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www/philosophy/po misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po
|
From: |
Tom Uijldert |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po |
|
Date: |
Mon, 17 Dec 2012 18:43:12 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /webcvs/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Tom Uijldert <tuijldert> 12/12/17 18:43:12
Added files:
philosophy/po : misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po
Log message:
Initial GNUN conversion.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po
===================================================================
RCS file: misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po
diff -N misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ misinterpreting-copyright.nl.po 17 Dec 2012 18:43:11 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1324 @@
+# Dutch translation of
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: \n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
+"Last-Translator: Tom Uijldert <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: \n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Misinterpreting Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)"
+msgstr "Verkeerde Uitleg van het Auteursrecht- GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)"
+
+# | Misinterpreting [-Copyright-] {+Copyright—A Series of Errors+}
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+#| msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
+msgstr "Verkeerd Uitleg van Auteursrecht—Een Serie Fouten"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "by <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgid "by <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr "door <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a>"
+
+# | Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the
+# | [-U.S.-] {+US+} Constitution, copyright exists to benefit [-users —
+# | those-] {+users—those+} who read books, listen to music, watch
+# | movies, or run [-software — not-] {+software—not+} for the
+# | sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to
+# | reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for
+# | their own benefit,” the [-U.S.-] {+US+} government is adding more
+# | restrictions, and trying to frighten the public into obedience with harsh
+# | new penalties.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the "
+#| "U.S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who "
+#| "read books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not "
+#| "for the sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend "
+#| "increasingly to reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on "
+#| "them “for their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding "
+#| "more restrictions, and trying to frighten the public into obedience with "
+#| "harsh new penalties."
+msgid "Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under
the US Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read
books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of
publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and
disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own
benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to
frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+msgstr "Er is iets vreemds en gevaarlijks gaande met het auteursrecht. Volgens
de Amerikaanse grondwet is het auteursrecht er ten behoeve van de gebruikers
— diegenen die de boeken lezen, de muziek luisteren of de programma's
draaien — en niet ten behoeve van de uitgevers of auteurs. Terwijl mensen
in toenemende mate echter de beperkingen afwijzen en overtreden die ze in naam
van deze wet krijgen opgelegd, “ten behoeve van zichzelf”, is
diezelfde Amerikaanse overheid bezig om meer beperkingen op te leggen en
probeert het mensen af te schrikken met nieuwe strengere straffen."
+
+# | How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their
+# | stated purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that
+# | purpose? To understand, we should start by looking at the root of United
+# | States copyright law: the [-U.S.-] {+US+} Constitution.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their "
+#| "stated purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that "
+#| "purpose? To understand, we should start by looking at the root of United "
+#| "States copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
+msgid "How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their
stated purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that
purpose? To understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States
copyright law: the US Constitution."
+msgstr "Hoe kan het, dat bepalingen uit naam van het auteursrecht recht ingaan
tegen de oorspronkelijke bedoeling van deze wet, zoals die in de grondwet is
verwoord? En hoe kunnen we deze weer in lijn brengen met het oorspronkelijke
doel? Om dit te begrijpen moeten we teruggaan naar de basis van deze wet: de
Amerikaanse grondwet."
+
+# | Copyright in the [-U.S.-] {+US+} Constitution
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
+msgstr "Auteursrecht in de Amerikaanse Grondwet"
+
+# | When the [-U.S.-] {+US+} Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors
+# | were entitled to a copyright monopoly was [-proposed — and-]
+# | {+proposed—and+} rejected. The founders of our country adopted a
+# | different premise, that copyright is not a natural right of authors, but
+# | an artificial concession made to them for the sake of progress. The
+# | Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with this paragraph
+# | (Article I, Section 8):
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were "
+#| "entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The "
+#| "founders of our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is "
+#| "not a natural right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them "
+#| "for the sake of progress. The Constitution gives permission for a "
+#| "copyright system with this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgid "When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were
entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders
of our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural
right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of
progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with this
paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgstr "Ten tijde van het opstellen van die grondwet werd voorgesteld om
auteurs een monopolie te geven op de kopieerrechten — wat werd verworpen.
De stichters van dit land namen een ander standpunt in, namelijk dat het
auteursrecht geen natuurlijk recht was van auteurs maar een kunstmatige
regeling in hun voordeel ten behoeve van algemene vooruitgang. De grondwet
staat een auteursrechtensysteem toe met de volgende paragraaf (artikel I,
sectie 8):"
+
+# | [Congress shall have the power] to promote the [-p-]{+P+}rogress of
+# | [-s-]{+S+}cience and the useful [-a-]{+A+}rts, by securing for limited
+# | [-t-]{+T+}imes to [-a-]{+A+}uthors and [-i-]{+I+}nventors the exclusive
+# | [-r-]{+R+}ight to their respective [-w-]{+W+}ritings and
+# | [-d-]{+D+}iscoveries.
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "[Congress shall have the power] to promote the progress of science and "
+#| "the useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors "
+#| "the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries."
+msgid "[Congress shall have the power] to promote the Progress of Science and
the useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."
+msgstr "Het Congres zal gerechtigd zijn om de ontwikkeling van wetenschap en
kunst te stimuleren door het vergeven van tijdelijke, exclusieve rechten aan
auteurs en uitvinders voor hun werken en uitvindingen."
+
+# | The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means
+# | benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in [-Fox-]
+# | {+<em>Fox+} Film v. [-Doyal,-] {+Doyal</em>,+} the court said,
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
+#| "benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film v. "
+#| "Doyal, the court said,"
+msgid "The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means
benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film v.
Doyal</em>, the court said,"
+msgstr "Het Hooggerechtshof heeft al in meerdere uitspraken bevestigd dat het
stimuleren van de vooruitgang een belang is van de gebruikers van
auteursrechtelijk beschermd werk. Bijvoorbeeld in de uitspraak van <em>Fox Film
versus Doyal</em> was de uitspraak,"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in "
+#| "conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived "
+#| "by the public from the labors of authors."
+msgid "The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in
conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the
public from the labors of authors."
+msgstr "Het enige belang van de Verenigde Staten en de enige reden voor het
verlenen van auteursrechtelijke bescherming ligt in de algemene voordelen voor
de maatschappij die het werk van auteurs met zich meebrengt."
+
+# | This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by
+# | the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an [-option — and-]
+# | {+option—and+} why it is supposed to last for “limited
+# | times.” If copyright were a natural right, something that authors
+# | have because they deserve it, nothing could justify terminating this right
+# | after a certain period of time, any more than everyone's house should
+# | become public property after a certain lapse of time from its construction.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> "
+#| "by the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why "
+#| "it is supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were "
+#| "a natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, "
+#| "nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of "
+#| "time, any more than everyone's house should become public property after "
+#| "a certain lapse of time from its construction."
+msgid "This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b>
by the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is
supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a natural
right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing could
justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any more than
everyone's house should become public property after a certain lapse of time
from its construction."
+msgstr "Deze fundamentele beslissing verklaart waarom het auteursrecht geen
<b>vereiste</b> is voor de grondwet maar slechts <b>toegestaan</b> als
mogelijkheid — en waarom het hier om een “tijdelijke”
regeling gaat. Wanneer het auteursrecht een natuurlijk recht betrof, iets wat
auteurs krijgen omdat ze het verdienen, zou er geen enkele reden zijn dit recht
na een periode te laten vervallen. Net zoals er geen enkele reden is om
eenieders huis aan de staat te laten vervallen, x jaar na de bouw."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The “copyright bargain”"
+msgid "The “copyright bargain”"
+msgstr "De “Auteursrechten-ruilhandel”"
+
+# | The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to
+# | publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather,
+# | it does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for authors
+# | to write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends the
+# | public's natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to
+# | bring the public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept
+# | the “copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a
+# | highway or an airplane using [-taxpayer's-] {+taxpayers'+} money, except
+# | that the government spends our freedom instead of our money.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
+#| "publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, "
+#| "it does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for "
+#| "authors to write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends "
+#| "the public's natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to "
+#| "bring the public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept "
+#| "the “copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of "
+#| "a highway or an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the "
+#| "government spends our freedom instead of our money."
+msgid "The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to
publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, it
does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for authors to
write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends the public's
natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the public
more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the “copyright
bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a highway or an airplane
using taxpayers' money, except that the government spends our freedom instead
of our money."
+msgstr "Het auteursrechtensysteem werkt doordat het voorrechten verleent aan
uitgevers en auteurs; maar ten behoeve van anderen. Men doet dit om hun gedrag
te sturen: een aanmoediging richting auteurs om meer te schrijven en
publiceren. Feitelijk spendeert de overheid natuurlijke rechten, ten behoeve
van de maatschappij, om die zo te voorzien van meer uitgegeven werk. Juristen
noemen dit begrip de “auteursrechten-ruilhandel”. Het is net als de
aanschaf van een snelweg of vliegtuig door de overheid met ons belastinggeld,
behalve dan dat de overheid onze vrijheid uitgeeft, niet ons geld."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But is the bargain as it exists actually a good deal for the public? Many "
+#| "alternative bargains are possible; which one is best? Every issue of "
+#| "copyright policy is part of this question. If we misunderstand the "
+#| "nature of the question, we will tend to decide the issues badly."
+msgid "But is the bargain as it exists actually a good deal for the public?
Many alternative bargains are possible; which one is best? Every issue of
copyright policy is part of this question. If we misunderstand the nature of
the question, we will tend to decide the issues badly."
+msgstr "Maar is deze ruilhandel voor de maatschappij ook echt het goedkoopste?
Varianten hierop zijn mogelijk, welke is de beste? Ieder vraagstuk over
auteursrecht gaat hierover. Wanneer we de vraag niet goed begrijpen zal het
antwoord ook nergens op slaan."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Constitution authorizes granting copyright powers to authors. In "
+#| "practice, authors typically cede them to publishers; it is usually the "
+#| "publishers, not the authors, who exercise these powers and get most of "
+#| "the benefits, though authors may get a small portion. Thus it is usually "
+#| "the publishers that lobby to increase copyright powers. To better "
+#| "reflect the reality of copyright rather than the myth, this article "
+#| "refers to publishers rather than authors as the holders of copyright "
+#| "powers. It also refers to the users of copyrighted works as “"
+#| "readers,” even though using them does not always mean reading, "
+#| "because “the users” is remote and abstract."
