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www/philosophy/po misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po
From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po |
Date: |
Sun, 19 Aug 2012 06:42:11 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 12/08/19 06:42:11
Added files:
philosophy/po : misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po
Log message:
New translation.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po
diff -N misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ misinterpreting-copyright.ru.po 19 Aug 2012 06:41:13 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1415 @@
+# Russian translation for http://www.gnu.org/p/misinterpreting-copyright.html
+# Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2012
+# this translation lacks appropriate review
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: misinterpreting-copyright.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:29-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-17 17:17+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: ru\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Misinterpreting Copyright - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐевеÑное Ñолкование авÑоÑÑкого пÑава "
+"- пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
+msgstr "ÐевеÑное Ñолкование авÑоÑÑкого пÑава:
ÑÑд оÑибок"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</strong></a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US "
+"Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, "
+"listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of "
+"publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and "
+"disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own "
+"benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to "
+"frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+msgstr ""
+"РавÑоÑÑком пÑаве пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑÑо-Ñо
ÑÑÑанное и опаÑное. Ðо конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШР"
+"авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° благо
полÑзоваÑелей — ÑеÑ
, кÑо "
+"ÑиÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸, ÑлÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¼ÑзÑкÑ, ÑмоÑÑиÑ
ÑилÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ вÑполнÑÐµÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ — а не Ñади издаÑелей или
авÑоÑов. РвÑе же неÑмоÑÑÑ "
+"на Ñо, ÑÑо лÑди ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе более
ÑÐºÐ»Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво и не "
+"подÑинÑÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ огÑаниÑениÑм, налагаемÑм
на ниÑ
“Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑобÑÑвенного "
+"блага”, гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво СШРдобавлÑеÑ
новÑе огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи "
+"обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð² повиновение, запÑгиваÑ
ее новÑми ÑÑÑовÑми наказаниÑми."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their stated "
+"purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that purpose? To "
+"understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States "
+"copyright law: the US Constitution."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðак вÑÑло, ÑÑо пÑавила авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
доÑли до диамеÑÑалÑной "
+"пÑоÑивоположноÑÑи его заÑвленнÑм ÑелÑм? Ð
каким обÑазом Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ Ñнова "
+"пÑивеÑÑи иÑ
в ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвие Ñ Ð¸Ñ
назнаÑением? ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ ÑÑо, ÑледÑÐµÑ "
+"пÑежде вÑего взглÑнÑÑÑ Ð² коÑенÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑов: "
+"конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
+msgstr "ÐвÑоÑÑкое пÑаво в конÑÑиÑÑÑии СШÐ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to "
+"a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders of our "
+"country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural right "
+"of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
+"progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with "
+"this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда пиÑалÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑии СШÐ,
мÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво на "
+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ, бÑла
пÑедложена — и оÑвеÑгнÑÑа. "
+"ÐÑноваÑели наÑего гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва пÑинÑли
дÑÑгÑÑ Ð¿ÑедпоÑÑÐ»ÐºÑ — ÑÑо "
+"авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ наÑÑÑалÑнÑм
пÑавом авÑоÑов, а иÑкÑÑÑÑвенной "
+"ÑÑÑÑпкой, данной им Ñади пÑогÑеÑÑа.
ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑазÑеÑение на ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"авÑоÑÑкого пÑава в ÑÑом паÑагÑаÑе
(ÑÑаÑÑÑ I, Ñаздел 8):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"[Congress shall have the power] to promote the Progress of Science and the "
+"useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the "
+"exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries."
+msgstr ""
+"[ÐонгÑеÑÑ ÑполномоÑен] ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ
пÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñки и полезнÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑв, "
+"обеÑпеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° огÑаниÑеннÑе ÑÑоки
авÑоÑов и изобÑеÑаÑелей иÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑм "
+"пÑавом на иÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ оÑкÑÑÑиÑ
ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвенно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
+"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film v. "
+"Doyal</em>, the court said,"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑий ÑÑд неоднокÑаÑно подÑвеÑждал, ÑÑо
ÑодейÑÑвие пÑогÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²ÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
+"полÑзоваÑелей ÑабоÑ, на коÑоÑÑе
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво.
