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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www/gnu po/manifesto.translist manifesto.ja.htm... |
Date: |
Wed, 04 Sep 2013 23:59:04 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/09/04 23:59:04
Modified files:
gnu/po : manifesto.translist
Added files:
gnu : manifesto.ja.html
gnu/po : manifesto.ja-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/manifesto.ja.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/manifesto.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: po/manifesto.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/manifesto.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- po/manifesto.translist 14 May 2013 16:58:30 -0000 1.10
+++ po/manifesto.translist 4 Sep 2013 23:59:03 -0000 1.11
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="he" hreflang="he"
href="/gnu/manifesto.he.html">×¢×ר×ת</a> [he]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="hr" hreflang="hr"
href="/gnu/manifesto.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="it" hreflang="it"
href="/gnu/manifesto.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/gnu/manifesto.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/gnu/manifesto.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="mk" hreflang="mk"
href="/gnu/manifesto.mk.html">македонÑки</a> [mk]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="nl" hreflang="nl"
href="/gnu/manifesto.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</span>
Index: manifesto.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: manifesto.ja.html
diff -N manifesto.ja.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ manifesto.ja.html 4 Sep 2013 23:59:03 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,431 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/manifesto.en.html" -->
+
+<title>GNUå®£è¨ - GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<h2>GNU宣è¨</h2>
+
+<p> ä¸è¨ã®GNU宣è¨ã¯<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/">ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>ã«ãã£ã¦ãGNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ã¯ããã«ãåå
ã¨æ¯æãæ±ãã¦ãæ¸ããã¾ãããæåã®æ°å¹´ã¯ãéçºã説æããã®ã«å°ã
æ´æ°ããã¾ããããã»ã¨ãã©ã®äººã
ãç®ã«ãã¦ã¾ããããä»ã§ã¯å¤æ´ãªãã®ã¾ã¾ã§ç½®ãã¦ããã®ãããã§ãããã</p>
+
+<p>ãã®æããããããã誤解ã«ã¤ãã¦ãããã¦ãããç°ãªãè¨ãåãã§é¿ãããããã¨ããããããã¡ã¯å¦ã³ã¾ããã1993å¹´ããè注ãä»ã足ãããã®ç¹ãæ確ã«ãã¾ããã</p>
+
+<p>å©ç¨å¯è½ãªGNUã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®ææ°æ
å
±ã¯ãããããã¡ã®<a
+href="/home.html">ã¦ã§ããµã¼ã</a>ã«ããæ
å ±ãå
·ä½çã«ã¯ãããããã¡ã®<a
+href="/software/software.html">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ä¸è¦§</a>ãã覧ãã
ãããè²¢ç®ã®ä»æ¹ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
+href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>ãã覧ãã ããã </p>
+
+<h3>GNUã£ã¦ãªã«? Gnuã¯Unixã§ã¯ãªã (Gnu's Not Unix)!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNUãããã¯Gnuã¯Unixã§ã¯ãªã(Gnu's Not
+Unix)ã表ãã¾ããããããããããªã¼ãã«æ¸¡ãã誰ãã使ããããã«ãæ¸ãã¦ããå®å
¨ãªUnixäºæã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã®å称ã§ãã<a
+href="#f1">(1)</a>
ä½äººãã®ã»ãã®ãã©ã³ãã£ã¢ãããããå©ãã¦ããã¾ããæéããéãããã°ã©ã
ãããã¦æ©å¨ã®è²¢ç®ã大ãã«å¿
è¦ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+
ãã¾ã¾ã§ã«ãããããã¡ã¯ãç·¨éã³ãã³ããæ¸ãããã®Lispãã¤ããEmacsããã¹ãã»ã¨ãã£ã¿ã¨ãã½ã¼ã¹ã»ã¬ãã«ã»ãããã¬ãYaccäºæã®ãã¼ã¶çæç³»ããªã³ã«ãããã¦35ã«åã¶ã¦ã¼ãã£ãªãã£ãæãã¦ãã¾ããã·ã§ã«(ã³ãã³ãã»ã¤ã³ã¿ããªã¿)ã¯ã
ãããã§ãã¦ãã¾ããæ°ãã移æ¤æ§ã®ããæé©åCã³ã³ãã¤ã©ã¯ãèªèº«ãã³ã³ãã¤ã«ã§ããããã«ãªããä»å¹´ããªãªã¼ã¹ã§ããã§ããããã«ã¼ãã«ã¨ã³ã³ãã¤ã©ãçµäºããã°ãããã°ã©ã
éçºã®ããã«é©ããGNUã·ã¹ãã ãé
å¸ãããã¨ãã§ããã§ããããããããã¡ã¯TeXãããããã¡ã®ææ¸æ¸
æ¸ç³»ã¨ãã¦ä½¿ãã¾ãããnroffã®ä½æ¥ããã¦ãã¾ããããããã¡ã¯ãèªç±ãªã移æ¤æ§ã®ããXã¦ã£ã³ãã¦ã»ã·ã¹ãã
ã使ãã¾ãããã®å¾ãããããã¡ã¯ç§»æ¤æ§ã®ããCommon
+LispãEmpireã²ã¼ã
ãã¹ãã¬ããã·ã¼ããããã¦ããããã®ãã®ãããã«ãªã³ã©ã¤ã³ã»ããã¥ã¡ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³ãå
ããã§ããããããããã¡ã¯ãæçµçã«ã¯ãUnixã·ã¹ãã
ã«é常ã¤ãã¦ããããã¹ã¦ã®æç¨ãªãã®ã¨ããã£ã¨å¤ããæä¾ãããã¨ãæã¿ã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNUã¯Unixããã°ã©ã
ãå®è¡ã§ããã§ããããããããUnixã¨åä¸ã§ã¯ãªãã§ããããããããã¡ã®ã»ãã®ãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
ã®çµé¨ã«ãã¨ã¥ãããã¹ã¦ã®ä¾¿å©ãªæ¹åãè¡ãã§ããããå
