑÑÑ. ÐопÑоÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ,
нам не нÑжно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+ÑобиÑали капиÑал Ñаким обÑазом. ÐÑ Ð²Ñе
Ñавно вÑполним ÑабоÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð²ÑполнÑем
+ÑабоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>РанÑÑе говоÑили, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð´Ð° не
Ñделаем полнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑемÑ. СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñже Ñделали ее,
а Ñакже многое и многое
+дÑÑгое. Ð Ñ Ñказал бÑ, ÑÑо нам надо
ÑазÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° поÑÑдок
+болÑÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑдовлеÑвоÑиÑÑ
вÑе поÑÑебноÑÑи миÑа в пÑбликÑемÑÑ
+пÑогÑаммаÑ
обÑего назнаÑениÑ. Ð ÑÑо
в миÑе, где 90% полÑзоваÑелей
+пока не полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñими ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑо в миÑе, где,
+Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¸ в оÑделÑнÑÑ
оÑÑаÑлÑÑ
пÑомÑÑленноÑÑи, Ñкажем, более половинÑ
+вÑеÑ
ÑеÑвеÑов ÐÑемиÑной паÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð² миÑе
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° GNU/Linux
+Ñ Apache в каÑеÑÑве ÑеÑвеÑа.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i> ...ÑÑо вÑ
Ñказали пеÑед
+“Linux”?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Я Ñказал “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐÑ Ñказали?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа, еÑли Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾ ÑдÑе, Ñ
назÑÐ²Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+“Linux”. ÐонимаеÑе, ÑÑо его название.
ЯдÑо бÑло напиÑано ÐинÑÑом
+ТоÑвалÑдÑом, и нам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑолÑко Ñак, как он ÑеÑил,
+из ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº авÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае, но в обÑем, на
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑÑ
болÑÑинÑÑво полÑзоваÑелей
ÑÑим
+не полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво домаÑниÑ
полÑзоваÑелей пока не полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ
+наÑей ÑиÑÑемой. Так ÑÑо когда они бÑдÑÑ
ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, мÑ
+авÑомаÑиÑеÑки полÑÑим в 10 Ñаз болÑÑе
добÑоволÑÑев
+и в 10 Ñаз болÑÑе клиенÑов
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑий на базе
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе Ñогда бÑдÑÑ.
Так ÑÑо ÑÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+до велиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ñакого поÑÑдка. Так ÑÑо
на наÑÑоÑÑий Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
+вполне ÑвеÑен, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ <em>можем</em> Ñ ÑÑим
ÑпÑавиÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑо важно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Microsoft Ñ
оÑеÑ, ÑÑобÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑали безÑÑÑ
одноÑÑÑ. Ðо
+иÑ
Ñловам, единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб полÑÑиÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ,
+единÑÑвеннÑй ÑпоÑоб полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñии
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ
+пеÑедали им влаÑÑÑ. Ðали гоÑподÑÑвоваÑÑ
над нами. Ðали конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ,
+ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ делаÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами,
Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑми ÑабоÑаем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+могли вÑжимаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³,
оÑкладÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ
+из ниÑ
на ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм,
а оÑÑалÑное забиÑаÑ
+в каÑеÑÑве баÑÑÑа.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹
безÑÑÑ
одноÑÑи. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+наÑÑолÑко, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑказаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñвоей
ÑвободÑ. ÐÑо оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°Ñно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑгое, ÑÑо Microsoft, нÑ, не ÑолÑко
Microsoft — лÑди коÑоÑÑе не
+поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
в обÑем пÑинимаÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑенноÑÑей,
+в коÑоÑой знаÑение имеÑÑ ÑолÑко
ÑиÑминÑÑнÑе пÑакÑиÑеÑкие вÑгодÑ:
+ÑколÑко денег Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом годÑ,
какÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ñ ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð²ÑполниÑÑ
+ÑегоднÑ. СиÑминÑÑное и Ñзкое мÑÑление. Ðни
пÑедполагаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑмеÑно
+пÑедÑÑавиÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÑо-Ñо мог бÑ
Ñем-Ñо пожеÑÑвоваÑÑ Ñади
+ÑвободÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑеÑа многие вÑÑÑÑпали Ñ ÑеÑами об
амеÑиканÑаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе Ñли на жеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ñади
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑвоиÑ
ÑооÑеÑеÑÑвенников.
ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
Ñли на болÑÑие
+жеÑÑвÑ. Ðни даже жеÑÑвовали Ñвоими жизнÑми
за ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñой
+ÑазновидноÑÑи, о коÑоÑой каждÑй
в наÑей ÑÑÑане по менÑÑей
+меÑе ÑлÑÑал (по менÑÑей меÑе
в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
; по-моемÑ, нам
+нÑжно иÑклÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾ ÐÑеÑнаме).</p>
+
+<p><i>[Ðа Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑого в СШРбÑл ÐÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼ÑÑи.
Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑпоминаÑÑ Ð¾ геÑоÑÑ
+войн. — Ñед.]</i></p>
+
+<p>Ðо, к ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² полÑзовании пÑогÑаммами,
+болÑÑие жеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑебÑÑÑÑÑ. ÐоÑÑаÑоÑно
маленÑкиÑ
жеÑÑв, напÑимеÑ, наÑÑиÑÑÑÑ
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑÑокой, еÑли
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ° Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+Ñ Ð³ÑаÑиÑеÑким инÑеÑÑейÑом.
Ðли вÑполнÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ñак,
+поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ° Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо
+по-дÑÑгомÑ. Ðли плаÑиÑÑ ÑколÑко-Ñо
компании, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑ
+ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑй пакеÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ полÑÑиÑÑ
+ее ÑеÑез неÑколÑко леÑ. РазлиÑнÑе
неболÑÑие жеÑÑвÑ, на коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе
+можем пойÑи. Рв долгоÑÑоÑной
пеÑÑпекÑиве Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñе
+Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого вÑигÑаем. ÐонимаеÑе,
на Ñамом деле ÑÑо вложение,
+а не жеÑÑва. Ðам пÑоÑÑо надо бÑÑÑ
доÑÑаÑоÑно далÑновиднÑми, ÑÑобÑ
+оÑознаваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо
вкладÑваÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑлÑÑÑение
+наÑего обÑеÑÑва, не ÑÑиÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑÑаки
и гÑивенники, коÑоÑÑе каждÑй
+полÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· вложеннÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, на ÑÑом Ñ Ð² оÑновном законÑил.</p>
+
+<p>Ðне Ñ
оÑелоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑпомÑнÑÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй
подÑ
од к пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑм на базе
+ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, его пÑедложил Тони
СÑенко, он назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо
+“ÑвободнÑми ÑазÑабоÑÑиками”, ÑÑо
ÑвÑзано Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделенной
+ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑой пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, пÑи коÑоÑой
еÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ð° вÑплаÑиваÑÑ
+когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñ
ода
каждомÑ, вÑем авÑоÑам ÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе вÑÑÑпили
в оÑганизаÑиÑ. Ð ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ обÑÑждаÑÑ
+пеÑÑпекÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñо мной
кое-какиÑ
доволÑно кÑÑпнÑÑ
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑÑ
конÑÑакÑов
по ÑазÑабоÑке ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
+в Ðндии, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑобиÑаÑÑÑÑ
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº оÑновÑ, полÑÑÐ°Ñ Ñаким
обÑазом огÑомнÑÑ ÑкономиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, ÑепеÑÑ, по-моемÑ, мне нÑжно пеÑейÑи
к оÑвеÑам на вопÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. <i>[неÑазбоÑÑиво]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ
погÑомÑе? Я Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ»Ðµ ÑлÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðак ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, как
Microsoft, могла Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедложиÑÑ
+конÑÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ, на Ñамом деле Microsoft
планиÑÑÐµÑ ÑдвинÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑнÑÑ
+ÑаÑÑÑ Ñвоей деÑÑелÑноÑÑи в ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÑÑлÑг.
Ð Ñо, ÑÑо они планиÑÑÑÑ,
+меÑзко и опаÑно, ÑÑо пÑивÑзка ÑÑлÑг
к пÑогÑаммам, одно
+к дÑÑгомÑ, зигзагом, понимаеÑе?
Так ÑÑо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой
+ÑÑлÑгой, Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑнÑÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой
пÑогÑаммой Microsoft, ÑÑо бÑдеÑ
+ознаÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо вам нÑжно полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой
ÑÑлÑгой, ÑÑой пÑогÑаммой
+Microsoft, Ñак ÑÑо ÑÑо вÑе пÑивÑзано дÑÑг
к дÑÑгÑ. Так они
+планиÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, дело в Ñом, ÑÑо пÑи пÑодаже ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑлÑг не Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкаÑ
+пÑоблема ÑвободнÑÑ
и неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ðµ допÑÑÑимо
+обÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпÑиÑÑиÑ, пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑи
ÑÑлÑги по ÑеÑи. Ðднако Microsoft
+планиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, ÑÑобÑ
доÑÑигнÑÑÑ ÐµÑе болÑÑего замÑканиÑ, еÑе
+болÑÑей монополии на пÑогÑаммÑ
и ÑÑлÑги, и об ÑÑом
+недавно пиÑали в ÑÑаÑÑе, кажеÑÑÑ,
в “ÐизнеÑ
+Ñик”. РдÑÑгие говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
пÑевÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑ Ð² гоÑод
+компании Microsoft.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑо важно, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑд
поÑÑановил по анÑимонополÑномÑ
+Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Microsoft, ÑÑо компаниÑ, Microsoft,
ÑекомендÑеÑÑÑ
+ÑазделиÑÑ. Ðо Ñак, ÑÑо ÑÑо
беÑÑмÑÑленно — ÑÑо
+беÑполезно — на ÑаÑÑÑ,
занимаÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемой,
+и ÑаÑÑÑ, занимаÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиложениÑми.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñвидев ÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñ ÑепеÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо
полезно, дейÑÑвенно бÑло бÑ
+ÑазделиÑÑ Microsoft на ÑаÑÑÑ, занимаÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑлÑгами, и ÑаÑÑÑ,
+занимаÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, поÑÑебоваÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ обÑалиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом
+ÑолÑко на поÑÑиÑелÑном ÑаÑÑÑоÑнии,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑлÑги пÑбликовали Ñвои
+пÑоÑоколÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй мог напиÑаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ-ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвÑзи
+Ñ ÑÑими ÑÑлÑгами, и, по-моемÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼
нÑжно бÑло плаÑиÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
+полÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑлÑгÑ. ÐÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ, ÑÑо ноÑмалÑно.
ÐÑо ÑовÑем дÑÑгое дело.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑли Microsoft ÑазделÑÑ Ñаким обÑазом [...]
ÑÑлÑги и пÑогÑаммÑ, они не
+ÑмогÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ñвоими пÑогÑаммами,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑмÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑенÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑлÑгам
+Microsoft. Рони не ÑмогÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑлÑгами, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑмÑÑÑ
+конкÑÑенÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммам Microsoft. РмÑ
Ñможем делаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, и возможно, вÑ, наÑод, ÑможеÑе
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸, ÑÑобÑ
+обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑлÑгам Microsoft, а мÑ
не бÑдем возÑажаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо, в конÑе конÑов, Ñ
оÑÑ Microsoft
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ, коÑоÑаÑ
+занимаеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
поÑабоÑивÑими болÑÑинÑÑво
+лÑдей — дÑÑгие поÑабоÑили менÑÑе
наÑода
+не Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑка ÑÑеÑдиÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i>
Ðм пÑоÑÑо не ÑдалоÑÑ
+поÑабоÑиÑÑ ÑÑолÑко же наÑода. Так ÑÑо
пÑоблема
+не в одной ÑолÑко компании Microsoft.
Microsoft — ÑÑо
+пÑоÑÑо ÑамÑй болÑÑой пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ ÑÑаÑаемÑÑ
+ÑеÑиÑÑ — Ñой пÑоблемÑ, ÑÑо
неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑнимаÑÑ ÑвободÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ
и ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑиÑное обÑеÑÑво.
Так ÑÑо
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑлиÑком ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑиваÑÑÑÑ
на Microsoft,
+Ñак ÑказаÑÑ, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ и дали мне
возможноÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ. ÐÑо
+не Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
единÑÑвенно важнÑми.
Ðа ниÑ
ÑÐ²ÐµÑ ÐºÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð¼
+не ÑоÑелÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ранее Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждали
ÑилоÑоÑÑкие ÑазлиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
+иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом и ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. Ðак Ð²Ñ ÑмоÑÑиÑе
+на ÑовÑеменнÑÑ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑивов
GNU/Linux поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑолÑко
+плаÑÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Intel? Рк ÑакÑÑ, ÑÑо
как бÑдÑо вÑе менÑÑе
+и менÑÑе пÑогÑаммиÑÑов пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑÑ
пÑавилÑно и делаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
+коÑоÑÑе компилиÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð´Ðµ? РделаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑоÑÑо
+ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑемаÑ
Intel?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Я не Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкой
пÑоблемÑ. ХоÑÑ, на Ñамом деле,
+компании, коÑоÑÑе делаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÑ,
иногда пеÑеноÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux
+на нее. Ðидимо, недавно ÑÑо Ñделали
в Hewlett-Packard. Рони
+не ÑÑали плаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° пеÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Windows,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑлиÑком доÑого. Рна Ñо,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжаÑÑ GNU/Linux,
+по-моемÑ, понадобилоÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð¶ÐµÐ½ÐµÑов
на неÑколÑко меÑÑÑев. ÐÑо бÑло
+легко.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, конеÑно, Ñ Ð¿ÑизÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ñдей
пÑименÑÑÑ <code>autoconf</code>, ÑÑо
+Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ GNU, коÑоÑÑй облегÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑение
пеÑеноÑимоÑÑи пÑогÑамм. Я Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð¼
+ÑÑо поÑовеÑовал. Ðли, когда кÑо-Ñо дÑÑгой
ÑÑÑÑанÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑибкÑ,
+из-за коÑоÑой ÑÑо не компилиÑовалоÑÑ
на его веÑÑии ÑиÑÑемÑ
+и пÑиÑÑÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ иÑпÑавление, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
внеÑли его. Ðо Ñ
+не ÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо как на вопÑоÑ
ÑÑики.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðва замеÑаниÑ. ÐеÑвое:
недавно Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑпали в MIT. Я ÑиÑал
+запиÑÑ. РкÑо-Ñо ÑпÑоÑил о паÑенÑаÑ
, а вÑ
оÑвеÑили, ÑÑо
+“паÑенÑÑ — ÑÑо ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгой
вопÑоÑ; по Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ
+ÑказаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑего”.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑавилÑно. Ðа Ñамом деле Ñ
Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ñего ÑказаÑÑ
+о паÑенÑаÑ
, но ÑÑо Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼ÐµÑ ÑаÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Я Ñ
оÑел ÑказаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо:
мне кажеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблема. Ð
+Ñом ÑмÑÑле, ÑÑо Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑина
назÑваÑÑ Ð¸ паÑенÑÑ,
+и авÑоÑÑкие пÑава, Ñо, ÑÑо поÑ
оже
на веÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ,
+ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑо понÑÑие, как бÑдÑо
они Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑебÑ
Ñвоего Ñода
+монополиÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ ÑÑого вÑего
обÑее не Ñо, ÑÑо они
+обÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÐºÑÑг одниÑ
и ÑеÑ
же
вопÑоÑов, но моÑиваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ
+не ÑеÑение пÑоблем обÑеÑÑва,
а ÑÑÑемление компаний полÑÑиÑÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð² иÑ
ÑаÑÑнÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐонимаÑ. Ðо, Ñ
оÑоÑо, Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ
оÑвеÑиÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо вÑемени не
+оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑ Ð¿ÑавÑ, ÑÑого они и Ñ
оÑÑÑ. Ðо еÑÑÑ
дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой они Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑажение
“инÑеллекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ”.
Ðна
+ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо они не Ñ
оÑÑÑ
пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей ÑÑаÑелÑно
+обдÑмÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
или паÑенÑов. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и паÑенÑное пÑаво
ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазлиÑнÑ, и дейÑÑвие
+авÑоÑÑкого пÑава и паÑенÑов
на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑовеÑÑенно ÑазлиÑно.</p>
+
+<p>ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов, запÑеÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ пиÑаÑÑ
+опÑеделеннÑе Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, в Ñо вÑемÑ
как авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑÑого
+не делаеÑ. С ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава, по кÑайней меÑе,
+еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали ÑÑо Ñами, вам ÑÑо
позволено ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо
+ÑÑезвÑÑайно важно ÑазделÑÑÑ ÑÑи вопÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>У ниÑ
еÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ обÑего, на Ñамом
низком ÑÑовне, а вÑе оÑÑалÑное
+оÑлиÑаеÑÑÑ. Так ÑÑо, пожалÑйÑÑа, пооÑÑÑйÑе
ÑÑное мÑÑление, обÑÑждайÑе
+авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво или паÑенÑÑ.
Ðо не обÑÑждайÑе
+инÑеллекÑÑалÑнÑÑ ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑ. У менÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+об инÑеллекÑÑалÑной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑи.