ÐапÑимеÑ, в "
+"пÑоÑеÑÑе “Ð¤Ð¾ÐºÑ Ñилм пÑоÑив Ðойла”
ÑÑд заÑвил:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in conferring "
+"the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the public "
+"from the labors of authors."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐдинÑÑвеннÑй инÑеÑÐµÑ Ð¡Ð¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
ШÑаÑов
и пеÑвиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"[авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой] монополии Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð²
обÑиÑ
вÑгодаÑ
, извлекаемÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвом из "
+"ÑÑÑдов авÑоÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by "
+"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is "
+"supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a "
+"natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing "
+"could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any "
+"more than everyone's house should become public property after a certain "
+"lapse of time from its construction."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо ÑÑндаменÑалÑное ÑеÑение обÑÑÑнÑеÑ,
поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не "
+"<strong>ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ</strong> конÑÑиÑÑÑией, а ÑолÑко
"
+"<strong>допÑÑкаеÑÑÑ</strong> как
возможноÑÑÑ — и поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо оно бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвоваÑÑ
в “огÑаниÑеннÑе ÑÑоки”. "
+"ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво бÑло наÑÑÑалÑнÑм
пÑавом, Ñем-Ñо, ÑÑо еÑÑÑ Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов "
+"поÑомÑ, ÑÑо они заÑлÑживаÑÑ ÑÑого, ниÑÑо
не могло Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавдаÑÑ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого пÑава по пÑоÑеÑÑвии
опÑеделенного пеÑиода вÑемени — "
+"не более, Ñем дом каждого должен ÑÑаÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвенной ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ "
+"иÑÑеÑении опÑеделенного ÑÑока поÑле его
возведениÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The “copyright bargain”"
+msgstr "“ÐвÑоÑÑко-пÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñделка”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
+"publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, it "
+"does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for authors to "
+"write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends the public's "
+"natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the "
+"public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the “"
+"copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a highway or "
+"an airplane using taxpayers' money, except that the government spends our "
+"freedom instead of our money."
+msgstr ""
+"СиÑÑема авÑоÑÑкого пÑава ÑабоÑаеÑ,
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑ Ð¿Ñивилегии и Ñем ÑамÑм вÑгодÑ
"
+"издаÑелÑм и авÑоÑам; но делаеÑÑÑ ÑÑо не
Ñади ниÑ
ÑамиÑ
. ÐÑо делаеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
поведение: ÑÑобÑ
ÑоздаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов ÑÑимÑл болÑÑе "
+"пиÑаÑÑ Ð¸ болÑÑе издаваÑÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе
гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво ÑаÑÑ
одÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑалÑнÑе "
+"пÑава обÑеÑÑва, Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ обÑеÑÑва, в ÑамкаÑ
договоÑа, заклÑÑаемого Ñ ÑелÑÑ "
+"доÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе опÑбликованнÑÑ
ÑабоÑ. УÑенÑе-ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑÑÑ "
+"ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ “авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой Ñделкой”.
