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Subject: |
www philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-s... |
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Date: |
Tue, 07 May 2013 16:58:26 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/05/07 16:58:25
Modified files:
philosophy/po : who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.po
who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist
server : sitemap.de.html sitemap.ja.html
server/po : sitemap.de-en.html sitemap.ja-en.html
Added files:
philosophy : who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.html
philosophy/po : who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.de.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.116&r2=1.117
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/sitemap.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.93&r2=1.94
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.de-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.83&r2=1.84
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/sitemap.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.37&r2=1.38
Patches:
Index: philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.po
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@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-05-07 18:47+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Marin Rameša <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: www-hr <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ar" hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="es" hreflang="es"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.es.html">español</a> [es]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="hr" hreflang="hr"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ko" hreflang="ko"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ko.html">íêµì´</a> [ko]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ro" hreflang="ro"
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html">românÄ</a> [ro]</span>
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diff -N philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.html
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+++ philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr.html 7 May 2013
16:58:24 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.hr.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Koga taj poslužitelj stvarno poslužuje? - GNU projekt - Zaklada za
slobodan
+softver (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.hr.html" -->
+<h2>Koga taj poslužitelj stvarno poslužuje?</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>(Originalno objavljeno u <a
+href="http://bostonreview.net/BR35.2/stallman.php";> Boston Review</a>.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>Na internetu, vlasniÄki softver nije jedini naÄin da izgubite
vašu
+slobodu. Softver kao usluga je joÅ¡ jedan naÄin da dopustite nekom drugom da
+ima moÄ nad vaÅ¡im raÄunalnim aktivnostima.</strong></p>
+
+<h3>Pozadina: kako vlasniÄki softver oduzima vaÅ¡u slobodu</h3>
+
+<p>Digitalna tehnologija vam može dati slobodu; može isto tako i oduzeti tu
+slobodu. Prva prijetnja naÅ¡oj kontroli nad naÅ¡im raÄunalnim aktivnostima je
+doÅ¡la od <em>vlasniÄkog softvera</em>: softver koji korisnici ne mogu
+kontrolirati jer ga vlasnik (kompanija poput Applea ili Microsofta)
+kontrolira. Vlasnik Äesto iskoriÅ¡tava tu nepravednu moÄ umetanjem
+malicioznih znaÄajki poput Å¡pijunskih programa, stražnjih vrata i <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Digitalno Upravljanje Restrikcijama
+(<i>Digital Restrictions Management</i>) (DRM)</a> (nazvano “Digitalno
+Upravljanje Pravima [<i>Digital Rights Management</i>]” u njihovoj
+propagandi).</p>
+