У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
+об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑаваÑ
и о паÑенÑаÑ
на пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. РнаÑале Ð²Ñ ÑпомÑнÑли, ÑÑо
ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑй ÑзÑк, Ñакой как
+ÑеÑепÑÑ, пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑнÑе
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐдеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑоÑеÑание, немного
+оÑлиÑаÑÑееÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
видов ÑзÑков.
ÐÑо Ñакже ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
+в ÑлÑÑае DVD.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑаÑÑиÑно ÑÑ
однÑ, но
ÑаÑÑиÑно оÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ñого,
+ÑÑо по пÑиÑоде не ÑÑнкÑионалÑно. ÐналогиÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑаÑÑÑ
+пÑоблемÑ, но не на вÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ.
Ð ÑожалениÑ, ÑÑо
+вÑÑÑÑпление еÑе на ÑаÑ. У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
вÑемени, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑÑ
+в подÑобноÑÑи. Ðо Ñ Ñказал бÑ, ÑÑо
вÑе ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑе ÑабоÑÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð² Ñом же ÑмÑÑле,
ÑÑо и
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐонимаеÑе, ÑÑебники,
ÑÑководÑÑва, ÑловаÑи, ÑеÑепÑÑ Ð¸ Ñак
+далее.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ЧÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе о мÑзÑке в
ÑеÑи? ТÑÑ Ð¸ Ñам еÑÑÑ ÑÑ
одÑÑва и
+ÑазлиÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑавилÑно. Я Ð±Ñ Ñказал, ÑÑо
минималÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ñвобода, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñ
+Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñбого Ñода
опÑбликованной инÑоÑмаÑии,— ÑÑо
+Ñвобода пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ
в некоммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
+без изменений. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ нÑжна Ñвобода
+пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð² коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
измененнÑе веÑÑии, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
+ÑÑезвÑÑайно полезно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва.
ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑнкÑионалÑнÑÑ
ÑабоÑ, Ñак
+ÑказаÑÑ, ÑозданнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазвлеÑениÑ,
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑеÑики
+или Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð³Ð»Ñдов
опÑеделенного лиÑа, Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,
+возможно, иÑ
не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ.
Рвозможно, ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо
+вполне допÑÑÑимо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлоÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑÑкое
+коммеÑÑеÑкое ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение иÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐомниÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, ÑÑо ÑоглаÑно
конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШÐ, назнаÑением авÑоÑÑкого
+пÑава ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñгода. Ðно
должно изменÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ
+опÑеделеннÑÑ
ÑаÑÑнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñе
пÑбликовали болÑÑе
+книг. РвÑгода Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого ÑоÑÑоиÑ
в Ñом, ÑÑо обÑеÑÑво наÑинаеÑ
+обÑÑждаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. Ð, Ñак
ÑказаÑÑ, Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
+лиÑеÑаÑÑÑа. У Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑнÑе ÑÑÑдÑ.
Ð¦ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² пооÑÑении
+ÑÑого. ÐвÑоÑÑкие пÑава ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ
не Ñади авÑоÑов, не говоÑÑ Ñже
+об издаÑелÑÑ
. Ðни ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ñади
ÑиÑаÑелей и вÑеÑ
, кÑо извлекаеÑ
+полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸Ð· пеÑедаÑи инÑоÑмаÑии, коÑоÑаÑ
пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, когда одни пиÑÑÑ,
+а дÑÑгие ÑиÑаÑÑ. Ð Ñ ÑÑой ÑелÑÑ Ñ
ÑоглаÑен.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо в век компÑÑÑеÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑей ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑод
болÑÑе ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½Ðµ опÑавдÑваеÑ, поÑомÑ
+ÑÑо ÑепеÑÑ Ð¾Ð½ ÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð´ÑаконовÑкиÑ
законов, коÑоÑÑе вÑоÑгаÑÑÑÑ Ð² лиÑнÑÑ
+Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ и вÑеÑ
ÑеÑÑоÑизиÑÑÑÑ.
ÐонимаеÑе, Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑÑÑмÑ
+за обмен Ñо Ñвоим ÑоÑедом. Рвек
пеÑаÑного ÑÑанка бÑло
+не Ñак. Тогда авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑло
пÑомÑÑленной ноÑмой. Ðно
+огÑаниÑивало издаÑелей. СейÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑо
огÑаниÑение, коÑоÑое издаÑели налагаÑÑ
+на обÑеÑÑво. Так ÑÑо оÑноÑение влаÑÑи
ÑазвоÑаÑиваеÑÑÑ
+на 180 гÑадÑÑов, Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
ÑамÑй закон.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Так ÑÑо можно полÑÑиÑÑ Ñо
же Ñамое — но как в
+ÑоÑÑавлении мÑзÑки из дÑÑгой мÑзÑки?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑавилÑно. ÐÑо
инÑеÑеÑнÑй...</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ð ÑникалÑнÑе новÑе ÑабоÑÑ,
Ñак ÑказаÑÑ,— ÑÑо
+вÑе-Ñаки болÑÑое ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа. Ð Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑебÑеÑ
понÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñоде добÑоÑовеÑÑного
+иÑполÑзованиÑ. ÐонеÑно, когда беÑеÑÑÑ
оÑÑÑвок в неÑколÑко ÑекÑнд
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾-Ñо дÑÑгого
мÑзÑкалÑного пÑоизведениÑ, оÑевидно,
+ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑовеÑÑнÑм
иÑполÑзованием. ÐÑо вклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
+в ÑÑандаÑÑнÑÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоÑовеÑÑного
иÑполÑзованиÑ, еÑли подÑмаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
+ÑÑом. Я не ÑвеÑен, ÑоглаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
Ñ ÑÑим ÑÑдÑ, но они
+Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑоглаÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑо не бÑло бÑ
каким-Ñо изменением в
+ÑиÑÑеме, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
поÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвовала.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ЧÑо Ð²Ñ Ð´ÑмаеÑе о
пÑбликаÑии пÑблиÑной инÑоÑмаÑии в
+ÑиÑменнÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑаÑ
?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ð, ÑÑого не должно бÑÑÑ. То
еÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑво не должно
+ÑÑебоваÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ñаждане полÑзовалиÑÑ
неÑвободной пÑогÑаммой
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпа, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвÑзи
Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑвом лÑбÑм обÑазом,
+в лÑбом напÑавлении.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Я бÑл, как Ñ ÑепеÑÑ Ð±ÑдÑ
говоÑиÑÑ, полÑзоваÑелем
+GNU/Linux...</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐлагодаÑÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ...поÑледние ÑеÑÑÑе года.
ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñло пÑоблемаÑиÑно, и
+ÑÑо важно, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
наÑ,—
пÑоÑмоÑÑ ÐÑемиÑной паÑÑинÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðдной из ÑвнÑÑ
ÑлабоÑÑей
пÑи полÑзовании ÑиÑÑемой
+GNU/Linux пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑмоÑÑ ÐÑемиÑной
паÑÑинÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
+пÑевалиÑÑÑÑее ÑÑедÑÑво Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого,
Netscape...</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b> ...не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммой.</p>
+
+<p>ÐозволÑÑе мне оÑвеÑиÑÑ. Я Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи
пÑÑмо к делÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ
ваÑиÑÑ
+поболÑÑе. ÐÑак, да, имееÑÑÑ ÑжаÑнаÑ
ÑенденÑиÑ, лÑди пÑименÑÑÑ Netscape
+Navigator на ÑвоиÑ
ÑиÑÑемаÑ
GNU/Linux.
Рна Ñамом деле вÑе
+ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе пÑоизводÑÑÑÑ
в коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
, вклÑÑаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
+в ÑебÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ
паÑадокÑалÑна: Ð¼Ñ Ñак ÑпоÑно ÑабоÑали
+над Ñозданием Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑемÑ, а ÑепеÑÑ, еÑли вÑ
+пойдеÑе в магазин, Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑе Ñам веÑÑии
GNU/Linux, болÑÑинÑÑво
+из ниÑ
назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ “Linux”, и они
+не ÑвободнÑ. ÐÑ Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð½Ð¾, ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
.
РпоÑом, еÑÑÑ Netscape
+Navigator, а Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, и дÑÑгие
неÑвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Так ÑÑо ÑвободнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
найÑи оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑдно, еÑли вÑ
+не ÑазбиÑаеÑеÑÑ Ð² ÑÑом. Ðли, конеÑно,
еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе
+ÑÑÑановиÑÑ Netscape Navigator.</p>
+
+<p>Так воÑ, на Ñамом деле ÑвободнÑе бÑаÑзеÑÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ñже много леÑ. ÐÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑй бÑаÑзеÑ, коÑоÑÑм Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно
полÑзÑÑÑÑ, под названием Lynx. ÐÑо
+ÑвободнÑй бÑаÑзеÑ, он не гÑаÑиÑеÑкий; он
ÑекÑÑовÑй. ÐÑо огÑомное
+пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ видиÑе
ÑекламÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]
+[аплодиÑменÑÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p>Ðо как Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло, еÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑй
гÑаÑиÑеÑкий пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ названием
+Mozilla, коÑоÑÑй ÑепеÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑÑадии,
когда им можно
+полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ. Ð Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð´Ð° им полÑзÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Konqueror 2.01 показал ÑебÑ
неплоÑ
о.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ð, да. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо еÑе один
ÑвободнÑй гÑаÑиÑеÑкий
+бÑаÑзеÑ. ÐÑак, Ð¼Ñ Ð² конеÑном иÑоге ÑеÑаем
ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ, по-моемÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ
о ÑилоÑоÑÑко-ÑÑиÑеÑком ÑазлиÑии
+Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами
и оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом?
+СÑиÑаеÑе ли Ð²Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ непÑеодолимÑм?..</p>
+
+<p><i>[Ñмена ленÑÑ; ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑа и наÑало
оÑвеÑа оÑÑÑÑÑÑвÑеÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ...ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑикÑ. Ðли вÑ
пÑоÑÑо говоÑиÑе: “ÐÑ, Ñ
+надеÑÑÑ, компании ÑеÑаÑ, ÑÑо более вÑгодно
позволиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ делаÑÑ ÑÑо”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо, как Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñил, во многиÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑабоÑаÑ
не Ñак важно, каковÑ
+полиÑиÑеÑкие взглÑÐ´Ñ Ñеловека. Ðогда
Ñеловек пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU,
+Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑим: “ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñими полиÑиÑеÑкими
+взглÑдами”. ÐÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим, ÑÑо в пакеÑе
GNU Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux и ÑÑо вам надо назÑваÑÑ
его Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой. ЧÑо
+Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе вне конÑекÑÑа пÑоекÑа
GNU — ÑÑо ваÑе дело.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ IBM наÑала
ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑодаваÑÑ
+гоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑм ÑÑÑеждениÑм Ñвои новÑе
болÑÑие маÑинÑ, они вÑÑÑавлÑли Linux
+как одно из доÑÑоинÑÑв, они говоÑÑÑ
“Linux”.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа, конеÑно, на Ñамом деле
ÑÑо ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU/Linux. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðа-да! Ð ÑкажиÑе ÑÑо ÑомÑ,
кÑо ÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñодажами. Ðн пÑо
+GNU ниÑего не знаеÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. СказаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ?</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ТомÑ, кÑо ÑÑководиÑ
пÑодажами.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ð, да! ÐÑоблема в Ñом, ÑÑо они
Ñже ÑÑаÑелÑно вÑбÑали, ÑÑо
+они Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð² каÑеÑÑве
доÑÑоинÑÑв. РвопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо
+ÑоÑнее, ÑÑо ÑеÑÑно или как пÑавилÑно ÑÑо
назÑваÑÑ, не пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑ
+главного вопÑоÑа, коÑоÑÑй важен
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñакой компании. Так воÑ,
+в какиÑ
-Ñо неболÑÑиÑ
компаниÑÑ
, да, Ñам
еÑÑÑ ÑеÑ. РеÑли ÑеÑ
+Ñклонен дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ ÑакиÑ
веÑаÑ
, он можеÑ
пÑинÑÑÑ Ñакое
+ÑеÑение. Ðо не в гиганÑÑкой
коÑпоÑаÑии. ÐÑо позоÑ, Ñак
+ÑказаÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой, более важнÑй и более
ÑодеÑжаÑелÑнÑй вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо делаеÑ
+IBM. Ðни говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо вкладÑваÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð°Ñд
доллаÑов
+в “Linux”. Ðо, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, мне надо
поÑÑавиÑÑ
+в кавÑÑки и “вкладÑваÑÑ”,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо какие-Ñо
+из ÑÑиÑ
денег лÑди полÑÑаÑÑ
за ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑо
+дейÑÑвиÑелÑно вклад в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво.
Ðо дÑÑгие ÑаÑÑи идÑÑ
+на напиÑание неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
или на пеÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм под GNU/Linux, а ÑÑо
<em>не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ</em> вкладом
+в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво. Ðо IBM ÑмеÑиваеÑ
вÑе ÑÑо вмеÑÑе
+в ÑÑом заÑвлении. ЧÑо-Ñо из ÑÑого
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñекламой, ÑÑо-Ñо
+ÑаÑÑиÑно вкладом, даже еÑли ÑÑо ÑаÑÑиÑно
невеÑно. Так ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑложнаÑ
+ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ. ЧÑо-Ñо из Ñого, ÑÑо они делаÑÑ,
пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´,
+а ÑÑо-Ñо неÑ. Ð ÑÑо-Ñо Ñакое вÑоде Ñого,
+но не ÑовÑем. РнелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
ÑвалиÑÑ Ð²Ñе вмеÑÑе
+и дÑмаÑÑ: “Ðго! УÑ
ÑÑ! ÐиллиаÑд
доллаÑов Ð¾Ñ IBM!”
+<i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> ÐÑо ÑвеÑÑ
ÑпÑоÑение.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. РаÑÑкажиÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа,
подÑобнее о замÑÑле, коÑоÑÑй
+воплоÑен в СÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной
лиÑензии.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ — пÑоÑÑиÑе, Ñ
Ñже оÑвеÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
+вопÑоÑ. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>ШонбеÑг</b>. ÐÑ Ñ
оÑиÑе оÑÑавиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑеÑÑ-конÑеÑенÑиÑ? Ðли
+Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. РкÑо здеÑÑ ÑобÑалÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑеÑÑ-конÑеÑенÑиÑ? ÐÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо
+маловаÑо. Ð, ÑÑое — Ñ
оÑоÑо. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
подождаÑÑ, пока мÑ... пока
+Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе вопÑоÑÑ, минÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ
или около Ñого?
+ХоÑоÑо. ÐÑак, Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑаÑÑ
на вопÑоÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, замÑÑел, коÑоÑÑй воплоÑен в GNU GPL?
ЧаÑÑиÑно ÑÑо бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ Ñ
оÑел
+заÑиÑиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑва Ð¾Ñ Ñвлений,
коÑоÑÑе Ñ ÑолÑко ÑÑо
+пÑоиллÑÑÑÑиÑовал на пÑимеÑе X Windows,
они пÑоиÑÑ
одили
+и Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами.