+msgid "The Constitution authorizes granting copyright powers to authors. In
practice, authors typically cede them to publishers; it is usually the
publishers, not the authors, who exercise these powers and get most of the
benefits, though authors may get a small portion. Thus it is usually the
publishers that lobby to increase copyright powers. To better reflect the
reality of copyright rather than the myth, this article refers to publishers
rather than authors as the holders of copyright powers. It also refers to the
users of copyrighted works as “readers,” even though using them
does not always mean reading, because “the users” is remote and
abstract."
+msgstr "De grondwet kent auteursrecht toe aan auteurs. In de praktijk geven
die dit meestal door aan hun uitgevers; het zijn de uitgevers, niet de auteurs,
die hiervan profiteren, hoewel de auteurs hier ook een klein beetje in meedoen.
En dus zijn het meestal de uitgevers die pleiten voor meer auteursrecht. Om de
alledaagse praktijk van het auteursrecht beter te laten zien zal dit artikel
het hebben over uitgevers in plaats van auteurs als houders van het
auteursrecht. We hebben het, als gebruikers van het auteursrecht, ook over
“lezers” hoewel het gebruik niet altijd over lezen gaat omdat
“de gebruiker” iets abstracts is."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The first error: “striking a balance”"
+msgid "The first error: “striking a balance”"
+msgstr "De eerste fout: “een compromis”"
+
+# | The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading
+# | public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a
+# | means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are
+# | {+thus+} qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in
+# | misinterpreting the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the
+# | publishers to the same level of importance as the readers.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
+#| "public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
+#| "means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
+#| "qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
+#| "purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level "
+#| "of importance as the readers."
+msgid "The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading
public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a means
toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are thus
qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the
purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level of
importance as the readers."
+msgstr "De auteursrechten-ruilhandel gaat over de belangen van de
maatschappij: voordeel voor het lezend publiek is het doel; de voordelen -als
die er zijn- voor de uitgevers zijn alleen een middel om dit doel te bereiken.
Het belang van de lezer en de uitgever zijn niet gelijk. De eerste fout in de
uitleg van het auteursrecht is dat belangen van de uitgever gelijk worden
gesteld aan die van de lezer."
+
+# | It is often said that [-U.S.-] {+US+} copyright law is meant to
+# | “strike a balance” between the interests of publishers and
+# | readers. Those who cite this interpretation present it as a restatement
+# | of the basic position stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is
+# | supposed to be equivalent to the copyright bargain.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+#| "balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those "
+#| "who cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic "
+#| "position stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be "
+#| "equivalent to the copyright bargain."
+msgid "It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a
balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who cite
this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position stated in
the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent to the
copyright bargain."
+msgstr "Er wordt vaak beweerd dat het Amerikaanse auteursrecht een
“compromis” moet zijn tussen de belangen van de uitgever en die van
de lezers. Een aantal mensen presenteert dit als een alternatieve verwoording
van het auteursrecht in de grondwet, oftewel: het is gelijk aan het
auteursrechten-koopje."
+
+# | But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different
+# | conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept
+# | assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance
+# | only quantitatively, in [-“how-] {+<em>how+} much [-weight”-]
+# | {+weight</em>+} we should give them, and in what actions they apply to.
+# | The term “stakeholders” is often used to frame the issue in
+# | this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest in a policy decision are
+# | equally important. This view rejects the qualitative distinction between
+# | the readers' and publishers' interests which is at the root of the
+# | government's participation in the copyright bargain.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
+#| "conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
+#| "assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
+#| "only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give "
+#| "them, and in what actions they apply to. The term “"
+#| "stakeholders” is often used to frame the issue in this way; it "
+#| "assumes that all kinds of interest in a policy decision are equally "
+#| "important. This view rejects the qualitative distinction between the "
+#| "readers' and publishers' interests which is at the root of the "
+#| "government's participation in the copyright bargain."
+msgid "But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different
conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept assumes
that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance only
quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in what
actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often used to
frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest in a policy
decision are equally important. This view rejects the qualitative distinction
between the readers' and publishers' interests which is at the root of the
government's participation in the copyright bargain."
+msgstr "Maar deze meningen zijn niet gelijk; ze verschillen in opvatting en
gevolgen. Het compromis gaat ervan uit dat de belangen van de lezer en de
uitgever alleen kwantitatief verschillen, <em>hoeveel belang</em> we er aan
moeten hechten. Het begrip “belanghebbenden” wordt hierbij vaak
gebruikt; het gaat ervan uit dat allerlei belangen in een beleidsbeslissing
gelijk gewicht in de schaal leggen. Dit inzicht negeert de kwalitatieve
belangen van lezers versus uitgevers, wat juist de reden is voor de overheid om
deel te nemen aan het auteursrechten-koopje."
+
+# | The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great
+# | protection for the public in the copyright [-bargain — the-]
+# | {+bargain—the+} idea that copyright privileges can be justified only
+# | in the name of the readers, never in the name of the [-publishers —
+# | is-] {+publishers—is+} discarded by the “balance”
+# | interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is regarded as an
+# | end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other words, the
+# | “balance” concept says that privileges can be justified in the
+# | name of someone other than the public.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
+#| "protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+#| "copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, "
+#| "never in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the “"
+#| "balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
+#| "regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in "
+#| "other words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can "
+#| "be justified in the name of someone other than the public."
+msgid "The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great
protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that
copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never in
the name of the publishers—is discarded by the “balance”
interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is regarded as an end in
itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other words, the
“balance” concept says that privileges can be justified in the name
of someone other than the public."
+msgstr "De gevolgen hiervan zijn verstrekkend. Omdat de rechten van het
publiek in de ruilhandel — het idee dat auteursrechten alleen zijn goed
te praten in het belang van de lezers, niet de uitgevers — teniet wordt
gedaan in dit “compromis” door de belangen van de uitgevers. Omdat
de belangen van een uitgever een doel op zich zijn, kan deze het auteursrecht
aanwenden voor andere belangen dan die van algemeen nut."
+
+# | As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance”
+# | concept is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright
+# | law. The copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to
+# | convince the readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance
+# | reverses this burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no
+# | doubt that publishers will benefit from additional privilege. [-So
+# | unless-] {+Unless+} harm to the readers can be proved, sufficient to
+# | “outweigh” this benefit, we are led to conclude that the
+# | publishers are entitled to almost any privilege they request.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” "
+#| "concept is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in "
+#| "copyright law. The copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers "
+#| "to convince the readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance "
+#| "reverses this burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no "
+#| "doubt that publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless "
+#| "harm to the readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” "
+#| "this benefit, we are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to "
+#| "almost any privilege they request."
+msgid "As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance”
concept is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright law.
The copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the
readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this burden,
practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that publishers will
benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the readers can be proved,
sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we are led to conclude that
the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege they request."
+msgstr "Praktisch gezien wordt hiermee een omgekeerde bewijslast
gecreëerd voor veranderingen in het auteursrecht. Het oorspronkelijke
auteursrecht vraagt van uitgevers om het publiek te overtuigen bepaalde
vrijheden op te geven. Het compromis draait dit om, vooral omdat er in het
algemeen geen twijfel is of uitgevers hier wel van zullen profiteren. Dus
wanneer lezers niet aan kunnen tonen dat dit belang “voldoende”
wordt geschaad, kunnen uitgevers dus ieder voorrecht opeisen dat ze wensen."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Since the idea of “striking a balance” between publishers and "
+#| "readers denies the readers the primacy they are entitled to, we must "
+#| "reject it."
+msgid "Since the idea of “striking a balance” between publishers
and readers denies the readers the primacy they are entitled to, we must reject
it."
+msgstr "Omdat dit “compromis” dus voorbijgaat aan de gerechtigde
belangen van de lezers moeten we het afwijzen."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "Balancing against what?"
+msgid "Balancing against what?"
+msgstr "Een Compromis Waarvoor??"
+
+# | When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of
+# | the public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible [-deal
+# | — best-] {+deal—best+} for the public, not for the other party
+# | in the agreement.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of "
+#| "the public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal "
+#| "— best for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
+msgid "When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of
the public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best
for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
+msgstr "Wanneer de overheid iets aanschaft voor de gemeenschap handelt het
namens die gemeenschap; ze hebben de verplichting de beste overeenkomst aan te
gaan — het beste voor de gemeenschap, niet voor de andere partij."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For example, when signing contracts with construction companies to build "
+#| "highways, the government aims to spend as little as possible of the "
+#| "public's money. Government agencies use competitive bidding to push the "
+#| "price down."
+msgid "For example, when signing contracts with construction companies to
build highways, the government aims to spend as little as possible of the
public's money. Government agencies use competitive bidding to push the price
down."
+msgstr "Wanneer bijvoorbeeld aannemers worden benaderd voor het maken van een
snelweg zal de overheid ernaar streven zo min mogelijk geld uit te geven voor
zoveel mogelijk snelweg. Hiervoor gebruiken ze een aanbestedingsprocedure, om
de prijs te drukken."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the price cannot be zero, because contractors will "
+#| "not bid that low. Although not entitled to special consideration, they "
+#| "have the usual rights of citizens in a free society, including the right "
+#| "to refuse disadvantageous contracts; even the lowest bid will be high "
+#| "enough for some contractor to make money. So there is indeed a balance, "
+#| "of a kind. But it is not a deliberate balancing of two interests each "
+#| "with claim to special consideration. It is a balance between a public "
+#| "goal and market forces. The government tries to obtain for the taxpaying "
+#| "motorists the best deal they can get in the context of a free society and "
+#| "a free market."
+msgid "As a practical matter, the price cannot be zero, because contractors
will not bid that low. Although not entitled to special consideration, they
have the usual rights of citizens in a free society, including the right to
refuse disadvantageous contracts; even the lowest bid will be high enough for
some contractor to make money. So there is indeed a balance, of a kind. But
it is not a deliberate balancing of two interests each with claim to special
consideration. It is a balance between a public goal and market forces. The
government tries to obtain for the taxpaying motorists the best deal they can
get in the context of a free society and a free market."