·ä½çã«ã¯ãé·ããã¡ã¤ã«åããã¡ã¤ã«ã®ãã¼ã¸ã§ã³çªå·ãã¯ã©ãã·ã¥èä¹
ãã¡ã¤ã«ã·ã¹ãã
ããããããã¡ã¤ã«åè£å®ãã¿ã¼ããã«éä¾åãã£ã¹ãã¬ã¤ãµãã¼ããããã¦ããã¶ãæçµçã«ã¯ãæ°ç¨®ã®Lispã®ããã°ã©ã
ã¨é常ã®Unixããã°ã©ã ãç»é¢ãå
±æã§ããLispãã¼ã¹ã®ã¦ã£ã³ãã¦ã·ã¹ãã
ãã§ããCã¨Lispãã·ã¹ãã ã®ããã°ã©ã
è¨èªã¨ãã¦å©ç¨å¯è½ã§ããããUUCPãMIT
+Chaosnet,
ããã¦Internetãããã³ã«ãéä¿¡ã®ããã«ãµãã¼ããããã¨ãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+
GNUã¯æåã¯ä»®æ³ã¡ã¢ãªã®ãã68000/16000ã¯ã©ã¹ã®ãã·ã³ã対象ã¨ãã¦ã¾ãããªããªãããããã¯èµ°ãããã®ã«ãã£ã¨ã容æãªãã·ã³ã
ããã§ããããå°ããªãã·ã³ã§èµ°ãããä½åãªåªåã¯ãããã使ããã誰ãã«æ®ãã¦ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+
ãããæ··åãé¿ããããããã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ååã®æã¯ã“GNU”ã®<em>g</em>ãçºé³ãã¦ãã
ããã</p>
+
+<h3>ãªãããããã¯GNUãæ¸ããã°ãªããªãã</h3>
+
+<p>
+ ãããã¯ãé»éå¾ã¯ãããããããããã°ã©ã
ã好ããªãã°ãããã好ããªã»ãã®äººã
ã¨å
±æãã¹ããã¨è¦è«ããã¨èãã¾ããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®è²©å£²è
ã¯ã¦ã¼ã¶ãåå²ããå¾æãããã¨ãã¾ããããããã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ãã»ãã¨å
±æããªããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦åæããã¦ããããã¯ããã®ããããã§ãã»ãã®ã¦ã¼ã¶ã¨ã®é£å¸¯ãç
´ããã¨ãæ絶ãã¾ãããããã¯ãéé示å¥ç´ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã»ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹åææ¸ã«ç½²åãã¦ãå®ããã§ã¯ãããã¾ããããããã¯ãä½å¹´ãã人工ç¥è½ç
究æ(AIã©ã)ã®ä¸ã§ããã®ãããªå¾åãã»ãã®å·éã«ã¯æµæããããåãããã¦ãã¾ããããæçµçã«ã¯ãããã¯ã¨ã¦ãé
ãã«è¡ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¾ãã:
+ãããã®æå¿ã«åãã¦ãããã«ãã®ãããªãã¨ãè¡ãããæ©é¢ã«çã¾ããã¨ã¯ã§ãã¾ããã</p>
+
+<p>
+
å±è¾±ãªãã«ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã使ããã¨ãç¶ããããããã«ããããã¯ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ååãªããã¾ããã¾ã¨ãããã¨ã決æãã¾ããããããã¦ãã©ããªèªç±ã§ãªãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãªãã§ããã£ã¦ãããããã«ã§ããAIã©ããè¾ããããããGNUãè´ããã¨ãç¦ããæ³çå¼æãMITãè¡ããªãããã«ãã¾ããã<a
+href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+
+<h3>ãªãGNUã¯Unixã¨äºæã¨ãªãã®ã</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unixã¯ãããã®çæ³ã®ã·ã¹ãã
ã§ã¯ããã¾ãããããããªã«æªããããã¾ãããUnixã®éè¦ãªæ©è½ã¯ãããã®ã§ããããã¯Unixã«æ¬
ãã¦ãããã®ããããããã¡ã«ãã¦ãã¾ããã¨ãªããåãããã¨ãã§ããã
ããã¨èãã¾ãããããã¦Unixã¨äºæã®ã·ã¹ãã
ã¯å¤ãã®ã»ãã®äººã
ãæ¡ç¨ããã®ã«ä¾¿å©ã§ãããã</p>
+
+<h3>ã©ã®ããã«ãã¦GNUã¯å©ç¨å¯è½ã¨ãªãã®ã</h3>
+
+<p>
+
GNUã¯ãããªãã¯ã»ãã¡ã¤ã³ã§ã¯ããã¾ããã誰ããGNUãæ¹å¤ãã¦åé
å¸ãããã¨ãèªãããã¾ããããããªãåé
ä»ãå¶éãããã¨ã¯ãã©ã®é
å¸è
ã«ãèªãããã¾ãããã¤ã¾ãã<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">ãããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãª</a>ãªæ¹å¤ã¯è¨±ããã¾ããããããã¯ããã¹ã¦ã®GNUã®ãã¼ã¸ã§ã³ãèªç±ã®ã¾ã¾ã§ãããã¨ã確å®ã«ãããã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<h3>ãªããããããã®ã»ãã®ããã°ã©ããæ´å©ãããã®ã</h3>
+
+<p>
+
å¤ãã®ã»ãã®ããã°ã©ããGNUã«ã¤ãã¦è奮ããæ¯æãå¸æããã®ãããããã¯ç¥ãã¾ããã</p>
+
+<p>
+ ã·ã¹ãã
ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®åç¨åã«ã¤ãã¦å¤ãã®ããã°ã©ãã¯å¿«ãæã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããå¤ãã®ãéãå¾ããã¨ãå¯è½ã¨ããããããã¾ããããããã¯ãæ輩ã¨ãã¦æããã®ã§ã¯ãªããé常ãã»ãã®ããã°ã©ãã¨è¡çªãæãããã¨ãè¦æ±ãã¾ããããã°ã©ãã®éã®åæ
ã®åºæ¬çãªè¡åã¯ãããã°ã©ã ã®å
±æã«ããã¾ããä»ãå
¸åçã«ç¨ãããããã¼ã±ãã£ã³ã°ã®åã決ãã¯ãæ¬è³ªçã«ããã°ã©ããã»ãã®äººã
ãå人ã¨ãã¦æ±ããã¨ãç¦æ¢ãã¾ããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®è³¼å
¥è
ã¯ãåæ
ã¨æ³å¾ã«å¾ããã¨ã¨ã®éã§é¸æããªããã°ãªããªãã®ã§ããèªç¶ã«ãå¤ããåæ
ãããéè¦ã
ã¨æ±ºããã§ããããããããæ³å¾ãä¿¡ãã人ã
ã¯ã©ã¡ãã®é¸æãããã¨ãã¾ããããããã¯å·ç¬çã¨ãªããããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã¯åã«ãéãå¾ãæ¹æ³ã
ã¨èããã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ ãããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã®ããã°ã©ã
ã§ã¯ãªããGNUã«ã¤ãã¦åããããGNUã使ã£ãããããã¨ã«ãã£ã¦ããã¹ã¦ã®äººãæå¾
ããæ³å¾ã«å¾ããã¨ãã§ãã¾ããå
ãã¦ãGNUã¯ãããããã¡ã«å ãã£ã¦å
±æãããããã»ãã®äººã
ãçµéããããã«æ¿å±ãããã®æå°ã¨ãªãä¸ä¾ãåããã§ããããããã¯ããããããããã¡ãèªç±ã§ãªãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã使ã£ãå
´åã«ã¯ãä¸å¯è½ã§ãã調åã®æè¦ãããããã¡ã«ä¸ãã¦ããã¾ãããããã話ããããã°ã©ãã®åæ°ã«ã¨ã£ã¦ãããã¯ãéã§ã¯ç½®ãæããããªãéè¦ãªå¹¸ç¦ã§ãã</p>
+
+<h3>ã©ã®ããã«ããªãã¯è²¢ç®ã§ããã</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+(æ¨ä»ã§ã¯ãå®æ½ãã¹ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ã¿ã¹ã¯ã«ã¤ãã¦ã<a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">åªå