+<p>Naše riješenje tog problema je razvijanje <em>slobodnog softvera</em> i
+odbijanje vlasniÄkog softvera. Slobodan softver znaÄi da vi, kao korisnik,
+imate Äetiri osnovne slobode: (0) da pokrenete program na naÄin na koji
+vi želite, (1) da prouÄite i izmijenite izvorni kod tako da program
+radi ono što vi želite, (2) da ponovno distribuirate netaknute kopije i
+(3) da ponovno distribuirate kopije vaših izmijenjenih
+inaÄica. (Pogledajte <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">definiciju slobodnog
+softvera</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>Sa slobodnim softverom, mi, korisnici, preuzimamo natrag kontrolu naših
+raÄunalnih aktivnosti. VlasniÄki softver joÅ¡ uvijek postoji, ali ga možemo
+iskljuÄiti iz naÅ¡ih života i mnogi od nas su to napravili. No, trenutno
+imamo novu prijetnju naÅ¡oj kontroli naÅ¡e raÄunalne aktivnosti: softver kao
+usluga. Zbog naše slobode, moramo i to odbiti.</p>
+
+<h3>Kako softver kao usluga oduzima vašu slobodu</h3>
+
+<p>Softver kao usluga (SaaS) znaÄi da netko postavi mrežni poslužitelj koji
+vrÅ¡i odreÄene raÄunalne aktivnosti—pokretanje tablica, jeziÄno
+procesiranje, prevoÄenje teksta u drugi jezik, i tako dalje—i tada
+pozove korisnike da vrÅ¡e svoje raÄunalne aktivnosti na tom
+poslužitelju. Korisnici šalju svoje podatke na poslužitelj, koji vrši
+izraÄune na podacima tako pruženim, i tada Å¡alje natrag rezultate ili
+djeluje na podatke direktno.</p>
+
+<p>Ti poslužitelji istrgnu kontrolu od korisnika Äak i viÅ¡e neumoljivo nego
+vlasniÄki softver. Sa vlasniÄkim softverom, korisnici obiÄno dobiju izvrÅ¡nu
+datoteku ali ne i izvorni kod. To otežava programerima da prouÄavaju kod
+koji se pokreÄe na raÄunalu, pa je teÅ¡ko ustvrditi Å¡to program stvarno
radi,
+i teško ga je izmijeniti.</p>
+
+<p>Sa SaaS-om, korisnici Äak nemaju niti izvrÅ¡nu datoteku: ona je na
+poslužitelju, gdje je korisnici ne mogu vidjeti ili dotaknuti. Dakle je
+nemoguÄe za njih da dokuÄe Å¡to stvarno radi, i nemoguÄe je da je
izmjene.</p>
+
+<p>Dalje, SaaS automatski vodi do Å¡tetnih posljedica ekvivalentima malicioznim
+znaÄajkama odreÄenog vlasniÄkog softvera. Na primjer, neki vlasniÄki
+programi su “Å¡pijunski programi”: program Å¡alje podatke o
+raÄunalnim aktivnostima korisnika. Microsoft Windows Å¡alje informacije o
+aktivnostima korisnika natrag u Microsoft. Windows Media Player i RealPlayer
+rade izvještaje o tome što svaki korisnik gleda ili sluša.</p>
+
+<p>Za razliku od vlasniÄkog softvera, SaaS ne treba prikriveni kod da bi dobio
+podatke korisnika. Umjesto toga, korisnik mora poslati svoje podatke
+poslužitelju da bi ga mogao koristiti. To ima isti efekt kao i kod
+špijunskih programa: operator poslužitelja dobije podatke. On dobije podatke
+bez nekog posebnog napora, po prirodi SaaS-a.</p>
+
+<p>Neki vlasniÄki programi mogu maltretirati korisnike daljinskim
+upravljanjem. Na primjer, Windowsi imaju stražnja vrata s kojima Microsoft
+može na silu izmijeniti svaki softver na stroju. ÄitaÄ e-knjiga Amazon
+Kindle (Äije ime naznaÄuje da je namijenjen spaljivanju<sup><a
+href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup> knjiga korisnika) ima Orwellianska stražnja
+vrata koja je Amazon iskoristio 2009. da bi <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html";
+>na daljinu izbrisao</a> Kindle kopiju Orwellovih knjiga <cite>1984</cite> i
+<cite>Životinjska farma</cite> koje su korisnici kupili u Amazonu.</p>
+
+<p>SaaS inherentno daje operatoru poslužitelja moÄ da izmjeni softver koji se
+koristi, ili podatke korisnika nad kojima se vrše operacije. Još
+jednom. nikakav poseban kod nije potreban da bi se to napravilo.</p>
+
+<p>Dakle, SaaS je ekvivalentan totalnom Å¡pijunskom programu i Å¡iroko
otvorenim
+stražnjim vratima, i daje operatoru poslužitelja nepravednu moÄ nad
