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GNUN |
Subject: |
www/philosophy po/why-free.lt.po po/why-free.tr... |
Date: |
Mon, 29 Sep 2014 05:58:59 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 14/09/29 05:58:59
Modified files:
philosophy/po : why-free.lt.po why-free.translist
Added files:
philosophy : why-free.lt.html
philosophy/po : why-free.lt-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.lt.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.lt.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.lt-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/why-free.lt.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/why-free.lt.po,v
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--- po/why-free.lt.po 29 Sep 2014 05:38:13 -0000 1.1
+++ po/why-free.lt.po 29 Sep 2014 05:58:59 -0000 1.2
@@ -9,11 +9,11 @@
"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-03-31 06:29+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2014-09-29 01:43+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Donatas Klimašauskas <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Lithuanian <address@hidden>\n"
"Language: lt\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Language-Team: Lithuanian <address@hidden>\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
Index: po/why-free.translist
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RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/why-free.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- po/why-free.translist 9 May 2014 15:30:37 -0000 1.12
+++ po/why-free.translist 29 Sep 2014 05:58:59 -0000 1.13
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="it" hreflang="it"
href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="lt" hreflang="lt"
href="/philosophy/why-free.lt.html">lietuvių</a> [lt]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ml" hreflang="ml"
href="/philosophy/why-free.ml.html">മലയാളà´</a> [ml]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
href="/philosophy/why-free.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
Index: why-free.lt.html
===================================================================
RCS file: why-free.lt.html
diff -N why-free.lt.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ why-free.lt.html 29 Sep 2014 05:58:58 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/why-free.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.lt.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>KodÄl programinÄ Ä¯ranga turÄtų niekam nepriklausyti - GNU
projektas -
+Laisvos programinÄs įrangos fondas</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU projektas, FSF, Laisva programinÄ
įranga, Laisvos programinÄs
+įrangos fondas, KodÄl programinÄ Ä¯ranga turÄtų niekam nepriklausyti" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.lt.html" -->
+<h2>KodÄl programinÄ Ä¯ranga turÄtų niekam nepriklausyti</h2>
+
+<p>pagal <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+SkaitmeninÄ informacinÄ technologija padeda pasauliui palengvindama
+informacijos kopijavimÄ
ir modifikavimÄ
. Kompiuteriais mums visiems
+pažadama tai palengvinti.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ne visi nori, kad tai bÅ«tų lengviau. Kopijavimo teisÄs sistema programinÄs
+įrangos programoms suteikiami „savininkai“, dauguma iÅ¡ kurių
+siekia tos programinÄs įrangos potencialiÄ
naudÄ
likusiai visuomenei
+sulaikyti. Jie norÄtų bÅ«ti vieninteliais, kurie gali kopijuoti ir
+modifikuoti programinÄ Ä¯rangÄ
, kuriÄ
mes naudojame.</p>
+
+<p>
+Kopijavimo teisÄs sistema užaugo kartu su spausdinimu – masinÄs
+gamybos kopijavimo technologija. Kopijavimo teisÄ Å¡iai technologijai labai
+tinka, nes ji suvarÅ¾Ä užsiimanÄius tik masiniu kopijavimu. Ji neatÄmÄ
knygų
+skaitytojų laisvÄs. Paprastas skaitytojas, kuris neturÄjo nuosavo
+spausdinimo preso, galÄjo knygas kopijuotis tik su parkeriu ir raÅ¡alu ir tik
+keli skaitytojai dÄl to buvo paduoti į teismÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>
+SkaitmeninÄ technologija yra lankstesnÄ, nei spausdinimo presas: kai
+informacija turi skaitmeninÄ formÄ
, jÅ«s galite jÄ
lengvai nukopijuoti, kad
+pasidalintumÄte su kitais. BÅ«tent Å¡is lankstumas labai blogai tinka tokiai
+sistemai kaip kopijavimo teisÄ. Tai ir yra priežastis dÄl kurios vis
+sparÄiau bjaurÄja ir griežtÄja priemonÄs, dabar naudojamos užtikrinti
+programinÄs įrangos kopijavimo teisÄs privalomÄ
jį laikymÄ
si.
Apsvarstykite
+Å¡ias keturias PrograminÄs įrangos leidÄjų asociacijos (SPA) praktikas:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Milžiniška propaganda teigianti jog yra negerai nepaklūsti savininkams,
kad
+padÄti savo draugui.</li>
+
+<li>Skundikų viliojimas, kad šie praneštų apie savo bendradarbius ir
kolegas.</li>
+
+<li>Biurų ir mokyklų kratos (su policijos pagalba), kurių metu žmonÄms
sakoma,
+kad jie turi įrodyti savo nekaltumÄ
dÄl nelegalaus kopijavimo.</li>
+
+<li>Tokių žmonių kaip <acronym title="MasaÄiusetso technologijos
+institutas">MIT</acronym> David LaMacchia, teisinis persekiojimas (atlieka
+JAV VyriausybÄ pagal SPA praÅ¡ymÄ
), ne už programinÄs įrangos kopijavimÄ
(jis
+nÄra kaltinamas kažkÄ
kopijavÄs), bet tik už tai, kad paliko kopijavimo
+priemones be priežiÅ«ros ir už tai, kad neužkardÄ jų naudojimo.<a
+href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Visos keturios praktikos primena tas, naudotas buvusioje Sovietų sÄ
jungoje,
+kai kiekvienai kopijavimo mašinai buvo priskirtas sargas, kad išvengti
+uždrausto kopijavimo ir kai asmenys turÄjo informacijÄ
kopijuoti slaptai ir
+perduoti iÅ¡ rankų į rankas kaip pogrindinÄ spaudÄ
. Žinoma, yra
skirtumas:
+informacijos kontrolÄs motyvas Sovietų sÄ
jungoje buvo politinis; JAV motyvas
+yra pelnas. TaÄiau mus veikia veiksmai, o ne motyvas. Bet koks bandymas
+užblokuoti pasidalinimÄ
informacija, nesvarbu kodÄl, veda prie tų paÄių
+metodų ir tokiu paÄiu Å¡iurkÅ¡tumu.</p>
+
+<p>
+Siekdami gauti galiÄ
valdyti tai, kaip mes naudojame informacijÄ
, savininkai
+pateikia kelių tipų argumentus:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">Vadina vardais.
+
+<p>
+Savininkai naudoja Å¡meižianÄius žodžius, tokius kaip
+„piratavimas“ ir „vagystÄ“, taip pat ir ekspertinÄ
+terminologijÄ
, kaip „intelektinÄ nuosavybÄ“ ir
+„žala“, visuomenei pasiÅ«lydami tam tikrÄ
mÄ
stymo linijÄ
–
+supaprastintÄ
analogijÄ
tarp programų ir fizinių objektų.</p>
+
+<p>
+MÅ«sų idÄjos ir intuicijos apie materialių objektų savybes yra apie tai ar
+yra teisinga <em>paimti objektÄ
</em> iš kažko kito. Jos tiesiogiai
+netaikomos kažko <em>kopijos padarymui</em>. Bet savininkai prašo mūsų jas
+vis tiek taikyti.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">PerdÄjimas.
+
+<p>
+Savininkai sako, kad jie patiria „žalÄ
“ ar „ekonominį
+nuostolį“ kai naudotojai kopijuoja programas patys. TaÄiau Å¡is
+kopijavimas savininkui neturi jokio tiesioginio efekto ir nieko nežaloja.
+Savininkas gali prarasti tik jeigu asmuo, kuris nusikopijavo, kitu atveju
+bÅ«tų už vienÄ
iÅ¡ savininko sumokÄjÄs.</p>
+
+<p>
+Truputi pamÄ
sÄius matyti, kad dauguma tokių žmonių nebÅ«tų kopijų
pirkÄ.
+TaÄiau tokie savininkai skaiÄiuoja savo „nuostolius“ tarsi
+kiekvienas bÅ«tų kopijÄ
pirkÄs. Å velniai iÅ¡sireiÅ¡kiant –
perdÄjimas.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">TeisÄ.
+
+<p>
+Savininkai dažnai mini esamÄ
teisinÄ aplinkÄ
ir griežtas bausmes, kuriomis
+jie gali mums grasinti. Šiuo požiūriu netiesiogiai siūloma, kad
Å¡iandieninÄ
+teisÄ perteikia nekeliantį klausimų moralinį požiÅ«rį – ir tuo
paÄiu
+metu, esame skatinami tas bausmes laikyti gamtos dÄsniais, dÄl kurių
+egzistavimo negalima nieko apkaltinti.</p>
+
+<p>
+Tokia įtikinimo linija nÄra suprojektuota atlaikyti kritinį mÄ
stymÄ
; ja
+siekiama sustiprinti mÄ
stymÄ
įproÄiais.</p>
+
+<p>
+Elementaru, kad įstatymais nesprendžiama teisinga ir neteisinga. Kiekvienas
+amerikietis Å¡itÄ
turÄtų žinoti, 1950–1960 m. laikotarpiu
+juodaodžiui asmeniui, daugelyje valstijų pagal įstatymÄ
, buvo draudžiama
+sÄdÄti autobuso priekyje; bet tik rasistai pasakytų, kad ten sÄdÄti buvo
+neteisinga.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">NatÅ«ralios teisÄs.
+
+<p>
+Autoriai dažnai tvirtina, kad jie turi ypatingÄ
ryšį su programomis, kurias
+jie paraÅ¡Ä ir tÄsia teigdami, kad dÄl to jų norai ir interesai susijÄ su
+programa paprasÄiausiai yra svaresni nei bet kurių kitų – ar net nei
+viso likusio pasaulio. (Ä®prastai, kompanijos, ne autoriai, turi programinÄs
+įrangos kopijavimo teises, bet iš mūsų tikimasi, kad ignoruosime šį
+neatitikimÄ
.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Tiems, kurie siÅ«lo tokiÄ
aksiomÄ
– autorius yra svarbesnis nei jÅ«s
+– laikyti etiÅ¡ka, aÅ¡ tegaliu pasakyti, kad aÅ¡, pats žinomas
+programinÄs įrangos autorius, jÄ
vadinu nesÄ
mone.</p>
+
+<p>
+TaÄiau tikÄtina, kad bendrai žmonÄs kažkokiÄ
simpatijÄ
natūralių
teisių
+tvirtinimams jaus tik dÄl dviejų priežasÄių.</p>
+
+<p>
+Viena priežastis yra pertempta analogija su materialiais objektais. Kai aš
+verdu makaronus, prieÅ¡tarauju jei kas nors kitas juos suvalgo, todÄl, kad
+tada aš jų negaliu suvalgyti. Jo veiksmas skriaudžia mane būtent tiek,
kiek
+jam padeda; tik vienas iš mūsų gali suvalgyti tuos makaronus, taigi,
+klausimas yra, kuris? Mažiausio išskirtinumo tarp mūsų radimas yra
+pakankamas prarasti etinį balansÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>
+TaÄiau ar jÅ«s leidžiate arba pakeiÄiate programÄ
, kuriÄ
aš parašiau,
jus
+paveikia tiesiogiai ir mane tik netiesiogiai. Ar duosite kopijÄ
savo
+draugui paveikia jus ir jÅ«sų draugÄ
daug labiau, nei tai paveikia mane. AÅ¡
+neturÄÄiau turÄti galiÄ
jums pasakyti, kad Å¡itų dalykų nedarytumÄte.
Visi
+neturÄtų.</p>
+
+<p>
+Antra priežastis yra ta, kad žmonÄms buvo pasakyta jog natÅ«ralios teisÄs
+autoriams yra priimta ir nekelianti klausimų mÅ«sų visuomenÄs tradicija.</p>
+
+<p>
+IstoriÅ¡kai, prieÅ¡inga yra teisinga. NatÅ«ralių autorių teisių idÄja
+pasiūlyta ir tvirtai atmesta, kai buvo formuojama JAV Konstitucija. Štai
+kodÄl Konstitucija kopijavimo teisÄs sistemÄ
tik <em>leidžia</em> ir tokios
+<em>nereikalauja</em>; Å¡tai kodÄl joje sakoma, kad kopijavimo teisÄ turi
+bÅ«ti laikina. Joje taip pat teigiama, kad kopijavimo teisÄs tikslas yra
+skatinti progresÄ
– o ne atlyginti autoriams. Kopijavimo teise
+autoriams kažkiek atlyginama, ir leidÄjams labiau, bet tuo siekiama bÅ«ti
+priemonÄmis pakeisti jų elgesį.</p>
+
+<p>
+Tikra, įsitvirtinusi mÅ«sų visuomenÄs tradicija yra ta, kad kopijavimo
teisÄ
+įsikiÅ¡a į natÅ«ralias visuomenÄs teises – ir, kad tai gali bÅ«ti
+pateisinta tik visuomenÄs naudai.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">Ekonomika.
+
+<p>
+Galutinis programinÄs įrangos savininkų turÄjimo argumentas yra toks, kad
+tai veda prie daugiau programinÄs įrangos pagaminimo.</p>
+
+<p>
+Skirtingai nuo kitų, Å¡is argumentas bent jau turi pagrįstÄ
požiūrį į
temÄ
.
+Jis paremtas realiu tikslu – programinÄs įrangos naudotojų
+patenkinimas. Ir empiriÅ¡kai aiÅ¡ku, kad žmonÄs kažko pagamins daugiau, jei
+jiems už tai gerai apmokama.</p>
+
+<p>
+TaÄiau ekonominis argumentas turi trÅ«kumÄ
: jis paremtas prielaida, kad
+skirtumas yra tik klausime kiek daug pinigų mes turime sumokÄti. Juo
+priimama, kad tai ko mes norime yra <em>programinÄs įrangos gamyba</em>,
+nepaisant ar ta programinÄ Ä¯ranga turi savininkus, ar ne.</p>
+
+<p>
+ŽmonÄs Å¡iÄ
prielaidÄ
iÅ¡karto priima todÄl, kad ji sutampa su mÅ«sų
potyriais
+su materialiais objektais. Pavyzdžiui, pamÄ
stykite apie sumuštinį. Labai
+tikÄtina, kad jÅ«s tokį patį sumuÅ¡tinį galite gauti nemokamai arba už
+mokestį. Jei taip, pinigų suma kuriÄ
sumokate yra vienintelis skirtumas.
+Nepaisant ar turite jį nupirkti, ar ne, tas sumuštinis turi tokį patį
skonį,
+tokiÄ
paÄiÄ
maistinÄ vertÄ ir bet kuriuo atveju jį suvalgyti galite tik
+vienÄ
kartÄ
. Ar jÅ«s gaunate tÄ
sumuštinį iš savininko, ar ne, negali
+tiesiogiai paveikti nieko, iÅ¡skyrus jums liekanÄiÄ
pinigų sumÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>
+Tai yra teisinga bet kokiam materialiam objektui – turi jis savininkÄ
+ar ne, tai tiesiogiai nepaveikia kas jis <em>yra</em>, nei kÄ
jūs, jei
+įsigyjate, galite su juo padaryti.</p>
+
+<p>
+TaÄiau jei programa turi savininkÄ
, tai labai paveikia kas ji yra ir kÄ
jūs
+galite su kopija padaryti, jei tokiÄ
įsigyjate. Skirtumas nÄra tik kainos
+klausime. PrograminÄs įrangos savininkų sistema skatina programinÄs
įrangos
+savininkus pagaminti kažkÄ
– bet ne tÄ
, ko tikrai reikia visuomenei.
+Ir tai sukelia neapÄiuopiamÄ
etinį terÅ¡imÄ
, kuris paveikia mus
visus.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Ko reikia visuomenei? Jai reikia informacijos, kuri yra jos pilieÄiams
+tikrai prieinama – pavyzdžiui, programų, kurias žmonÄs gali skaityti,
+taisyti, pritaikyti ir gerinti, o ne tik valdyti. Bet kÄ
programinÄs
+įrangos savininkai įprastai pateikia, tai juodÄ
dÄžÄ, kurios mes negalime
+išstudijuoti ar pakeisti.</p>
+
+<p>
+Visuomenei taip pat reikia laisvÄs. Kai programa turi savininkÄ
, naudotojai
+praranda laisvÄ valdyti jų paÄių gyvenimų dalį.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ir, visų svarbiausia, visuomenÄ savo pilieÄiuose turi paskatinti
savanoriško
+bendradarbiavimo dvasiÄ
. Kai programinÄs įrangos savininkai sako mums, kad
+natÅ«raliu bÅ«du padÄti savo kaimynams yra „piratavimas“, jie
+terÅ¡ia mÅ«sų visuomenÄs pilietinÄ dvasiÄ
.</p>
+
+<p>
+Å tai kodÄl mes sakome, kad <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">laisva
+programinÄ Ä¯ranga</a> yra laisvÄs, o ne kainos dalykas.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ekonominis argumentas savininkams yra klaidingas, bet ekonominÄ problema yra
+tikra. Kai kurie žmonÄs raÅ¡o naudingÄ
programinÄ Ä¯rangÄ
dÄl jos
rašymo
+malonumo arba dÄl susižavÄjimo ir meilÄs; bet jei mes norime daugiau
+programinÄs įrangos, nei tie žmonÄs paraÅ¡o, mums reikia surinkti
lÄšų.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nuo 1980–1990 m. laikotarpio, laisvos programinÄs įrangos
+autoriai iÅ¡bandÄ Ä¯vairius finansavimo suradimo bÅ«dus, turÄjo kažkiek
+sÄkmÄs. NÄra reikalo padaryti kažkÄ
turtingu; įprastos pajamos yra
+pakankama paskata daugelio darbų, kurie sukelia mažesnį pasitenkinimÄ
nei
+programavimas, padarymui.</p>
+
+<p>
+Daugelį metų, kol draugijos dÄka tapo nebebÅ«tina, aÅ¡ gyvenau iÅ¡
specifinių
+laisvos programinÄs įrangos, kuriÄ
pats parašiau, papildymų. Kiekvienas
+papildymas buvo pridedamas prie standartinÄs iÅ¡leidimo versijos ir todÄl
+galiausiai tapo pasiekiamas bendrai visuomenei. Klientai man mokÄjo, kad aÅ¡
+dirbÄiau prie papildymų, kurių jie pageidavo, o ne prie ypatybių, kurias
+kitu atveju aÅ¡ bÅ«Äiau laikÄs prioritetinÄmis.</p>
+
+<p>
+Kai kurie laisvos programinÄs įrangos autoriai uždirba parduodami paramos
+paslaugas. 1994 m., Cygnus parama, turinti apie 50 darbuotojų,
+apskaiÄiavo, kad apie 15 procentų jos darbuotojų veiklos sudarÄ laisvos
+programinÄs įrangos kÅ«rimas – verti pagarbos procentai kaip
+programinÄs įrangos kompanijai.</p>
+
+<p>
+1990–2000 m. laikotarpio pradžioje, kompanijos, į kurias įÄjo
+Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments ir Analog Devices, susijungÄ, siekdamos
+finansuoti GNU C kompiliatoriaus kÅ«rimo tÄsimÄ
. DidžiÄ
jÄ
dalį GCC
kūrimo
+vis dar atlieka apmokami programuotojai. TÄ
patį dešimtmetį, GNU
+kompiliatorius Ada kalbai buvo finansuojamas JAV karinių oro pajÄgų ir nuo
+to laiko specialiai Å¡iam tikslui sukurtos kompanijos.</p>
+
+<p>
+Laisvos programinÄs įrangos judÄjimas vis dar yra mažas, bet JAV
+klausytojų-remiamo radijo pavyzdys parodo jog yra įmanoma paremti didelÄs
+apimties veiklÄ
neverÄiant kiekvieno naudotojo mokÄti.</p>
+
+<p>
+Šiandien, kaip kompiuterio naudotojas, jūs galite susivokti, kad naudojate
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">nuosavybinÄ</a>
+programÄ
. Jei jÅ«sų draugas praÅ¡o padaryti kopijÄ
, būtų neteisinga
+atsisakyti. Bendradarbiavimas yra svarbesnis nei kopijavimo teisÄ. TaÄiau
+pogrindinis, sandÄliuke bendradarbiavimas nekuria geros visuomenÄs. Asmuo
+turÄtų siekti gyventi aukÅ¡tos moralÄs gyvenimÄ
atvirai su pasididžiavimu
ir
+tai reiÅ¡kia pasakymÄ
ne nuosavybinei programinei įrangai.</p>
+
+<p>
+JÅ«s nusipelnote galÄti atvirai ir laisvai bendradarbiauti su kitais
+žmonÄmis, kurie naudoja programinÄ Ä¯rangÄ
. JÅ«s nusipelnote galÄti
išmokti
+kaip ta programinÄ Ä¯ranga veikia ir su ja mokyti savo studentus. JÅ«s
+nusipelnote galÄti pasamdyti jÅ«sų mÄgstamÄ
programuotojÄ
jÄ
sutvarkyti,
kai
+ji sugenda.</p>
+
+<p>
+JÅ«s nusipelnote laisvos programinÄs įrangos.</p>
+
+<h3>Pastabos</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">Tie kaltinimai vÄliau buvo panaikinti.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">Å i esÄ publikuota <a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Laisva
+programinÄ Ä¯ranga, laisva visuomenÄ: rinktinÄs Richard M. Stallman
+esÄs</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.lt.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Bendrus FSF ir GNU užklausimus prašome atsiųsti į <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. Taip pat, yra ir <a
+href="/contact/">kiti bÅ«dai susisiekti</a> su FSF. NeveikianÄių nuorodų ir
+kiti pataisymai arba pasiūlymai gali būti atsiųsti į <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Mes dirbame sunkiai ir labai stengiamÄs, kad pateiktume tikslius, geros
+kokybÄs vertimus. TaÄiau mes nesame iÅ¡imtys netobulumui. PraÅ¡ome
siųskite
+savo komentarus ir bendrus pasiūlymus šia prasme į <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>MÅ«sų tinklapių vertimų koordinavimo ir pateikimo informacijÄ
pamatykite
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Vertimų
+PERSKAITYKITEMANE</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>Å iam puslapiui taikoma <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.lt">Creative
+Commons Priskyrimas - Jokių iÅ¡vestinių darbų 3.0 JungtinÄs Valstijos
+licencija</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.lt.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Atnaujinta:
+
+$Date: 2014/09/29 05:58:58 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/why-free.lt-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/why-free.lt-en.html
diff -N po/why-free.lt-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/why-free.lt-en.html 29 Sep 2014 05:58:59 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,375 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, Why Software Should Not Have Owners" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives
+software programs “owners”, most of whom aim to withhold
+software's potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would
+like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we
+use.</p>
+
+<p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners to
+help your friend.</li>
+
+<li>Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.</li>
+
+<li>Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people
+are told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.</li>
+
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s
+David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of
+copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and
+failing to censor their use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.</p>
+
+<p>
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">Name calling.
+
+<p>
+Owners use smear words such as “piracy” and
+“theft”, as well as expert terminology such as
+“intellectual property” and “damage”, to
+suggest a certain line of thinking to the public—a simplistic
+analogy between programs and physical objects.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to <em>take an object away</em> from someone else. They
+don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">Exaggeration.
+
+<p>
+Owners say that they suffer “harm” or “economic
+loss” when users copy programs themselves. But the copying has
+no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no one. The owner can
+lose only if the person who made the copy would otherwise have paid
+for one from the owner.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies. Yet the owners compute their “losses” as if each
+and every one would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration—to
+put it kindly.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">The law.
+
+<p>
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality—yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these
+penalties as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.</p>
+
+<p>
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.</p>
+
+<p>
+It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
+should know that, in the 1950s, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">Natural rights.
+
+<p>
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else—or even those of the whole rest of the world. (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)</p>
+
+<p>
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom—the author is more
+important than you—I can only say that I, a notable software
+author myself, call it bunk.</p>
+
+<p>
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.</p>
+
+<p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
+cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one?
+The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
+balance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly. Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things. No one should.</p>
+
+<p>
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true. The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up. That's why the Constitution only
+<em>permits</em> a system of copyright and does not <em>require</em>
+one; that's why it says that copyright must be temporary. It also
+states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress—not
+to reward authors. Copyright does reward authors somewhat, and
+publishers more, but that is intended as a means of modifying their
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public—and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">Economics.
+
+<p>
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject. It is based on a valid goal—satisfying the
+users of software. And it is empirically clear that people will
+produce more of something if they are well paid for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that <em>production of software</em> is what we want,
+whether the software has owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or
+for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once. Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is true for any kind of material object—whether or not it
+has an owner does not directly affect what it <em>is</em>, or what you
+can do with it if you acquire it.</p>
+
+<p>
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one. The difference is not
+just a matter of money. The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something—but not what society really
+needs. And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+What does society need? It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens—for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.</p>
+
+<p>
+Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
+
+<p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they
+pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is why we say that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
+is a matter of freedom, not price.</p>
+
+<p>
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real. Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
+rich; a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are
+less satisfying than programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written. Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public. Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+In 1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that
+about 15 percent of its staff activity was free software
+development—a respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas
+Instruments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued
+development of the GNU C compiler. Most GCC development is still done
+by paid developers. The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded
+in the 90s by the US Air Force, and continued since then by a company
+formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a
+large activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to
+refuse. Cooperation is more important than copyright. But
+underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society. A
+person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
+this means saying no to proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software. You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it. You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve free software.</p>
+
+<h3>Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<blockquote id="fsfs"><p class="big">This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2014/09/29 05:58:59 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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