度ã®é«ãããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ãªã¹ã</a>ã¨<a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNUã®æ±ããæ¯æ´ã®ãªã¹ã</a>ãGNUã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã»ããã±ã¼ã¸ã®ä¸è¬ã¿ã¹ã¯ãªã¹ããã覧ãã
ããããã®ã»ãã®æ¯æ´ã®æ¹æ³ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
+href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html">GNUãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
ãæä¼ãã¬ã¤ã</a>ãã覧ãã ããã)
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿è£½é æ¥è
ã«ã¯ãã·ã³ã¨ãéã®å¯ä»ãæ±ãã¦ãã¾ããå人ã«ã¯ããã°ã©ã
ã¨ä»äºã®å¯ä»ãæ±ãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ ãã·ã³ãå¯ä»ããå ´åã«æå¾
ã§ããä¸ã¤ã®çµæã¯ãGNUã¯æ©ãææã«ãã®ãã·ã³ã§åãã
ãããã¨ãããã®ã§ãããã·ã³ã¯å®å
¨ã§ãããã«ä½¿ããã·ã¹ãã ã§ãå±
ä½å°åã§ã®ä½¿ç¨ãèªããããç¹å¥ãªç©ºèª¿ãé»æºè¨åãå¿
è¦ã®ãªããã®ã§ããã¹ãã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ ã¨ã¦ãããããã®ããã°ã©ãããã¼ãã»ã¿ã¤ã
ã§GNUã®ä»äºã«è²¢ç®ãããã¨åå®ã«é¡ãã®ãç¥ãã¾ãããã»ã¨ãã©ã®ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã§ã¯ããã®ãããªãã¼ãã»ã¿ã¤ã
ã®åæ£ããä»äºã¯èª¿æ´ãã¨ã¦ãå°é£ã§ããããç¬ç«ã«æ¸ãããé¨åãä¸ç·ã«ã¯åããªãããã§ããããããUnixãç½®ãæããã¨ãããã®å
·ä½çãªä»äºã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ããã®åé¡ã¯ããã¾ãããå®å
¨ãªUnixã·ã¹ãã ã¯ããããã®ã¦ã¼ãã£ãªãã£ããã°ã©ã
ãããªãããããããå¥ã
ã«ææ¸åããã¦ãã¾ãããããããããã®è²¢ç®è
ãä¸ã¤ã®Unixã¦ã¼ãã£ãªãã£ã®äºæã®ç½®ãæããæ¸ããã¨ãã§ããããã¦Unixã·ã¹ãã
ã«ããã¦ãªãªã¸ãã«ã«ä»£ãã£ã¦æ£ããåãããå
´åããããã®ã¦ã¼ãã£ãªãã£ã¯ä¸ç·ã«ããã¨ãã«æ£ããåãã§ãããããã¼ãã£ã¼ã«ããã¤ãã®äºæãããªãåé¡ãçã¿åºããã¨ã許ããã¨ãã¦ãããããã®é¨åãçµã¿åããããã¨ã¯å®æ½ã§ããä»äºã§ãã(ã«ã¼ãã«ã¯ç·å¯ãªããã¨ããå¿
è¦ã¨ããå°ããå¯æ¥ãªã°ã«ã¼ãã«ãã£ã¦ä½æ¥ãããã§ãããã)</p>
+
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ãããã¯ãã¼ãã»ã¿ã¤ã ã§ä½äººãã®äººã
ãéããã¨ãã§ããã§ããããããã°ã©ãã®åºæºã«ãã£ã¦çµ¦ä¸ã¯é«ãã¯ãªãã§ãããããã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ç²¾ç¥ãç¯ãããããã¨ããéãå¾ãã®ã¨åããããéè¦ã§ããã¨ãã人ã
ãæ¢ãã¦ãã¾ãããããã¯ãããããå°å¾ã®äººã
ã«ãå¥ã®æ¹æ³ã§çè¨ãç«ã¦ãå¿
è¦ãªãããã¹ã¦ã®ãã®ã¨ãã«ã®ã¼ãGNUã®ããã«ä»äºããããã¨ã«æ§ãããã¨ãå¯è½ã¨ããæ¹æ³ã¨èãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>ãªãããã¹ã¦ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã»ã¦ã¼ã¶ãå©çãåããã®ã</h3>
+
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ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã¡ããã©ç©ºæ°ã®ããã«ãèªç±ã«å¾ããã¨ãåºæ¥ãã®ã§ãã<a
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+
+<p>
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ãUnixã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®å¤æ®µãç¯ç´ã§ãã以ä¸ã®ããããã®ãã¨ãæå³ãã¾ããããã¯ãã·ã¹ãã
ã»ããã°ã©ãã³ã°ã®åªåã®ããããã®ä¸å¿
è¦ãªéè¤ãé¿ãããããã¨ãæå³ãã¾ãããã®åªåã¯ã代ããã«ãæå
端ã®æè¡ãããé²ããããã«ä½¿ããã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ å®å
¨ãªã·ã¹ãã
ã®ã½ã¼ã¹ããã¹ã¦ã®äººã«å©ç¨å¯è½ã¨ãªãã¾ããçµæãã·ã¹ãã
ã«å¤æ´ãå¿
è¦ã¨ããã¦ã¼ã¶ã¯èªåã§å¤æ´ããèªç±ã常ã«ããããã«ãªãã¾ããã¾ãã¯ã誰ã§ãå©ç¨å¯è½ãªããã°ã©ããä¼ç¤¾ãéã£ã¦ãå¤æ´ãã¦ããããã¨ãã§ããã§ããããã¦ã¼ã¶ã¯ãã½ã¼ã¹ã³ã¼ããææããå¤æ´ãã§ããåç¬ã®å°ä½ã«ããä¸äººã®ããã°ã©ãããããã¯ä¸ã¤ã®ä¼ç¤¾ã®æ
æ²ã«ãããå¿
è¦ã¯ãããªããªãã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>
+ å¦æ ¡ã¯ããã¹ã¦ã®å¦çã«ãã·ã¹ãã ã³ã¼ããç
究ãæ¹åãããã¨ã奨å±ãããã¨ã§ãããããããã®æè²çãªç°å¢ãæä¾ãããã¨ãã§ããããã«ãªãã§ãããããã¼ãã¼ã大å¦ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã»ã©ãã¯ãã¤ã¦ã½ã¼ã¹ãå
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+
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+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
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+<li><a
+name="f1"></a>ããã§ã®è¡¨ç¾ã¯ä¸æ³¨æã§ãããããã§ã®æå³ã¯ã誰ãããGNUã·ã¹ãã
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¥æãããã¨ã¯ã§ãã¾ããããããããã¯ééã£ãèãã示åãã¾ãã</li>
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name="f3"></a>ãããã£ãä¼ç¤¾ã¯ããã¤ãä»åå¨ãã¾ãã</li>
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+href="/order/order.html">FSFã®ãã®ã注æãã</a>ãã¨ãã§ãã¾ãã
+</li>
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+<li><a
name="f5"></a>1991å¹´ãããã§ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ä¼ç¤¾ã®ã°ã«ã¼ãããGNU
Cã³ã³ãã¤ã©ã®ä¿å®ãæ¯æ´ããããã«ãè³éãéãã¾ããã</li>
+
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+name="f8"></a>ãããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ããã¦ééãå¾ãããã®ãã£ã¨ããããããã¼ã¹ã
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+
+<li><a
+name="f6"></a>1980年代ã«ããããã¯ãç¥ç財ç£ãã®ããã®åé¡ãã«ã¤ãã¦è©±ããã¨ãããã«ç´ããããããã¾ã
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ã«è°è«ãããã¨ã§ãããã®ç¨èªã以ä¸ã«æ··ä¹±ã¨åè¦ãã²ããããã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">ãããªã説æ</a>ãã覧ãã
ããã</li>
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+<li><a
+name="f7"></a>ãã®å¾ãããããã¡ã¯ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨ãããªã¼ã¦ã§ã¢ãã®éããå¦ã¶ãã¨ã«ãªãã¾ããããããªã¼ã¦ã§ã¢ãã¯åé
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+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware"><q>ç´ããããè¨èã¨è¨ãæ¹</q></a>ãã覧ãã
ããã</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
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+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
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+
+<p>FSFããã³GNUã«é¢ããåãåããã¯<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãããªã³ã¯åããä»ã®ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã</p>
+
+<p>
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´åããããã¨æãã¾ãã翻訳ã«é¢ããã³ã¡ã³ãã¨ææ¡ã¯ã<a
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+æçµæ´æ°:
+
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+<title>The GNU Manifesto
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/manifesto.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>The GNU Manifesto</h2>
+
+<p> The GNU Manifesto (which appears below) was written by <a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> at the beginning
+of the GNU Project, to ask for participation and support. For the
+first few years, it was updated in minor ways to account for
+developments, but now it seems best to leave it unchanged as most
+people have seen it.</p>
+
+<p>Since that time, we have learned about certain common
+misunderstandings that different wording could help avoid. Footnotes
+added since 1993 help clarify these points.</p>
+
+<p>For up-to-date information about the available GNU software, please
+see the information available on our <a href="/home.html">web
+server</a>, in particular our <a href="/software/software.html">list
+of software</a>. For how to contribute, see <a
+href="/help/">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>. </p>
+
+<h3>What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix!</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU, which stands for Gnu's Not Unix, is the name for the complete
+Unix-compatible software system which I am writing so that I can give
+it away free to everyone who can use it.<a href="#f1">(1)</a> Several
+other volunteers are helping me. Contributions of time, money,
+programs and equipment are greatly needed.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So far we have an Emacs text editor with Lisp for writing editor
+commands, a source level debugger, a yacc-compatible parser generator,
+a linker, and around 35 utilities. A shell (command interpreter) is
+nearly completed. A new portable optimizing C compiler has compiled
+itself and may be released this year. An initial kernel exists but
+many more features are needed to emulate Unix. When the kernel and
+compiler are finished, it will be possible to distribute a GNU system
+suitable for program development. We will use TeX as our text
+formatter, but an nroff is being worked on. We will use the free,
+portable X Window System as well. After this we will add a portable
+Common Lisp, an Empire game, a spreadsheet, and hundreds of other
+things, plus online documentation. We hope to supply, eventually,
+everything useful that normally comes with a Unix system, and more.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will be able to run Unix programs, but will not be identical to
+Unix. We will make all improvements that are convenient, based on our
+experience with other operating systems. In particular, we plan to
+have longer file names, file version numbers, a crashproof file system,
+file name completion perhaps, terminal-independent display support, and
+perhaps eventually a Lisp-based window system through which several
+Lisp programs and ordinary Unix programs can share a screen. Both C
+and Lisp will be available as system programming languages. We will