ÐÑо вÑе Ñавно, как еÑли Ð±Ñ "
+"гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво покÑпало ÑоÑÑе или ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ð»ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
денÑги налогоплаÑелÑÑиков, ÑолÑко "
+"гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво вмеÑÑо наÑиÑ
денег ÑаÑÑ
одÑеÑ
наÑÑ ÑвободÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But is the bargain as it exists actually a good deal for the public? Many "
+"alternative bargains are possible; which one is best? Every issue of "
+"copyright policy is part of this question. If we misunderstand the nature "
+"of the question, we will tend to decide the issues badly."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ли вÑгодна ÑÑа Ñделка
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва в Ñом виде, в каком она "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ? ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ возможнÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑивнÑÑ
Ñделок; ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
— "
+"наилÑÑÑаÑ? ÐÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема полиÑики
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава — ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑого "
+"вопÑоÑа. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñдем невеÑно ÑÑакÑоваÑÑ
пÑиÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑа, Ñо во многиÑ
"
+"ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
наÑи ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
пÑоблем бÑдÑÑ
неÑдовлеÑвоÑиÑелÑнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Constitution authorizes granting copyright powers to authors. In "
+"practice, authors typically cede them to publishers; it is usually the "
+"publishers, not the authors, who exercise these powers and get most of the "
+"benefits, though authors may get a small portion. Thus it is usually the "
+"publishers that lobby to increase copyright powers. To better reflect the "
+"reality of copyright rather than the myth, this article refers to publishers "
+"rather than authors as the holders of copyright powers. It also refers to "
+"the users of copyrighted works as “readers,” even though using "
+"them does not always mean reading, because “the users” is remote "
+"and abstract."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавление
влаÑÑи авÑоÑÑкого пÑава авÑоÑам. Ðа "
+"пÑакÑике авÑоÑÑ, как пÑавило, ÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ ÐµÐµ
издаÑелÑм; обÑÑно именно издаÑели, "
+"а не авÑоÑÑ, полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой влаÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ñгод, Ñ
оÑÑ "
+"авÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ñ.
Таким обÑазом, обÑÑно именно издаÑели "
+"ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑиление влаÑÑи авÑоÑÑкого
пÑава. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑе оÑÑажаÑÑ ÑеалÑноÑÑÑ, "
+"Ñем Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± авÑоÑÑком пÑаве, в ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑе
говоÑиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð± издаÑелÑÑ
, а не об "
+"авÑоÑаÑ
, как о ÑеÑ
, кÑо облеÑен влаÑÑÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава. Рней Ñакже "
+"говоÑиÑÑÑ Ð¾ полÑзоваÑелÑÑ
ÑабоÑ, на
коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво, "
+"как о “ÑиÑаÑелÑÑ
”, даже еÑли
полÑзование ÑÑими ÑабоÑами не вÑегда "
+"ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑение, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
“полÑзоваÑели” — "
+"оÑвлеÑенное и абÑÑÑакÑное понÑÑие."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first error: “striking a balance”"
+msgstr "ÐÑибка пеÑваÑ: “ÑÑÑановление
баланÑа”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
+"public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
+"means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
+"thus qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting "
+"the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same "
+"level of importance as the readers."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐвÑоÑÑко-пÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñделка ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво
на пеÑвое меÑÑо: вÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑиÑаÑÑей "
+"пÑблики Ñами по Ñебе ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑелÑÑ;
вÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ (еÑли они бÑдÑÑ) "
+"издаÑелей — ÑолÑко ÑÑедÑÑво
доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой Ñели. ЧиÑаÑелÑÑкие "
+"инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¸ издаÑелÑÑкие инÑеÑеÑÑ, Ñаким
обÑазом, каÑеÑÑвенно неÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ "
+"пÑиоÑиÑеÑÑ. ÐеÑвÑй Ñаг невеÑного
ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого "
+"пÑава — возвÑÑение издаÑелей до
одинакового Ñ ÑиÑаÑелÑми ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ "
+"важноÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+"balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who "
+"cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position "
+"stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent "
+"to the copyright bargain."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧаÑÑо говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво СШÐ
пÑедназнаÑено, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"“ÑбаланÑиÑоваÑÑ” инÑеÑеÑÑ
издаÑелей и ÑиÑаÑелей. Те, кÑо пÑиводÑÑ "
+"ÑÑÑ ÑÑакÑовкÑ, пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÑо как
повÑоÑение оÑновного положениÑ, "
+"деклаÑиÑÑемого конÑÑиÑÑÑией; дÑÑгими
Ñловами, пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо "
+"ÑавнознаÑно авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой Ñделке."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
+"conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
+"assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
+"only quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in "
+"what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often "
+"used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest "
+"in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
+"qualitative distinction between the readers' and publishers' interests which "
+"is at the root of the government's participation in the copyright bargain."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо ÑÑи две ÑÑакÑовки далеко не
ÑавнознаÑнÑ; они ÑазлиÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº идейно,
Ñак "
+"и по Ñвоим поÑледÑÑвиÑм. ÐонÑÑие баланÑа
пÑедполагаеÑ, ÑÑо важноÑÑÑ "
+"инÑеÑеÑов ÑиÑаÑелей и издаÑелей
ÑазлиÑаеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ÑеÑÑвенно, Ñем, "
+"<em>какой веÑ</em> Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ назнаÑиÑÑ, и
Ñем, к каким дейÑÑвиÑм они "
+"пÑименимÑ. ЧаÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñаким
обÑазом ÑÑоÑмÑлиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ, "
+"ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑÑÑ ÑеÑмин “пайÑики”; он
пÑедполагаеÑ, ÑÑо пÑи "
+"опÑеделении полиÑики одинаково важнÑ
лÑбого Ñода инÑеÑеÑÑ. ÐÑа ÑоÑка зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"оÑвеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÑеÑÑвенное ÑазлиÑие междÑ
инÑеÑеÑами ÑиÑаÑелей и издаÑелей, "
+"ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑее ÑамÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ñоли гоÑÑдаÑÑÑва
в авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой Ñделке."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
+"protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that "
+"copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never "
+"in the name of the publishers—is discarded by the “"
+"balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
+"regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other "
+"words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can be "
+"justified in the name of someone other than the public."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑа замена Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÐºÐ¾ идÑÑие
поÑледÑÑвиÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо моÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑа "
+"обÑеÑÑва в авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой
Ñделке — мÑÑлÑ, ÑÑо пÑивилегии "
+"авÑоÑÑкого пÑава могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавданÑ
ÑолÑко благом ÑиÑаÑелей, но оÑнÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ðµ "
+"благом издаÑелей —
“баланÑовой” ÑÑакÑовкой "
+"оÑбÑаÑÑваеÑÑÑ. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑ
издаÑелей Ñам по Ñебе ÑÑиÑаеÑÑÑ ÑелÑÑ, он "
+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавдаÑÑ Ð¿Ñивилегии авÑоÑÑкого
пÑава; дÑÑгими Ñловами, понÑÑие "
+"“баланÑа” подÑазÑмеваеÑ, ÑÑо
пÑивилегии можно опÑавдаÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð¼ "
+"кого-Ñо дÑÑгого, кÑоме обÑеÑÑва."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” concept "
+"is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright law. The "
+"copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the "
+"readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this "
+"burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that "
+"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the "
+"readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we "
+"are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege "
+"they request."
+msgstr ""
+"С пÑакÑиÑеÑкой ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑледÑÑвием
пÑедÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ “баланÑе” "
+"ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ñемени опÑавданиÑ
изменений в авÑоÑÑком пÑаве. "
+"ÐвÑоÑÑко-пÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñделка Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
издаÑелей бÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÐ±ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑаÑелей "
+"ÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑе ÑвободÑ.
ÐÑедÑÑавление о баланÑе пÑакÑиÑеÑки "
+"пеÑевоÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо бÑемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в
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+"вÑигÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¸ÑелÑной пÑивилегии.
ÐÑли нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑед, "
+"пÑиÑинÑемÑй полÑзоваÑелÑм,
“пеÑевеÑиє ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑигÑÑÑ, Ñо Ð¼Ñ "
+"пÑиÑ
одим к заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо издаÑели имеÑÑ
пÑаво поÑÑи на лÑбÑÑ Ð¿ÑивилегиÑ, "
+"какой они ни поÑÑебÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since the idea of “striking a balance” between publishers and "
+"readers denies the readers the primacy they are entitled to, we must reject "
+"it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð¾ “баланÑиÑовании”
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑелÑми и ÑиÑаÑелÑми "
+"оÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм в пÑавовом
пÑиоÑиÑеÑе, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгнÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Balancing against what?"
+msgstr "ÐÐ°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñем и Ñем?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of the "
+"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best "
+"for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво покÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑо-Ñо длÑ
обÑеÑÑва, оно дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ "
+"обÑеÑÑва; оно оÑвеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑобÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÑий из возможнÑÑ
"
+"договоÑов — наилÑÑÑий Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва,
а не Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ "
+"ÑоглаÑениÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, when signing contracts with construction companies to build "
+"highways, the government aims to spend as little as possible of the public's "
+"money. Government agencies use competitive bidding to push the price down."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, когда подпиÑÑваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑакÑÑ
на поÑÑÑÐ¾Ð¹ÐºÑ ÑоÑÑе Ñо ÑÑÑоиÑелÑнÑми "
+"компаниÑми, гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑ
поÑÑаÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº можно менÑÑе обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
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+"денег. ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑвеннÑе агенÑÑÑва
полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑÑÑами на заказ, ÑÑобÑ
ÑбиÑÑ "
+"ÑенÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the price cannot be zero, because contractors will "
+"not bid that low. Although not entitled to special consideration, they have "
+"the usual rights of citizens in a free society, including the right to "
+"refuse disadvantageous contracts; even the lowest bid will be high enough "
+"for some contractor to make money. So there is indeed a balance, of a "
+"kind. But it is not a deliberate balancing of two interests each with claim "
+"to special consideration. It is a balance between a public goal and market "
+"forces. The government tries to obtain for the taxpaying motorists the best "
+"deal they can get in the context of a free society and a free market."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа пÑакÑике ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
нÑлевой, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"подÑÑдÑики Ñакого не пÑедложаÑ. ХоÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
не Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑобÑми пÑеимÑÑеÑÑвами, "
+"Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
еÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑнÑе пÑава гÑаждан
Ñвободного обÑеÑÑва, в Ñом ÑиÑле пÑаво "
+"оÑказа Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑгоднÑÑ
конÑÑакÑов; даже в
пÑедложении Ñ Ñамой низкой ÑÑоимоÑÑÑÑ "
+"она бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑной, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо
подÑÑдÑик заÑабоÑал денÑги. Так ÑÑо "
+"здеÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑно еÑÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ, в
некоÑоÑом Ñоде. Ðо ÑÑо не пÑеднамеÑенное "
+"баланÑиÑование Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑами,
каждÑй из коÑоÑÑÑ
пÑеÑендÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° оÑобое "
+"внимание. ÐÑо Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑелÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва
и Ñилами ÑÑнка. ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑво "
+"пÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñелей, плаÑÑÑиÑ
налоги, наилÑÑÑий договоÑ, какой "
+"они могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ð² ÑÑловиÑÑ
Ñвободного
обÑеÑÑва и Ñвободного ÑÑнка."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In the copyright bargain, the government spends our freedom instead of our "
+"money. Freedom is more precious than money, so government's responsibility "
+"to spend our freedom wisely and frugally is even greater than its "
+"responsibility to spend our money thus. Governments must never put the "
+"publishers' interests on a par with the public's freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"РавÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой Ñделке гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво
ÑаÑÑ
одÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо наÑиÑ
"
+"денег. Свобода доÑоже денег, Ñак ÑÑо
оÑвеÑÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑва за Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"наÑа Ñвобода ÑаÑÑ
одовалаÑÑ Ð¼ÑдÑо и
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+"оÑвеÑÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñаким
обÑазом ÑÑаÑилиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи денÑги. ÐоÑÑдаÑÑÑва
"
+"никогда не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑÑ
издаÑелей на Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÐºÑ Ñо Ñвободой "
+"обÑеÑÑва."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Not “balance” but “trade-off”"
+msgstr "Ðе “баланє, а “компÑомиÑÑ”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea of balancing the readers' interests against the publishers' is the "
+"wrong way to judge copyright policy, but there are indeed two interests to "
+"be weighed: two interests <b>of the readers</b>. Readers have an interest "
+"in their own freedom in using published works; depending on circumstances, "
+"they may also have an interest in encouraging publication through some kind "
+"of incentive system."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾ÑновÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого
пÑава на идее баланÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ "
+"инÑеÑеÑами ÑиÑаÑелей и издаÑелей, но
дейÑÑвиÑелÑно еÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° инÑеÑеÑа, коÑоÑÑе "
+"ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð·Ð²ÐµÑиваÑÑ: два инÑеÑеÑа
<strong>ÑиÑаÑелей</strong>. ЧиÑаÑели "
+"заинÑеÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑобÑÑвенной Ñвободе пÑи
полÑзовании опÑбликованнÑми "
+"пÑоизведениÑми; в завиÑимоÑÑи оÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑв они могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñакже "
+"заинÑеÑеÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð² пооÑÑении пÑбликаÑий Ñ
помоÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑого Ñода ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑимÑлов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
+"stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between "
+"the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word “"
+"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing. "
+"We need another term."
+msgstr ""
+"Слово “баланє в обÑÑждениÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава ÑÑало ÑокÑаÑением "
+"идеи “баланÑиÑованиє междÑ
ÑиÑаÑелÑми и издаÑелÑми. Таким "
+"обÑазом, ÑпоÑÑебление Ñлова
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"
+"ÑиÑаÑелÑÑкиÑ
инÑеÑеÑов вводило Ð±Ñ Ð²
заблÑждение. Ðам нÑжно дÑÑгое вÑÑажение."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In general, when one party has two goals that partly conflict, and cannot "
+"completely achieve both of them, we call this a “trade-off.” "
+"Therefore, rather than speaking of “striking the right balance” "
+"between parties, we should speak of “finding the right trade-off "
+"between spending our freedom and keeping it.”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐбÑÑно, когда Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ðµ
Ñели, коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑÑиÑно пÑоÑивоÑеÑÐ°Ñ "
+"дÑÑг дÑÑгÑ, и она не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ
доÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ¸Ñ
Ñелей, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем ÑÑо "
+"“компÑомиÑÑом”. Таким обÑазом,
вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾ "
+"“пÑавилÑном баланÑиÑовании” междÑ
ÑÑоÑонами, нам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ "
+"о “наÑ
ождении веÑного компÑомиÑÑа
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑ
одованием наÑей ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ "
+"ÑоÑ
Ñанением ее”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(Here is <a href=\"http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with-"
+"balance-metaphors/\"> another critique of \"balance\"</a>.)"
+msgstr ""
+"(ÐдеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ <a
href=\"http://www.juliansanchez.com/2011/02/04/the-trouble-with"
+"-balance-metaphors/\"> дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ ÐºÑиÑика
“баланÑа”</a>.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The second error: maximizing one output"
+msgstr "ÐÑибка вÑоÑаÑ: макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñема"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
+"maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. "
+"The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the "
+"publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
+"above the readers."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ñибка полиÑики авÑоÑÑкого пÑава
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² пÑинÑÑии в каÑеÑÑве Ñели "
+"макÑимизаÑии — а не пÑоÑÑо
ÑвелиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — колиÑеÑÑва "
+"опÑбликованнÑÑ
пÑоизведений. ÐÑибоÑное
пÑедÑÑавление о “баланÑиÑовании” "
+"возвÑÑило издаÑелей до ÑавенÑÑва Ñ
ÑиÑаÑелÑми; ÑÑа вÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ñибка ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
"
+"намного вÑÑе ÑиÑаÑелей."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
+"stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
+"purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing "
+"a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of "
+"diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular "
+"good is likely to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
+"choose to keep some money for another use."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÑпаем, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно не
покÑпаем ни вÑе доÑÑÑпное на "
+"Ñкладе колиÑеÑÑво, ни ÑамÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑогÑÑ
моделÑ. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑ
ÑанÑем "
+"ÑÑедÑÑва Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
покÑпок, покÑпаÑ
ÑолÑко Ñо, ÑÑо нам нÑжно из каждого "
+"конкÑеÑного ÑоваÑа, и вÑбиÑаем подÑ
одÑÑÑÑ
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+"каÑеÑÑва. Ðо пÑинÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑдаÑи ÑаÑÑ
одование вÑеÑ
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+"один конкÑеÑнÑй ÑоваÑ, веÑоÑÑно, бÑдеÑ
неÑÑÑекÑивнÑм вложением ÑеÑÑÑÑов; мÑ, "
+"как пÑавило, ÑеÑаем ÑоÑ
ÑаниÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-Ñо
денÑги Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
Ñелей."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. The "
+"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose "
+"sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+"additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+"bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+"literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say "
+"it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain "
+"whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to "
+"the utmost possible extent."
+msgstr ""
+"Снижение оÑдаÑи ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво ÑоÑно Ñак же, как на "
+"лÑбое дÑÑгое пÑиобÑеÑение. ÐеÑвÑе
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+"обменÑÑÑ,— Ñе, в коÑоÑÑÑ
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+"Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑим пÑбликаÑии болÑÑе вÑего. Ðо
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+"дополниÑелÑнÑе ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе нам более
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+"обмен пÑедÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ñобой болÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ÐµÑÑвÑ,
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+"вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑее пÑиÑаÑение лиÑеÑаÑÑÑной
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+"пÑиÑаÑение ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð½ÑлевÑм, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ðµ
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+"опÑавдÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ; Ñогда мÑ
оÑÑановилиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñделке, обÑий "
+"ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑвелиÑении
колиÑеÑÑва пÑбликаÑий, но не до "
+"пÑеделÑно возможного ÑÑовнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more "
+"advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must cede "
+"nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more "
+"publication."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑинÑÑие макÑимизаÑии пÑбликаÑий как
Ñели заÑанее оÑвеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑи более "
+"мÑдÑÑе, более вÑгоднÑе Ñделки — ÑÑо
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+"должно ÑÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи вÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑвободÑ
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+"пÑоÑÑо за ÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑее колиÑеÑÑво
изданий."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The rhetoric of maximization"
+msgstr "ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÐºÑимизаÑии"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
+"freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
+"copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, the "
+"publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term designed "
+"to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking a ship. "
+"(This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who "
+"found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the "
+"publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the "
+"constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
+"unquestioned tradition of the American legal system."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа пÑакÑике ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÐºÑимизаÑии пÑбликаÑий
незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
+"поддеÑживаеÑÑÑ ÑиÑоко ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненной
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+"копиÑование в обÑеÑÑве незаконно,
неÑеÑÑно и по пÑиÑоде Ñвоей дÑÑно. "
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, издаÑели назÑваÑÑ ÑеÑ
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+"ÑоÑнÑм ÑловеÑком, подобÑаннÑм, ÑÑобÑ
пÑиÑавнÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ½ инÑоÑмаÑией Ñо Ñвоим "
+"ÑоÑедом к Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° коÑаблÑ. (ÐÑо
ÑоÑное ÑловеÑко Ñанее ÑпоÑÑеблÑлоÑÑ "
+"авÑоÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñелей,
коÑоÑÑе наÑ
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+"пÑбликоваÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑазÑеÑениÑ;
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+"полноÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑивоположно ÑÑомÑ.) ÐÑа
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+"конÑÑиÑÑÑионнÑе оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
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+"неоÑпоÑимой ÑÑадиÑии ÑиÑÑемÑ
амеÑиканÑкого пÑава."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so "
+"pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is "
+"effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we "
+"can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to "
+"do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers "
+"should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of "
+"all—“We want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
+msgstr ""
+"“ÐиÑаÑÑкає демагогиÑ, как пÑавило,
пÑинимаеÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо она "
+"наÑÑолÑко заÑ
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+"наÑколÑко она ÑадикалÑна. Ðна ÑÑÑекÑивна
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+"обÑеÑÑве в пÑинÑипе незаконно, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ðº
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+"издаÑели ÑÑебÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑÑпили ÑвоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑоваÑÑ. ÐнаÑе "
+"говоÑÑ, когда обÑеÑÑво вÑнÑждаÑÑ
доказÑваÑÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ñели не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ "
+"полÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¹-Ñо дополниÑелÑной влаÑÑи,
ÑÐ°Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð· вÑеÑ
"
+"пÑиÑин — “Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим
копиÑоваÑÑ” — заÑанее "
+"пÑизнаеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелÑной."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except using "
+"side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
+"exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
+"distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо не оÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
ÑпоÑобов
оÑпаÑиваÑÑ ÑвелиÑение ÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого "
+"пÑава, кÑоме полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑнÑми
пÑоблемами. ÐÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑомÑ, ÑÑо "
+"оппозиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑÐ¸Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого пÑава
ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑказÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи иÑклÑÑиÑелÑно на "
+"побоÑнÑе пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ никогда не ÑмееÑ
ÑказаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¹ "
+"как на законнÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑенноÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to argue "
+"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it "
+"might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, "
+"and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous "
+"conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's "
+"good for General Media is good for the USA."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа пÑакÑике макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑелÑ
позволÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑелÑм ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ, ÑÑо "
+"“опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑика ÑÐ½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
вÑÑÑÑÐºÑ — или Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ñмаем, "
+"ÑÑо могла Ð±Ñ ÑнизиÑÑ,— Ñак ÑÑо мÑ
пÑедполагаем, ÑÑо она ÑменÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ "
+"колиÑеÑÑво изданий на какÑÑ-Ñо
неизвеÑÑнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑинÑ, а ÑледоваÑелÑно, она "
+"должна бÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑеÑена”. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ Ðº
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+"благо обÑеÑÑва измеÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÑÑкой
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оÑоÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑелÑÑкиÑ
"
+"компаний, Ñо Ñ
оÑоÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The third error: maximizing publishers' power"
+msgstr "ÐÑибка ÑÑеÑÑÑ: макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи
издаÑелей"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
+"publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
+"requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright "
+"cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such "
+"as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, "
+"which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right "
+"of first sale,” is being pressed at every available level of "
+"government, from states of the US to international bodies."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда издаÑели полÑÑили ÑоглаÑие Ñ Ñем,
ÑÑо ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ñики — "
+"макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ лÑбой Ñеной,
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+"пÑедположение, ÑÑо ÑÑо ÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑи
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+"влаÑÑи — ÑÑо ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑ
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+"ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñоизведением или
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+"ÑÑедÑÑвÑ, напÑимеÑ, “обеÑÑоÑнÑм”
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+"ÐÑа ÑелÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑедполагаеÑ
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+"вÑеÑ
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+"оÑганизаÑий. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the creation "
+"of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of some "
+"of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if "
+"today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ñаг оÑибоÑен, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑÑогие
пÑавила авÑоÑÑкого пÑава пÑепÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑ "
+"ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
полезнÑÑ
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дейÑÑвовало ÑовÑеменное авÑоÑÑкое "
+"пÑаво, его пÑеÑÑ Ð±Ñли Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ñ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Even if we wanted the highest possible rate of publication, regardless of "
+"cost to the public, maximizing publishers' power is the wrong way to get "
+"it. As a means of promoting progress, it is self-defeating."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðаже еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ нÑжен бÑл наиболÑÑий из
возможнÑÑ
обÑемов пