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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www/philosophy categories.ca.html categories.pl... |
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Date: |
Mon, 29 Feb 2016 19:59:29 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 16/02/29 19:59:29
Modified files:
philosophy : categories.ca.html categories.pl.html
government-free-software.ar.html
government-free-software.pl.html
philosophy/po : categories.ca-diff.html
government-free-software.pl-diff.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : categories.pl-diff.html
government-free-software.ar-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.67&r2=1.68
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/government-free-software.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/government-free-software.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.pl-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/government-free-software.ar-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: categories.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- categories.ca.html 21 Dec 2015 19:28:48 -0000 1.46
+++ categories.ca.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:26 -0000 1.47
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/categories.ca.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.ca.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/categories.ca-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-12-31" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ca.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ca.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ca.html" -->
<h2>Categories de programari lliure i no lliure</h2>
<p>Vegeu també <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html">Paraules confuses
@@ -450,7 +456,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2015/12/21 19:28:48 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:26 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: categories.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.67
retrieving revision 1.68
diff -u -b -r1.67 -r1.68
--- categories.pl.html 1 Nov 2015 03:00:31 -0000 1.67
+++ categories.pl.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:26 -0000 1.68
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/categories.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="/philosophy/po/categories.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-12-31" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/categories.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Kategorie wolnego i niewolnego oprogramowania</h2>
<p>ZwróÄcie też uwagÄ na <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">MylÄ
ce
@@ -480,7 +486,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2015/11/01 03:00:31 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:26 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: government-free-software.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/government-free-software.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- government-free-software.ar.html 9 Apr 2015 08:57:09 -0000 1.1
+++ government-free-software.ar.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:27 -0000 1.2
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/government-free-software.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.ar.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/government-free-software.ar.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/government-free-software.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.ar-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-12-31" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/government-free-software.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>اÙإجراءات اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙØÙÙÙ
ات اتخاذÙا
ÙدعÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</h2>
<p>Ù
Ù Ùب٠<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>رÙتشارد
@@ -250,7 +256,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
تØدÙØ«:
-$Date: 2015/04/09 08:57:09 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:27 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: government-free-software.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/government-free-software.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- government-free-software.pl.html 23 Jan 2015 03:30:10 -0000 1.18
+++ government-free-software.pl.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:28 -0000 1.19
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/government-free-software.en.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.pl.po">
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/government-free-software.pl.po</a>'
+ --><!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/government-free-software.html"
+ --><!--#set var="DIFF_FILE"
value="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html"
+ --><!--#set var="OUTDATED_SINCE" value="2015-12-31" --><!--#set
var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/government-free-software.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pl.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
@@ -9,6 +14,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pl.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pl.html" -->
<h2>Årodki, jakich mogÄ
użyÄ rzÄ
dy, by promowaÄ wolne oprogramowanie</h2>
<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
@@ -311,7 +317,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2015/01/23 03:30:10 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: po/categories.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/categories.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- po/categories.ca-diff.html 2 Nov 2015 14:57:46 -0000 1.9
+++ po/categories.ca-diff.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:28 -0000 1.10
@@ -185,12 +185,11 @@
product.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.x.org">X Window System</a>
- illustrates this. The X Consortium <span
class="removed"><del><strong>releases</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>released</em></ins></span> X11 with
- distribution terms that <span
class="removed"><del><strong>make</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>made</em></ins></span> it noncopylefted free
- <span class="removed"><del><strong>software. If you wish, you can get
a</strong></del></span>
- <span class="inserted"><ins><em>software, and subsequent developers
have mostly followed the
- same practice. A</em></ins></span> copy which has those
- distribution terms <span
class="removed"><del><strong>and</strong></del></span> is <span
class="removed"><del><strong>free.</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>free software.</em></ins></span> However, there are