+try to support UUCP, MIT Chaosnet, and Internet protocols for
+communication.</p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is aimed initially at machines in the 68000/16000 class with
+virtual memory, because they are the easiest machines to make it run
+on. The extra effort to make it run on smaller machines will be left
+to someone who wants to use it on them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ To avoid horrible confusion, please pronounce the <em>g</em> in the
+word “GNU” when it is the name of this project.</p>
+
+<h3>Why I Must Write GNU</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I consider that the Golden Rule requires that if I like a program I
+must share it with other people who like it. Software sellers want to
+divide the users and conquer them, making each user agree not to share
+with others. I refuse to break solidarity with other users in this
+way. I cannot in good conscience sign a nondisclosure agreement or a
+software license agreement. For years I worked within the Artificial
+Intelligence Lab to resist such tendencies and other inhospitalities,
+but eventually they had gone too far: I could not remain in an
+institution where such things are done for me against my will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ So that I can continue to use computers without dishonor, I have
+decided to put together a sufficient body of free software so that I
+will be able to get along without any software that is not free. I
+have resigned from the AI Lab to deny MIT any legal excuse to prevent
+me from giving GNU away.<a href="#f2a">(2)</a></p>
+
+<h3>Why GNU Will Be Compatible with Unix</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Unix is not my ideal system, but it is not too bad. The essential
+features of Unix seem to be good ones, and I think I can fill in what
+Unix lacks without spoiling them. And a system compatible with Unix
+would be convenient for many other people to adopt.</p>
+
+<h3>How GNU Will Be Available</h3>
+
+<p>
+ GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to
+modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to
+restrict its further redistribution. That is to say,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all
+versions of GNU remain free.</p>
+
+<h3>Why Many Other Programmers Want to Help</h3>
+
+<p>
+ I have found many other programmers who are excited about GNU and
+want to help.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Many programmers are unhappy about the commercialization of system
+software. It may enable them to make more money, but it requires them
+to feel in conflict with other programmers in general rather than feel
+as comrades. The fundamental act of friendship among programmers is the
+sharing of programs; marketing arrangements now typically used
+essentially forbid programmers to treat others as friends. The
+purchaser of software must choose between friendship and obeying the
+law. Naturally, many decide that friendship is more important. But
+those who believe in law often do not feel at ease with either choice.
+They become cynical and think that programming is just a way of making
+money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ By working on and using GNU rather than proprietary programs, we can
+be hospitable to everyone and obey the law. In addition, GNU serves as
+an example to inspire and a banner to rally others to join us in
+sharing. This can give us a feeling of harmony which is impossible if
+we use software that is not free. For about half the programmers I
+talk to, this is an important happiness that money cannot replace.</p>
+
+<h3>How You Can Contribute</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+(Nowadays, for software tasks to work on, see the <a
href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects">High Priority Projects
list</a> and the <a href="http://savannah.gnu.org/people/?type_id=1">GNU Help
Wanted list</a>, the general task list for GNU software packages. For other
ways to help, see <a href="http://gnu.org/help/help.html">the guide to helping
the GNU operating system</a>.)