+msgstr "In de praktijk kan de prijs niet dalen tot nul omdat aannemers niet zo
laag zullen bieden. Ze hebben hierbij de normale rechten van deelnemers aan een
vrije maatschappij, waaronder het recht om nadelige contracten te weigeren;
zelfs het laagste bod zal een aannemer winst brengen. Er is dus sprake van een
soort van compromis. Maar dit compromis gaat voorbij aan de verschillende
belangen van de partijen. Het is een compromis tussen het algemeen belang en de
marktwerking. De overheid probeert de beste overeenkomst te bereiken in het
belang van de belastingbetalende automobilist in een vrije maatschappij met een
vrije markt."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In the copyright bargain, the government spends our freedom instead of "
+#| "our money. Freedom is more precious than money, so government's "
+#| "responsibility to spend our freedom wisely and frugally is even greater "
+#| "than its responsibility to spend our money thus. Governments must never "
+#| "put the publishers' interests on a par with the public's freedom."
+msgid "In the copyright bargain, the government spends our freedom instead of
our money. Freedom is more precious than money, so government's responsibility
to spend our freedom wisely and frugally is even greater than its
responsibility to spend our money thus. Governments must never put the
publishers' interests on a par with the public's freedom."
+msgstr "Bij de auteursrechten-ruilhandel geeft de overheid onze vrijheid uit
in plaats van belastinggeld. Vrijheid is meer waard dan geld dus de overheid
moet nog zorgvuldiger omgaan met de uitgave ervan. De overheid moet dus de
belangen van uitgevers nooit gelijk stellen aan de vrijheid van de
maatschappij."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "Not “balance” but “trade-off”"
+msgid "Not “balance” but “trade-off”"
+msgstr "Geen “compromis” maar “ruil”"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The idea of balancing the readers' interests against the publishers' is "
+#| "the wrong way to judge copyright policy, but there are indeed two "
+#| "interests to be weighed: two interests <b>of the readers</b>. Readers "
+#| "have an interest in their own freedom in using published works; depending "
+#| "on circumstances, they may also have an interest in encouraging "
+#| "publication through some kind of incentive system."
+msgid "The idea of balancing the readers' interests against the publishers' is
the wrong way to judge copyright policy, but there are indeed two interests to
be weighed: two interests <b>of the readers</b>. Readers have an interest in
their own freedom in using published works; depending on circumstances, they
may also have an interest in encouraging publication through some kind of
incentive system."
+msgstr "Het idee om het belang van de lezer af te wegen tegen het belang van
de uitgever is een verkeerde benadering van het auteursrecht. Er zijn echter
wel twee afwegingen van belang: twee belangen van de <b>lezers</b>. Lezers
hebben een eigen belang in hun vrijheid van het gebruik van uitgegeven werken;
afhankelijk van de omstandigheden kunnen ze ook belang hebben bij het
publiceren via een of ander aanmoedigingssysteem."
+
+# | The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to
+# | stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance”
+# | between the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word
+# | “balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be
+# | [-confusing — we-] {+confusing. We+} need another term.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
+#| "stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” "
+#| "between the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word "
+#| "“balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be "
+#| "confusing — we need another term."
+msgid "The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come
to stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between
the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word
“balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be
confusing. We need another term."
+msgstr "Het woord “compromis” binnen het auteursrecht is synoniem
geworden met het idee dat belangen tussen uitgevers en lezers worden afgewogen.
Dit “afwegen” in het belang van de lezers is verwarrend — we
hebben een ander begrip nodig."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In general, when one party has two goals that partly conflict, and cannot "
+#| "completely achieve both of them, we call this a “trade-off.” "
+#| "Therefore, rather than speaking of “striking the right "
+#| "balance” between parties, we should speak of “finding the "
+#| "right trade-off between spending our freedom and keeping it.”"
+msgid "In general, when one party has two goals that partly conflict, and
cannot completely achieve both of them, we call this a “trade-off.”
Therefore, rather than speaking of “striking the right balance”
between parties, we should speak of “finding the right trade-off between
spending our freedom and keeping it.”"
+msgstr "Wanneer iemand twee tegengestelde belangen heeft maakt hij een keus
uit de minste van twee kwaden. Dus in plaats van te spreken over een
“compromis ” tussen partijen kunnen we beter spreken van het vinden
van een balans tussen het weggeven van onze vrijheid of hem behouden."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "(Here is <a
href=\"http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/\";>
another critique of \"balance\"</a>.)"
+msgstr "(Hier <a
href=\"http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-balance-metaphors/\";>
nog meer kritiek op \"balance\"</a>.)"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The second error: maximizing one output"
+msgid "The second error: maximizing one output"
+msgstr "De tweede fout: maximaliseren van de verkoop"
+
+# | The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of
+# | [-maximizing — not-] {+maximizing—not+} just [-increasing
+# | — the-] {+increasing—the+} number of published works. The
+# | erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the
+# | publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far
+# | above the readers.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
+#| "maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
+#| "works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” "
+#| "elevated the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error "
+#| "places them far above the readers."
+msgid "The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of
maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. The
erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the publishers
to parity with the readers; this second error places them far above the
readers."
+msgstr "De tweede fout met het auteursrecht neemt als uitgangspunt het
maximaliseren van het aantal uitgegeven werken — niet slechts het
verhogen ervan. Het idee van een “compromis” stelt de belangen van
uitgevers gelijk aan die van lezers, deze tweede fout plaatst ze boven die
lezers."
+
+# | When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in
+# | stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other
+# | purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and
+# | choosing a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle
+# | of diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one
+# | particular good is likely to be {+an+} inefficient allocation of
+# | resources; we generally choose to keep some money for another use.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
+#| "stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
+#| "purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and "
+#| "choosing a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The "
+#| "principle of diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on "
+#| "one particular good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; "
+#| "we generally choose to keep some money for another use."
+msgid "When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity
in stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other
purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing a
model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of diminishing
returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular good is likely
to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally choose to keep some
money for another use."
+msgstr "Wanneer we iets kopen, kopen we niet gelijk de hele voorraad of het
duurste model. We bewaren ook nog wat voor andere aankopen door alleen te kopen
wat we nodig hebben of wat voldoet aan de wensen. De wet van de verminderde
meeropbrengst zorgt ervoor dat we niet al ons geld in één produkt
steken omdat dit niet efficiënt is."
+
+# | Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase.
+# | The first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least,
+# | [-while giving-] {+and whose sacrifice gives+} the largest encouragement
+# | to publication. As we trade additional freedoms that cut closer to home,
+# | we find that each trade is a bigger sacrifice than the last, while
+# | bringing a smaller increment in literary activity. Well before the
+# | increment becomes zero, we may well say it is not worth its incremental
+# | price; we would then settle on a bargain whose overall result is to
+# | increase the amount of publication, but not to the utmost possible extent.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. "
+#| "The first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, "
+#| "while giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+#| "additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+#| "bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+#| "literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well "
+#| "say it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a "
+#| "bargain whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, "
+#| "but not to the utmost possible extent."
+msgid "Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase.
The first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose
sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade
additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a
bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in literary
activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say it is not
worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain whose overall
result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to the utmost possible
extent."
+msgstr "Deze wet geldt ook voor het auteursrecht. De eerste vrijheden die we
zullen inruilen zijn diegene die we het minst zullen missen met het meeste
effect op het stimuleren van nieuwe publicaties. Wanneer we meer vrijheden
opgeven komen we op een punt dat de ruil een groter offer van ons vraagt dan
het beoogde effect. En zo komen we op een transactie waarbij publicaties
maximaal worden gestimuleerd zonder dat we ál teveel hoeven inleveren."
+
+# | Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more
+# | advantageous bargains in [-advance — it-] {+advance—it+}
+# | dictates that the public must cede nearly all of its freedom to use
+# | published works, for just a little more publication.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, "
+#| "more advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public "
+#| "must cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a "
+#| "little more publication."
+msgid "Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser,
more advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must
cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more
publication."
+msgstr "Accepteren van het idee van maximalisatie gaat in tegen al deze
afwegingen — het bepaald dat iedereen bijna al zijn vrijheid moet opgeven
ter stimulering van publicaties."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The rhetoric of maximization"
+msgid "The rhetoric of maximization"
+msgstr "De retoriek van maximalisatie"
+
+# | In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to
+# | freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public
+# | copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance,
+# | the publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term
+# | designed to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking a
+# | ship. (This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe
+# | publishers who found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its
+# | modern use by the publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric
+# | directly rejects the [-C-]{+c+}onstitutional basis for copyright, but
+# | presents itself as representing the unquestioned tradition of the American
+# | legal system.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
+#| "freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
+#| "copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, "
+#| "the publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term "
+#| "designed to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking "
+#| "a ship. (This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe "
+#| "publishers who found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its "
+#| "modern use by the publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric "
+#| "directly rejects the Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents "
+#| "itself as representing the unquestioned tradition of the American legal "
+#| "system."
+msgid "In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost
to freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public
copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, the
publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term designed to
equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking a ship. (This
smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who found lawful
ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the publishers is
almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the constitutional basis
for copyright, but presents itself as representing the unquestioned tradition
of the American legal system."
+msgstr "In de praktijk wordt dit idee van maximalisatie ten koste van al je
vrijheid gesteund door wijdverbreide retoriek die stelt dat kopiëren van
uitgegeven werk illegaal is, oneerlijk en fout. Uitgevers noemen mensen die
kopiëren bijvoorbeeld “piraten”, een scheldwoord met als doel
om het delen met je buurman gelijk te stellen aan het aanvallen van een schip.
(Dit scheldwoord werd eerder gebruikt door schrijvers om uitgevers te
beschrijven die manieren vonden om toch legaal ongeautoriseerd werk te
publiceren; het huidige gebruik door uitgevers keert dit bijna om). Deze
retoriek is een directe afwijzing van het grondwettelijke uitgangspunt van
auteursrecht, maar presenteert zichzelf als de enig juiste traditie van het
Amerikaanse rechtssysteem."
+
+# | The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it
+# | [-blankets-] {+so pervades+} the media [-so-] that few people realize
+# | [-that-] {+how radical+} it [-is radical.-] {+is.+} It is effective
+# | because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we can
+# | never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to do
+# | so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers
+# | should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of
+# | [-all — “We-] {+all—“We+} want to [-copy”
+# | — is-] {+copy”—is+} disqualified in advance.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it "
+#| "blankets the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is "
+#| "effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, "
+#| "we can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our "
+#| "freedom to do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show "
+#| "why publishers should not receive some additional power, the most "
+#| "important reason of all — “We want to copy” — is "
+#| "disqualified in advance."