+korisnikom. Ne možemo to prihvatiti.</p>
+
+<h3>RazrjeÅ¡avanje SaaS problema iz problema vlasniÄkog softvera</h3>
+
+<p>SaaS i vlasniÄki softver vode u sliÄne Å¡tetne rezultate, ali
+uzroÄno-posljediÄni mehanizmi su drugaÄiji. Sa vlasniÄkim softverom, uzrok
+je taj da imate i koristite kopiju koju je teško ili nezakonito
+izmijeniti. Sa SaaS-om, uzrok je taj da koristite kopiju koju ne
+posjedujete.</p>
+
+<p>Ta dva problema se Äesto brkaju, i ne samo sluÄajnoÅ¡Äu. Web developeri
+koriste magloviti termin “web aplikacija” da bi spojili softver
+na poslužitelju sa programima koji se pokreÄu na vaÅ¡em stroju u vaÅ¡em
+internet pregledniku. Neke mrežne stranice instaliraju ne-trivijalne ili Äak
+velike JavaScript programe privremeno u vaš internet preglednik bez da vas
+obavijeste o tome. <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Kada su ti
+JavaScript programi neslobodni</a>, oni su loši kao i svaki drugi neslobodni
+softver. Ovdje smo, meÄutim, zabrinuti sa problemom samog softvera na
+poslužitelju.</p>
+
+<p>Mnogi pobornici slobodnog softvera pretpostavljaju da Äe problem SaaS-a
biti
+riješen razvijanjem slobodnog softvera za poslužitelje. Radi operatora
+poslužitelja, bolje je da programi na poslužitelju budu slobodni; ako su
+vlasniÄki, njihovi vlasnici imaju moÄ nad poslužiteljem. To je nepravedno
+prema operatoru, i uopÄe mu ne pomaže. Ali ako su programi na poslužitelju
+slobodni, to vas, <em>korisnika poslužitelja</em> ne brani od efekata
+SaaS-a. Oni daju slobodu operatoru, ali ne vama.</p>
+
+<p>Objavljivanje izvornog koda softvera na poslužitelju ima korist za
+zajednicu: korisnici sa prikladnim vjeÅ¡tinama mogu postaviti sliÄne
+poslužitelje, možda izmjenjujuÄi softver. Ali niti jedan od tih
poslužitelja
+neÄe vam dati kontrolu nad raÄunalnim aktivnostima koji vi radite na njemu,
+osim ako je to <em>vaš</em> poslužitelj. Sve drugo bio bi SaaS. SaaS vas
+uvijek podvrgava moÄi operatora poslužitelja, i jedini lijek za to jest:
+<em>Ne koristite SaaS!</em>. Ne koristite tuÄi poslužitelj da vrÅ¡ite vaÅ¡e
+raÄunalne aktivnosti nad podacima koje ste sami obezbjedili. </p>
+
+<h3>Razlikovanje SaaS-a od drugih mrežnih servisa</h3>
+
+<p>Da li izbjegavanje SaaS-a znaÄi da odbijate koristiti bilo koje mrežne
+poslužitelje postavljene od strane bilo koga osim vas? Nimalo. VeÄina
+poslužitelja nemaju taj problem, jer posao koji radite s njima nije vaša
+raÄunalna aktivnost osim u trivijalnom smislu.</p>
+
+<p>Izvorna namjena mrežnih poslužitelja nije bila da vrÅ¡e raÄunalne
aktivnosti
+za vas, bila je objavljivanje informacija kojima vi pristupate. Äak i danas
+to je ono Å¡to veÄina mrežnih stranica radi, i to ne predstavlja SaaS
+problem, jer pristup tuÄim objavljenim informacijama nije stvar vaÅ¡ih
+raÄunalnih aktivnosti. Niti je to objavljivanje vaÅ¡ih materijala kroz blog
+stranicu ili servis za mikroblogiranje kao Å¡to je Twitter ili
+identi.ca. Isto vrijedi i za komunikaciju koja nije namijenjena da bude
+privatna, kao što su grupe za razgovor. Društvene mreže se mogu proširiti u
+SaaS; meÄutim, u korijenu su samo metoda komunikacije i objavljivanja, ne
+SaaS. Ako koristite servis za malu koliÄinu ureÄivanja onoga Å¡to Äete
+od-komunicirati, to nije znaÄajan problem.</p>
+
+<p>Servisi kao što su tražilice sakupljaju podatke iz mreže i daju vam ih na
+pregled. Pregled njihove kolekcije podataka nije vaÅ¡a raÄunalna aktivnost u
+uobiÄajenom smislu—niste vi obezbjedili tu kolekciju—tako da
+koriÅ¡tenje takvog servisa da biste pretražili mrežu nije SaaS. (MeÄutim,
+koriÅ¡tenje tuÄe tražilice da biste implementirali postrojenje za pretragu na
+vašoj vlastitoj stranici <em>jest</em> SaaS.)</p>
+
+<p>E-prodavanje nije SaaS, jer raÄunalna aktivnost nije u cjelini vaÅ¡a;
radije,
+vrÅ¡i se zajedniÄki za vas i drugu stranku. Prema tome, nema odreÄenog