+</p>
+</blockquote>
+
+<p>
+ I am asking computer manufacturers for donations of machines and
+money. I'm asking individuals for donations of programs and work.</p>
+
+<p>
+ One consequence you can expect if you donate machines is that GNU
+will run on them at an early date. The machines should be complete,
+ready to use systems, approved for use in a residential area, and not
+in need of sophisticated cooling or power.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I have found very many programmers eager to contribute part-time
+work for GNU. For most projects, such part-time distributed work would
+be very hard to coordinate; the independently written parts would not
+work together. But for the particular task of replacing Unix, this
+problem is absent. A complete Unix system contains hundreds of utility
+programs, each of which is documented separately. Most interface
+specifications are fixed by Unix compatibility. If each contributor
+can write a compatible replacement for a single Unix utility, and make
+it work properly in place of the original on a Unix system, then these
+utilities will work right when put together. Even allowing for Murphy
+to create a few unexpected problems, assembling these components will
+be a feasible task. (The kernel will require closer communication and
+will be worked on by a small, tight group.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ If I get donations of money, I may be able to hire a few people full
+or part time. The salary won't be high by programmers' standards, but
+I'm looking for people for whom building community spirit is as
+important as making money. I view this as a way of enabling dedicated
+people to devote their full energies to working on GNU by sparing them
+the need to make a living in another way.</p>
+
+<h3>Why All Computer Users Will Benefit</h3>
+
+<p>
+ Once GNU is written, everyone will be able to obtain good system
+software free, just like air.<a href="#f2">(3)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ This means much more than just saving everyone the price of a Unix
+license. It means that much wasteful duplication of system programming
+effort will be avoided. This effort can go instead into advancing the
+state of the art.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Complete system sources will be available to everyone. As a result,
+a user who needs changes in the system will always be free to make them
+himself, or hire any available programmer or company to make them for
+him. Users will no longer be at the mercy of one programmer or company
+which owns the sources and is in sole position to make changes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Schools will be able to provide a much more educational environment
+by encouraging all students to study and improve the system code.
+Harvard's computer lab used to have the policy that no program could be
+installed on the system if its sources were not on public display, and
+upheld it by actually refusing to install certain programs. I was very
+much inspired by this.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Finally, the overhead of considering who owns the system software
+and what one is or is not entitled to do with it will be lifted.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Arrangements to make people pay for using a program, including
+licensing of copies, always incur a tremendous cost to society through
+the cumbersome mechanisms necessary to figure out how much (that is,
+which programs) a person must pay for. And only a police state can
+force everyone to obey them. Consider a space station where air must
+be manufactured at great cost: charging each breather per liter of air
+may be fair, but wearing the metered gas mask all day and all night is
+intolerable even if everyone can afford to pay the air bill. And the
+TV cameras everywhere to see if you ever take the mask off are
+outrageous. It's better to support the air plant with a head tax and
+chuck the masks.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Copying all or parts of a program is as natural to a programmer as
+breathing, and as productive. It ought to be as free.</p>
+
+<h3>Some Easily Rebutted Objections to GNU's Goals</h3>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Nobody will use it if it is free, because that means
+they can't rely on any support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“You have to charge for the program to pay for providing
+the support.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ If people would rather pay for GNU plus service than get GNU free
+without service, a company to provide just service to people who have
+obtained GNU free ought to be profitable.<a href="#f3">(4)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+ We must distinguish between support in the form of real programming
+work and mere handholding. The former is something one cannot rely on
+from a software vendor. If your problem is not shared by enough
+people, the vendor will tell you to get lost.</p>
+
+<p>
+ If your business needs to be able to rely on support, the only way
+is to have all the necessary sources and tools. Then you can hire any
+available person to fix your problem; you are not at the mercy of any
+individual. With Unix, the price of sources puts this out of
+consideration for most businesses. With GNU this will be easy. It is
+still possible for there to be no available competent person, but this
+problem cannot be blamed on distribution arrangements. GNU does not
+eliminate all the world's problems, only some of them.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Meanwhile, the users who know nothing about computers need
+handholding: doing things for them which they could easily do
+themselves but don't know how.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Such services could be provided by companies that sell just
+handholding and repair service. If it is true that users would rather
+spend money and get a product with service, they will also be willing
+to buy the service having got the product free. The service companies
+will compete in quality and price; users will not be tied to any
+particular one. Meanwhile, those of us who don't need the service
+should be able to use the program without paying for the service.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“You cannot reach many people without advertising, and
+you must charge for the program to support that.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“It's no use advertising a program people can get
+free.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ There are various forms of free or very cheap publicity that can be
+used to inform numbers of computer users about something like GNU. But
+it may be true that one can reach more microcomputer users with
+advertising. If this is really so, a business which advertises the
+service of copying and mailing GNU for a fee ought to be successful
+enough to pay for its advertising and more. This way, only the users
+who benefit from the advertising pay for it.</p>
+
+<p>
+ On the other hand, if many people get GNU from their friends, and
+such companies don't succeed, this will show that advertising was not
+really necessary to spread GNU. Why is it that free market advocates
+don't want to let the free market decide this?<a href="#f4">(5)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“My company needs a proprietary operating system to get
+a competitive edge.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ GNU will remove operating system software from the realm of
+competition. You will not be able to get an edge in this area, but
+neither will your competitors be able to get an edge over you. You and
+they will compete in other areas, while benefiting mutually in this
+one. If your business is selling an operating system, you will not
+like GNU, but that's tough on you. If your business is something else,
+GNU can save you from being pushed into the expensive business of
+selling operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>
+ I would like to see GNU development supported by gifts from many
+manufacturers and users, reducing the cost to each.<a href="#f5">(6)</a></p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Don't programmers deserve a reward for their
+creativity?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ If anything deserves a reward, it is social contribution.
+Creativity can be a social contribution, but only in so far as society
+is free to use the results. If programmers deserve to be rewarded for
+creating innovative programs, by the same token they deserve to be
+punished if they restrict the use of these programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Shouldn't a programmer be able to ask for a reward for
+his creativity?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ There is nothing wrong with wanting pay for work, or seeking to
+maximize one's income, as long as one does not use means that are
+destructive. But the means customary in the field of software today
+are based on destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Extracting money from users of a program by restricting their use of
+it is destructive because the restrictions reduce the amount and the
+ways that the program can be used. This reduces the amount of wealth
+that humanity derives from the program. When there is a deliberate
+choice to restrict, the harmful consequences are deliberate destruction.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The reason a good citizen does not use such destructive means to
+become wealthier is that, if everyone did so, we would all become
+poorer from the mutual destructiveness. This is Kantian ethics; or,
+the Golden Rule. Since I do not like the consequences that result if
+everyone hoards information, I am required to consider it wrong for one
+to do so. Specifically, the desire to be rewarded for one's creativity
+does not justify depriving the world in general of all or part of that
+creativity.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Won't programmers starve?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ I could answer that nobody is forced to be a programmer. Most of us
+cannot manage to get any money for standing on the street and making
+faces. But we are not, as a result, condemned to spend our lives
+standing on the street making faces, and starving. We do something
+else.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But that is the wrong answer because it accepts the questioner's
+implicit assumption: that without ownership of software, programmers
+cannot possibly be paid a cent. Supposedly it is all or nothing.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The real reason programmers will not starve is that it will still be
+possible for them to get paid for programming; just not paid as much as
+now.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Restricting copying is not the only basis for business in software.
+It is the most common basis<a href="#f8">(7)</a> because it brings in
+the most money. If it
+were prohibited, or rejected by the customer, software business would
+move to other bases of organization which are now used less often.
+There are always numerous ways to organize any kind of business.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Probably programming will not be as lucrative on the new basis as it
+is now. But that is not an argument against the change. It is not
+considered an injustice that sales clerks make the salaries that they
+now do. If programmers made the same, that would not be an injustice
+either. (In practice they would still make considerably more than
+that.)</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Don't people have a right to control how their
+creativity is used?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+“Control over the use of one's ideas” really constitutes
+control over other people's lives; and it is usually used to make
+their lives more difficult.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People who have studied the issue of intellectual property
+rights<a href="#f6">(8)</a> carefully (such as lawyers) say that there
+is no intrinsic right to intellectual property. The kinds of supposed
+intellectual property rights that the government recognizes were
+created by specific acts of legislation for specific purposes.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For example, the patent system was established to encourage
+inventors to disclose the details of their inventions. Its purpose was
+to help society rather than to help inventors. At the time, the life
+span of 17 years for a patent was short compared with the rate of
+advance of the state of the art. Since patents are an issue only among
+manufacturers, for whom the cost and effort of a license agreement are
+small compared with setting up production, the patents often do not do
+much harm. They do not obstruct most individuals who use patented
+products.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The idea of copyright did not exist in ancient times, when authors
+frequently copied other authors at length in works of nonfiction. This
+practice was useful, and is the only way many authors' works have
+survived even in part. The copyright system was created expressly for
+the purpose of encouraging authorship. In the domain for which it was
+invented—books, which could be copied economically only on a printing
+press—it did little harm, and did not obstruct most of the individuals
+who read the books.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All intellectual property rights are just licenses granted by society
+because it was thought, rightly or wrongly, that society as a whole
+would benefit by granting them. But in any particular situation, we
+have to ask: are we really better off granting such license? What kind
+of act are we licensing a person to do?</p>
+
+<p>
+ The case of programs today is very different from that of books a
+hundred years ago. The fact that the easiest way to copy a program is
+from one neighbor to another, the fact that a program has both source
+code and object code which are distinct, and the fact that a program is
+used rather than read and enjoyed, combine to create a situation in
+which a person who enforces a copyright is harming society as a whole
+both materially and spiritually; in which a person should not do so
+regardless of whether the law enables him to.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Competition makes things get done
+better.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ The paradigm of competition is a race: by rewarding the winner, we
+encourage everyone to run faster. When capitalism really works this
+way, it does a good job; but its defenders are wrong in assuming it
+always works this way. If the runners forget why the reward is offered
+and become intent on winning, no matter how, they may find other
+strategies—such as, attacking other runners. If the runners get into
+a fist fight, they will all finish late.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Proprietary and secret software is the moral equivalent of runners
+in a fist fight. Sad to say, the only referee we've got does not seem
+to object to fights; he just regulates them (“For every ten
+yards you run, you can fire one shot”). He really ought to
+break them up, and penalize runners for even trying to fight.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Won't everyone stop programming without a monetary
+incentive?”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ Actually, many people will program with absolutely no monetary
+incentive. Programming has an irresistible fascination for some
+people, usually the people who are best at it. There is no shortage of
+professional musicians who keep at it even though they have no hope of
+making a living that way.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But really this question, though commonly asked, is not appropriate
+to the situation. Pay for programmers will not disappear, only become
+less. So the right question is, will anyone program with a reduced
+monetary incentive? My experience shows that they will.</p>
+
+<p>
+ For more than ten years, many of the world's best programmers worked
+at the Artificial Intelligence Lab for far less money than they could
+have had anywhere else. They got many kinds of nonmonetary rewards:
+fame and appreciation, for example. And creativity is also fun, a
+reward in itself.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Then most of them left when offered a chance to do the same
+interesting work for a lot of money.</p>
+
+<p>
+ What the facts show is that people will program for reasons other
+than riches; but if given a chance to make a lot of money as well, they
+will come to expect and demand it. Low-paying organizations do poorly
+in competition with high-paying ones, but they do not have to do badly
+if the high-paying ones are banned.</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“We need the programmers desperately. If they demand
+that we stop helping our neighbors, we have to obey.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ You're never so desperate that you have to obey this sort of demand.
+Remember: millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute!</p>
+
+<p>
+<strong>“Programmers need to make a living somehow.”</strong></p>
+
+<p>
+ In the short run, this is true. However, there are plenty of ways
+that programmers could make a living without selling the right to use a
+program. This way is customary now because it brings programmers and
+businessmen the most money, not because it is the only way to make a
+living. It is easy to find other ways if you want to find them. Here
+are a number of examples.</p>
+
+<p>
+ A manufacturer introducing a new computer will pay for the porting of
+operating systems onto the new hardware.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The sale of teaching, handholding and maintenance services could
+also employ programmers.</p>
+
+<p>
+ People with new ideas could distribute programs as
+freeware<a href="#f7">(9)</a>, asking for donations from satisfied
+users, or selling handholding services. I have met people who are
+already working this way successfully.</p>
+
+<p>
+ Users with related needs can form users' groups, and pay dues. A
+group would contract with programming companies to write programs that
+the group's members would like to use.</p>
+
+<p>
+ All sorts of development can be funded with a Software Tax:</p>
+
+<p>
+ Suppose everyone who buys a computer has to pay x percent of the
+ price as a software tax. The government gives this to an agency
+ like the NSF to spend on software development.</p>
+
+<p>
+ But if the computer buyer makes a donation to software development
+ himself, he can take a credit against the tax. He can donate to
+ the project of his own choosing—often, chosen because he hopes to
+ use the results when it is done. He can take a credit for any
+ amount of donation up to the total tax he had to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The total tax rate could be decided by a vote of the payers of the
+ tax, weighted according to the amount they will be taxed on.</p>
+
+<p>
+ The consequences:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The computer-using community supports software development.</li>
+<li>This community decides what level of support is needed.</li>
+<li>Users who care which projects their share is spent on can
+ choose this for themselves.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+ In the long run, making programs free is a step toward the
+postscarcity world, where nobody will have to work very hard just to
+make a living. People will be free to devote themselves to activities
+that are fun, such as programming, after spending the necessary ten
+hours a week on required tasks such as legislation, family counseling,
+robot repair and asteroid prospecting. There will be no need to be
+able to make a living from programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+ We have already greatly reduced the amount of work that the whole
+society must do for its actual productivity, but only a little of this
+has translated itself into leisure for workers because much
+nonproductive activity is required to accompany productive activity.
+The main causes of this are bureaucracy and isometric struggles against
+competition. Free software will greatly reduce these drains in the
+area of software production. We must do this, in order for technical
+gains in productivity to translate into less work for us.</p>
+
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+
+<!-- The anchors do not match the actual footnote numbers because of
+ revisions over time. And if a new footnote is added, the references
+ to existing footnotes that follow the new one must be changed. -->
+<ol>
+<li><a name="f1"></a>The wording here was careless. The intention
+was that nobody would have to pay for <b>permission</b> to use the GNU
+system. But the words don't make this clear, and people often
+interpret them as saying that copies of GNU should always be
+distributed at little or no charge. That was never the intent; later
+on, the manifesto mentions the possibility of companies providing the
+service of distribution for a profit. Subsequently I have learned to
+distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of
+freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software
+is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change.
+Some users may obtain copies at no charge, while others pay to obtain
+copies—and if the funds help support improving the software, so much
+the better. The important thing is that everyone who has a copy has
+the freedom to cooperate with others in using it.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f2a"></a>The expression “give away” is another
+indication that I had not yet clearly separated the issue of price
+from that of freedom. We now recommend avoiding this expression when
+talking about free software. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#GiveAwaySoftware">
+<q>Confusing Words and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f2"></a>This is another place I failed to distinguish
+carefully between the two different meanings of “free”.
+The statement as it stands is not false—you can get copies of GNU
+software at no charge, from your friends or over the net. But it does
+suggest the wrong idea.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f3"></a>Several such companies now exist.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f4"></a> Although it is a
+charity rather than a company, the Free Software Foundation for 10 years raised
+most of its funds from its distribution service. You
+can <a href="/order/order.html">order things from the FSF</a>
+to support its work.
+</li>
+
+<li><a name="f5"></a>A group of computer companies pooled funds
+around 1991 to support maintenance of the GNU C Compiler.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f8"></a>I think I was mistaken in saying that proprietary
+software was the most common basis for making money in software.
+It seems that actually the most common business model was and is
+development of custom software. That does not offer the possibility
+of collecting rents, so the business has to keep doing real work
+in order to keep getting income. The custom software business would
+continue to exist, more or less unchanged, in a free software world.
+Therefore, I no longer expect that most paid programmers would earn less
+in a free software world.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f6"></a>In the 1980s I had not yet realized how confusing
+it was to speak of “the issue” of “intellectual
+property”. That term is obviously biased; more subtle is the
+fact that it lumps together various disparate laws which raise very
+different issues. Nowadays I urge people to reject the term
+“intellectual property” entirely, lest it lead others to
+suppose that those laws form one coherent issue. The way to be clear
+is to discuss patents, copyrights, and trademarks separately.
+See <a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">further explanation</a> of how
+this term spreads confusion and bias.</li>
+
+<li><a name="f7"></a>Subsequently we learned to distinguish
+between “free software” and “freeware”. The
+term “freeware” means software you are free to
+redistribute, but usually you are not free to study and change the
+source code, so most of it is not free software. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Freeware">
+<q>Confusing Words and Phrases</q></a> for more explanation.</li>
+
+</ol>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1985, 1993, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>
+Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+of this document, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and
+permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the
+recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this
+notice.
+<br />
+Modified versions may not be made.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/09/04 23:59:03 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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