Ðа Ñамом деле, когда Ñ
+дÑмал об ÑÑой пÑоблеме, X Windows еÑе
не вÑпÑÑÑили. Ðо Ñ
+видел, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими
ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. ÐапÑимеÑ,
+Ñ TeX'ом. Я Ñ
оÑел гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей бÑдеÑ
+Ñвобода. РпÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае, Ñ Ñознавал,
ÑÑо Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ напиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+и, возможно, многие полÑзовалиÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÐµÑ,
но Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+не бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑвободÑ. Ркакой Ñогда
в ÑÑом ÑмÑÑл?</p>
+
+<p>Ðо дÑÑгой пÑоблемой, о коÑоÑой Ñ Ð´Ñмал,
бÑло Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ Ñ
оÑел даÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ
+поÑÑвÑÑвоваÑÑ, ÑÑо об него нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑаÑÑ
ноги, ÑÑо оно не добÑÑа
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»Ñбого паÑазиÑа, коÑоÑÑй на него
набÑедеÑ. ÐÑли вÑ
+не пÑименÑеÑе авÑоÑÑкое лево, вÑ
по ÑÑÑи говоÑиÑе: <i>[кÑоÑко]</i>
+“ÐеÑиÑе мои пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐелайÑе, ÑÑо Ñ
оÑиÑе. Я не ÑкажÑ
+<em>неÑ</em>”. Так ÑÑо кÑо Ñгодно можеÑ
пÑийÑи и ÑказаÑÑ:
+<i>[оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑвеÑдо]</i> “Ðга, Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑого. Я
+пÑоÑÑо возÑÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо”. РпоÑом, конеÑно,
они ÑделаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
+ÑлÑÑÑениÑ, ÑÑи неÑвободнÑе веÑÑии ÑÑанÑÑ
пÑивлекаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей
+и вÑÑеÑнÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑе веÑÑии. Ð Ñего
Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑигли? ÐÑ ÑолÑко
+внеÑли пожеÑÑвование в какой-Ñо пÑоекÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Ркогда лÑди ÑÑо видÑÑ, когда они видÑÑ,
как дÑÑгие забиÑаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ
+делаÑ, и не оÑдаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего взамен, ÑÑо можеÑ
демоÑализоваÑÑ. Ð ÑÑо
+не пÑоÑÑо ÑмозÑиÑелÑное заклÑÑение. Я
видел, как Ñакое пÑоиÑÑ
одило. ÐÑо
+бÑло одним из ÑакÑоÑов, коÑоÑÑй
ÑниÑÑожил наÑе ÑÑаÑое ÑообÑеÑÑво,
+к коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ñинадлежал
в ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
. ÐÑди наÑали
+пеÑеÑÑаваÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ. РмÑ
пÑедполагали, ÑÑо Ñаким обÑазом они
+полÑÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑгодÑ. Ðни опÑеделенно
дейÑÑвовали Ñак, как еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+дÑмали, ÑÑо им ÑÑо вÑгодно. РмÑ
оÑознавали, ÑÑо они пÑоÑÑо полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ
+ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑвом и не оÑдаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего
взамен. Ð Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñего
+не могли Ñ ÑÑим поделаÑÑ. ÐÑо
обеÑкÑÑаживало. ÐÑ, Ñе из наÑ,
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо не нÑавилоÑÑ, даже обÑÑждали
ÑÑо, но не Ñмогли
+пÑидÑмаÑÑ, как нам пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑо.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, GPL бÑла ÑоÑÑавлена, ÑÑобÑ
пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑо. Там Ñказано: “Ðа,
+вÑÑÑпайÑе в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво
и полÑзÑйÑеÑÑ ÑÑими пÑогÑаммами
+на здоÑовÑе. Ðам можно ÑеÑаÑÑ Ñ Ð¸Ñ
помоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑевозможнÑе
+задаÑи. Ðо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑпÑÑкаеÑе
измененнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, вам надо вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+в наÑем ÑообÑеÑÑве, бÑдÑÑи ÑаÑÑÑÑ
наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва, ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ñа
+Ñвободє.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, на Ñамом деле вÑе Ñавно еÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑпоÑобов полÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей
+ÑабоÑÑ Ð¸ не вноÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´, напÑимеÑ,
не обÑзаÑелÑно пиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðногие полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ GNU/Linux
и не пиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐикÑо не ÑÑебÑеÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
делали Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+ÑÑо-нибÑдÑ. Ðо еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе
опÑеделеннÑе веÑи, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+внеÑÑи Ñвой вклад. РознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑо, ÑÑо
об наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво нелÑзÑ
+вÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸. Рпо-моемÑ, именно ÑÑо
помогло даÑÑ Ð»ÑдÑм ÑилÑ
+поÑÑвÑÑвоваÑÑ: “Ðа, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑдем
ÑгибаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ноги комÑ
+Ñгодно. ÐÑ Ð²ÑÑÑоим”.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðа, Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ñл Ñакой
вопÑоÑ: ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+ÑвободнÑе, но без авÑоÑÑкого лева,
поÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
+и ÑделаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми, Ñазве нелÑзÑ
комÑ-Ñо Ñак же взÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
,
+внеÑÑи какие-Ñо изменениÑ, и вÑпÑÑÑиÑÑ
вÑе ÑÑо под GPL?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðа, ÑÑо возможно.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Тогда ÑÑо помеÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñе
бÑдÑÑие копии под GPL.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Ðз ÑÑой веÑви. Ðо Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑемÑ
Ð¼Ñ ÑÑого не делаем.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ЧÑо?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно ÑÑого
не делаем. ÐозволÑÑе обÑÑÑниÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ð, да.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑели,
взÑÑÑ X Windows, помеÑÑиÑÑ
+ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ GPL и вноÑиÑÑ Ð² нее изменениÑ.
Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо болÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппа
+лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ÑлÑÑÑениÑми
в X Windows
+и <em>не</em> помеÑаÑÑ ÑÑо под GPL.
Так ÑÑо еÑли бÑ
+Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑделилиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
. Ð ÑÑо в иÑ
+оÑноÑении не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо. Рони
<em>ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ</em> ÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñего
+ÑообÑеÑÑва, вноÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ в наÑе
ÑообÑеÑÑво.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо-вÑоÑÑÑ
, ÑÑо обÑаÑилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑив наÑ,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они делаÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо
+болÑÑе ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ X, Ñем делали Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ.
Так ÑÑо наÑа веÑÑиÑ
+бÑла Ð±Ñ Ñ
Ñже иÑ
, ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑали бÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, а знаÑиÑ,
+к ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе вÑе ÑÑи Ñ
лопоÑÑ?</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. УгÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. Так ÑÑо когда Ñеловек
подгоÑовил какое-Ñо ÑлÑÑÑение в X
+Windows, Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ, ÑÑо он должен ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ
Ñ Ð³ÑÑппой ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
+X. ÐоÑлаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ ÑÑо и позволиÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим, как Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+пÑинÑÑо. ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñй ÑкземплÑÑ Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. Ðо, в оÑноÑении X,
конкÑеÑно, около двÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´
+ÐонÑоÑÑиÑм X заÑел далеко в неÑвободнÑй
оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ...</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ, на Ñамом деле ÑÑо <em>не
бÑло</em> оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм
+ÑекÑÑом. ÐÑо не бÑло и оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм
ÑекÑÑом. ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, они Ñказали,
+ÑÑо оно бÑло им. Я не помнÑ, говоÑили они
ÑÑо или неÑ. Ðо ÑÑо
+не бÑл оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ. ÐÑо бÑло
огÑаниÑено. ÐелÑÐ·Ñ Ð±Ñло
+ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð² коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
,
по-моемÑ. Ðли нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð±Ñло
+в коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑелÑÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
измененнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ, или ÑÑо-Ñо вÑоде
+Ñого.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа, именно ÑакÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²
оÑноÑении Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·
+авÑоÑÑкого лева. Ðа Ñамом деле
Ñ ÐонÑоÑÑиÑма X бÑла оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¶ÐµÑÑкаÑ
+полиÑика. Ðни говоÑÑÑ: “ÐÑли в ваÑей
пÑогÑамме Ñ
оÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо
+авÑоÑÑкое лево, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе не бÑдем ее
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим
+помеÑаÑÑ ÑÑо в Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑив”.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑак, под Ñаким давлением многие
оÑказалиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого лева. Рв
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе вÑе иÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ
оÑказалиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð·Ð°ÑиÑнÑми,
+впоÑледÑÑвии. Ðогда Ñе же лÑди, коÑоÑÑе
вÑнÑждали ÑазÑабоÑÑика бÑÑÑ
+ÑлиÑком вÑеÑазÑеÑаÑÑим, поÑом лÑди из X
Ñказали: “Ðадно, ÑепеÑÑ
+нам можно наложиÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениє, ÑÑо
Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñло
+не оÑенÑ-Ñо ÑÑиÑно.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо и в ÑÑой ÑиÑÑаÑии Ñазве Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑели
наÑкÑеÑÑи ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаÑÑ
+алÑÑеÑнаÑивнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ X под GPL?
Ð ÑмÑÑла в ÑÑом никакого
+не бÑло. У Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñло много дÑÑгиÑ
неоÑложнÑÑ
дел. ÐÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе ÑÑим
+занимаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ
Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиками X.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐожеÑе ли Ð²Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо
ÑказаÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ GNU
+ÑоваÑнÑм знаком? ÐÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ пÑакÑиÑнÑм
вклÑÑаÑÑ Ð² СÑандаÑÑнÑÑ
+обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU допÑÑение
ÑоваÑнÑÑ
знаков?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно подали
заÑÐ²ÐºÑ Ð½Ð° ÑегиÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ GNU в каÑеÑÑве
+ÑоваÑного знака. Ðо ÑÑо никак не ÑвÑзано
Ñ ÑÑим
+вопÑоÑом. ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо долгаÑ
иÑÑоÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебоваÑÑ
оÑобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑоваÑного знака
+пÑогÑаммами под GPL.</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐеÑ, не дÑмаÑ. ÐиÑензии
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° оÑделÑнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ. Ркогда пÑогÑамма вÑ
одиÑ
в пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, никÑо об ÑÑом
+не лжеÑ. Ðазвание ÑиÑÑемÑ
в Ñелом — дÑÑгой
+вопÑоÑ. Ð ÑÑо напÑÑмÑÑ Ðº делÑ
не оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ÐÐµÑ ÑмÑÑла
+обÑÑждаÑÑ ÑÑо далÑÑе.</p>
+
+<p><b>ÐÑдиÑоÑиÑ</b>. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñла кнопка,
нажаÑием коÑоÑой Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ бÑ
+заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ñе компании оÑвободиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° нее
+нажали?</p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ, Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ñименил ÑÑо ÑолÑко
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑбликÑемÑÑ
+пÑогÑамм. ÐонимаеÑе, Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð»Ñдей
еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво напиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¸ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ. Ð Ñом
ÑиÑле
+и Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹. ÐÑо вопÑоÑ
конÑиденÑиалÑноÑÑи. Ð Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ
+бÑÑÑ ÑлÑÑаи, когда ÑÑо неÑ
оÑоÑо, напÑимеÑ,
еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑло ÑÑезвÑÑайно
+полезно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеловеÑеÑÑва, а вÑ
ÑкÑÑвали Ð±Ñ ÑÑо
+Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾. ÐÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¾, но дÑÑгого
Ñода. ÐÑо дÑÑгаÑ
+пÑоблема, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¸ из Ñой же ÑÑеÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðо Ñ Ð¸ впÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо вÑе пÑбликÑемÑе
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
+ÑвободнÑ. ÐмейÑе в видÑ, ÑÑо когда
пÑогÑамма не Ñвободна, ÑÑо из-за
+вмеÑаÑелÑÑÑва гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва. ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑво
вмеÑиваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐµ
+неÑвободной. ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑво ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑобÑе
ÑÑидиÑеÑкие полномоÑиÑ, коÑоÑÑе
+вÑÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑам пÑогÑамм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
могли заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑ
+не даваÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами
опÑеделеннÑм обÑазом. Так ÑÑо Ñ
+опÑеделенно Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑомÑ
конеÑ. </p>
+
+<p><b>ШонбеÑг</b>. ÐÑÑÑÑпление РиÑаÑда
неизменно поÑÐ¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð³Ñомное колиÑеÑÑво
+инÑеллекÑÑалÑной ÑнеÑгии. Я
пÑедложил Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑавиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÑÑ-Ñо ее ÑаÑÑÑ
+на пÑименение, а можеÑ, и напиÑание
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<p>Ðам нÑжно завеÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑждение. Ðне Ñ
оÑеÑÑÑ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо РиÑаÑд пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²
+пÑоÑеÑÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑна пÑблике Ñвоей
кÑайне аполиÑиÑной вÑедливоÑÑÑÑ,
+плаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑеÑкого и нÑавÑÑвенного
обÑÑждениÑ, беÑпÑеÑеденÑнÑй,
+по-моемÑ, в наÑей пÑоÑеÑÑии. РмÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо
+обÑзанÑ. Ðне Ñ
оÑелоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑвиÑÑ
пеÑеÑÑв.</p>
+
+<p><i>[ÐплодиÑменÑÑ]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе вÑÑ
одиÑÑ, когда Ñ
оÑиÑе, вообÑе-Ñо. <i>[ÑмеÑ
]</i> Я
+вам не ÑÑÑемнÑй надзиÑаÑелÑ.</p>
+
+<p><i>[ÐÑдиÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑаÑÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пеÑеÑÑв...]</i></p>
+
+<p><i>[паÑаллелÑнÑе диалоги...]</i></p>
+
+<p><b>СÑолмен</b>. РпоÑледнее. ÐÐ°Ñ ÑайÑ:
www.gnu.org.</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе обÑие запÑоÑÑ
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU по адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
+href="/contact/">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ
Ñондом. ÐÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
+неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки
или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ пÑиÑÑлаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
+адÑеÑÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+ÐÑ ÑÑаÑалиÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑевод ÑоÑнÑм и
каÑеÑÑвеннÑм, но иÑклÑÑиÑÑ
+возможноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñибки Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем.
ÐÑиÑÑлайÑе, пожалÑйÑÑа, Ñвои замеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸
+пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и
пÑедложениÑм пеÑеводов наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей Ñм. в
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“Ð
ÑководÑÑве по
+пеÑеводам”</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard M. Stallman<br
+/>Copyright © 2016 Free Software Foundation (translation)</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru">лиÑензии
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ —
Ðез
+пÑоизводнÑÑ
пÑоизведений</em>) 4.0
ÐÑемиÑнаÑ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.ru.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ
+можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о
+найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе
пеÑеводов
+gnu.org</a>.</em></div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðбновлено:
+
+$Date: 2016/11/30 13:57:41 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.79 -->
+<title>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>Transcript of
+Richard M. Stallman's speech,
+“Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation”,
+given at New York University in New York, NY,
+on 29 May 2001</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>A <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt">plain
+text</a> version of this transcript and
+a <a href="/philosophy/rms-nyu-2001-summary.txt">summary</a> of the speech
+are also available.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p><strong>URETSKY</strong>: I'm Mike Uretsky. I'm over at the Stern
+School of Business. I'm also one of the Co-Directors of the Center
+for Advanced Technology. And, on behalf of all of us in the Computer
+Science Department, I want to welcome you here. I want to say a few
+comments, before I turn it over to Ed, who is going to introduce the
+speaker.</p>
+
+<p>The role of a university is a place to foster debate and to have
+interesting discussions. And the role of a major university is to
+have particularly interesting discussions. And this particular
+presentation, this seminar falls right into that mold. I find the
+discussion of open source particularly interesting. In a sense
+… <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I do free software. Open source is a
+different movement. <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>URETSKY</strong>: When I first started in the field in the
+'60's, basically software was free. And we went in cycles. It became
+free, and then software manufacturers, in the need to expand their
+markets, pushed it in other directions. A lot of the developments
+that took place with the entry of the PC moved in exactly the same
+kind of a cycle.</p>
+
+<p>There's a very interesting French philosopher, Pierre Levy, who
+talks about movement to this direction and who talks about the move
+into cyberspace as not only relating to technology but also relating
+to social restructuring, to political restructuring, through a change
+in the kinds of relationships that will improve the well-being of
+mankind. And we're hoping that this debate is a movement in that
+direction, that this debate is something that cuts across a lot of the
+disciplines that normally act as solace within the University. We're
+looking forward to some very interesting discussions. Ed?</p>
+
+<p><strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: I'm Ed Schonberg from the Computer
+Science Department at the Courant Institute. Let me welcome you all
+to this event. Introducers are usually, and particularly, a useless
+aspect of public presentations, but in this case, actually, they serve
+a useful purpose, as Mike easily demonstrated, because an introducer
+for instance, told him, by making inaccurate comments, can allow him
+to straighten out and correct and <i>[Laughter]</i> sharpen
+considerably the parameters of the debate.</p>
+
+<p>So, let me make the briefest possible introduction to somebody who
+doesn't need one. Richard is the perfect example of somebody who, by
+acting locally, started thinking globally from problems concerning the
+unavailability of source code for printer drivers at the AI Lab many
+years ago. He has developed a coherent philosophy that has forced all
+of us to re-examine our ideas of how software is produced, of what
+intellectual property means, and what the software community actually
+represents. Let me welcome Richard Stallman. <i>[Applause]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can someone lend me a
+watch? <i>[Laughter]</i> Thank you. So, I'd like to thank Microsoft
+for providing me the opportunity to <i>[Laughter]</i> be on this
+platform. For the past few weeks, I have felt like an author whose
+book was fortuitously banned somewhere. <i>[Laughter]</i> Except that
+all the articles about it are giving the wrong author's name, because
+Microsoft describes the GNU GPL as an open source license, and most of
+the press coverage followed suit. Most people, of course just
+innocently don't realize that our work has nothing to do with open
+source, that in fact we did most of it before people even coined the
+term open source.</p>
+
+<p>We are in the free software movement, and I'm going to speak about
+what the free software movement is about, what it means, what we have
+done, and, because this is partly sponsored by a school of business,
+I'll say some things more than I usually do about how free software
+relates to business, and some other areas of social life.</p>
+
+<p>Now, some of you may not ever write computer programs, but perhaps
+you cook. And if you cook, unless you're really great, you probably
+use recipes. And, if you use recipes, you've probably had the
+experience of getting a copy of a recipe from a friend who's sharing
+it. And you've probably also had the experience — unless you're
+a total neophyte — of changing a recipe. You know, it says
+certain things, but you don't have to do exactly that. You can leave
+out some ingredients. Add some mushrooms, 'cause you like mushrooms.
+Put in less salt because your doctor said you should cut down on salt
+— whatever. You can even make bigger changes according to your
+skill. And if you've made changes in a recipe, and you cook it for
+your friends, and they like it, one of your friends might say,
+“Hey, could I have the recipe?” And then, what do you do?
+You could write down your modified version of the recipe and make a
+copy for your friend. These are the natural things to do with
+functionally useful recipes of any kind.</p>
+
+<p>Now a recipe is a lot like a computer program. A computer
+program's a lot like a recipe: a series of steps to be carried out to
+get some result that you want. So it's just as natural to do those
+same things with computer programs — hand a copy to your friend.
+Make changes in it because the job it was written to do isn't exactly
+what you want. It did a great job for somebody else, but your job is
+a different job. And after you've changed it, that's likely to be
+useful for other people. Maybe they have a job to do that's like the
+job you do. So they ask, “Hey, can I have a copy?” Of
+course, if you're a nice person, you're going to give a copy. That's
+the way to be a decent person.</p>
+
+<p>So imagine what it would be like if recipes were packaged inside
+black boxes. You couldn't see what ingredients they're using, let
+alone change them, and imagine if you made a copy for a friend, they
+would call you a pirate and try to put you in prison for years. That
+world would create tremendous outrage from all the people who are used
+to sharing recipes. But that is exactly what the world of proprietary
+software is like. A world in which common decency towards other
+people is prohibited or prevented.</p>
+
+<p>Now, why did I notice this? I noticed this because I had the good
+fortune in the 1970's to be part of a community of programmers who
+shared software. Now, this community could trace its ancestry
+essentially back to the beginning of computing. In the 1970's,
+though, it was a bit rare for there to be a community where people
+shared software. And, in fact, this was sort of an extreme case,
+because in the lab where I worked, the entire operating system was
+software developed by the people in our community, and we'd share any
+of it with anybody. Anybody was welcome to come and take a look, and
+take away a copy, and do whatever he wanted to do. There were no
+copyright notices on these programs. Cooperation was our way of life.
+And we were secure in that way of life. We didn't fight for it. We
+didn't have to fight for it. We just lived that way. And, as far as
+we knew, we would just keep on living that way. So there was free
+software, but there was no free software movement.</p>
+
+<p>But then our community was destroyed by a series of calamities that
+happened to it. Ultimately it was wiped out. Ultimately, the PDP-10
+computer which we used for all our work was discontinued. And you
+know, our system — the Incompatible Timesharing System —
+was written starting in the '60's, so it was written in assembler
+language. That's what you used to write an operating system in the
+'60's. So, of course, assembler language is for one particular
+computer architecture; if that gets discontinued, all your work turns
+into dust — it's useless. And that's what happened to us. The
+20 years or so of work of our community turned into dust.</p>
+
+<p>But before this happened, I had an experience that prepared me,
+helped me see what to do, helped prepare me to see what to do when
+this happened, because at certain point, Xerox gave the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab, where I worked, a laser printer, and this was a
+really handsome gift, because it was the first time anybody outside
+Xerox had a laser printer. It was very fast, printed a page a second,
+very fine in many respects, but it was unreliable, because it was
+really a high-speed office copier that had been modified into a
+printer. And, you know, copiers jam, but there's somebody there to
+fix them. The printer jammed and nobody saw. So it stayed jammed for
+a long time.</p>
+
+<p>Well, we had an idea for how to deal with this problem. Change it
+so that whenever the printer gets a jam, the machine that runs the
+printer can tell our timesharing machine, and tell the users who are
+waiting for printouts, or something like that, you know, tell them, go
+fix the printer. Because if they only knew it was jammed, of course,
+if you're waiting for a printout and you know that the printer is
+jammed, you don't want to sit and wait forever, you're going to go fix
+it.</p>
+
+<p>But at that point, we were completely stymied, because the software
+that ran that printer was not free software. It had come with the
+printer, and it was just a binary. We couldn't have the source code;
+Xerox wouldn't let us have the source code. So, despite our skill as
+programmers — after all, we had written our own timesharing
+system — we were completely helpless to add this feature to the
+printer software.</p>
+
+<p>And we just had to suffer with waiting. It would take an hour or
+two to get your printout because the machine would be jammed most of
+the time. And only once in a while — you'd wait an hour
+figuring “I know it's going to be jammed. I'll wait an hour and
+go collect my printout,” and then you'd see that it had been
+jammed the whole time, and in fact, nobody else had fixed it. So
+you'd fix it and you'd go wait another half hour. Then, you'd come
+back, and you'd see it jammed again — before it got to your
+output. It would print three minutes and be jammed thirty minutes.
+Frustration up the whazzoo. But the thing that made it worse was
+knowing that we could have fixed it, but somebody else, for his own
+selfishness, was blocking us, obstructing us from improving the
+software. So, of course, we felt some resentment.</p>
+
+<p>And then I heard that somebody at Carnegie Mellon University had a
+copy of that software. So I was visiting there later, so I went to
+his office and I said, “Hi, I'm from MIT. Could I have a copy of
+the printer source code?” And he said “No, I promised not
+to give you a copy.” <i>[Laughter]</i> I was stunned. I was so
+— I was angry, and I had no idea how I could do justice to it.
+All I could think of was to turn around on my heel and walk out of his
+room. Maybe I slammed the door. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I thought
+about it later on, because I realized that I was seeing not just an
+isolated jerk, but a social phenomenon that was important and affected
+a lot of people.</p>
+
+<p>This was — for me — I was lucky, I only got a taste of
+it, but other people had to live in this all the time. So I thought
+about it at length. See, he had promised to refuse to cooperate with
+us — his colleagues at MIT. He had betrayed us. But he didn't
+just do it to us. Chances are he did it to you too. <i>[Pointing at
+member of audience.]</i> And I think, mostly likely, he did it to you
+too. <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.] [Laughter]</i> And
+he probably did it to you as well. <i>[Pointing to third member of
+audience.]</i> He probably did it to most of the people here in this
+room — except a few, maybe, who weren't born yet in 1980.
+Because he had promised to refuse to cooperate with just about the
+entire population of the Planet Earth. He had signed a non-disclosure
+agreement.</p>
+
+<p>Now, this was my first, direct encounter with a non-disclosure
+agreement, and it taught me an important lesson — a lesson
+that's important because most programmers never learn it. You see,
+this was my first encounter with a non-disclosure agreement, and I was
+the victim. I, and my whole lab, were the victims. And the lesson it
+taught me was that non-disclosure agreements have victims. They're
+not innocent. They're not harmless. Most programmers first encounter
+a non-disclosure agreement when they're invited to sign one. And
+there's always some temptation — some goody they're going to get
+if they sign. So, they make up excuses. They say, “Well, he's
+never going to get a copy no matter what, so why shouldn't I join the
+conspiracy to deprive him?” They say, “This is the way
+it's always done. Who am I to go against it?” They say,
+“If I don't sign this, someone else will.” Various excuses
+to gag their consciences.</p>
+
+<p>But when somebody invited me to sign a non-disclosure agreement, my
+conscience was already sensitized. It remembered how angry I had
+been, when somebody promised not to help me and my whole lab solve our
+problem. And I couldn't turn around and do the exact same thing to
+somebody else who had never done me any harm. You know, if somebody
+asked me to promise not to share some useful information with a hated
+enemy, I would have said yes. You know? If somebody's done something
+bad, he deserves it. But, strangers — they haven't done me any
+harm. How could they deserve that kind of mistreatment? You can't
+let yourself start treating just anybody and everybody badly. Then
+you become a predator on society. So I said, “Thank you very
+much for offering me this nice software package. But I can't accept
+it in good conscience, on the conditions you are demanding, so I will
+do without it. Thank you so much.” And so, I have never
+knowingly signed a non-disclosure agreement for generally useful
+technical information such as software.</p>
+
+<p>Now there are other kinds of information which raise different
+ethical issues. For instance, there's personal information. You
+know, if you wanted to talk with me about what was happening between
+you and your boyfriend, and you asked me not to tell anybody —
+you know, I could keep — I could agree to keep that a secret for
+you, because that's not generally useful technical information. At
+least, it's probably not generally useful. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>There is a small chance — and it's a possibility though
+— that you might reveal to me some marvelous new sex
+technique, <i>[Laughter]</i> and I would then feel a moral
+duty <i>[Laughter]</i> to pass it onto the rest of humanity, so that
+everyone could get the benefit of it. So, I'd have to put a proviso
+in that promise, you know? If it's just details about who wants this,
+and who's angry at whom, and things like that — soap opera
+— that I can keep private for you, but something that humanity
+could tremendously benefit from knowing, I mustn't withhold. You see,
+the purpose of science and technology is to develop useful information
+for humanity to help people live their lives better. If we promise to
+withhold that information — if we keep it secret — then we
+are betraying the mission of our field. And this, I decided I
+shouldn't do.</p>
+
+<p>But, meanwhile my community had collapsed, and that was collapsing,
+and that left me in a bad situation. You see, the whole Incompatible
+Timesharing System was obsolete, because the PDP-10 was obsolete, and
+so there was no way that I could continue working as an operating
+system developer the way that I had been doing it. That depended on
+being part of the community using the community software and improving
+it. That no longer was a possibility, and that gave me a moral
+dilemma. What was I going to do? Because the most obvious
+possibility meant to go against that decision I had made. The most
+obvious possibility was to adapt myself to the change in the world.
+To accept that things were different, and that I'd just have to give
+up those principles and start signing non-disclosure agreements for
+proprietary operating systems, and most likely writing proprietary
+software as well. But I realized that that way I could have fun
+coding, and I could make money — especially if I did it other
+than at MIT — but at the end, I'd have to look back at my career
+and say, “I've spent my life building walls to divide
+people,” and I would have been ashamed of my life.</p>
+
+<p>So I looked for another alternative, and there was an obvious one.
+I could leave the software field and do something else. Now I had no
+other special noteworthy skills, but I'm sure I could have become a
+waiter. <i>[Laughter]</i> Not at a fancy restaurant; they wouldn't
+hire me, <i>[Laughter]</i> but I could be a waiter somewhere. And
+many programmers, they say to me, “The people who hire
+programmers demand this, this and this. If I don't do those things,
+I'll starve.” It's literally the word they use. Well, you know,
+as a waiter, you're not going to starve. <i>[Laughter]</i> So,
+really, they're in no danger. But — and this is important, you
+see — because sometimes you can justify doing something that
+hurts other people by saying otherwise something worse is going to
+happen to me. You know, if you were <em>really</em> going to starve,
+you'd be justified in writing proprietary software. <i>[Laughter]</i>
+If somebody's pointing a gun at you, then I would say, it's
+forgivable. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, I had found a way that I could
+survive without doing something unethical, so that excuse was not
+available. So I realized, though, that being a waiter would be no fun
+for me, and it would be wasting my skills as an operating system
+developer. It would avoid misusing my skills. Developing proprietary
+software would be misusing my skills. Encouraging other people to
+live in the world of proprietary software would be misusing my skills.
+So it's better to waste them than misuse them, but it's still not
+really good.</p>
+
+<p>So for those reasons, I decided to look for some other alternative.
+What can an operating system developer do that would actually improve
+the situation, make the world a better place? And I realized that an
+operating system developer was exactly what was needed. The problem,
+the dilemma, existed for me and for everyone else because all of the
+available operating systems for modern computers were proprietary.
+The free operating systems were for old, obsolete computers, right?
+So for the modern computers — if you wanted to get a modern
+computer and use it, you were forced into a proprietary operating
+system. So if an operating system developer wrote another operating
+system, and then said, “Everybody come and share this; you're
+welcome to this” — that would give everybody a way out of
+the dilemma, another alternative. So I realized that there was
+something I could do that would solve the problem. I had just the
+right skills to be able to do it. And it was the most useful thing I
+could possibly imagine that I'd be able to do with my life. And it
+was a problem that no one else was trying to solve. It was just sort
+of sitting there, getting worse, and nobody was there but me. So I
+felt, “I'm elected. I have to work on this. If not me,
+who?” So I decided I would develop a free operating system, or
+die trying … of old age, of course. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>So, of course I had to decide what kind of operating system it
+should be. There are some technical design decisions to be made. I
+decided to make the system compatible with Unix for a number of
+reasons. First of all, I had just seen one operating system that I
+really loved become obsolete because it was written for one particular
+kind of computer. I didn't want that to happen again. We needed to
+have a portable system. Well, Unix was a portable system. So if I
+followed the design of Unix, I had a pretty good chance that I could
+make a system that would also be portable and workable. And
+furthermore, why <i>[Tape unclear]</i> be compatible with it in the
+details. The reason is, users hate incompatible changes. If I had
+just designed the system in my favorite way — which I would have
+loved doing, I'm sure — I would have produced something that was
+incompatible. You know, the details would be different. So, if I
+wrote the system, then the users would have said to me, “Well,
+this is very nice, but it's incompatible. It will be too much work to
+switch. We can't afford that much trouble just to use your system
+instead of Unix, so we'll stay with Unix,” they would have
+said.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if I wanted to actually create a community where there would
+be people in it, people using this free system, and enjoying the
+benefits of liberty and cooperation, I had to make a system people
+would use, a system that they would find easy to switch to, that would
+not have an obstacle making it fail at the very beginning. Now,
+making the system upward compatible with Unix actually made all the
+immediate design decisions, because Unix consists of many pieces, and
+they communicate through interfaces that are more or less documented.
+So if you want to be compatible with Unix, you have to replace each
+piece, one by one, with a compatible piece. So the remaining design
+decisions are inside one piece, and they could be made later by
+whoever decides to write that piece. They didn't have to be made at
+the outset.</p>
+
+<p>So all we had to do to start work was find a name for the system.
+Now, we hackers always look for a funny or naughty name for a program,
+because thinking of people being amused by the name is half the fun of
+writing the program. <i>[Laughter]</i> And we had a tradition of
+recursive acronyms, to say that the program that you're writing is
+similar to some existing program. You can give it a recursive acronym
+name which says: this one's not the other. So, for instance, there
+were many Tico text editors in the '60's and '70's, and they were
+generally called something-or-other Tico. Then one clever hacker
+called his Tint, for Tint Is Not Tico — the first recursive
+acronym. In 1975, I developed the first Emacs text editor, and there
+were many imitations of Emacs, and a lot of them were called
+something-or-other Emacs, but one was called Fine, for Fine Is Not
+Emacs, and there was Sine, for Sine Is Not Emacs, and Eine for Eine Is
+Not Emacs, and MINCE for Mince Is Not Complete
+Emacs. <i>[Laughter]</i> That was a stripped down imitation. And
+then, Eine was almost completely rewritten, and the new version was
+called Zwei, for Zwei Was Eine Initially. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>So I looked for a recursive acronym for Something is not Unix. And
+I tried all 26 letters, and discovered that none of them was a word.
+<i>[Laughter]</i> Hmm, try another way. I made a contraction. That
+way I could have a three-letter acronym, for Something's not Unix.
+And I tried letters, and I came across the word “GNU”
+— the word “GNU” is the funniest word in the English
+language. <i>[Laughter]</i> That was it. Of course, the reason it's
+funny is that according to the dictionary, it's pronounced
+“new”. You see? And so that's why people use it for a
+lot of wordplay. Let me tell you, this is the name of an animal that
+lives in Africa. And the African pronunciation had a click sound in
+it. <i>[Laughter]</i> Maybe still does. And so, the European
+colonists, when they got there, they didn't bother learning to say
+this click sound. So they just left it out, and they wrote a
+“G” which meant “there's another sound that's
+supposed to be here which we are not
+pronouncing.” <i>[Laughter]</i> So, tonight I'm leaving for
+South Africa, and I have begged them, I hope they're going to find
+somebody who can teach me to pronounce click sounds, <i>[Laughter]</i>
+so that I'll know how to pronounce GNU the correct way, when it's the
+animal.</p>
+
+<p>But, when it's the name of our system, the correct pronunciation is
+“guh-NEW” — pronounce the hard “G”. If
+you talk about the “new” operating system, you'll get
+people very confused, because we've been working on it for 17 years
+now, so it is not new any more. <i>[Laughter]</i> But it still is,
+and always will be, GNU — no matter how many people call it
+Linux by mistake. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>So, in January 1984, I quit my job at MIT to start writing pieces
+of GNU. They were nice enough to let me keep using their facilities
+though. And, at the time, I thought we would write all these pieces,
+and make an entire GNU system, and then we'd say, “Come and get
+it”, and people would start to use it. That's not what
+happened. The first pieces I wrote were just equally good
+replacements, with fewer bugs for some pieces of Unix, but they
+weren't tremendously exciting. Nobody particularly wanted to get them
+and install them. But then, in September 1984, I started writing GNU
+Emacs, which was my second implementation of Emacs, and by early 1985,
+it was working. I could use it for all my editing, which was a big
+relief, because I had no intention of learning to use VI, the Unix
+editor. <i>[Laughter]</i> So, until that time, I did my editing on
+some other machine, and saved the files through the network, so that I
+could test them. But when GNU Emacs was running well enough for me to
+use it, it was also — other people wanted to use it too.</p>
+
+<p>So I had to work out the details of distribution. Of course, I put
+a copy in the anonymous FTP directory, and that was fine for people
+who were on the net. They could then just pull over a tar file, but a
+lot of programmers then even were not on the net in 1985. They were
+sending me emails saying “How can I get a copy?” I had to
+decide what I would answer them. Well, I could have said, I want to
+spend my time writing more GNU software, not writing tapes, so please
+find a friend who's on the internet and who is willing to download it
+and put it on a tape for you. And I'm sure people would have found
+some friends, sooner or later, you know. They would have got copies.