+razloga zaÅ¡to biste samo vi trebali oÄekivati da kontrolirate tu raÄunalnu
+aktivnost. Stvarno pitanje u e-prodavanju je da li vjerujete drugoj stranci
+Å¡to se tiÄe vaÅ¡eg novca i osobnih informacija.</p>
+
+<p>KoriÅ¡tenje zajedniÄkog poslužitelja za projekte nije SaaS jer raÄunalna
+aktivnost koju vrÅ¡ite na taj naÄin nije vaÅ¡a osobno. Na primjer, ako
+ureÄujete stranice na Wikipedii, ne radite vaÅ¡u vlastitu raÄunalnu
+aktivnost; radije, vi sudjelujete u raÄunalnoj aktivnosti Wikipedie.</p>
+
+<p>Wikipedia kontrolira svoje poslužitelje, ali grupe se mogu susresti sa
+problemom SaaS-a ako rade svoje grupne aktivnosti na tuÄim
+poslužiteljima. SreÄom, stranice za udomaÄivanje (<i>hosting</i>) razvoja
+kao Å¡to su Savannah i SourceForge ne postavljaju SaaS problem, jer ono Å¡to
+grupe rade na tim stranicama je veÄinom objavljivanje i javna komunikacija,
+radije nego privatna raÄunalna aktivnost.</p>
+
+<p>ViÅ¡ekorisniÄke igre su grupna aktivnost koja se vrÅ¡i na tuÄim
+poslužiteljima, što ih karakterizira kao SaaS. Ali gdje su podaci u pitanju
+samo stanje igre i postignuÄe, najgora nepravda koju operator može napraviti
+je pristranost. Možete zanemariti taj rizik, poÅ¡to se Äini nevjerojatno i
+malo toga je na ulogu. Sa druge strane, kada igra postane nešto više od
+igre, problem se mijenja.</p>
+
+<p>“Stražnji kraj kao usluga” (“<i>Backend as a
+Service</i>”), ili BaaS, je vrsta SaaS-a, jer ukljuÄuje pokretanje
+vašeg vlastitog mrežnog servisa nad softverom koji ne možete
+kontrolirati. Ako postavite servis koristeÄi BaaS, BaaS platforma može
+prikupljati informacije o vaÅ¡im korisnicima, ukljuÄujuÄi i vas.</p>
+
+<p>Koji mrežni servisi su SaaS? Google Docs je jasan primjer. Njegova osnovna
+aktivnost je ureÄivanje, i Google ohrabruje ljude da koriste taj servis za
+svoje ureÄivanje; to je SaaS. Nudi i dodatnu znaÄajku kolaborativnog
+ureÄivanja, ali dodavanje sudionika ne mijenja Äinjenicu da je ureÄivanje na
+poslužitelju SaaS. (Dodatno, Google Docs je neprihvatljiv jer instalira
+veliki <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html"> neslobodni JavaScript
+program</a> u preglednik korisnika.) Ako korištenje servisa za komunikaciju
+ili kolaboraciju s tim još i zahtijeva vršenje znatnog dijela vaše vlastite
+raÄunalne aktivnosti, ta raÄunalna aktivnost je SaaS Äak iako komunikacija
+nije.</p>
+
+<p>Neke stranice nude višestruke servise, i ako jedan od njih nije SaaS, drugi
+može biti SaaS. Na primjer, glavni servis Facebooka je društveno
+umrežavanje, i to nije SaaS; meÄutim, Facebook podržava aplikacije od drugih
+stranaka, neke od kojih mogu biti SaaS. Glavni servis Flickra je
+distribucija fotografija, Å¡to nije SaaS, ali Flickr isto ima i znaÄajku
+ureÄivanja fotografija, Å¡to je SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>Neke stranice Äiji su glavni servisi objavljivanje i komunikacija
proširuju
+to sa “upravljanjem kontaktima”: praÄenje s kojim ljudima ste u
+odnosu. Slanje poruka tim ljudima za vas nije SaaS, ali praÄenje vaÅ¡ih
+poslova s tim ljudima, ako je to u znatnom opsegu, je SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>Ako servis nije SaaS, to ne znaÄi da je u redu. Postoje i druge loÅ¡e
stvari
+koje servis može napraviti. Na primjer, Facebook distribuira video u Flash
+formatu, Å¡to vrÅ¡i pritisak na korisnike da pokreÄu neslobodni softver, i
+daje korisnicima varljiv utisak privatnosti. To su isto važni problemi, ali
+tema ovog Älanka je problem SaaS-a.</p>
+
+<p>IT industrija obeshrabruje korisnike od razmatranja ovih odlika. U tu svrhu
+se koristi poÅ¡tapalica “oblak” (“<i>cloud
+computing</i>”). Taj termin je toliko nejasan da se može odnositi na
+skoro pa bilo kakvo koriÅ¡tenje interneta. UkljuÄuje SaaS ali i ukljuÄuje
+skoro pa sve drugo. Termin se koristi samo za beskorisne opÄenite izjave.</p>
+
+<p>Pravo znaÄenje “oblaka” je predlaganje nikome-nije-stalo
+pristupa vaÅ¡im raÄunalnim aktivnostima. Termin predlaže: “Ne
+postavljajte pitanja, samo vjerujte svakom poslu bez oklijevanja. Ne brinite
+se o tome tko kontrolira vaÅ¡e raÄunalne aktivnosti ili tko drži vaÅ¡e
+podatke. Ne provjeravajte za udicu sakrivenu unutar našeg servisa prije nego
+je progutate.” Drugim rijeÄima: “RazmiÅ¡ljajte kao
+naivÄina.” Preferiram izbjegavanje tog termina.</p>
+
+<h3>Bavljenje sa SaaS problemom</h3>
+
+<p>Samo mala frakcija mrežnih stranica rade SaaS; veÄina ne predstavlja
+problem. No, Å¡to da radimo s onima koji predstavljaju problem?</p>
+
+<p>Za jednostavan sluÄaj, gdje vrÅ¡ite vaÅ¡e vlastite raÄunalne aktivnosti
nad
+podacima koji su u vašim rukama, riješenje je jednostavno: koristite svoju
+vlastitu kopiju aplikacije slobodnog softvera. VrÅ¡ite vaÅ¡e ureÄivanje teksta
+sa vaÅ¡om kopijom slobodnog ureÄivaÄa teksta kao Å¡to je GNU Emacs ili sa
+slobodnim jeziÄnim procesorom. VrÅ¡ite vaÅ¡e ureÄivanje fotografija sa vaÅ¡om
+kopijom slobodnog softvera kao Å¡to je GIMP.</p>
+
+<p>Ali što je sa kolaboracijom sa drugim pojedincima? Trenutno, ovo je možda
+teško napraviti bez korištenja poslužitelja. Ako koristite poslužitelj, ne
+vjerujte poslužitelju kojeg je postavila kompanija. Puki kupovni ugovor nije
+zaštita osim ako biste mogli otkriti prekršaj i zaista tužiti, i kompanija
+vjerojatno piše svoje ugovore da dozvoli široki opseg zlouporaba. Policija
+može sudskim pozivom uzeti vaše podatke iz kompanije sa manje osnova
+potrebnim da bi se podaci sudskim pozivom uzeli od vas, pod pretpostavkom da
+ih kompanija dobrovoljno ne daje kao Å¡to su to radile telefonske kompanije u
+SAD-u koje su nezakonito prisluškivale svoje kupce za Busha. Ako morate
+koristiti poslužitelj, koristite poslužitelj Äiji operatori vam daju osnovu
+za povjerenje iznad pukog komercijalnog odnosa.</p>
+
+<p>MeÄutim, na duže staze, možemo napraviti alternative koriÅ¡tenju
+poslužitelja. Na primjer, možemo napraviti isti-sa-istim
+(<i>peer-to-peer</i>) program kroz koji bi suradnici dijelili kodirane
+podatke. Zajednica slobodnog softvera bi trebala razviti distribuirane
+isti-sa-istim zamjene za važne “web aplikacije”. Moglo bi ih
+biti mudro objaviti pod <a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html"> GNU Affero
+GPL-om</a>, pošto su vjerojatni kandidati da budu pretvoreni u programe
+bazirane na poslužitelju od strane nekog drugog. <a href="/">GNU projekt</a>
+traži volontere koji bi radili na takvim zamjenama. Možemo isto i pozvati
+druge projekte slobodnog softvera da razmotre to pitanje u svojem dizajnu.</p>
+
+<p>U meÄuvremenu, ako vas kompanija pozove da koristite njihove poslužitelje
da
+vrÅ¡ite vaÅ¡e vlastite raÄunalne zadatke, nemojte popustiti; ne koristite
+SaaS. Ne kupujte i ne instalirajte “tanke klijente”, koji su
+jednostavno raÄunala toliko slaba da vas tjeraju da radite stvaran posao na
+poslužitelju, osim ako ih neÄete koristiti sa <em>vaÅ¡im</em>
+poslužiteljem. Koristite pravo raÄunalo i držite svoje podatke na
+njemu. Radite svoj posao sa vašom vlastitom kopijom slobodnog programa, zbog
+vaše slobode.</p>
+
+<h3>Isto pogledajte:</h3>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">Pogreška za
koju
+nikome nije dopušteno da je razumije</a>.</p>
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+<h3>Bilješke prevoditelja</h3><ol><li id="TransNote1"><i>Kindle</i> na
+engleskom znaÄi “zapaliti”.</li></ol></div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.hr.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Molim vas Å¡aljite opÄenite FSF & GNU upite na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Postoje isto i <a
+href="/contact/">drugi naÄini kontaktiranja</a> FSF-a.
+<br />
+Prekinute poveznice i drugi ispravci ili prijedlozi mogu biti poslani na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Radimo naporno i dajemo sve od sebe da bi pružili toÄne, visoko kvalitetne
+prijevode. MeÄutim, nismo osloboÄeni od nesavrÅ¡enosti. Molim vas Å¡aljite
+vaÅ¡e komentare i opÄenite prijedloge u tom smislu na <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+<p>Za informacije o koordiniranju i slanju prijevoda naših mrežnih stranica,
+pogledajte <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README za
+prijevode</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.hr";> Creative
+Commons Imenovanje-Bez prerada 3.0 SAD</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.hr.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>Prijevod</b>: Marin Rameša, 2013.</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Zadnji put promijenjeno:
+
+$Date: 2013/05/07 16:58:24 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.hr-en.html
===================================================================
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16:58:24 -0000 1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Who Does That Server Really Serve? - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include
virtual="/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<h2>Who does that server really serve?</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>(First published by <a href="http://bostonreview.net/BR35.2/stallman.php";>
+Boston Review</a>.)</p>
+
+<p><strong>On the Internet, proprietary software isn't the only way to
+lose your freedom. Software as a Service is another way to let
+someone else have power over your computing.</strong></p>
+
+<h3>Background: How Proprietary Software Takes Away Your Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>Digital technology can give you freedom; it can also take your
+freedom away. The first threat to our control over our computing came
+from <em>proprietary software</em>: software that the users cannot
+control because the owner (a company such as Apple or Microsoft)
+controls it. The owner often takes advantage of this unjust power by
+inserting malicious features such as spyware, back doors, and <a
+href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Digital Restrictions Management
+(DRM)</a> (referred to as “Digital Rights Management” in
+their propaganda).</p>
+
+<p>Our solution to this problem is developing <em>free software</em>
+and rejecting proprietary software. Free software means that you, as
+a user, have four essential freedoms: (0) to run the program as
+you wish, (1) to study and change the source code so it does what
+you wish, (2) to redistribute exact copies, and (3) to
+redistribute copies of your modified versions. (See
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software
+definition</a>.)</p>
+
+<p>With free software, we, the users, take back control of our
+computing. Proprietary software still exists, but we can exclude it
+from our lives and many of us have done so. However, we now face a
+new threat to our control over our computing: Software as a Service.
+For our freedom's sake, we have to reject that too.</p>
+
+<h3>How Software as a Service Takes Away Your Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>Software as a Service (SaaS) means that someone sets up a network
+server that does certain computing tasks—running spreadsheets,
+word processing, translating text into another language,
+etc.—then invites users to do their computing on that server.
+Users send their data to the server, which does their computing on the
+data thus provided, then sends the results back or acts on them
+directly.</p>
+
+<p>These servers wrest control from the users even more inexorably
+than proprietary software. With proprietary software, users typically
+get an executable file but not the source code. That makes it hard
+for programmers to study the code that is running, so it's hard to
+determine what the program really does, and hard to change it.</p>
+
+<p>With SaaS, the users do not have even the executable file: it is on
+the server, where the users can't see or touch it. Thus it is
+impossible for them to ascertain what it really does, and impossible
+to change it.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, SaaS automatically leads to harmful consequences
+equivalent to the malicious features of certain proprietary software.
+For instance, some proprietary programs are “spyware”: the
+program sends out data about users' computing activities. Microsoft
+Windows sends information about users' activities to Microsoft.
+Windows Media Player and RealPlayer report what each user watches or
+listens to.</p>
+
+<p>Unlike proprietary software, SaaS does not require covert code to
+obtain the user's data. Instead, users must send their data to the
+server in order to use it. This has the same effect as spyware: the
+server operator gets the data. He gets it with no special effort, by
+the nature of SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>Some proprietary programs can mistreat users under remote command.
+For instance, Windows has a back door with which Microsoft can
+forcibly change any software on the machine. The Amazon Kindle e-book
+reader (whose name suggests it's intended to burn people's books) has
+an Orwellian back door that Amazon used in 2009
+to <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html";
+>remotely delete</a> Kindle copies of Orwell's books <cite>1984</cite> and
+<cite>Animal Farm</cite> which the users had purchased from Amazon.</p>
+
+<p>SaaS inherently gives the server operator the power to change the
+software in use, or the users' data being operated on. Once again, no
+special code is needed to do this.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, SaaS is equivalent to total spyware and a gaping wide back
+door, and gives the server operator unjust power over the user. We
+can't accept that.</p>
+
+<h3>Untangling the SaaS Issue from the Proprietary Software Issue</h3>
+
+<p>SaaS and proprietary software lead to similar harmful results, but
+the causal mechanisms are different. With proprietary software, the
+cause is that you have and use a copy which is difficult or illegal to
+change. With SaaS, the cause is that you use a copy you don't
+have.</p>
+
+<p>These two issues are often confused, and not only by accident. Web
+developers use the vague term “web application” to lump
+the server software together with programs run on your machine in your
+browser. Some web pages install nontrivial or even large JavaScript
+programs temporarily into your browser without informing
+you. <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">When these JavaScript
+programs are nonfree</a>, they are as bad as any other nonfree
+software. Here, however, we are concerned with the problem of the
+server software itself.</p>
+
+<p>Many free software supporters assume that the problem of SaaS will
+be solved by developing free software for servers. For the server
+operator's sake, the programs on the server had better be free; if
+they are proprietary, their owners have power over the server. That's
+unfair to the operator, and doesn't help you at all. But if the
+programs on the server are free, that doesn't protect you <em>as the
+server's user</em> from the effects of SaaS. They give freedom to the
+operator, but not to you.</p>
+
+<p>Releasing the server software source code does benefit the
+community: suitably skilled users can set up similar servers, perhaps
+changing the software. But none of these servers would give you
+control over computing you do on it, unless it's <em>your</em> server.
+The rest would all be SaaS. SaaS always subjects you to the power of
+the server operator, and the only remedy is, <em>Don't use SaaS!</em>
+Don't use someone else's server to do your own computing on data
+provided by you.</p>
+
+<h3>Distinguishing SaaS from Other Network Services</h3>
+
+<p>Does avoiding SaaS mean you refuse to use any network servers run
+by anyone other than you? Not at all. Most servers do not raise this
+issue, because the job you do with them isn't your own computing
+except in a trivial sense.</p>
+
+<p>The original purpose of web servers wasn't to do computing for you,
+it was to publish information for you to access. Even today this is
+what most web sites do, and it doesn't pose the SaaS problem, because
+accessing someone's published information isn't a matter of doing your
+own computing. Neither is publishing your own materials via a blog
+site or a microblogging service such as Twitter or identi.ca. The
+same goes for communication not meant to be private, such as chat
+groups. Social networking can extend into SaaS; however, at root it
+is just a method of communication and publication, not SaaS. If you
+use the service for minor editing of what you're going to communicate,
+that is not a significant issue.</p>
+
+<p>Services such as search engines collect data from around the web
+and let you examine it. Looking through their collection of data
+isn't your own computing in the usual sense—you didn't provide
+that collection—so using such a service to search the web is not
+SaaS. (However, using someone else's search engine to implement a
+search facility for your own site <em>is</em> SaaS.)</p>
+
+<p>E-commerce is not SaaS, because the computing isn't solely yours;
+rather, it is done jointly for you and another party. So there's no
+particular reason why you alone should expect to control that
+computing. The real issue in e-commerce is whether you trust the
+other party with your money and personal information.</p>
+
+<p>Using a joint project's servers isn't SaaS because the computing
+you do in this way isn't yours personally. For instance, if you edit
+pages on Wikipedia, you are not doing your own computing; rather, you
+are collaborating in Wikipedia's computing.</p>
+
+<p>Wikipedia controls its own servers, but groups can face the problem
+of SaaS if they do their group activities on someone else's server.
+Fortunately, development hosting sites such as Savannah and
+SourceForge don't pose the SaaS problem, because what groups do there
+is mainly publication and public communication, rather than their own
+private computing.</p>
+
+<p>Multiplayer games are a group activity carried out on someone
+else's server, which makes them SaaS. But where the data involved is
+just the state of play and the score, the worst wrong the operator
+might commit is favoritism. You might well ignore that risk, since it
+seems unlikely and very little is at stake. On the other hand, when
+the game becomes more than just a game, the issue changes.</p>
+
+<p>“Backend as a Service”, or BaaS, is a kind of SaaS, because it
+involves running your own web service on top of software that you
+can't control. If you set up a service using BaaS, the BaaS platform
+may well collect information about your users as well as you.</p>
+
+<p>Which online services are SaaS? Google Docs is a clear example.
+Its basic activity is editing, and Google encourages people to use it
+for their own editing; this is SaaS. It offers the added feature of
+collaborative editing, but adding participants doesn't alter the fact
+that editing on the server is SaaS. (In addition, Google Docs is
+unacceptable because it installs a
+large <a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html"> nonfree JavaScript
program</a>
+into the user's browser.) If using a service for communication or
+collaboration requires doing substantial parts of your own computing
+with it too, that computing is SaaS even if the communication is
+not.</p>
+
+<p>Some sites offer multiple services, and if one is not SaaS, another
+may be SaaS. For instance, the main service of Facebook is social
+networking, and that is not SaaS; however, it supports third-party
+applications, some of which may be SaaS. Flickr's main service is
+distributing photos, which is not SaaS, but it also has features for
+editing photos, which is SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>Some sites whose main service is publication and communication
+extend it with “contact management”: keeping track of
+people you have relationships with. Sending mail to those people for
+you is not SaaS, but keeping track of your dealings with them, if
+substantial, is SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>If a service is not SaaS, that does not mean it is OK. There are
+other bad things a service can do. For instance, Facebook distributes
+video in Flash, which pressures users to run nonfree software, and it
+gives users a misleading impression of privacy. Those are important
+issues too, but this article's concern is the issue of SaaS.</p>
+
+<p>The IT industry discourages users from considering these
+distinctions. That's what the buzzword “cloud computing”
+is for. This term is so nebulous that it could refer to almost any
+use of the Internet. It includes SaaS and it includes nearly
+everything else. The term only lends itself to uselessly broad
+statements.</p>
+
+<p>The real meaning of “cloud computing” is to suggest a
+devil-may-care approach towards your computing. It says, “Don't
+ask questions, just trust every business without hesitation. Don't
+worry about who controls your computing or who holds your data. Don't
+check for a hook hidden inside our service before you swallow
+it.” In other words, “Think like a sucker.” I prefer
+to avoid the term.</p>
+
+<h3>Dealing with the SaaS Problem</h3>
+
+<p>Only a small fraction of all web sites do SaaS; most don't raise
+the issue. But what should we do about the ones that raise it?</p>
+
+<p>For the simple case, where you are doing your own computing on data
+in your own hands, the solution is simple: use your own copy of a free software
+application. Do your text editing with your copy of a free text
+editor such as GNU Emacs or a free word processor. Do your photo
+editing with your copy of free software such as GIMP.</p>
+
+<p>But what about collaborating with other individuals? It may be
+hard to do this at present without using a server. If you use one,
+don't trust a server run by a company. A mere contract as a customer
+is no protection unless you could detect a breach and could really
+sue, and the company probably writes its contracts to permit a broad
+range of abuses. Police can subpoena your data from the company with
+less basis than required to subpoena them from you, supposing the
+company doesn't volunteer them like the US phone companies that
+illegally wiretapped their customers for Bush. If you must use a
+server, use a server whose operators give you a basis for trust beyond
+a mere commercial relationship.</p>
+
+<p>However, on a longer time scale, we can create alternatives to
+using servers. For instance, we can create a peer-to-peer program
+through which collaborators can share data encrypted. The free
+software community should develop distributed peer-to-peer
+replacements for important “web applications”. It may be
+wise to release them under
+the <a href="/licenses/why-affero-gpl.html"> GNU Affero GPL</a>, since
+they are likely candidates for being converted into server-based
+programs by someone else. The <a href="/">GNU project</a> is looking
+for volunteers to work on such replacements. We also invite other
+free software projects to consider this issue in their design.</p>
+
+<p>In the meantime, if a company invites you to use its server to do
+your own computing tasks, don't yield; don't use SaaS. Don't buy or
+install “thin clients”, which are simply computers so weak
+they make you do the real work on a server, unless you're
+going to use them with <em>your</em> server. Use a real
+computer and keep your data there. Do your work with your own copy of
+a free program, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+<h3>See also:</h3>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/bug-nobody-allowed-to-understand.html">The
+Bug Nobody is Allowed to Understand</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Please see
+the <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/05/07 16:58:24 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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