+msgid "The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so
pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is effective
because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we can never
object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to do so. In
other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers should not
receive some additional power, the most important reason of all—“We
want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
+msgstr "De “piraten”-retoriek wordt geaccepteerd omdat de media
dit denken te begrijpen zodat niemand beseft hoe radicaal dit wel niet is. Het
is vervolgens effectief doordat, wanneer we dit accepteren als iets illegaals,
we ook geen bezwaar kunnen maken tegen uitgevers die eisen dat we de vrijheid
om dit te doen opgeven. Oftewel, wanneer uitgevers ons vragen ze meer macht te
geven, kunnen we dit niet weigeren met het simpele bezwaar: “nee, want we
willen kunnen kopiëren”, want dat is tenslotte
“illegaal”."
+
+# | This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except
+# | using side issues. Hence{+,+} opposition to stronger copyright powers
+# | today almost exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the
+# | freedom to distribute copies as a legitimate public value.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except "
+#| "using side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today "
+#| "almost exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
+#| "distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
+msgid "This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except
using side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost
exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to distribute
copies as a legitimate public value."
+msgstr "Er blijven zo weinig argumenten over tegen uitbreiding van het
auteursrecht, behalve bijzaken. Hierdoor gaat het tegenwoordig in het debat om
versterking van het auteursrecht uitsluitend nog om bijzaken, niemand durft
tenslotte nog te refereren aan het recht om te kopiëren als iets legaals."
+
+# | As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to
+# | argue that “A certain practice is reducing our [-sales — or-]
+# | {+sales—or+} we think it [-might — so-] {+might—so+} we
+# | presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, and therefore it
+# | should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous conclusion that
+# | the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's good for General
+# | Media is good for the [-U.S.A.-] {+USA.+}
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to "
+#| "argue that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we "
+#| "think it might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some "
+#| "unknown amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led "
+#| "to the outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by "
+#| "publishers' sales: What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
+msgid "As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to
argue that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it
might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, and
therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous
conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's good
for General Media is good for the USA."
+msgstr "Maximalisatie draait er in de praktijk dus op uit dat “uitgevers
beweren dat zekere handelingen hun verkoop doen stagneren — of denken dat
dit zal gebeuren — en dus aannemen dat dit de hoeveelheid publicaties
negatief zal beïnvloeden en dus dienen die handelingen verboden te
worden”. Wat tot de belachelijke conclusie leidt dat het publiek belang
direct samenhangt met de omzet van uitgevers: wat goed is voor de media is goed
voor de VS."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The third error: maximizing publishers' power"
+msgid "The third error: maximizing publishers' power"
+msgstr "De derde fout: het vergroten van de macht van uitgevers"
+
+# | Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing
+# | publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this
+# | requires giving them the maximum possible [-powers — making-]
+# | {+powers—making+} copyright cover every imaginable use of a work, or
+# | applying some other legal tool such as “shrink wrap” licenses
+# | to equivalent effect. This goal, which entails the abolition of
+# | “fair use” and the “right of first sale,” is being
+# | pressed at every available level of government, from states of the
+# | [-U.S.-] {+US+} to international bodies.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
+#| "publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
+#| "requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+#| "cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool "
+#| "such as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This "
+#| "goal, which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the "
+#| "“right of first sale,” is being pressed at every available "
+#| "level of government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
+msgid "Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of
maximizing publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that
this requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright
cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such as
“shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, which
entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right of first
sale,” is being pressed at every available level of government, from
states of the US to international bodies."
+msgstr "Wanneer uitgevers mensen eenmaal hebben overtuigd van de noodzaak tot
maximalisatie, kostte wat kost, is de volgende stap om daaruit af te leiden dat
ze <em>dus</em> absolute zeggenschap moeten hebben over de gepubliceerde werken
— door het auteursrecht tot in het extreme uit te breiden en alle soorten
van gebruik te laten afdekken of door alternatieve juridische trukjes zoals
verzegelde verpakkingen en licenties. Het doel hiervan is om “redelijk
gebruik” af te schaffen en de “rechten van de eerste koper”
teniet te doen. Deze lobby wordt uitgeoefend op ieder denkbaar overheidsnivo,
van staten tot de regering en internationale organen."
+
+# | This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the
+# | creation of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the
+# | plots of some of his plays from [-other plays-] {+works others had+}
+# | published a few decades before, so if today's copyright law had been in
+# | effect, his plays would have been illegal.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the "
+#| "creation of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the "
+#| "plots of some of his plays from other plays published a few decades "
+#| "before, so if today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would "
+#| "have been illegal."
+msgid "This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the
creation of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of
some of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if
today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+msgstr "Deze stap is niet goed want een strenger auteursrecht werkt averechts
op het verschijnen van nieuw, nuttig werk. Shakespeare bijvoorbeeld, leende
verhaallijnen van stukken die een tiental jaren daarvoor waren gepubliceerd.
Wanneer destijds dus het huidige auteursrecht had gegolden waren zijn
toneelstukken illegaal geweest."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Even if we wanted the highest possible rate of publication, regardless of "
+#| "cost to the public, maximizing publishers' power is the wrong way to get "
+#| "it. As a means of promoting progress, it is self-defeating."
+msgid "Even if we wanted the highest possible rate of publication, regardless
of cost to the public, maximizing publishers' power is the wrong way to get it.
As a means of promoting progress, it is self-defeating."
+msgstr "Ook al willen we, kostte wat kost, zoveel mogelijk publicaties, het
uitbreiden van de macht van uitgevers is daarvoor niet het juiste middel. Als
promotiemiddel voor vooruitgang snijdt het zichzelf in de vingers."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "The results of the three errors"
+msgid "The results of the three errors"
+msgstr "Het resultaat van deze drie fouten"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The current trend in copyright legislation is to hand publishers broader "
+#| "powers for longer periods of time. The conceptual basis of copyright, as "
+#| "it emerges distorted from the series of errors, rarely offers a basis for "
+#| "saying no. Legislators give lip service to the idea that copyright "
+#| "serves the public, while in fact giving publishers whatever they ask for."
+msgid "The current trend in copyright legislation is to hand publishers
broader powers for longer periods of time. The conceptual basis of copyright,
as it emerges distorted from the series of errors, rarely offers a basis for
saying no. Legislators give lip service to the idea that copyright serves the
public, while in fact giving publishers whatever they ask for."
+msgstr "De huidige trend bij auteursrechten is om uitgevers meer macht te
geven voor langere tijd. Het principe van het auteursrecht, oftewel het
verwrongen beeld dat uit deze fouten naar voren komt, geeft geen aanleiding om
hiertegen te zijn. Wetgevers bedienen aldus de uitgevers, onder het mom het
publieke belang te dienen."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For example, here is what Senator Hatch said when introducing S. 483, a "
+#| "1995 bill to increase the term of copyright by 20 years:"
+msgid "For example, here is what Senator Hatch said when introducing S. 483, a
1995 bill to increase the term of copyright by 20 years:"
+msgstr "Dit is bijvoorbeeld wat senator Hatch had te zeggen bij zijn
introductie van wetsvoorstel S. 483 uit 1995 die het auteursrecht met 20 jaar
zou verlengen:"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I believe we are now at such a point with respect to the question of "
+#| "whether the current term of copyright adequately protects the interests "
+#| "of authors and the related question of whether the term of protection "
+#| "continues to provide a sufficient incentive for the creation of new works "
+#| "of authorship."
+msgid "I believe we are now at such a point with respect to the question of
whether the current term of copyright adequately protects the interests of
authors and the related question of whether the term of protection continues to
provide a sufficient incentive for the creation of new works of authorship."
+msgstr "Ik geloof dat we met het vaststellen van deze periode een juiste
balans hebben gevonden tussen de belangen van auteurs en die van de gemeenschap
waar het het stimuleren van nieuw werk betreft."
+
+# | This bill extended the copyright on already[---]{+ +}published works
+# | written since the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no
+# | possible benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively
+# | increase now the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the
+# | public a freedom that is meaningful [-today — the-]
+# | {+today—the+} freedom to redistribute books from that era.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+#| "the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
+#| "benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase "
+#| "now the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a "
+#| "freedom that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute "
+#| "books from that era."
+msgid "This bill extended the copyright on already published works written
since the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible
benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now the
number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom that is
meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that era."
+msgstr "Dit wetsvoorstel verlengde het auteursrecht op bestaande werken vanaf
1920. De wijziging was een kadootje aan de uitgevers zonder dat dit het
publieke belang op welke manier dan ook diende. Het is tenslotte onmogelijk om
met terugwerkende kracht alsnog het aantal publicaties uit die periode te
verhogen. Men heeft de gemeenschap ondertussen wel een vrijheid afgenomen
— het recht om een boek uit die tijd opnieuw uit te geven."
+
+# | The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For
+# | works made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present
+# | 75 years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new
+# | works; but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should
+# | {+be required+} substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for
+# | {+75 years in+} the [-year 2075.-] {+future.+}
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For "
+#| "works made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present "
+#| "75 years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new "
+#| "works; but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
+#| "substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
+msgid "The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For
works made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75
years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; but
any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be required
substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years in the
future."
+msgstr "Het voorstel verlengde ook het auteursrecht voor werk wat nog niet is
verschenen. Dit zou neerkomen op 95 in plaats van 75 jaar. Dit zou in theorie
goed zijn voor het stimuleren van nieuwe werken; maar iedere uitgever die
beweerd dat hij deze extra aansporing nodig heeft zou dit moeten onderbouwen
met serieuze verkoopprognoses tot 75 jaar na dato."
+
+# | Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a
+# | law extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was {+officially+} called
+# | the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its
+# | sponsors who died earlier that year. [-His-] {+We usually call it the
+# | Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, since we presume its real motive was to
+# | prevent the copyright on the appearance of Mickey Mouse from expiring.