+But I had no job. In fact, I've never had a job since quitting MIT in
+January 1984. So, I was looking for some way I could make money
+through my work on free software, and therefore I started a free
+software business. I announced, “Send me $150, and I'll
+mail you a tape of Emacs.” And the orders began dribbling in.
+By the middle of the year they were trickling in.</p>
+
+<p>I was getting 8 to 10 orders a month. And, if necessary, I could
+have lived on just that, because I've always lived cheaply. I live
+like a student, basically. And I like that, because it means that
+money is not telling me what to do. I can do what I think is
+important for me to do. It freed me to do what seemed worth doing.
+So make a real effort to avoid getting sucked into all the expensive
+lifestyle habits of typical Americans. Because if you do that, then
+people with the money will dictate what you do with your life. You
+won't be able to do what's really important to you.</p>
+
+<p>So, that was fine, but people used to ask me, “What do you
+mean it's free software if it costs $150?” <i>[Laughter]</i> Well, the
reason they asked this was
+that they were confused by the multiple meanings of the English word
+“free”. One meaning refers to price, and another meaning
+refers to freedom. When I speak of free software, I'm referring to
+freedom, not price. So think of free speech, not free
+beer. <i>[Laughter]</i> Now, I wouldn't have dedicated so many years
+of my life to making sure programmers got less money. That's not my
+goal. I'm a programmer and I don't mind getting money myself. I
+won't dedicate my whole life to getting it, but I don't mind getting
+it. And I'm not — and therefore, ethics is the same for
+everyone. I'm not against some other programmer getting money either.
+I don't want prices to be low. That's not the issue at all. The
+issue is freedom. Freedom for everyone who's using software, whether
+that person be a programmer or not.</p>
+
+<p>So at this point I should give you the definition of free software.
+I better get to some real details, you see, because just saying
+“I believe in freedom” is vacuous. There's so many
+different freedoms you could believe in, and they conflict with each
+other, so the real political question is: Which are the important
+freedoms, the freedoms that we must make sure everybody has?</p>
+
+<p>And now, I will give my answer to that question for the particular
+area of using software. A program is free software for you, a
+particular user, if you have the following freedoms:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>First, Freedom Zero is the freedom to run the program for any
+purpose, any way you like.</li>
+<li>Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself by changing the
+program to suit your needs.</li>
+<li>Freedom Two is the freedom to help your neighbor by distributing
+copies of the program.</li>
+<li>And Freedom Three is the freedom to help build your community by
+publishing an improved version so others can get the benefit of your
+work.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If you have all of these freedoms, the program is free software,
+for you — and that's crucial. That's why I phrase it that way.
+I'll explain why later, when I talk about the GNU General Public
+License, but right now I'm explaining what free software means, which
+is a more basic question.</p>
+
+<p>So, Freedom Zero's pretty obvious. If you're not even allowed to
+run the program anyway you like, it is a pretty damn restrictive
+program. But as it happens, most programs will at least give you
+Freedom Zero. And Freedom Zero follows, legally, as a consequence of
+Freedoms One, Two, and Three — that's the way that copyright law
+works. So the freedoms that distinguish free software from typical
+software are Freedoms One, Two, and Three, so I'll say more about them
+and why they are important.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself by changing the
+software to suit your needs. This could mean fixing bugs. It could
+mean adding new features. It could mean porting it to a different
+computer system. It could mean translating all the error messages
+into Navajo. Any change you want to make, you should be free to
+make.</p>
+
+<p>Now, it's obvious that professional programmers can make use of
+this freedom very effectively, but not just them. Anybody of
+reasonable intelligence can learn a little programming. You know,
+there are hard jobs, and there are easy jobs, and most people are not
+going to learn enough to do hard jobs. But lots of people can learn
+enough to do easy jobs, just the way, you know, 50 years ago, lots and
+lots of American men learned to repair cars, which is what enabled the
+U.S. to have a motorized army in World War II and win. So, very
+important, having lots of people tinkering.</p>
+
+<p>And if you are a people person, and you really don't want to learn
+technology at all, that probably means that you have a lot of friends,
+and you're good at getting them to owe you favors. <i>[Laughter]</i>
+Some of them are probably programmers. So you can ask one of your
+programmer friends. “Would you please change this for me? Add
+this feature?” So, lots of people can benefit from it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, if you don't have this freedom, it causes practical, material
+harm to society. It makes you a prisoner of your software. I
+explained what that was like with regard to the laser printer. You
+know, it worked badly for us, and we couldn't fix it, because we were
+prisoners of our software.</p>
+
+<p>But it also affects people's morale. You know if the computer is
+constantly frustrating to use, and people are using it, their lives
+are going to be frustrating, and if they're using it in their jobs,
+their jobs are going to be frustrating; they're going to hate their
+jobs. And you know, people protect themselves from frustration by
+deciding not to care. So you end up with people whose attitude is,
+“Well, I showed up for work today. That's all I have to do. If
+I can't make progress, that's not my problem; that's the boss's
+problem.” And when this happens, it's bad for those people, and
+it's bad for society as a whole. That's Freedom One, the freedom to
+help yourself.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom Two is the freedom to help your neighbor by distributing
+copies of the program. Now, for beings that can think and learn,
+sharing useful knowledge is a fundamental act of friendship. When
+these beings use computers, this act of friendship takes the form of
+sharing software. Friends share with each other. Friends help each
+other. This is the nature of friendship. And, in fact, this spirit
+of goodwill — the spirit of helping your neighbor, voluntarily
+— is society's most important resource. It makes the difference
+between a livable society and a dog-eat-dog jungle. Its importance
+has been recognized by the world's major religions for thousands of
+years, and they explicitly try to encourage this attitude.</p>
+
+<p>When I was going to kindergarten, the teachers were trying to teach
+us this attitude — the spirit of sharing — by having us do
+it. They figured if we did it, we'd learn. So they said, “If
+you bring candy to school, you can't keep it all for yourself; you
+have to share some with the other kids.” Teaching us, the
+society was set up to teach, this spirit of cooperation. And why do
+you have to do that? Because people are not totally cooperative.
+That's one part of human nature, and there are other parts of human
+nature. There are lots of parts of human nature. So, if you want a
+better society, you've got to work to encourage the spirit of sharing.
+You know, it'll never get to be 100%. That's understandable. People
+have to take care of themselves too. But if we make it somewhat
+bigger, we're all better off.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays, according to the U.S. Government, teachers are supposed
+to do the exact opposite. “Oh, Johnny, you brought software to
+school. Well, don't share it. Oh no. Sharing is wrong. Sharing
+means you're a pirate.”</p>
+
+<p>What do they mean when they say “pirate”? They're
+saying that helping your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking
+a ship. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>What would Buddha or Jesus say about that? Now, take your favorite
+religious leader. I don't know, maybe Manson would have said
+something different. <i>[Laughter]</i> Who knows what L. Ron Hubbard
+would say? But …</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Of course, he's dead. But they don't
+admit that. What?</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: So are the others, also
+dead. <i>[Laughter] [Inaudible]</i> Charles Manson's also
+dead. <i>[Laughter]</i> They're dead, Jesus's dead, Buddha's
+dead…</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, that's true. <i>[Laughter]</i> So
+I guess, in that regard, L. Ron Hubbard is no worse than the
+others. <i>[Laughter]</i> Anyway — <i>[Inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: L. Ron always used free software —
+it freed him from Zanu. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Anyway, so, I think this is actually the
+most important reason why software should be free: We can't afford to
+pollute society's most important resource. It's true that it's not a
+physical resource like clean air and clean water. It's a
+psycho-social resource, but it's just as real for all that, and it
+makes a tremendous difference to our lives. You see, the actions we
+take influence the thoughts of other people. When we go around
+telling people, “Don't share with each other”, if they
+listen to us, we've had an effect on society, and it's not a good one.
+That's Freedom Two, the freedom to help your neighbor.</p>
+
+<p>Oh, and by the way, if you don't have that freedom, it doesn't just
+cause this harm to society's psycho-social resource, it also causes
+waste — practical, material harm. If the program has an owner,
+and the owner arranges a state of affairs where each user has to pay
+in order to be able to use it, some people are going to say,
+“Never mind, I'll do without it.” And that's waste,
+deliberately inflicted waste. And the interesting thing about
+software, of course, is that fewer users doesn't mean you have to make
+less stuff. You know, if fewer people buy cars, you can make fewer
+cars. There's a saving there. There are resources to be allocated,
+or not allocated, into making cars. So that you can say that having a
+price on a car is a good thing. It prevents people from diverting
+lots of wasted resources into making cars that aren't really needed.
+But if each additional car used no resources, it wouldn't be doing any
+good saving the making of these cars. Well, for physical objects, of
+course, like cars, it is always going to take resources to make an
+additional one of them, each additional exemplar.</p>
+
+<p>But for software that's not true. Anybody can make another copy.
+And it's almost trivial to do it. It takes no resources, except a
+tiny bit of electricity. So there's nothing we can save, no resource
+we're going to allocate better by putting this financial disincentive
+on the use of the software. You often find people taking economic,
+the consequences of economic reasoning, based on premises that don't
+apply to software, and trying to transplant them from other areas of
+life where the premises may apply, and the conclusions may be valid.
+They just take the conclusions and assume that they're valid for
+software too, when the argument is based on nothing, in the case of
+software. The premises don't work in that case. It is very important
+to examine how you reach the conclusion, and what premises it depends
+on, to see where it might be valid. So, that's Freedom Two, the
+freedom to help your neighbor.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom Three is the freedom to help build your community by
+publishing an improved version of the software. People used to say to
+me, “If the software's free, then nobody will get paid to work
+on it, so why should anybody work on it?” Well, of course, they
+were confusing the two meanings of free, so their reasoning was based
+on a misunderstanding. But, in any case, that was their theory.
+Today, we can compare that theory with empirical fact, and we find
+that hundreds of people are being paid to write free software, and
+over 100,000 are doing it as volunteers. We get lots of people
+working on free software, for various different motives.</p>
+
+<p>When I first released GNU Emacs — the first piece of the GNU
+system that people actually wanted to use — and when it started
+having users, after a while, I got a message saying, “I think I
+saw a bug in the source code, and here's a fix.” And I got
+another message, “Here's code to add a new feature.” And
+another bug fix. And another new feature. And another, and another,
+and another, until they were pouring in on me so fast that just making
+use of all this help I was getting was a big job. Microsoft doesn't
+have this problem. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>Eventually, people noted this phenomenon. You see, in the 1980's a
+lot of us thought that maybe free software wouldn't be as good as the
+nonfree software, because we wouldn't have as much money to pay
+people. And, of course, people like me, who value freedom and
+community said, “Well, we'll use the free software
+anyway.” It's worth making a little sacrifice in some mere
+technical convenience to have freedom. But what people began to note,
+around 1990 was that our software was actually better. It was more
+powerful, and more reliable, than the proprietary alternatives.</p>
+
+<p>In the early '90's, somebody found a way to do a scientific
+measurement of reliability of software. Here's what he did. He took
+several sets of comparable programs that did the same jobs — the
+exact same jobs — in different systems. Because there were
+certain basic Unix-like utilities. And the jobs that they did, we
+know, was all, more or less, imitating the same thing, or they were
+following the POSIX spec, so they were all the same in terms of what
+jobs they did, but they were maintained by different people, written
+separately. The code was different. So they said, OK, we'll take
+these programs and run them with random data, and measure how often
+they crash, or hang. So they measured it, and the most reliable set
+of programs was the GNU programs. All the commercial alternatives
+which were proprietary software were less reliable. So he published
+this and he told all the developers, and a few years later, he did the
+same experiment with the newest versions, and he got the same result.
+The GNU versions were the most reliable. People — you know
+there are cancer clinics and 911 operations that use the GNU system,
+because it's so reliable, and reliability is very important to
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, there's even a group of people who focus on this particular
+benefit as the reason they give, the main reason they give, why users
+should be permitted to do these various things, and to have these
+freedoms. If you've been listening to me, you've noticed, you've seen
+that I, speaking for the free software movement, I talk about issues
+of ethics, and what kind of a society we want to live in, what makes
+for a good society, as well as practical, material benefits. They're
+both important. That's the free software movement.</p>
+
+<p>That other group of people — which is called the open source
+movement — they only cite the practical benefits. They deny
+that this is an issue of principle. They deny that people are
+entitled to the freedom to share with their neighbor and to see what
+the program's doing and change it if they don't like it. They say,
+however, that it's a useful thing to let people do that. So they go
+to companies and say to them, “You know, you might make more
+money if you let people do this.” So, what you can see is that
+to some extent, they lead people in a similar direction, but for
+totally different, for fundamentally different, philosophical
+reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Because on the deepest issue of all, you know, on the ethical
+question, the two movements disagree. You know, in the free software
+movement we say, “You're entitled to these freedoms. People
+shouldn't stop you from doing these things.” In the open source
+movement, they say, “Yes, they can stop you if you want, but
+we'll try to convince them to deign to let you to do these
+things.” Well, they have contributed — they have convinced
+a certain number of businesses to release substantial pieces of
+software as free software in our community. So they, the open source
+movement, has contributed substantially to our community. And so we
+work together on practical projects. But, philosophically, there's a
+tremendous disagreement.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, the open source movement is the one that gets the
+support of business the most, and so most articles about our work
+describe it as open source, and a lot of people just innocently think
+that we're all part of the open source movement. So that's why I'm
+mentioning this distinction. I want you to be aware that the free
+software movement, which brought our community into existence and
+developed the free operating system, is still here — and that we
+still stand for this ethical philosophy. I want you to know about
+this, so that you won't mislead someone else unknowingly.</p>
+
+<p>But also, so that you can think about where you stand.</p>
+
+<p>You know, which movement you support is up to you. You might agree
+with the free software movements and my views. You might agree with
+the open source movement. You might disagree with them both. You
+decide where you stand on these political issues.</p>
+
+<p>But if you agree with the free software movement — if you see
+that there's an issue here that the people whose lives are controlled
+and directed by this decision deserve a say in it — then I hope
+you'll say that you agree with the free software movement, and one way
+you can do that is by using the term free software and just helping
+people know we exist.</p>
+
+<p>So, Freedom Three is very important both practically and
+psycho-socially. If you don't have this freedom, it causes practical
+material harm, because this community development doesn't happen, and
+we don't make powerful, reliable software. But it also causes
+psycho-social harm, which affects the spirit of scientific cooperation
+— the idea that we're working together to advance human
+knowledge. You see, progress in science crucially depends on people
+being able to work together. And nowadays though, you often find each
+little group of scientists acting like it's a war with each other gang
+of scientists and engineers. And if they don't share with each other,
+they're all held back.</p>
+
+<p>So, those are the three freedoms that distinguish free software
+from typical software. Freedom One is the freedom to help yourself,
+making changes to suit your own needs. Freedom Two is the freedom to
+help your neighbor by distributing copies. And Freedom Three is the
+freedom to help build your community by making changes and publishing
+them for other people to use. If you have all of these freedoms, the
+program is free software for you. Now, why do I define it that way in
+terms of a particular user? Is it free software for
+you? <i>[Pointing at member of audience.]</i> Is it free software for
+you? <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.]</i> Is it free
+software for you? <i>[Pointing at another member of audience.]</i>
+Yes?</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you explain a bit about the
+difference between Freedom Two and Three? <i>[inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, they certainly relate, because if
+you don't have freedom to redistribute at all, you certainly don't
+have freedom to distribute a modified version, but they're different
+activities.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Oh.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Freedom Two is, you know, read it, you
+make an exact copy, and hand it to your friends, so now your friend
+can use it. Or maybe you make exact copies and you sell them to a
+bunch of people, and then they can use it.</p>
+
+<p>Freedom Three is where you make improvements — or at least
+you think they're improvements, and some other people may agree with
+you. So that's the difference. Oh, and by the way, one crucial
+point. Freedoms One and Three depend on your having access to the
+source code. Because changing a binary-only program is extremely
+hard. <i>[Laughter]</i> Even trivial changes like using four digits
+for the date, <i>[Laughter]</i> if you don't have source. So, for
+compelling, practical reasons, access to the source code is a
+precondition, a requirement, for free software.</p>
+
+<p>So, why do I define it in terms of whether it's free software for
+<em>you</em>? The reason is that sometimes the same program can be
+free software for some people, and nonfree for others. Now, that
+might seem like a paradoxical situation, so let me give you an example
+to show you how it happens. A very big example — maybe the
+biggest ever — of this problem was the X Window System which was
+developed at MIT and released under a license that made it free
+software. If you got the MIT version with the MIT license, you had
+Freedoms One, Two, and Three. It was free software for you. But
+among those who got copies were various computer manufacturers that
+distributed Unix systems, and they made the necessary changes in X to
+run on their systems. You know, probably just a few thousand lines
+out of the hundreds of thousands of lines of X. And, then they
+compiled it, and they put the binaries into their Unix system and
+distributed it under the same non-disclosure agreement as the rest of
+the Unix system. And then, millions of people got these copies. They
+had the X Window System, but they had none of these freedoms. It was
+not free software for <em>them</em>.</p>
+
+<p>So, the paradox was that whether X was free software depended on
+where you made the measurement. If you made the measurement coming
+out of the developers' group, you'd say, “I observe all these
+freedoms. It's free software.” If you made the measurements
+among the users you'd say, “Hmm, most users don't have these
+freedoms. It's not free software.” Well, the people who
+developed X didn't consider this a problem, because their goal was
+just popularity, ego, essentially. They wanted a big professional
+success. They wanted to feel, “Ah, lots of people are using our
+software.” And that was true. Lots of people were using their
+software but didn't have freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Well, in the GNU project, if that same thing had happened to GNU
+software, it would have been a failure, because our goal wasn't just
+to be popular; our goal was to give people liberty, and to encourage
+cooperation, to permit people to cooperate. Remember, never force
+anyone to cooperate with any other person, but make sure that
+everybody's allowed to cooperate, everyone has the freedom to do so,
+if he or she wishes. If millions of people were running nonfree
+versions of GNU, that wouldn't be success at all. The whole thing
+would have been perverted into nothing like the goal.</p>
+
+<p>So, I looked for a way to stop that from happening. The method I
+came up with is called “copyleft”. It's called copyleft
+because it's sort of like taking copyright and flipping it
+over. <i>[Laughter]</i> Legally, copyleft works based on copyright.
+We use the existing copyright law, but we use it to achieve a very
+different goal. Here's what we do. We say, “This program is
+copyrighted.” And, of course, by default, that means it's
+prohibited to copy it, or distribute it, or modify it. But then we
+say, “You're authorized to distribute copies of this. You're
+authorized to modify it. You're authorized to distribute modified
+versions and extended versions. Change it any way you
+like.”</p>
+
+<p>But there is a condition. And the condition, of course, is the
+reason why we go to all this trouble, so that we could put the
+condition in. The condition says: Whenever you distribute anything
+that contains any piece of this program, that whole program must be
+distributed under these same terms, no more and no less. So you can
+change the program and distribute a modified version, but when you do,
+the people who get that from you must get the same freedom that you
+got from us. And not just for the parts of it — the excerpts
+that you copied from our program — but also for the other parts
+of that program that they got from you. The whole of that program has
+to be free software for them.</p>
+
+<p>The freedoms to change and redistribute this program become
+inalienable rights — a concept from the Declaration of
+Independence. Rights that we make sure can't be taken away from you.
+And, of course, the specific license that embodies the idea of
+copyleft is the GNU General Public License, a controversial license
+because it actually has the strength to say no to people who would be
+parasites on our community.</p>
+
+<p>There are lots of people who don't appreciate the ideals of
+freedom. And they'd be very glad to take the work that we have done,
+and use it to get a head start in distributing a nonfree program and
+tempting people to give up their freedom. And the result would be
+— you know, if we let people do that — that we would be
+developing these free programs, and we'd constantly have to compete
+with improved versions of our own programs. That's no fun.</p>
+
+<p>And, a lot of people also feel — you know, I'm willing to
+volunteer my time to contribute to the community, but why should I
+volunteer my time to contribute to that company's, to improving that
+company's, proprietary program? You know, some people might not even
+think that that's evil, but they want to get paid if they're going to
+do that. I, personally, would rather not do it at all.</p>
+
+<p>But both of these groups of people — both the ones like me
+who say, “I don't want to help that nonfree program to get a
+foothold in our community” and the ones that say, “Sure,
+I'd work for them, but then they better pay me” — both of
+us have a good reason to use the GNU General Public License. Because
+that says to that company, “You can't just take my work, and
+distribute it without the freedom.” Whereas, the non-copyleft
+licenses, like the X Windows license, do permit that.</p>
+
+<p>So that is the big division between the two categories of free
+software — license-wise. There are the programs that are
+copylefted so that the license defends the freedom of the software for
+every user. And there are the non-copylefted programs for which
+nonfree versions are allowed. Somebody <em>can</em> take those
+programs and strip off the freedom. You may get that program in a
+nonfree version.</p>
+
+<p>And that problem exists today. There are still nonfree versions
+of X Windows being used on our free operating systems. There is even
+hardware — which is not really supported — except by a
+nonfree version of X Windows. And that's a major problem in our
+community. Nonetheless, I wouldn't say that X Windows is a bad thing,
+you know. I'd say that the developers did not do the best possible
+thing that they could have done. But they <em>did</em> release a lot
+of software that we could all use.</p>
+
+<p>You know, there's a big difference between less than perfect, and
+evil. There are many gradations of good and bad. We have to resist
+the temptation to say, if you didn't do the absolute best possible
+thing, then you're no good. You know, the people that developed X
+Windows made a big contribution to our community. But there's
+something better that they could have done. They could have
+copylefted parts of the program and prevented those freedom-denying
+versions from being distributed by others.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the fact that the GNU General Public License defends your
+freedom, uses copyright law to defend your freedom, is, of course, why
+Microsoft is attacking it today. See, Microsoft would really like to
+be able to take all the code that we wrote and put it into proprietary
+programs, have somebody make some improvements, or even just
+incompatible changes is all they need. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>You know, with Microsoft's marketing clout, they don't need to make
+it better to have their version supplant ours. They just have to make
+it different and incompatible. And then, put it on everybody's
+desktop. So they really don't like the GNU GPL. Because the GNU GPL
+won't let them do that. It doesn't allow “embrace and
+extend”. It says, if you want to share our code in your
+programs, you can. But, you've got to share and share alike. The
+changes that you make we have to be allowed to share. So, it's a
+two-way cooperation, which is real cooperation.</p>
+
+<p>Many companies — even big companies like IBM and HP are
+willing to use our software on this basis. IBM and HP contribute
+substantial improvements to GNU software. And they develop other free
+software. But, Microsoft doesn't want to do that, so they give it out
+that businesses just can't deal with the GPL. Well, if businesses
+don't include IBM, and HP and SUN, then maybe they're
+right. <i>[Laughter]</i> More about that later.</p>
+
+<p>I should finish the historical story. You see, we set out in 1984
+not just to write some free software but to do something much more
+coherent: to develop an operating system that was entirely free
+software. So that meant we had to write piece after piece after
+piece. Of course, we were always looking for shortcuts. The job was
+so big that people said we'd never be able to finish. And, I thought
+that there was at least a chance that we'd finish it but, obviously,
+it's worth looking for shortcuts. So we kept looking around. Is there
+any program that somebody else has written that we could manage to
+adapt, to plug into here, and that way we won't have to write it from
+scratch? For instance, the X Window system. It's true it wasn't
+copylefted, but it was free software, so we could use it.</p>
+
+<p>Now, I had wanted to put a window system into GNU from day one. I
+wrote a couple of window systems at MIT before I started GNU. And so,
+even though Unix had no window system in 1984, I decided that GNU
+would have one. But, we never ended up writing a GNU window system,
+because X came along. And I said, Goody! One big job we don't have
+to do. We'll use X. So I basically said, let's take X, and put it
+into the GNU system. And we'll make the other parts of GNU, you know,
+work with X, when appropriate. And we found other pieces of software
+that had been written by other people, like the text formatter TeX,
+some library code from Berkeley. At that time there was Berkeley
+Unix, but it was not free software. This library code, initially, was
+from a different group at Berkeley, that did research on floating
+point. And, so, we kept, we fit in these pieces.</p>
+
+<p>In October 1985, we founded the Free Software Foundation. So
+please note, the GNU project came first. The Free Software Foundation
+came after, about almost two years after the announcement of the
+Project. And the Free Software Foundation is a tax-exempt charity
+that raises funds to promote the freedom to share and change software.
+And in the 1980's, one of the main things we did with our funds was to
+hire people to write parts of GNU. And essential programs, such as
+the shell and the C library were written this way, as well as parts of
+other programs. The <code>tar</code> program, which is absolutely
+essential, although not exciting at all <i>[Laughter]</i> was written
+this way. I believe GNU grep was written this way. And so, we're
+approaching our goal.</p>
+
+<p>By 1991, there was just one major piece missing, and that was the
+kernel. Now, why did I put off the kernel? Probably because it
+doesn't really matter what order you do the things in, at least
+technically it doesn't. You've got to do them all anyway. And partly
+because I'd hoped we'd be able to find a start at a kernel somewhere
+else. And we did. We found Mach, which had been developed at
+Carnegie Mellon. And it wasn't the whole kernel; it was the bottom
+half of the kernel. So we had to write the top half, but I figured,
+you know, things like the file system, the network code, and so on.
+But running on top of Mach they're running essentially as user
+programs, which ought to make them easier to debug. You can debug
+with a real source-level debugger running at the same time. And so, I
+thought that way we'd be able to get these, the higher level parts of
+the kernel, done in a short time. It didn't work out that way. These
+asynchronous, multi-threaded processes, sending messages to each other
+turned out to be very hard to debug. And the Mach-based system that
+we were using to bootstrap with had a terrible debugging environment,
+and it was unreliable, and various problems. It took us years and
+years to get the GNU kernel to work.</p>
+
+<p>But, fortunately, our community did not have to wait for the GNU
+kernel. Because in 1991, Linus Torvalds developed another free kernel
+called Linux. And he used the old-fashioned monolithic design and it
+turns out that he got his working much faster than we got ours
+working. So maybe that's one of the mistakes that I made: that design
+decision. Anyway, at first, we didn't know about Linux, because he
+never contacted us to talk about it. Although he did know about the
+GNU Project. But he announced it to other people and other places on
+the net. And so other people then did the work of combining Linux
+with the rest of the GNU system to make a complete free operating
+system. Essentially, to make the GNU plus Linux combination.</p>
+
+<p>But, they didn't realize that's what they were doing. You see,
+they said, We have a kernel — let's look around and see what
+other pieces we can find to put together with the kernel. So, they
+looked around — and lo and behold, everything they needed was
+already available. What good fortune, they said. <i>[Laughter]</i>
+It's all here. We can find everything we need. Let's just take all
+these different things and put it together, and have a system.</p>
+
+<p>They didn't know that most of what they found was pieces of the GNU
+system. So they didn't realize that they were fitting Linux into the
+gap in the GNU system. They thought they were taking Linux and making
+a system out of Linux. So they called it a Linux system.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Can't hear you — what?</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, it's just not — you know,
+it's provincial.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: But it's more good fortune then finding
+X and Mach?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. The difference is that the
+people who developed X and Mach didn't have the goal of making a
+complete free operating system. We're the only ones who had that.
+And, it was our tremendous work that made the system exist. We
+actually did a larger part of the system than any other project. No
+coincidence, because those people — they wrote useful parts of
+the system. But they didn't do it because they wanted the system to
+be finished. They had other reasons.</p>
+
+<p>Now the people who developed X — they thought that designing
+across the network window system would be a good project, and it was.
+And it turned out to help us make a good free operating system. But
+that's not what they hoped for. They didn't even think about that.
+It was an accident. An accidental benefit. Now, I'm not saying that
+what they did was bad. They did a large free software project.
+That's a good thing to do. But they didn't have that ultimate vision.
+The GNU Project is where that vision was.</p>
+
+<p>And, so, we were the ones whose — every little piece that
+didn't get done by somebody else, we did it. Because we knew that we
+wouldn't have a complete system without it. And even if it was
+totally boring and unromantic, like <code>tar</code>
+or <code>mv</code>. <i>[Laughter]</i> We did it. Or <code>ld</code>, you know
+there's nothing very exciting in <code>ld</code> — but I wrote
+one. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I did make efforts to have it do a minimal
+amount of disk I/O so that it would be faster and handle bigger
+programs. But, you know, I like to do a good job. I like to improve
+various things about the program while I'm doing it. But the reason
+that I did it wasn't that I had brilliant ideas for a
+better <code>ld</code>. The reason I did it is that we needed one
+that was free. And we couldn't expect anyone else to do it. So, we
+had to do it, or find someone to do it.</p>
+
+<p>So, although at this point thousands of people in projects have
+contributed to this system, there is one project which is the reason
+that this system exists, and that's the GNU Project. It <em>is</em>
+basically the GNU System, with other things added since then.</p>
+
+<p>So, however, the practice of calling the system Linux has been a
+great blow to the GNU Project, because we don't normally get credit
+for what we've done. I think Linux, the kernel, is a very useful
+piece of free software, and I have only good things to say about it.
+But, well, actually, I can find a few bad things to say about
+it. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, basically, I have good things to say about
+it. However, the practice of calling the GNU system, Linux, is just a
+mistake. I'd like to ask you please to make the small effort
+necessary to call the system GNU/Linux, and that way to help us get a
+share of the credit.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You need a mascot! Get yourself a
+stuffed animal! <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have one.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You do?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We have an animal — a
+gnu. <i>[Laughter]</i> Anyway. So, yes, when you draw a penguin,
+draw a gnu next to it. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, let's save the
+questions for the end. I have more to go through.</p>
+
+<p>So, why am I so concerned about this? You know, why do I think it
+is worth bothering you and perhaps giving you a, perhaps lowering your
+opinion of me, <i>[Laughter]</i> to raise this issue of credit?
+Because, you know, some people when I do this, some people think that
+it's because I want my ego to be fed, right? Of course, I'm not
+saying — I'm not asking you to call it “Stallmanix,”
+right? <i>[Laughter] [Applause]</i></p>
+
+<p>I'm asking you to call it GNU, because I want the GNU Project to
+get credit. And there's a very specific reason for that, which is a
+lot more important than anybody getting credit, in and of itself. You
+see, these days, if you look around in our community most of the
+people talking about it and writing about it don't ever mention GNU,
+and they don't ever mention these goals of freedom — these
+political and social ideals, either. Because the place they come from
+is GNU.</p>
+
+<p>The ideas associated with Linux — the philosophy is very
+different. It is basically the apolitical philosophy of Linus
+Torvalds. So, when people think that the whole system is Linux, they
+tend to think: “Oh, it must have been all started by Linux
+Torvalds. His philosophy must be the one that we should look at
+carefully”. And when they hear about the GNU philosophy, they
+say: “Boy, this is so idealistic, this must be awfully
+impractical. I'm a Linux-user, not a
+GNU-user.” <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>What irony! If they only knew! If they knew that the system they
+liked — or, in some cases, love and go wild over — is our
+idealistic, political philosophy made real.</p>
+
+<p>They still wouldn't have to agree with us. But at least they'd see
+a reason to take it seriously, to think about it carefully, to give it
+a chance. They would see how it relates to their lives. You know, if
+they realized, “I'm using the GNU system. Here's the GNU
+philosophy. This philosophy is <em>why</em> this system that I like
+very much exists,” they'd at least consider it with a much more
+open mind. It doesn't mean that everybody will agree. People think
+different things. That's OK. You know, people should make up their
+own minds. But I want this philosophy to get the benefit of the
+credit for the results it has achieved.</p>
+
+<p>If you look around in our community, you'll find that almost
+everywhere, the institutions are calling the system Linux. You know,
+reporters mostly call it Linux. It's not right, but they do. The
+companies mostly say it that package the system. Oh, and most of
+these reporters, when they write articles, they usually don't look at
+it as a political issue, or social issue. They're usually looking at
+it purely as a business question or what companies are going to
+succeed more or less, which is really a fairly minor question for
+society. And, if you look at the companies that package the GNU/Linux
+system for people to use, well, most of them call it Linux. And they
+<em>all</em> add nonfree software to it.</p>
+
+<p>See, the GNU GPL says that if you take code, and some code out of a
+GPL-covered program, and add some more code to make a bigger program,
+that whole program has to be released under the GPL. But you could
+put other separate programs on the same disk (of either kind, hard
+disk, or CD), and they can have other licenses. That's considered
+mere aggregation, and, essentially, just distributing two programs to
+somebody at the same time is not something we have any say over. So,
+in fact, it is not true — sometimes, I wish it were true —
+that if a company uses a GPL-covered program in a product that the
+whole product has to be free software. It's not — it doesn't go
+to that range — that scope. It's the whole program. If there
+are two separate programs that communicate with each other at arm's
+length — like by sending messages to each other — then,
+they're legally separate, in general. So, these companies, by adding
+nonfree software to the system, are giving the users, philosophically
+and politically, a very bad idea. They're telling the users,
+“It is OK to use nonfree software. We're even putting it on
+this as a bonus.”</p>
+
+<p>If you look at the magazines about the use of the GNU/Linux system,
+most of them have a title like “Linux-something or other”.
+So they're calling the system Linux most of the time. And they're
+filled with ads for nonfree software that you could run on top of the
+GNU/Linux system. Now those ads have a common message. They say:
+Nonfree Software Is Good For You. It's So Good That You Might Even
+<em>Pay</em> To Get It. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>And they call these things “value-added packages”,
+which makes a statement about their values. They're saying: Value
+practical convenience, not freedom. And, I don't agree with those
+values, so I call them “freedom-subtracted
+packages”. <i>[Laughter]</i> Because if you have installed a
+free operating system, then you now are living in the free world. You
+enjoy the benefits of liberty that we worked for so many years to give
+you. Those packages give you an opportunity to buckle on a chain.</p>
+
+<p>And then if you look at the trade shows — about the use of
+the, dedicated to the use of, the GNU/Linux system, they all call
+themselves “Linux” shows. And they're filled with booths
+exhibiting nonfree software, essentially putting the seal of approval
+on the nonfree software. So, almost everywhere you look in our
+community, the institutions are endorsing the nonfree software,
+totally negating the idea of freedom that GNU was developed for.
+And the only place that people are likely to come across the idea of
+freedom is in connection with GNU, and in connection with free
+software, the term, free software. So this is why I ask you: please
+call the system GNU/Linux. Please make people aware where the system
+came from and why.</p>
+
+<p>Of course, just by using that name, you won't be making an
+explanation of the history. You can type four extra characters and
+write GNU/Linux; you can say two extra syllables. But, GNU/Linux is
+fewer syllables than Windows 2000. <i>[Laughter]</i> But, you're not
+telling them a lot, but you're preparing them, so that when they hear
+about GNU, and what it's all about, they'll see how that connects to
+them and their lives. And that, indirectly, makes a tremendous
+difference. So please help us.</p>
+
+<p>You'll note that Microsoft called the GPL an “open source
+license”. They don't want people to be thinking in terms of
+freedom as the issue. You'll find that they invite people to think in
+a narrow way, as consumers, and, of course, not even think very
+rationally as consumers, if they're going to choose Microsoft
+products. But they don't want people to think as citizens or
+statesmen. That's inimical to them. At least it's inimical to their
+current business model.</p>
+
+<p>Now, how does free software…well, I can tell you about how
+free software relates to our society. A secondary topic that might be
+of interest to some of you is how free software relates to business.
+Now, in fact, free software is <em>tremendously</em> useful for
+business. After all, most businesses in the advanced countries use
+software. Only a tiny fraction of them develop software.</p>
+
+<p>And free software is tremendously advantageous for any company that
+uses software, because it means that you're in control. Basically,
+free software means the users are in control of what the program does.
+Either individually, if they care enough to be, or, collectively, when
+they care enough to be. Whoever cares enough can exert some
+influence. If you don't care, you don't buy. Then you use what other
+people prefer. But, if you do care, then you have some say. With
+proprietary software, you have essentially no say.</p>
+
+<p>With free software, you can change what you want to change. And it
+doesn't matter that there are no programmers in your company; that's
+fine. You know, if you wanted to move the walls in your building, you
+don't have to be a carpentry company. You just have to be able to go
+find a carpenter and say, “What will you charge to do this
+job?” And if you want to change around the software you use, you
+don't have to be a programming company. You just have to go to a
+programming company and say, “What will you charge to implement
+these features? And when will you have it done?” And if they
+don't do the job, you can go find somebody else.</p>
+
+<p>There's a free market for support. So, any business that cares
+about support will find a tremendous advantage in free software. With
+proprietary software, support is a monopoly, because one company has
+the source code, or maybe a small number of companies that paid a
+gigantic amount of money have the source code, if it's Microsoft's
+shared source program, but, it's very few. And so, there aren't very
+many possible sources of support for you. And that means, that unless
+you're a real giant, they don't care about you. Your company is not
+important enough for them to care if they lose your business, or what
+happens. Once you're using the program, they figure you're locked in
+to getting the support from them, because to switch to a different
+program is a gigantic job. So, you end up with things like paying for
+the privilege of reporting a bug. <i>[Laughter]</i> And once you've
+paid, they tell you, “Well, OK, we've noted your bug report.
+And in a few months, you can buy an upgrade, and you can see if we've
+fixed it.” <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p>Support providers for free software can't get away with that. They
+have to please the customers. Of course, you can get a lot of good
+support gratis. You post your problem on the Internet. You may get
+an answer the next day. But that's not guaranteed, of course. If you
+want to be confident, you better make an arrangement with a company
+and pay them. And this is, of course, one of the ways that free
+software business works.</p>
+
+<p>Another advantage of free software for businesses that use software
+is security and privacy. And this applies to individuals as well, but
+I brought it up in the context of businesses. You see, when a program
+is proprietary, you can't even tell what it really does.</p>
+
+<p>It could have features, deliberately put in that you wouldn't like
+if you knew about them, like it might have a backdoor to let the
+developer get into your machine. It might snoop on what you do and
+send information back. This is not unusual. Some Microsoft software
+did this. But it's not only Microsoft. There are other proprietary
+programs that snoop on the user. And you can't even tell if it does
+this. And, of course, even assuming that the developer's totally
+honest, every programmer makes mistakes. There could be bugs that
+affect your security which are nobody's fault. But the point is: If
+it's not free software, you can't find them. And you can't fix
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Nobody has the time to check the source of every program he runs.
+You're not going to do that. But with free software there's a large
+community, and there are people in that community who are checking
+things. And you get the benefit of their checking, because if there's
+an accidental bug, there surely are, from time to time, in any
+program, they might find it and fix it. And people are much less
+likely to put in a deliberate Trojan horse, or a snooping feature, if
+they think they might get caught. The proprietary software developers
+figure they won't get caught. They'll get away with it undetected.
+But a free software developer has to figure that people will look at
+that and see it's there. So, in our community, we don't feel we can
+get away with ramming a feature down the users' throats that the users
+wouldn't like. So we know that if the users don't like it, they'll
+make a modified version which doesn't have it. And then, they'll all
+start using that version.</p>
+
+<p>In fact, we can all reason enough, we can all figure this out
+enough steps ahead, that we probably won't put in that feature. After
+all, you're writing a free program; you want people to like your
+version; you don't want to put in a thing that you know a lot of
+people are going to hate, and have another modified version catch on
+instead of yours. So you just realize that the user is king in the
+world of free software. In the world of proprietary software, the
+customer is <em>not</em> king. Because you are only a customer. You
+have no say in the software you use.</p>
+
+<p>In this respect, free software is a new mechanism for democracy to
+operate. Professor Lessig, now at Stanford, noted that code functions
+as a kind of law. Whoever gets to write the code that just about
+everybody uses for all intents and purposes is writing the laws that
+run people's lives. With free software, these laws get written in a
+democratic way. Not the classical form of democracy — we don't
+have a big election and say, “Everybody vote which way should
+this feature be done.” <i>[Laughter]</i> Instead we say,
+basically, those of you who want to work on implementing the feature
+this way, do it. And if you want to work on implementing the feature
+that way, do it. And, it gets done one way or the other, you know?
+And so, if a lot of people want it this way, it'll get done this way.
+So, in this way, everybody contributes to the social decision by
+simply taking steps in the direction that he wants to go.</p>
+
+<p>And you're free to take as many steps, personally, as you want to
+take. A business is free to commission as many steps as they find
+useful to take. And, after you add all these things up, that says
+which direction the software goes.</p>
+
+<p>And it's often very useful to be able to take pieces out of some
+existing program, presumably usually large pieces, of course, and then
+write a certain amount of code of your own, and make a program that
+does exactly what you need, which would have cost you an arm and a leg
+to develop, if you had to write it all from scratch, if you couldn't
+cannibalize large pieces from some existing free software package.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing that results from the fact that the user is king is
+that we tend to be very good about compatibility and standardization.
+Why? Because users like that. Users are likely to reject a program
+that has gratuitous incompatibilities in it. Now, sometimes there's a
+certain group of users which actually have a need for a certain kind
+of incompatibility, and then they'll have it. That's OK. But when
+users want is to follow a standard, we developers have to follow it,
+and we know that. And we do it. By contrast, if you look at
+proprietary software developers, they often find it advantageous to
+deliberately <em>not</em> follow a standard, and not because they
+think that they're giving the user an advantage that way, but rather
+because they're imposing on the user, locking the user in. And you'll
+even find them making changes in their file formats from time to time,
+just to force people to get the newest version.</p>
+
+<p>Archivists are finding a problem now, that files written on
+computers ten years ago often can't be accessed; they were written
+with proprietary software that's essentially lost now. If it were
+written with free software, then it could be brought up-to-date and
+run. And those things would not, those records would not be lost,
+would not be inaccessible. They were even complaining about this on
+NPR recently in citing free software as a solution. And so, in
+effect, by using a nonfree program to store your own data, you are
+putting your head in a noose.</p>
+
+<p>So, I've talked about how free software affects most business. But
+how does it affect that particular narrow area which is software
+business? Well, the answer is mostly not at all. And the reason is
+that 90% of the software industry, from what I'm told, is development
+of custom software, software that's not meant to be released at all.
+For custom software, this issue, or the ethical issue of free or
+proprietary, doesn't arise. You see, the issue is, are you users free
+to change, and redistribute, the software? If there's only one user,
+and that user owns the rights, there's no problem. That
+user <em>is</em> free to do all these things. So, in effect, any
+<em>custom</em> program that was developed by one company for use
+in-house is free software, as long as they have the sense to insist on
+getting the source code and all the rights.</p>
+
+<p>And the issue doesn't really arise for software that goes in a
+watch or a microwave oven or an automobile ignition system. Because
+those are places where you don't download software to install. It's
+not a real computer, as far as the user is concerned. And so, it
+doesn't raise these issues enough for them to be ethically important.
+So, for the most part, the software industry will go along, just as
+it's been going. And the interesting thing is that since such a large
+fraction of the jobs are in that part of the industry, even if there
+were no possibilities for free software business, the developers of
+free software could all get day jobs writing custom
+software. <i>[Laughter]</i> There's so many; the ratio is so big.</p>
+
+<p>But, as it happens, there is free software business. There are
+free software companies, and at the press conference that I'm going to
+have, people from a couple of them will join us. And, of course,
+there are also companies which are <em>not</em> free software
+businesses but do develop useful pieces of free software to release,
+and the free software that they produce is substantial.</p>
+
+<p>Now, how do free software businesses work? Well, some of them sell
+copies. You know, you're free to copy it but they can still sell
+thousands of copies a month. And others sell support and various
+kinds of services. I, personally, for the second half of the '80's, I
+sold free software support services. Basically I said, for $200 an
+hour, I'll change whatever you want me to change in GNU software that
+I'd written. And, yes, it was a stiff rate, but if it was a program
+that I was the author of, people would figure that I might get the job
+done in a lot fewer hours. <i>[Laughter]</i> And I made a living that
+way. In fact, I'd made more than I'd ever made before. I also taught
+classes. And I kept doing that until 1990, when I got a big prize and
+I didn't have to do it any more.</p>
+
+<p>But, 1990 was when the first corporation free software business was
+formed, which was Cygnus Support. And their business was to do,
+essentially, the same kind of thing that I'd been doing. I certainly
+could have worked for them, if I had needed to do that. Since I
+didn't need to, I felt it was good for the movement if I remained
+independent of any one company. That way, I could say good and bad
+things about the various free software and nonfree software
+companies, without a conflict of interest. I felt that I could serve
+the movement more. But, if I had needed that to make a living, sure,
+I would have worked for them. It's an ethical business to be in. No
+reason I would have felt ashamed to take a job with them. And that
+company was profitable in its first year. It was formed with very
+little capital, just the money its three founders had. And it kept
+growing every year and being profitable every year until they got
+greedy, and looked for outside investors, and then they messed things
+up. But it was several years of success, before they got greedy.</p>
+
+<p>So, this illustrates one of the exciting things about free
+software. Free software demonstrates that you don't need to raise
+capital to develop free software. I mean, it's useful;
+it <em>can</em> help. You know, if you do raise some capital, you can
+hire people and have them write a bunch of software. But you can get
+a lot done with a small number of people. And, in fact, the
+tremendous efficiency of the process of developing free software is
+one of the reasons it's important for the world to switch to free
+software. And it also belies what Microsoft says when they say the
+GNU GPL is bad, because it makes it harder for them to raise capital
+to develop nonfree software and take our free software and put our
+code into their programs that they won't share with us. Basically, we
+don't need to have them raising capital that way. We'll get the job
+done anyway. We are getting the job done.</p>
+
+<p>People used to say we could never do a complete free operating
+system. Now we've done that and a tremendous amount more. And I
+would say that we're about an order of magnitude away from developing
+all the general purpose published software needs of the world. And
+this is in a world where more than 90% of the users don't use our free
+software yet. This is in a world where, although in certain areas of
+business, you know, more than half of all the web servers in the world
+are running on GNU/Linux with Apache as the web server.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i> … What did you
+say before, Linux?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I said GNU/Linux.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You did?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, if I'm talking about the kernel, I
+call it Linux. You know, that's it's name. The kernel was written by
+Linus Torvalds, and we should only call it by the name that he chose,
+out of respect for the author.</p>
+
+<p>Anyway, but in general, in business most users are not using it.
+Most home users are not using our system yet. So, when they are, we
+should automatically get 10 times as many volunteers and 10 times as
+many customers for the free software businesses that there will be.
+And so that will take us that order of magnitude. So at this point, I
+am pretty confident that we <em>can</em> do the job.</p>
+
+<p>And, this is important, because Microsoft asks us to feel
+desperate. They say, The only way you can have software to run, the
+only way you can have innovation, is if you give us power. Let us
+dominate you. Let us control what you can do with the software you're
+running, so that we can squeeze a lot of money out of you, and use a
+certain fraction of that to develop software, and take the rest as
+profit.</p>
+
+<p>Well, you shouldn't ever feel that desperate. You shouldn't ever
+feel so desperate that you give up your freedom. That's very
+dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>Another thing that Microsoft, well, not just Microsoft, people who
+don't support free software generally adopt a value system in which
+the only thing that matters is short-term practical benefits: How much
+money am I going to make this year? What job can I get done today?
+Short-term thinking and narrow thinking. Their assumption is that it
+is ridiculous to imagine that anybody ever might make a sacrifice for
+the sake of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Yesterday, a lot of people were making speeches about Americans who
+made sacrifices for the freedom of their compatriots. Some of them
+made great sacrifices. They even sacrificed their lives for the kinds
+of freedom that everyone in our country has heard about, at least.
+(At least, in some of the cases; I guess we have to ignore the war in
+Vietnam.)</p>
+
+<p><i>[Editor's note: The day before was “Memorial Day” in
+the USA. Memorial Day is a day where war heros are
+commemorated.]</i></p>
+
+<p>But, fortunately, to maintain our freedom in using software,
+doesn't call for big sacrifices. Just tiny, little sacrifices are
+enough, like learning a command-line interface, if we don't have a GUI
+interface program yet. Like doing the job in this way, because we
+don't have a free software package to do it that way, yet. Like,
+paying some money to a company that's going to develop a certain free
+software package, so that you can have it in a few years. Various
+little sacrifices that we can all make. And, in the long run, even we
+will have benefited from it. You know, it is really an investment
+more than a sacrifice. We just have to have enough long-term view to
+realize it's good for us to invest in improving our society, without
+counting the nickels and dimes of who gets how much of the benefit
+from that investment.</p>
+
+<p>So, at this point, I'm essentially done.</p>
+
+<p>I'd like to mention that there's a new approach to free software
+business being proposed by Tony Stanco, which he calls “Free
+Developers”, which involves a certain business structure which
+hopes eventually to pay out a certain share of the profits to every,
+to all the authors of the free software who've joined the
+organization. And they're looking at the prospects of getting me some
+rather large government software development contracts in India now,
+because they're going to be using free software as the basis, having
+tremendous cost savings that way.</p>
+
+<p>And so now I guess that I should ask for questions.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: <i>[Inaudible]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Could you speak up a bit louder please?
+I can't really hear you.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: How could a company like Microsoft
+include a free software contract?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, actually, Microsoft is planning to
+shift a lot of its activity into services. And what they're planning
+to do is something dirty and dangerous, which is tie the services to
+the programs, one to the next, in a sort of zigzag, you know? So that
+to use this service, you've got to be using this Microsoft program,
+which is going to mean you need to use this service, to this Microsoft
+program, so it's all tied together. That's their plan.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the interesting thing is that selling those services doesn't
+raise the ethical issue of free software or nonfree software. It
+might be perfectly fine for them to have the business for those
+businesses selling those services over the net to exist. However,
+what Microsoft is planning to do is to use them to achieve an even
+greater lock, an even greater monopoly, on the software and the
+services, and this was described in an article, I believe in Business
+Week, recently. And, other people said that it is turning the net
+into the Microsoft Company Town.</p>
+
+<p>And this is relevant because, you know, the trial court in the
+Microsoft antitrust trial recommended breaking up the company,
+Microsoft. But in a way, that makes no sense — it wouldn't do
+any good at all — into the operating part and the applications
+part.</p>
+
+<p>But having seen that article, I now see a useful, effective way to
+split up Microsoft into the services part and the software part, to
+require them to deal with each other only at arm's length, that the
+services must publish their interfaces, so that anybody can write a
+client to talk to those services, and, I guess, that they have to pay
+to get the service. Well, that's OK. That's a totally different
+issue.</p>
+
+<p>If Microsoft is split up in this way […] services and
+software, they will not be able to use their software to crush
+competition with Microsoft services. And they won't be able to use
+the services to crush competition with Microsoft software. And we
+will be able to make the free software, and maybe you people will use
+it to talk to Microsoft services, and we won't mind.</p>
+
+<p>Because, after all, although Microsoft is the proprietary software
+company that has subjugated the most people — the others have
+subjugated fewer people, it's not for want of
+trying. <i>[Laughter]</i> They just haven't succeeded in subjugating
+as many people. So, the problem is not Microsoft and only Microsoft.
+Microsoft is just the biggest example of the problem we're trying to
+solve, which is proprietary software taking away users' freedom to
+cooperate and form an ethical society. So we shouldn't focus too much
+on Microsoft, you know, even though they did give me the opportunity
+for this platform. That doesn't make them all-important. They're not
+the be-all and end-all.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Earlier, you were discussing the
+philosophical differences between open source software and free
+software. How do you feel about the current trend of GNU/Linux
+distributions as they head towards supporting only Intel platforms?
+And the fact that it seems that less and less programmers are
+programming correctly, and making software that will compile anywhere?
+And making software that simply works on Intel systems?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I don't see an ethical issue there.
+Although, in fact, companies that make computers sometimes port the
+GNU/Linux system to it. HP apparently did this recently. And, they
+didn't bother paying for a port of Windows, because that would have
+cost too much. But getting GNU/Linux supported was, I think, five
+engineers for a few months. It was easily doable.</p>
+
+<p>Now, of course, I encourage people to use <code>autoconf</code>,
+which is a GNU package that makes it easier to make your programs
+portable. I encourage them to do that. Or when somebody else fixes
+the bug that it didn't compile on that version of the system, and
+sends it to you, you should put it in. But I don't see that as an
+ethical issue.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Two comments. One is: Recently, you
+spoke at MIT. I read the transcript. And someone asked about
+patents, and you said that “patents are a totally different
+issue. I have no comments on that.”</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. I actually have a lot to say
+about patents, but it takes an hour. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: I wanted to say this: It seems to me
+that there is an issue. I mean, there is a reason that companies call
+both patents and copyrights things like hard property in trying to get
+this concept which is, if they want to use the power of the State to
+create a course of monopoly for themselves. And so, what's common
+about these things is not that they revolve around the same issues,
+but that motivation is not really the public service issues but the
+motivation of companies to get a monopoly for their private
+interests.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I understand. But, well, I want to
+respond because there's not too much time. So I'd like to respond to
+that.</p>
+
+<p>You're right that that's what they want. But there's another
+reason why they want to use the term intellectual property. It's that
+they don't want to encourage people to think carefully about copyright
+issues or patent issues. Because copyright law and patent law are
+totally different, and the effects of software copyrighted and
+software patents are totally different.</p>
+
+<p>Software patents are a restriction on programmers, prohibiting them
+from writing certain kinds of programs, whereas copyright doesn't do
+that. With copyright, at least if you wrote it yourself, you're
+allowed to distribute it. So, it's tremendously important to separate
+these issues.</p>
+
+<p>They have a little bit in common, at a very low level, and
+everything else is different. So, please, to encourage clear
+thinking, discuss copyright or discuss patents. But don't discuss
+intellectual property. I don't have an opinion on intellectual
+property. I have opinions on copyrights and patents and software.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You mentioned at the beginning that a
+functional language, like recipes, are computer programs. There's a
+cross a little bit different than other kinds of language created on.
+This is also causing a problem in the DVD case.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: The issues are partly similar but partly
+different, for things that are not functional in nature. Part of the
+issue transfers but not all of it. Unfortunately, that's another hour
+speech. I don't have time to go into it. But I would say that all
+functional works ought to be free in the same sense as software. You
+know, textbooks, manuals, dictionaries, and recipes, and so on.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: I was just wondering on online
+music. There are similarities and differences created all through.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. I'd say that the minimum freedom
+that we should have for any kind of published information is the
+freedom to non-commercially redistribute it, verbatim. For functional
+works, we need the freedom to commercially publish a modified version,
+because that's tremendously useful to society. For non-functional
+works, you know, things that are to entertain, or to be aesthetic, or
+to state a certain person's views, you know, perhaps they shouldn't be
+modified. And, perhaps that means that it's OK, to have copyright
+covering all commercial distribution of them.</p>
+
+<p>Please remember that according to the U.S. Constitution, the
+purpose of copyright is to benefit the public. It is to modify the
+behavior of certain private parties, so that they will publish more
+books. And the benefit of this is that society gets to discuss issues
+and learn. And, you know, we have literature. We have scientific
+works. The purpose is encourage that. Copyrights do not exist for
+the sake of authors, let alone for the sake of publishers. They exist
+for the sake of readers and all those who benefit from the
+communication of information that happens when people write and others
+read. And that goal I agree with.</p>
+
+<p>But in the age of the computer networks, the method is no longer
+tenable, because it now requires draconian laws that invade
+everybody's privacy and terrorize everyone. You know, years in prison
+for sharing with your neighbor. It wasn't like that in the age of the
+printing press. Then copyright was an industrial regulation. It
+restricted publishers. Now, it's a restriction imposed by the
+publishers on the public. So, the power relationship is turned around
+180 degrees, even if it's the same law.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: So you can have the same thing —
+but like in making music from other music?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Right. That is an interesting
+…</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: And unique, new works, you know, it's
+still a lot of cooperation.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: It is. And I think that probably
+requires some kind of fair use concept. Certainly making a few
+seconds of sample and using that in making some musical work,
+obviously that should be fair use. Even the standard idea of fair use
+includes that, if you think about it. Whether courts agree, I'm not
+sure, but they should. That wouldn't be a real change in the system
+as it has existed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: What do you think about publishing
+public information in proprietary formats?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh, it shouldn't be. I mean, the
+government should never require citizens to use a nonfree program to
+access, to communicate with the government in any way, in either
+direction.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: I have been, what I will now say, a
+GNU/Linux user…</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Thank you. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: …for the past four years. The one
+thing that has been problematical for me and is something that is
+essential, I think, to all of us, is browsing the web.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: One thing that has been decidedly a
+weakness in using a GNU/Linux system has been browsing the web,
+because the prevailing tool for that, Netscape…</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: …is not free software.</p>
+
+<p>Let me respond to this. I want to get to the point, for the sake
+of getting in more. So, yes. There has been a terrible tendency for
+people to use Netscape Navigator on their GNU/Linux systems. And, in
+fact all the commercially packaged systems come with it. So this is
+an ironic situation: we worked so hard to make a free operating
+system, and now, if you go to the store, and you can find versions of
+GNU/Linux there, most of them are called Linux, and they're not free.
+Oh, well, part of them is. But then, there's Netscape Navigator, and
+maybe other nonfree programs as well. So, it's very hard to actually
+find a free system, unless you know what you're doing. Or, of course,
+you can not install Netscape Navigator.</p>
+
+<p>Now, in fact, there have been free web browsers for many years.
+There is a free web browser that I used to use called Lynx. It's a
+free web browser that is non-graphical; it's text-only. This has a
+tremendous advantage, in you don't see the ads. <i>[Laughter]
+[Applause]</i></p>
+
+<p>But anyway, there is a free graphical project called Mozilla, which
+is now getting to the point where you can use it. And I occasionally
+use it.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Konqueror 2.01 has been very good.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh, OK. So that's another free
+graphical browser. So, we're finally solving that problem, I
+guess.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you talk to me about that
+philosophical/ethical division between free software and open source?
+Do you feel that those are irreconcilable? …</p>
+
+<p><i>[Recording switches tapes; end of question and start of answer
+is missing]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: … to a freedom, and ethics. Or
+whether you just say, Well, I hope that you companies will decide it's
+more profitable to let us be allowed to do these things.</p>
+
+<p>But, as I said, in a lot of practical work, it doesn't really
+matter what a person's politics are. When a person offers to help the
+GNU project, we don't say: “You have to agree with our
+politics.” We say that in a GNU package, you've got to call the
+system GNU/Linux, and you've got to call it free software. What you
+say when you're not speaking to the GNU Project, that's up to you.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: The company, IBM, started a campaign for
+government agencies, to sell their big new machines, that they used
+Linux as selling point, and say Linux.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, of course, it's really the
+GNU/Linux systems. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: That's right! Well, tell the top sales
+person. He doesn't know anything for GNU.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: I have to tell who?</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: The top sales person.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Oh yes. The problem is that they've
+already carefully decided what they want to say for reasons of their
+advantage. And the issue of what is a more accurate, or fair, or
+correct way to describe it is not the primary issue that matters to a
+company like that. Now, some small companies, yes, there'll be a
+boss. And if the boss is inclined to think about things like that, he
+might make a decision that way. Not a giant corporation though. It's
+a shame, you know.</p>
+
+<p>There's another more important and more substantive issue about
+what IBM is doing. They're saying that they're putting a billion
+dollars into “Linux”. But perhaps, I should also put
+quotes around “into”, as well, because some of that money
+is paying people to develop free software. That really is a
+contribution to our community. But other parts is paying to pay
+people to write proprietary software, or port proprietary software to
+run on top of GNU/Linux, and that is <em>not</em> a contribution to
+our community. But IBM is lumping that altogether into this. Some of
+it might be advertising, which is partly a contribution, even if it's
+partly wrong. So, it's a complicated situation. Some of what they're
+doing is contribution and some is not. And some is sort is somewhat,
+but not exactly. And you can't just lump it altogether and think,
+Wow! Whee! A billion dollars from IBM. <i>[Laughter]</i> That's
+oversimplification.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Can you talk a little bit more about the
+thinking that went into the General Public License?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, here's the — I'm sorry, I'm
+answering his question now. <i>[Laughter]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: Do you want to reserve some time for
+the press conference? Or do you want to continue here?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Who is here for the press conference?
+Not a lot of press. Oh, three — OK. Can you afford if we
+— if I go on answering everybody's questions for another ten
+minutes or so? OK. So, we'll go on answering everybody's
+questions.</p>
+
+<p>So, the thinking that went into the GNU GPL? Part of it was that I
+wanted to protect the freedom of the community against the phenomena
+that I just described with X Windows, which has happened with other
+free programs as well. In fact, when I was thinking about this issue,
+X Windows was not yet released. But I had seen this problem happen in
+other free programs. For instance, TeX. I wanted to make sure that
+the users would all have freedom. Otherwise, I realized that I might
+write a program, and maybe a lot of people would use the program, but
+they wouldn't have freedom. And what's the point of that?</p>
+
+<p>But the other issue I was thinking about was, I wanted to give the
+community a feeling that it was not a doormat, a feeling that it was
+not prey to any parasite who would wander along. If you don't use
+copyleft, you are essentially saying: <i>[speaking meekly]</i>
+“Take my code. Do what you want. I don't say no.” So,
+anybody can come along and say: <i>[speaking very firmly]</i>
+“Ah, I want to make a nonfree version of this. I'll just take
+it.” And, then, of course, they probably make some improvements,
+those nonfree versions might appeal to users, and replace the free
+versions. And then, what have you accomplished? You've only made a
+donation to some proprietary software project.</p>
+
+<p>And when people see that that's happening, when people see, other
+people take what I do, and they don't ever give back, it can be
+demoralizing. And, this is not just speculation. I had seen that
+happen. That was part of what happened to wipe out the old community
+that I belonged to the '70's. Some people started becoming
+uncooperative. And we assumed that they were profiting thereby. They
+certainly acted as if they thought they were profiting. And we
+realized that they can just take off cooperation and not give back.
+And there was nothing we could do about it. It was very discouraging.
+We, those of us who didn't like the trend, even had a discussion and
+we couldn't come up with any idea for how we could stop it.</p>
+
+<p>So, the GPL is designed to stop that. And it says, Yes, you are
+welcome to join the community and use this code. You can use it to do
+all sorts of jobs. But, if you release a modified version, you've got
+to release that to our community, as part of our community, as part of
+the free world.</p>
+
+<p>So, in fact, there are still many ways that people can get the
+benefit of our work and not contribute, like you don't have to write
+any software. Lots of people use GNU/Linux and don't write any
+software. There's no requirement that you've got to do anything for
+us. But if you do a certain kind of thing, you've got to contribute
+to it. So what that means is that our community is not a doormat.
+And I think that that helped give people the strength to feel, Yes, we
+won't just be trampled underfoot by everybody. We'll stand up to
+this.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Yes, my question was, considering free
+but not copylefted software, since anybody can pick it up and make it
+proprietary, is it not possible also for someone to pick it up and
+make some changes and release the whole thing under the GPL?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Yes, it is possible.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Then, that would make all future copies
+then be GPL'ed.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: From that branch. But here's why we
+don't do that.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Hmm?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Here's why we don't generally do that.
+Let me explain.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: OK, yes.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We could, if we wanted to, take X
+Windows, and make a GPL-covered copy and make changes in that. But
+there's a much larger group of people working on improving X Windows
+and <em>not</em> GPL-ing it. So, if we did that, we would be forking
+from them. And that's not very nice treatment of them. And, they
+<em>are</em> a part of our community, contributing to our
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Second, it would backfire against us, because they're doing a lot
+more work on X than we would be. So, our version would be inferior to
+theirs, and people wouldn't use it, which means, why go to the trouble
+at all?</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Mmm hmm.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: So when a person has written some
+improvement to X Windows, what I say that person should do is
+cooperate with the X development team. Send it to them and let them
+use it their way. Because they are developing a very important piece
+of free software. It's good for us to cooperate with them.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Except, considering X, in particular,
+about two years ago, the X Consortium that was far into the nonfree
+open source…</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, actually it <em>wasn't</em> open
+sourced. It wasn't open sourced, either. They may have said it was.
+I can't remember if they said that or not. But it wasn't open
+source. It was restricted. You couldn't commercially distribute, I
+think. Or you couldn't commercially distribute a modified version, or
+something like that. There was a restriction that's considered
+unacceptable by both the Free Software movement and the Open Source
+movement.</p>
+
+<p>And yes, that's what using a non-copyleft license leaves you open
+to. In fact, the X Consortium, they had a very rigid policy. They
+say: If your program if copylefted even a little bit, we won't
+distribute it at all. We won't put it in our distribution.</p>
+
+<p>So, a lot of people were pressured in this way into not
+copylefting. And the result was that all of their software was wide
+open, later on. When the same people who had pressured a developer to
+be too all-permissive, then the X people later said, All right, now we
+can put on restrictions, which wasn't very ethical of them.</p>
+
+<p>But, given the situation, would we really want to scrape up the
+resources to maintain an alternate GPL-covered version of X? And it
+wouldn't make any sense to do that. There are so many other things we
+need to do. Let's do them instead. We can cooperate with the X
+developers.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: Do you have a comment, is the GNU a
+trademark? And is it practical to include it as part of the GNU
+General Public License allowing trademarks?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: We are, actually, applying for trademark
+registration on GNU. But it wouldn't really have anything to do with
+that. It's a long story to explain why.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: You could require the trademark be
+displayed with GPL-covered programs.</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: No, I don't think so. The licenses
+cover individual programs. And when a given program is part of the
+GNU Project, nobody lies about that. The name of the system as a
+whole is a different issue. And this is an aside. It's not worth
+discussing more.</p>
+
+<p><strong>QUESTION</strong>: If there was a button that you could
+push and force all companies to free their software, would you press
+it?</p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: Well, I would only use this for
+published software. You know, I think that people have the right to
+write a program privately and use it. And that includes companies.
+This is privacy issue. And it's true, there can be times when it is
+wrong to do that, like if it is tremendously helpful to humanity, and
+you are withholding it from humanity. That is a wrong but that's a
+different kind of wrong. It's a different issue, although it's in the
+same area.</p>
+
+<p>But yes, I think all published software should be free software.
+And remember, when it's not free software, that's because of
+government intervention. The government is intervening to make it
+nonfree. The government is creating special legal powers to hand out
+to the owners of the programs, so that they can have the police stop
+us from using the programs in certain ways. So I would certainly like
+to end that. </p>
+
+<p><strong>SCHONBERG</strong>: Richard's presentation has invariably
+generated an enormous amount of intellectual energy. I would suggest
+that some of it should be directed to using, and possibly writing,
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>We should close the proceedings shortly. I want to say that
+Richard has injected into a profession which is known in the general
+public for its terminal apolitical nerditude a level of political and
+moral discussion which is, I think, unprecedented in our profession.
+And we owe him very big for this. I'd like to note to people that
+there is a break.</p>
+
+<p><i>[Applause]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: You are free to leave at any time, you
+know. <i>[Laughter]</i> I'm not holding you prisoner here.</p>
+
+<p><i>[Audience adjourns…]</i></p>
+
+<p><i>[overlapping conversations…]</i></p>
+
+<p><strong>STALLMAN</strong>: One final thing. Our website:
+www.gnu.org</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2005, 2006, 2014, 2015, 2016 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/11/30 13:57:41 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
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