nonfree
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium released X11 with
+ distribution terms that made it noncopylefted free
+ software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed the
+ same practice. A copy which has those
+ distribution terms is free software. However, there are nonfree
versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
@@ -224,7 +223,7 @@
we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
<p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The
- GNU system includes all of the <a href="#GNUsoftware">offical
+ GNU system includes all of the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#GNUsoftware">offical</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#GNUsoftware">official</em></ins></span>
GNU packages</a>. It also includes many other packages, such as
the X Window System and TeX, which are not GNU software.</p>
@@ -443,19 +442,18 @@
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,
<span class="removed"><del><strong>2014</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2014, 2015</em></ins></span> Free
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,
2014, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Free
Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
-<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
-Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0
International</em></ins></span> License</a>.</p>
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/11/02 14:57:46 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html 12 Jan 2015 20:58:25 -0000
1.1
+++ po/government-free-software.pl-diff.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:29 -0000
1.2
@@ -160,7 +160,8 @@
<p>The computational sovereignty (and security) of the state includes
control over the computers that do the state's work. This requires
avoiding <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
-Software as a Service</a>, unless the service is run by a state
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Software</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software Substitute</a>,</em></ins></span>
unless the service is run by a state
agency under the same branch of government, as well as other practices
that diminish the state control over its computing. Therefore,</p>
@@ -216,11 +217,11 @@
</p></li>
</ul>
-<span class="inserted"><ins><em><h3>Technological
neutrality</h3></em></ins></span>
+<h3>Technological neutrality</h3>
-<p>With <span class="removed"><del><strong>these
measures,</strong></del></span> <span class="inserted"><ins><em>the measures in
this article,</em></ins></span> the state can recover control
+<p>With the measures in this article, the state can recover control
over its computing, and lead the country's citizens, businesses and
-organizations towards control over their <span
class="removed"><del><strong>computing.</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>computing. However, some
+organizations towards control over their computing. However, some
object on the grounds that this would violate the
“principle” of technological neutrality.</p>
@@ -232,7 +233,7 @@
<a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">outside the scope
of <em>technological</em> neutrality</a>. Only those who
wish to
subjugate a country would suggest that its government be
-“neutral” about its sovereignty or its citizens'
freedom.</p></em></ins></span>
+“neutral” about its sovereignty or its citizens' freedom.</p>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -263,18 +264,19 @@
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
-href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
-Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
-</p>
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2015/01/12 20:58:25 $
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:29 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/categories.pl-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/categories.pl-diff.html
diff -N po/categories.pl-diff.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/categories.pl-diff.html 29 Feb 2016 19:59:28 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,463 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/categories.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a
href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public
domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+
href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html">tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the
freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more
explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org">X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium released X11 with
+ distribution terms that made it noncopylefted free
+ software, and subsequent developers have mostly followed the
+ same practice. A copy which has those
+ distribution terms is free software. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed
software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses
permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating
system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The
+ GNU system includes all of the <a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="#GNUsoftware">offical</strong></del></span>
<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="#GNUsoftware">official</em></ins></span>
+ GNU packages</a>. It also includes many other packages, such as
+ the X Window System and TeX, which are not GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s. As this shows, the GNU system is not a single
+ static set of programs; users and distributors may select
+ different packages according to their needs and desires. The
+ result is still a variant of the GNU system.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system is free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo
is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a>
is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copylefted</a>, but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/">staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/">Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of
these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU
software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+ <p>The FSF does not accept copyright assignments of software
+ that is not an official GNU package, as a rule.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free
software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software (in a somewhat trivial
+ sense) if its sole user has the four freedoms. In particular,
+ if the user has full rights to the private program, the program is
+ free. However, if the user distributes copies to others and does
+ not provide the four freedoms with those copies, those copies
+ are not free software.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not access. In
+ general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program and
+ not release it. There are occasions when a program is so
+ important that one might argue that withholding it from the
+ public is doing wrong to humanity. However, such cases are
+ rare. Most programs are not that important, and declining to
+ release them is not particularly wrong. Thus, there is no
+ conflict between the development of private or custom software
+ and the principles of the free software movement.</p>
+
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p> “Commercial” and “proprietary” are
+ not the same! Commercial software is software developed by a
+ business as part of its business. Most commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the priorities are in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; that
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
-->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010,
2014, <span class="removed"><del><strong>2015</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:28 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd";>
+<!-- Generated by GNUN -->
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"; xml:lang="en" lang="en">
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>/philosophy/government-free-software.html-diff</title>
+<style type="text/css">
+span.removed { background-color: #f22; color: #000; }
+span.inserted { background-color: #2f2; color: #000; }
+</style></head>
+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/government-free-software.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Measures Governments Can Use to Promote Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>This article suggests policies for a strong and firm effort to promote
+free software within the state, and to lead the rest of the country
+towards software freedom.</p>
+
+<p>The mission of the state is to organize society for the freedom and
+well-being of the people. One aspect of this mission, in the
+computing field, is to encourage users to adopt free software:
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">software that respects the users'
+freedom</a>. A proprietary (non-free) program tramples the freedom of
+those that use it; it is a social problem that the state should work
+to eradicate.</p>
+
+<p>The state needs to insist on free software in its own computing for
+the sake of its computational sovereignty (the state's control over
+its own computing). All users deserve control over their computing,
+but the state has a responsibility to the people to maintain control
+over the computing it does on their behalf. Most government
+activities now depend on computing, and its control over those
+activities depends on its control over that computing. Losing this
+control in an agency whose mission is critical undermines national
+security.</p>
+
+<p>Moving state agencies to free software can also provide secondary
+benefits, such as saving money and encouraging local software support
+businesses.</p>
+
+<p>In this text, “state entities” refers to all levels of
government, and
+means public agencies including schools, public-private partnerships,
+largely state-funded activities such as charter schools, and
“private”
+corporations controlled by the state or established with special
+privileges or functions by the state.</p>
+
+<h3>Education</h3>
+<p>The most important policy concerns education, since that shapes
+the future of the country:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><b>Teach only free software</b><br />
+Educational activities, or at least those of state entities, must
+teach only free software (thus, they should never lead students to use
+a nonfree program), and should teach the civic reasons for insisting
+on free software. To teach a nonfree program is to teach dependence,
+which is contrary to the mission of the school.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>The State and the Public</h3>
+<p>Also crucial are state policies that influence what software
+individuals and organizations use:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p><b>Never require nonfree programs</b><br
/>
+Laws and public sector practices must be changed so that they never
+require or pressure individuals or organizations to use a nonfree
+program. They should also discourage communication and publication
+practices that imply such consequences (including
+<a href="http://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm">Digital
+Restrictions Management</a>).</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Distribute only free software</b><br />
+Whenever a state entity distributes software to the public,
+including programs included in or specified by its web pages, it must
+be distributed as free software, and must be capable of running on a
+platform containing exclusively free software.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>State web sites</b><br />
+State entity web sites and network services must be designed so
+that users can use them, without disadvantage, by means of free
+software exclusively.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Free formats and protocols</b><br />
+State entities must use only file formats and communication
+protocols that are well supported by free software, preferably with
+published specifications. (We do not state this in terms of
+“standards” because it should apply to nonstandardized interfaces
as
+well as standardized ones.) For example, they must not distribute
+audio or video recordings in formats that require Flash or nonfree
+codecs, and public libraries must not distribute works with Digital
+Restrictions Management.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Untie computers from licenses</b><br />
+Sale of computers must not require purchase of a proprietary
+software license. The seller should be required by law to offer the
+purchaser the option of buying the computer without the proprietary
+software and without paying the license fee.</p>
+<p>The imposed payment is a secondary wrong, and should not distract
+us from the essential injustice of proprietary software, the loss of
+freedom which results from using it. Nonetheless, the abuse of
+forcing users to pay for it gives certain proprietary software
+developers an additional unfair advantage, detrimental to users'
+freedom. It is proper for the state to prevent this abuse.</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Computational Sovereignty</h3>
+<p>Several policies affect the computational sovereignty of the state.
+State entities must maintain control over their computing, not cede
+control to private hands. These points apply to all computers,
+including smartphones.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p><b>Migrate to free software</b><br />
+State entities must migrate to free software, and must not install,
+or continue using, any nonfree software except under a temporary
+exception. Only one agency should have the authority to grant these
+temporary exceptions, and only when shown compelling reasons. This
+agency's goal should be to reduce the number of exceptions to
zero.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Develop free IT solutions</b><br />
+When a state entity pays for development of a computing solution, the
+contract must require it be delivered as free software, and that it be
+designed such that one can both run it and develop it on a 100%-free
+environment. All contracts must require this, so that if the
+developer does not comply with these requirements, the work cannot be
+paid for.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Choose computers for free software</b><br
/>
+When a state entity buys or leases computers, it must choose among
+the models that come closest, in their class, to being capable of
+running without any proprietary software. The state should maintain,
+for each class of computers, a list of the models authorized based on
+this criterion. Models available to both the public and the state
+should be preferred to models available only to the state.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Negotiate with manufacturers</b><br />
+The state should negotiate actively with manufacturers to bring
+about the availability in the market (to the state and the public) of
+suitable hardware products, in all pertinent product areas, that
+require no proprietary software.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Unite with other states</b><br />
+The state should invite other states to negotiate collectively with
+manufacturers about suitable hardware products. Together they will
+have more clout.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Computational Sovereignty II</h3>
+<p>The computational sovereignty (and security) of the state includes
+control over the computers that do the state's work. This requires
+avoiding <a href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">
+<span class="removed"><del><strong>Software</strong></del></span>
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em>Service</em></ins></span> as a <span
class="removed"><del><strong>Service</a>,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Software Substitute</a>,</em></ins></span>
unless the service is run by a state
+agency under the same branch of government, as well as other practices
+that diminish the state control over its computing. Therefore,</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><b>State must control its computers</b><br />
+Every computer that the state uses must belong to or be leased by
+the same branch of government that uses it, and that branch must not
+cede to outsiders the right to decide who has physical access to the
+computer, who can do maintenance (hardware or software) on it, or
+what software should be installed in it. If the computer is not
+portable, then while in use it must be in a physical space of which
+the state is the occupant (either as owner or as tenant).</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Influence Development</h3>
+<p>State policy affects free and nonfree software development:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p><b>Encourage free</b><br />
+The state should encourage developers to create or enhance free
+software and make it available to the public, e.g. by tax breaks
+and other financial incentive. Contrariwise, no such incentives
+should be granted for development, distribution or use of nonfree
+software.</p></li>
+
+<li><p><b>Don't encourage nonfree</b><br />
+In particular, proprietary software developers should not be able to
+“donate” copies to schools and claim a tax write-off for the
nominal
+value of the software. Proprietary software is not legitimate in a
+school.</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>E-waste</h3>
+<p>Freedom should not imply e-waste:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p><b>Replaceable software</b><br />
+Many modern computers are designed to make it impossible to
+replace their preloaded software with free software. Thus, the only
+way to free them is to junk them. This practice is harmful to
+society.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, it should be illegal, or at least substantially
+discouraged through heavy taxation, to sell, import or distribute in
+quantity a new computer (that is, not second-hand) or computer-based
+product for which secrecy about hardware interfaces or intentional
+restrictions prevent users from developing, installing and using
+replacements for any and all of the installed software that the
+manufacturer could upgrade. This would apply, in particular, to any
+device on which “jailbreaking” is needed to install a
+different operating system, or in which the interfaces for some
+peripherals are secret.
+</p></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Technological neutrality</h3>
+
+<p>With the measures in this article, the state can recover control
+over its computing, and lead the country's citizens, businesses and
+organizations towards control over their computing. However, some
+object on the grounds that this would violate the
+“principle” of technological neutrality.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of technological neutrality is that the state should not
+impose arbitrary preferences on technical choices. Whether that is a
+valid principle is disputable, but it is limited in any case to issues
+that are merely technical. The measures advocated here address issues
+of ethical, social and political importance, so they are
+<a href="/philosophy/technological-neutrality.html">outside the scope
+of <em>technological</em> neutrality</a>. Only those who
wish to
+subjugate a country would suggest that its government be
+“neutral” about its sovereignty or its citizens' freedom.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. There are
also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and
other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a> for
+information on coordinating and submitting translations of this
article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Copyright © <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2011</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2011, 2015, 2016</em></ins></span> Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+<span
class="removed"><del><strong>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative</strong></del></span>
+<span
class="inserted"><ins><em>href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative</em></ins></span>
+Commons <span class="removed"><del><strong>Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United
States License</a>.
+</p></strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p></em></ins></span>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2016/02/29 19:59:28 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+</pre></body></html>
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