+# | Bono's+} widow, who served the rest of his term, made this statement:
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a "
+#| "law extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was called the Sonny "
+#| "Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who "
+#| "died earlier that year. His widow, who served the rest of his term, made "
+#| "this statement:"
+msgid "Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a
law extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was officially called the
Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who
died earlier that year. We usually call it the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act,
since we presume its real motive was to prevent the copyright on the appearance
of Mickey Mouse from expiring. Bono's widow, who served the rest of his term,
made this statement:"
+msgstr "Het moge duidelijk zijn dat de argumenten van de uitgevers niet door
het congres werden aangevochten: het voorstel werd in 1998 aangenomen. Het werd
bekend als het Sonny Bono Verlengingsvoorstel, genoemd naar een van de
voorstellers die eerder dat jaar overleed. Wij noemen het meestal het Mickey
Mouse Auteursrecht omdat we aannemen dat de echte reden is om het verlopen van
het auteursrecht op Mickey Mouse te voorkomen. De weduwe van Bono, die zijn
termijn verder uitzat, had hierover het volgende te zeggen:"
+
+# | Actually, Sonny wanted {+the term of+} copyright {+protection+} to last
+# | forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the
+# | Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our
+# | copyright laws in all {+of the+} ways available to us. As you know, there
+# | is also Jack Valenti's proposal {+for term+} to last forever less one day.
+# | Perhaps the [-c-]{+C+}ommittee may look at that next Congress.
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Actually, Sonny wanted copyright to last forever. I am informed by staff "
+#| "that such a change would violate the Constitution. I invite all of you "
+#| "to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all ways available to "
+#| "us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal to last forever "
+#| "less one day. Perhaps the committee may look at that next Congress."
+msgid "Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last
forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the
Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright
laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack
Valenti's proposal for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee
may look at that next Congress."
+msgstr "Eigenlijk wilde Sonny dat het auteursrecht voor eeuwig zou gelden. Men
heeft mij verteld dat dit ongrondwettelijk zou zijn. Ik nodig hierbij iedereen
uit om mij te steunen in het streven het auteursrecht op alle mogelijke
manieren te versterken. Zoals bekend, ligt er een voorstel van Jack Valenti om
het auteursrecht te verlengen tot eeuwig minus één dag. Wellicht
dat de commissie zich hierover kan buigen op het volgende congres."
+
+# | The Supreme Court [-has agreed to hear-] {+later heard+} a case that
+# | [-seeks-] {+sought+} to overturn the law on the grounds that the
+# | retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's goal of promoting
+# | progress. {+The court responded by abdicating its responsibility to judge
+# | the question; on copyright, the Constitution requires only lip service.+}
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the "
+#| "law on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
+#| "Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+msgid "The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on
the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's
goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its
responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution requires
only lip service."
+msgstr "Het hooggerechtshof boog zich over een lopende zaak die de wet terug
wil draaien voor reeds verschenen werk op grond van het feit dat dit geen
vooruitgang stimuleert, zoals aangegeven in de grondwet. Het hof antwoordde dat
het deze vraag niet hoefde te beantwoorden, de grondwet vereist slechts
lippendienst."
+
+# | Another law, passed in 199[-6-]{+7+}, made it a felony to make
+# | sufficiently many copies of any published work, even if you give them away
+# | to friends just to be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the
+# | [-U.S.-] {+US+} at all.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+#| "copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just "
+#| "to be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
+msgid "Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many
copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to be
nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
+msgstr "Een andere wet, aangenomen in 1997, verbied het kopiëren van
uitgegeven werk, ook al geef je ze weg aan vrienden als kado. Voorheen was dit
in de VS gewoon toegestaan."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "An even worse law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was "
+#| "designed to bring back copy protection (which computer users detest) by "
+#| "making it a crime to break copy protection, or even publish information "
+#| "about how to break it. This law ought to be called the “Domination "
+#| "by Media Corporations Act” because it effectively offers publishers "
+#| "the chance to write their own copyright law. It says they can impose any "
+#| "restrictions whatsoever on the use of a work, and these restrictions take "
+#| "the force of law provided the work contains some sort of encryption or "
+#| "license manager to enforce them."
+msgid "An even worse law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was
designed to bring back copy protection (which computer users detest) by making
it a crime to break copy protection, or even publish information about how to
break it. This law ought to be called the “Domination by Media
Corporations Act” because it effectively offers publishers the chance to
write their own copyright law. It says they can impose any restrictions
whatsoever on the use of a work, and these restrictions take the force of law
provided the work contains some sort of encryption or license manager to
enforce them."
+msgstr "Maar het kan nog erger met de “Digital Millennium Copyright
Act” (DMCA), met als doel kopieerbeveiligingen (waar computergebruikers
een hekel aan hebben) opnieuw te introduceren door het strafbaar te stellen dit
soort beveiligingen te omzeilen of zelfs maar informatie hierover prijs te
geven. De wet geeft feitelijk de macht aan uitgevers om hun eigen auteursrecht
te maken. Het stelt dat uitgevers vrij zijn om wat voor beperkingen dan ook op
het gebruik van een werk aan te brengen waarbij die beperking automatisch
wettelijke status heeft mits het versleuteld is dan wel een licentie heeft om
het af te dwingen."
+
+# | One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a
+# | recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by
+# | the World [-Intellectual Property-] {+<a
+# | href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a>+} Organization, an
+# | organization dominated by [-copyright-holding-] {+copyright-+} and
+# | patent-holding interests, with the aid of pressure from the Clinton
+# | administration; since the treaty only increases copyright power, whether
+# | it serves the public interest in any country is doubtful. In any case,
+# | the bill went far beyond what the treaty required.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
+#| "recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated "
+#| "by the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization "
+#| "dominated by copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid "
+#| "of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+#| "increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+#| "country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the "
+#| "treaty required."
+msgid "One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement
a recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by
the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, an
organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with the aid
of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only increases
copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any country is
doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty required."
+msgstr "Eén van de aanleidingen voor deze wet was dat het regelingen
zou bevatten, voortkomend uit een recente overeenkomst om het auteursrecht uit
te breiden. De overeenkomst werd uitgevaardigd door de “World <a
href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization”, een
organisatie bestaande uit voornamelijk auteursrechthebbenden en patenthouders,
daarbij gesteund door de regering Clinton. Daar de overeenkomst alleen gaat
over het uitbreiden van het auteursrecht is het nog maar de vraag in hoeverre
dit het publieke belang dient. Hoe dan ook, het wetsvoorstel ging veel verder
dan de overeenkomst vereiste."
+
+# | Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the
+# | aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered [-“fair
+# | use.”-] {+fair use.+} How did the publishers respond? Former
+# | representative Pat Schroeder, now a lobbyist for the Association of
+# | American Publishers, said that the publishers “could not live with
+# | what [the libraries [-are]-] {+were]+} asking for.” Since the
+# | libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status quo, one might
+# | respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until the present day.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
+#| "aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair "
+#| "use.” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat "
+#| "Schroeder, now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, "
+#| "said that the publishers “could not live with what [the libraries "
+#| "are] asking for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve "
+#| "part of the status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers "
+#| "had survived until the present day."
+msgid "Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to
the aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered fair use. How
did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, now a lobbyist
for the Association of American Publishers, said that the publishers
“could not live with what [the libraries were] asking for.” Since
the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status quo, one might
respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until the present day."
+msgstr "Vooral bibliotheken leverden tegenstand, voornamelijk vanwege de regel
die kopiëren in het geheel verbiedt, ook voor “redelijk eigen
gebruik”. Wat was de reactie hierop van de uitgevers? Gewezen
volksvertegenwoordiger Pat Schroeder, tegenwoordig een lobbyist voor de
Amerikaanse uitgevers organisatie, stelde dat de uitgevers niet konden leven
met waar de bibliotheken om vroegen. Aangezien die bibliotheken alleen vroegen
om een handhaving van de huidige status, vraagt men zich af hoe de uitgevers
dan tot nu toe hebben overleefd."
+
+# | Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this
+# | bill, showed how far the [-U.S.-] {+US+} Constitution's view of copyright
+# | has been disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal
+# | penalties, were needed urgently because the “movie industry is
+# | worried,” as well as the “music industry” and other
+# | “industries.” I asked him, “But is this in the public
+# | interest?” His response was telling: “Why are you talking
+# | about the public interest? These creative people don't have to give up
+# | their rights for the public interest!” The “industry”
+# | has been identified with the “creative people” it hires,
+# | copyright has been treated as its entitlement, and the Constitution has
+# | been turned upside down.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed "
+#| "this bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has "
+#| "been disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, "
+#| "were needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” "
+#| "as well as the “music industry” and other “industries."
+#| "” I asked him, “But is this in the public interest?” "
+#| "His response was telling: “Why are you talking about the public "
+#| "interest? These creative people don't have to give up their rights for "
+#| "the public interest!” The “industry” has been "
+#| "identified with the “creative people” it hires, copyright has "
+#| "been treated as its entitlement, and the Constitution has been turned "
+#| "upside down."
+msgid "Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed
this bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been
disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were
needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well as
the “music industry” and other “industries.” I asked
him, “But is this in the public interest?” His response was
telling: “Why are you talking about the public interest? These creative
people don't have to give up their rights for the public interest!” The
“industry” has been identified with the “creative
people” it hires, copyright has been treated as its entitlement, and the
Constitution has been turned upside down."
+msgstr "Congreslid Barney Frank liet zien, in een bijeenkomst met mij en
anderen die tegen deze wet waren, hoever de grondwet in deze wordt genegeerd.
Hij beweerde dat er dringend nieuwe regelgeving nodig was, compleet met
wettelijke straffen, omdat de “filmindustrie zich zorgen maakte”,
net als de “muziekindustrie”, alsook andere
“industrieën”. Dus vroeg ik hem of dit in het publiek belang
was. Zijn antwoord sprak boekdelen: “ Waarom heb je het over het publiek
belang? Deze creatievelingen hoeven hun rechten niet op te geven in het belang
van de gemeenschap!” De “industrie” wordt gelijk gesteld aan
de creatieve auteurs die het inhuurt. Het auteursrecht beschouwd men daarbij
als een natuurlijk recht en de grondwet is op zijn kop gezet."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The DMCA was enacted in 1998. As enacted, it says that fair use remains "
+#| "nominally legitimate, but allows publishers to prohibit all software or "
+#| "hardware that you could practice it with. Effectively, fair use is "
+#| "prohibited."
+msgid "The DMCA was enacted in 1998. As enacted, it says that fair use
remains nominally legitimate, but allows publishers to prohibit all software or
hardware that you could practice it with. Effectively, fair use is prohibited."
+msgstr "De DMCA werd van kracht in 1998. Het stelt dat redelijk eigen gebruik
nog steeds is toegestaan maar geeft uitgevers het recht alle software of
hardware te verbieden waarmee je dit zou kunnen gebruiken. In de praktijk is
redelijk eigen gebruik dus verboden geworden."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Based on this law, the movie industry has imposed censorship on free "
+#| "software for reading and playing DVDs, and even on the information about "
+#| "how to read them. In April 2001, Professor Edward Felten of Princeton "
+#| "University was intimidated by lawsuit threats from the Recording Industry "
+#| "Association of America (RIAA) into withdrawing a scientific paper stating "
+#| "what he had learned about a proposed encryption system for restricting "
+#| "access to recorded music."
+msgid "Based on this law, the movie industry has imposed censorship on free
software for reading and playing DVDs, and even on the information about how to
read them. In April 2001, Professor Edward Felten of Princeton University was
intimidated by lawsuit threats from the Recording Industry Association of
America (RIAA) into withdrawing a scientific paper stating what he had learned
about a proposed encryption system for restricting access to recorded music."
+msgstr "Met deze wet in de hand heeft de filmindustrie censuur opgelegd aan
vrije software die DVD's leest en afspeelt en zelfs informatie over hoe DVD's
gelezen kunnen worden is gecensureerd. In April 2001 werd professor Edward
Felten middels dreigende rechtszaken van de “Recording Industry
Association of America”, gedwongen zijn wetenschappelijke artikel in te
trekken waarin hij uitlegde wat hij wijzer was geworden van een voorgesteld
versleutelsysteem voor het beperkt toegankelijk maken van opgenomen muziek."
+
+# | We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers'
+# | traditional [-freedoms — for-] {+freedoms—for+} instance, the
+# | freedom to lend a book to your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to
+# | borrow it from a library, to buy it without giving your name to a
+# | corporate data bank, even the freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books
+# | generally restrict all these [-activities — you-]
+# | {+activities—you+} can read them only with special secret software
+# | designed to restrict you.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
+#| "traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
+#| "your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a "
+#| "library, to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, "
+#| "even the freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict "
+#| "all these activities — you can read them only with special secret "
+#| "software designed to restrict you."
+msgid "We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers'
traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your
friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy it
without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to read it
twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these activities—you can
read them only with special secret software designed to restrict you."
+msgstr "We zien inmiddels ook de opkomst van elektronische boeken die de
normale vrijheden van een lezer ontnemen — bijvoorbeeld de vrijheid om
een boek uit te lenen aan een vriend, de vrijheid het aan een tweedehands
winkel te verkopen, de vrijheid het uit een bibliotheek te kunnen lenen, de
vrijheid het te kunnen kopen zonder hiervoor je personalia af te hoeven geven
en zelfs de vrijheid om het twee keer te lezen. Versleutelde electronische
boeken stellen aan al deze aktiviteiten paal en perk — je kunt ze alleen
lezen met speciale, geheime software die er is om jou te beperken in het
gebruik."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I will never buy one of these encrypted, restricted e-books, and I hope "
+#| "you will reject them too. If an e-book doesn't give you the same "
+#| "freedoms as a traditional paper book, don't accept it!"
+msgid "I will never buy one of these encrypted, restricted e-books, and I hope
you will reject them too. If an e-book doesn't give you the same freedoms as a
traditional paper book, don't accept it!"
+msgstr "Ik zal nooit een dergelijk elektronisch boek kopen en ik hoop dat jij
ze ook zult weigeren. Als een elektronisch boek je niet dezelfde rechten geeft
als een papieren exemplaar, weiger het dan!"
+
+# | Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books
+# | risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in
+# | 2001 while visiting the [-U.S.-] {+US+} to speak at a conference, because
+# | he had written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so.
+# | Now Russia is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union
+# | recently adopted one.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
+#| "risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested "
+#| "in 2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
+#| "written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now "
+#| "Russia is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union "
+#| "recently adopted one."
+msgid "Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted
e-books risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested
in 2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written
such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is
preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted
one."
+msgstr "Iedereen die onafhankelijk software uitbrengt die versleutelde
electronische boeken kan lezen riskeert strafvervolging. Dat overkwam een
Russische programmeur, Dmitry Sklyarov, die in 2001 werd gearresteerd bij een
bezoek aan de VS voor een conferentie. Hij had in Rusland zo'n programma
geschreven, iets wat in zijn land niet verboden was. Nu bereid Rusland een wet
voor die dit ook verbiedt en de Europese Unie heeft recent een dergelijke wet
al aangenomen."
+
+# | Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not because
+# | readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other
+# | reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to
+# | read from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long
+# | term; the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic
+# | [-paper” — book-like-] {+paper”—book-like+}
+# | objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be downloaded. If
+# | this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's display
+# | screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it.
+# | Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental
+# | schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of restricted
+# | e-books.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not "
+#| "because readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for "
+#| "other reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy "
+#| "surfaces to read from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect "
+#| "us in the long term; the next attempt to promote e-books will use “"
+#| "electronic paper” — book-like objects into which an "
+#| "encrypted, restricted e-book can be downloaded. If this paper-like "
+#| "surface proves more appealing than today's display screens, we will have "
+#| "to defend our freedom in order to keep it. Meanwhile, e-books are making "
+#| "inroads in niches: NYU and other dental schools require students to buy "
+#| "their textbooks in the form of restricted e-books."
+msgid "Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not
because readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other
reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read
from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; the
next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic
paper”—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book
can be downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than
today's display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep
it. Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental
schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of restricted
e-books."
+msgstr "Electronische boeken zijn nog niet door het grote publiek
geaccepteerd, maar niet omdat lezers zo aan hun vrijheid hechtten; het was om
andere redenen niet aantrekkelijk ze te lezen, met name omdat de schermen niet
zo makkelijk zijn af te lezen als papier. De volgende poging zal waarschijnlijk
wel raak zijn met de komst van “electronisch papier” —
boek-achtige apparaatjes waarin een beveiligd electronisch boek kan worden
geladen. Wanneer deze beter leesbaar blijken dan papier zullen we weer op de
bres moeten voor onze vrijheid. Ondertussen maakt het electronische boek in
beperkte kring wel opgang: de universiteit van New York en andere
tandheelkundige opleidingen leveren hun studenten alleen beveiligde
electronische studieboeken."
+
+# | The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded Senator
+# | Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and
+# | Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which
+# | would require all computers (and other digital recording and playback
+# | devices) to have government-mandated copy[- -]{+-+}restriction systems.
+# | That is their ultimate goal, but the first item on their agenda is to
+# | prohibit any equipment that can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to
+# | be impossible for the public to “tamper with” (i.e., modify
+# | for their own purposes). Since free software is software that users can
+# | modify, we face here for the first time a proposed law that explicitly
+# | prohibits free software for a certain job. Prohibition of other jobs will
+# | surely follow. If the FCC adopts this rule, existing free software such as
+# | GNU Radio would be censored.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded "
+#| "Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems "
+#| "Standards and Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</"
+#| "a>, which would require all computers (and other digital recording and "
+#| "playback devices) to have government-mandated copy restriction systems. "
+#| "That is their ultimate goal, but the first item on their agenda is to "
+#| "prohibit any equipment that can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed "
+#| "to be impossible for the public to “tamper with” (i.e., "
+#| "modify for their own purposes). Since free software is software that "
+#| "users can modify, we face here for the first time a proposed law that "
+#| "explicitly prohibits free software for a certain job. Prohibition of "
+#| "other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this rule, existing free "
+#| "software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
+msgid "The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded
Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards
and Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would
require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to
have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate
goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that can
tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public to
“tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since free
software is software that users can modify, we face here for the first time a
proposed law that explicitly prohibits free software for a certain job.
Prohibition of other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this rule,
existing free software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
+msgstr "De mediabedrijven vinden dit nog niet ver genoeg gaan. In 2001 stelde
Senator Hollings, gesteund door Disney, een wet voor genaamd de “Security
Systems Standards and Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a
href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, die voorstelt dat alle computers (en alle andere
digitale opnameapparatuur en afspelers) uit moeten worden gerust met een door
de overheid goedgekeurd systeem voor kopieerbeveiliging. Dat is het
uiteindelijke doel, maar als eerste op de agenda staat het verbieden van het op
de markt brengen van apparaten die HDTV kunnen ontvangen en die je kunt
aanpassen (oftewel ombouwen voor je eigen doeleinden). Omdat vrije software
software is die gebruikers kunnen veranderen worden we hier dus voor het eerst
geconfronteerd met een wet die vrije software verbiedt voor een bepaalde
toepassing. Het verbieden voor andere toepassingen zal daarna niet lang op zich
laten wachten. Wanneer de FCC deze wet overneemt zal software zoals GNU Radio
dus gecensureerd worden."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "To block these bills and rules requires political action.<a href="
+#| "\"#footnote2\">[2]</a>"
+msgid "To block these bills and rules requires political action.<a
href=\"#footnote2\">[2]</a>"
+msgstr "Er moet politieke druk worden uitgeoefend om dit soort wetsvoorstellen
de kop in te drukken. <a href=\"#footnote2\">[2]</a>"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "Finding the right bargain"
+msgid "Finding the right bargain"
+msgstr "Op zoek naar een goede ruil"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "What is the proper way to decide copyright policy? If copyright is a "
+#| "bargain made on behalf of the public, it should serve the public interest "
+#| "above all. The government's duty when selling the public's freedom is to "
+#| "sell only what it must, and sell it as dearly as possible. At the very "
+#| "least, we should pare back the extent of copyright as much as possible "
+#| "while maintaining a comparable level of publication."
+msgid "What is the proper way to decide copyright policy? If copyright is a
bargain made on behalf of the public, it should serve the public interest above
all. The government's duty when selling the public's freedom is to sell only
what it must, and sell it as dearly as possible. At the very least, we should
pare back the extent of copyright as much as possible while maintaining a
comparable level of publication."
+msgstr "Hoe kan men het best een beleid bepalen met betrekking tot het
auteursrecht? Wanneer het auteursrecht een transactie is die wordt gedaan in
het publiek belang dan zal het dus vooral dat publieke belang moeten dienen. De
plicht van de overheid daarbij is dus om die vrijheid zo duur mogelijk te
verkopen. We zouden zo min mogelijk auteursrecht willen vergeven zonder het
publicatie-nivo aan te tasten."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Since we cannot find this minimum price in freedom through competitive "
+#| "bidding, as we do for construction projects, how can we find it?"
+msgid "Since we cannot find this minimum price in freedom through competitive
bidding, as we do for construction projects, how can we find it?"
+msgstr "De minimum prijs -in vrijheid- die we hiervoor moeten betalen is niet
te bepalen middels openbare aanbesteding, zoals bij bouwprojecten mogelijk is.
Hoe dan wel?"
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One possible method is to reduce copyright privileges in stages, and "
+#| "observe the results. By seeing if and when measurable diminutions in "
+#| "publication occur, we will learn how much copyright power is really "
+#| "necessary to achieve the public's purposes. We must judge this by actual "
+#| "observation, not by what publishers say will happen, because they have "
+#| "every incentive to make exaggerated predictions of doom if their powers "
+#| "are reduced in any way."
+msgid "One possible method is to reduce copyright privileges in stages, and
observe the results. By seeing if and when measurable diminutions in
publication occur, we will learn how much copyright power is really necessary
to achieve the public's purposes. We must judge this by actual observation,
not by what publishers say will happen, because they have every incentive to
make exaggerated predictions of doom if their powers are reduced in any way."
+msgstr "Een mogelijkheid is om het auteursrecht in stappen af te bouwen en te
kijken naar de resultaten. Door te observeren wanneer en hoeveel afname in
publicaties er optreden kunnen we vaststellen hoeveel auteursrecht er precies
nodig is om een aanvaardbaar nivo van publicaties te handhaven (het publieke
belang). Dit moeten we vaststellen door te meten, niet door af te gaan op wilde
voorspellingen van uitgevers, in wiens belang het is die te overdrijven wanneer
hun macht wordt ingeperkt."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Copyright policy includes several independent dimensions, which can be "
+#| "adjusted separately. After we find the necessary minimum for one policy "
+#| "dimension, it may still be possible to reduce other dimensions of "
+#| "copyright while maintaining the desired publication level."
+msgid "Copyright policy includes several independent dimensions, which can be
adjusted separately. After we find the necessary minimum for one policy
dimension, it may still be possible to reduce other dimensions of copyright
while maintaining the desired publication level."
+msgstr "Het auteursrecht heeft een aantal onafhankelijke aspecten die apart
kunnen worden aangepakt. Wanneer we het minimum hebben gevonden voor een aspect
zou men best nog wel eens een ander aspect ervan kunnen reduceren zonder dat
dit de stroom publicaties negatief beïnvloed."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One important dimension of copyright is its duration, which is now "
+#| "typically on the order of a century. Reducing the monopoly on copying to "
+#| "ten years, starting from the date when a work is published, would be a "
+#| "good first step. Another aspect of copyright, which covers the making of "
+#| "derivative works, could continue for a longer period."
+msgid "One important dimension of copyright is its duration, which is now
typically on the order of a century. Reducing the monopoly on copying to ten
years, starting from the date when a work is published, would be a good first
step. Another aspect of copyright, which covers the making of derivative
works, could continue for a longer period."
+msgstr "Een belangrijk aspect is de duur, die nu is vastgesteld op ongeveer
een eeuw. Een goede eerste stap is om de duur van het monopolie op
kopiëren terug te brengen naar 10 jaar vanaf de dag van publicatie. Een
ander aspect, het maken van afgeleide werken, zou een langere periode kunnen
beslaan."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Why count from the date of publication? Because copyright on unpublished "
+#| "works does not directly limit readers' freedom; whether we are free to "
+#| "copy a work is moot when we do not have copies. So giving authors a "
+#| "longer time to get a work published does no harm. Authors (who generally "
+#| "do own the copyright prior to publication) will rarely choose to delay "
+#| "publication just to push back the end of the copyright term."
+msgid "Why count from the date of publication? Because copyright on
unpublished works does not directly limit readers' freedom; whether we are free
to copy a work is moot when we do not have copies. So giving authors a longer
time to get a work published does no harm. Authors (who generally do own the
copyright prior to publication) will rarely choose to delay publication just to
push back the end of the copyright term."
+msgstr "Waarom trouwens uitgaan van de dag van publicatie? Omdat het recht om
te kopiëren geen waarde heeft voor werken die nog niet zijn uitgegeven;
want er zijn nog geen kopieën. Auteurs langer de tijd geven iets te
publiceren schaadt geen enkel belang. Schrijvers (die meestal wel de
kopieerrechten hebben vóór publicatie) zullen publicatie niet
uitstellen alleen om het kopieerrecht te verlengen."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Why ten years? Because that is a safe proposal; we can be confident on "
+#| "practical grounds that this reduction would have little impact on the "
+#| "overall viability of publishing today. In most media and genres, "
+#| "successful works are very profitable in just a few years, and even "
+#| "successful works are usually out of print well before ten. Even for "
+#| "reference works, whose useful life may be many decades, ten-year "
+#| "copyright should suffice: updated editions are issued regularly, and many "
+#| "readers will buy the copyrighted current edition rather than copy a ten-"
+#| "year-old public domain version."
+msgid "Why ten years? Because that is a safe proposal; we can be confident on
practical grounds that this reduction would have little impact on the overall
viability of publishing today. In most media and genres, successful works are
very profitable in just a few years, and even successful works are usually out
of print well before ten. Even for reference works, whose useful life may be
many decades, ten-year copyright should suffice: updated editions are issued
regularly, and many readers will buy the copyrighted current edition rather
than copy a ten-year-old public domain version."
+msgstr "Waarom tien jaar? Omdat dat een veilige periode is. We kunnen er,
kijkend naar de praktijk, van uit gaan dat dit weinig invloed heeft op de
stroom uitgegeven werk. Bij de meeste media en genres zijn populaire werken
zeer winstgevend in de eerste paar jaar en zelfs bestsellers zijn voor die tijd
meestal niet meer in druk. Zelfs voor naslagwerken, die meestal een langere
levensduur hebben dan tien jaar, zou het genoeg moeten zijn: lezers zullen dan
de voorkeur geven aan recent bijgewerkte uitgaven -waarvoor weer kopieerrecht
geldt- in plaats van de verouderde -rechtenvrije- versies."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Ten years may still be longer than necessary; once things settle down, we "
+#| "could try a further reduction to tune the system. At a panel on "
+#| "copyright at a literary convention, where I proposed the ten-year term, a "
+#| "noted fantasy author sitting beside me objected vehemently, saying that "
+#| "anything beyond five years was intolerable."
+msgid "Ten years may still be longer than necessary; once things settle down,
we could try a further reduction to tune the system. At a panel on copyright
at a literary convention, where I proposed the ten-year term, a noted fantasy
author sitting beside me objected vehemently, saying that anything beyond five
years was intolerable."
+msgstr "Tien jaar is misschien zelfs langer dan nodig; na een tijdje zouden we
kunnen proberen de periode verder te verkorten om zo het systeem beter af te
stellen. Tijdens een discussie over auteursrecht op een literaire bijeenkomst,
waar ik die tienjarige periode voorstelde, reageerde mijn buurman -een bekende
fantasy schrijver- verontwaardigd met de opmerking dat alles langer dan vijf
jaar onacceptabel was."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But we don't have to apply the same time span to all kinds of works. "
+#| "Maintaining the utmost uniformity of copyright policy is not crucial to "
+#| "the public interest, and copyright law already has many exceptions for "
+#| "specific uses and media. It would be foolish to pay for every highway "
+#| "project at the rates necessary for the most difficult projects in the "
+#| "most expensive regions of the country; it is equally foolish to “"
+#| "pay” for all kinds of art with the greatest price in freedom that "
+#| "we find necessary for any one kind."
+msgid "But we don't have to apply the same time span to all kinds of works.
Maintaining the utmost uniformity of copyright policy is not crucial to the
public interest, and copyright law already has many exceptions for specific
uses and media. It would be foolish to pay for every highway project at the
rates necessary for the most difficult projects in the most expensive regions
of the country; it is equally foolish to “pay” for all kinds of art
with the greatest price in freedom that we find necessary for any one kind."
+msgstr "Maar niet alles hoeft over één kam te worden geschoren.
Een auteursrecht wat uniform is is niet van het hoogste -publieke- belang en
het auteursrecht heeft wel meer uitzonderingen voor bepaald gebruik of media.
Het zou gek zijn om bij iedere aanbesteding voor het aanleggen van wegen uit te
gaan van het hoogste tarief; zo ook zou het gek zijn om er van uit te gaan dat
voor iedere artistieke uiting we altijd de hoogste prijs in vrijheid moeten
“betalen”."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "So perhaps novels, dictionaries, computer programs, songs, symphonies, "
+#| "and movies should have different durations of copyright, so that we can "
+#| "reduce the duration for each kind of work to what is necessary for many "
+#| "such works to be published. Perhaps movies over one hour long could have "
+#| "a twenty-year copyright, because of the expense of producing them. In my "
+#| "own field, computer programming, three years should suffice, because "
+#| "product cycles are even shorter than that."
+msgid "So perhaps novels, dictionaries, computer programs, songs, symphonies,
and movies should have different durations of copyright, so that we can reduce
the duration for each kind of work to what is necessary for many such works to
be published. Perhaps movies over one hour long could have a twenty-year
copyright, because of the expense of producing them. In my own field, computer
programming, three years should suffice, because product cycles are even
shorter than that."
+msgstr "Wellicht moeten romans, woordenboeken, programma's, liedjes,
symfonieën en films ieder een andere monopolie-periode krijgen zodat we de
optimale -minimale- periode kunnen bepalen voor ieder soort werk waarbij de
stroom publicaties nog op peil blijft. Films langer dan een uur kunnen
bijvoorbeeld een periode van twintig jaar krijgen toebedeeld vanwege de hoge
kosten die het produceren met zich mee brengt. Op mijn eigen vakgebied,
programmeren, zou drie jaar voldoende moeten zijn. Produkt-cycli in dit segment
zijn meestal nog korter."
+
+# | Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some ways
+# | of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted
+# | even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in reducing this
+# | dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional private
+# | small-quantity noncommercial copying and distribution among individuals.
+# | This would eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police into people's
+# | private lives, but would probably have little effect on the sales of
+# | published works. (It may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure
+# | that shrink-wrap licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in
+# | restricting such copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should
+# | also permit noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general [-public
+# | — when-] {+public—when+} so many of the public want to copy
+# | and share, and find it so useful, only draconian measures will stop them,
+# | and the public deserves to get what it wants.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some "
+#| "ways of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally "
+#| "permitted even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in "
+#| "reducing this dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional "
+#| "private small-quantity noncommercial copying and distribution among "
+#| "individuals. This would eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police "
+#| "into people's private lives, but would probably have little effect on the "
+#| "sales of published works. (It may be necessary to take other legal steps "
+#| "to ensure that shrink-wrap licenses cannot be used to substitute for "
+#| "copyright in restricting such copying.) The experience of Napster shows "
+#| "that we should also permit noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the "
+#| "general public — when so many of the public want to copy and share, "
+#| "and find it so useful, only draconian measures will stop them, and the "
+#| "public deserves to get what it wants."
+msgid "Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some
ways of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted
even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in reducing this
dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional private small-quantity
noncommercial copying and distribution among individuals. This would eliminate
the intrusion of the copyright police into people's private lives, but would
probably have little effect on the sales of published works. (It may be
necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap licenses cannot
be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such copying.) The
experience of Napster shows that we should also permit noncommercial verbatim
redistribution to the general public—when so many of the public want to
copy and share, and find it so useful, only draconian measures will stop them,
and the public deserves to get what it wants."
+msgstr "Een ander aspect is de vaststelling wat nog voor “redelijk eigen
gebruik ” door kan gaan: mogelijkheden om -delen van- werken legaal te
reproduceren ook al rust er auteursrecht op. De eerste natuurlijke stap daarbij
zou het toestaan van individuele, niet-commerciële, kopieën zijn. Dit
zou de privacyschending van de auteursrechtenpolitie van vandaag de dag
overbodig maken en heeft waarschijnlijk weinig effect op de verkoop. (Wellicht
moeten er dan ook maatregelen worden getroffen om verzegelde licenties tegen te
gaan die dit soort kopieergedrag weer zouden kunnen verbieden). Ervaringen met
Napster leren ons verder dat we ook het niet-commerciëel uitlenen toe
moeten staan. — wanneer zoveel mensen het willen kopiëren en delen,
en het zo nuttig vinden, kunnen alleen draconische maatregelen hen hier van af
houden, en de gemeenschap verdient het te krijgen wat ze wil."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "For novels, and in general for works that are used for entertainment, "
+#| "noncommercial verbatim redistribution may be sufficient freedom for the "
+#| "readers. Computer programs, being used for functional purposes (to get "
+#| "jobs done), call for additional freedoms beyond that, including the "
+#| "freedom to publish an improved version. See “Free Software "
+#| "Definition,” in this book, for an explanation of the freedoms that "
+#| "software users should have. But it may be an acceptable compromise for "
+#| "these freedoms to be universally available only after a delay of two or "
+#| "three years from the program's publication."
+msgid "For novels, and in general for works that are used for entertainment,
noncommercial verbatim redistribution may be sufficient freedom for the
readers. Computer programs, being used for functional purposes (to get jobs
done), call for additional freedoms beyond that, including the freedom to
publish an improved version. See “Free Software Definition,” in
this book, for an explanation of the freedoms that software users should have.
But it may be an acceptable compromise for these freedoms to be universally
available only after a delay of two or three years from the program's
publication."
+msgstr "Voor romans, en meer in het algemeen voor alle werken met
amusementswaarde, is het uitleenrecht waarschijnlijk al voldoende.
Computerprogramma's, die een functionele waarde hebben (ze krijgen iets voor
elkaar) hebben meer vrijheden nodig, zoals het recht een verbeterde versie uit
te brengen. Zie ook de “Free Software Definition,” elders in dit
boek voor een uitleg over de vrijheden die gebruikers van software zouden
moeten hebben. Het is wellicht een haalbaar compromis om dit pas in te laten
gaan twee of drie jaar na publicatie."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Changes like these could bring copyright into line with the public's wish "
+#| "to use digital technology to copy. Publishers will no doubt find these "
+#| "proposals “unbalanced”; they may threaten to take their "
+#| "marbles and go home, but they won't really do it, because the game will "
+#| "remain profitable and it will be the only game in town."
+msgid "Changes like these could bring copyright into line with the public's
wish to use digital technology to copy. Publishers will no doubt find these
proposals “unbalanced”; they may threaten to take their marbles and
go home, but they won't really do it, because the game will remain profitable
and it will be the only game in town."
+msgstr "Dit soort wijzigingen brengt het auteursrecht voor wat betreft
digitaal kopiëren op een nivo waar de gemeenschap vrede mee zou hebben.
Uitgevers zullen deze voorstellen bestempelen als “oneerlijk”; ze
zouden kunnen dreigen er mee op te houden maar dat zullen ze uiteindelijk niet
doen want het uitgeven blijft winstgevend en dit zal de enige manier van
uitgeven zijn."
+
+# | As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media
+# | companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It
+# | would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions
+# | on copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what
+# | mass-market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the
+# | [-U.S.-] {+US+} legal system.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
+#| "companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
+#| "would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions "
+#| "on copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what "
+#| "mass-market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of "
+#| "the U.S. legal system."
+msgid "As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media
companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It would
be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on copying
that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what mass-market
nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the US legal system."
+msgstr "Wanneer we het auteursrecht inperken moeten we er voor waken dat
uitgevers dit niet gaan vervangen door eindgebruikerslicenties. We zullen
overeenkomsten, die verder gaan dan het auteursrecht op het gebied van
kopiëren, moeten verbieden. Dit soort beperkingen op algemene
-niet-onderhandelde- transacties zijn een standaard onderdeel van het
Amerikaanse rechtssysteem."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#| msgid "A personal note"
+msgid "A personal note"
+msgstr "Een persoonlijke noot"
+
+# | I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with
+# | copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer
+# | [-networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>.-] {+networks, such as the
+# | Internet.+} As a user of computers and networks for [-thirty-] {+30+}
+# | years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose
+# | next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as
+# | semidivine [-creator,-] {+<a
+# | href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</a>,+} often cited by
+# | publishers to justify increased copyright powers for [-authors,-]
+# | {+authors—powers+} which {+these+} authors will then sign away to
+# | publishers.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned "
+#| "with copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of "
+#| "computer networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers "
+#| "and networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, "
+#| "and the ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic "
+#| "mystique of the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers "
+#| "to justify increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will "
+#| "then sign away to publishers."
+msgid "I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned
with copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer
networks, such as the Internet. As a user of computers and networks for 30
years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose next.
As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as semidivine <a
href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</a>, often cited by publishers to
justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers which these authors
will then sign away to publishers."
+msgstr "Ik ben ontwerper van software, geen jurist. Ik ging me verdiepen in
het auteursrecht omdat je er onvermijdelijk mee te maken krijgt in de wereld
van computernetwerken. Als gebruiker van computernetwerken -en dat al dertig
jaar- weet ik de vrijheden die we in de loop van de tijd zijn kwijtgeraakt op
waarde te schatten, evenals de vrijheden die we nog dreigen te verliezen. Als
auteur verwerp ik het romantische idee van de bijna goddelijke artistieke <a
href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">schepper</a> zoals deze vaak wordt
opgevoerd door uitgevers, om de speciale voorrechten voor auteurs te
rechtvaardigen, terwijl ze er zelf met die rechten vandoor gaan."
+
+# | Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check,
+# | and proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to
+# | accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve
+# | special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software
+# | or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a [-check — but-]
+# | {+check—but+} please don't surrender your freedom in my name.
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, "
+#| "and proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to "
+#| "accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve "
+#| "special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the "
+#| "software or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a check "
+#| "— but please don't surrender your freedom in my name."
+msgid "Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can
check, and proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to
accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special
power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I
have written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't
surrender your freedom in my name."
+msgstr "Het grootste deel van dit artikel bestaat uit verifieerbare feiten en
redeneringen, en voorstellen waarover je zelf een mening kunt vormen. Ik vraag
je echter één ding van me aan te nemen: dat auteurs zoals ikzelf
geen speciale voorrechten verdienen. Wanneer je je waardering wilt laten
blijken voor de programma's of de boeken die ik heb geschreven dan neem ik je
geld van harte aan — maar offer alsjeblieft je vrijheid niet op terwille
van mij."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+#| msgid "Footnotes"
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr "Voetnoten"
+
+# | <a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for
+# | which a good mnemonic is[-,-] “Consume, But Don't Try Programming
+# | Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband
+# | and Digital Television Promotion Act.”
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for "
+#| "which a good mnemonic is, “Consume, But Don't Try Programming "
+#| "Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband "
+#| "and Digital Television Promotion Act.”"
+msgid "<a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA,
for which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don't Try Programming
Anything,” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and
Digital Television Promotion Act.”"
+msgstr "<a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Sindsdien omgedoopt tot het onuitspreekbare
CBDTPA, een goede afkorting voor “Consume, But Don't Try Programming
Anything,” maar eigenlijk staat het voor “Consumer Broadband and
Digital Television Promotion Act”."
+
+# | <a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web
+# | sites <a
+# | {+href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a+}
+# | href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a
+# | href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>.
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web "
+#| "sites <a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and "
+#| "<a href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
+msgid "<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web
sites <a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a
href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a
href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
+msgstr "<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>Wanneer je wilt helpen kan ik de volgende
websites aanbevelen <a
href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a
href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> en <a
href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
+
+# | This essay is published in <a [-href=\"/doc/book13.html\"><cite>Free-]
+# |
{+href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free+}
+# | Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M.
+# | Stallman</cite></a>
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This essay is published in <a href=\"/doc/book13.html\"><cite>Free "
+#| "Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</"
+#| "cite></a>"
+msgid "This essay is published in <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr "Dit artikel is verschenen in <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/\";><cite>Free
Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr "Gelieve vragen over FSF & GNU te sturen naar <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Er zijn ook nog <a
href=\"/contact/\">andere manieren om in contact te komen</a> met de FSF."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr "Gelieve meldingen van verkeerde links en andere verbeteringen (of
suggesties) te sturen aan: <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+
+# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+#| "\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+#| "translations of this article."
+msgid "Please see the <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> for
information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr "Zie <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a>
voor nadere informatie over het eventueel vertalen van dit artikel."
+
+# | Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.[-,-]
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr "Deze pagina valt onder de <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States Licentie</a>."
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr " "
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Bijgewerkt:"
+
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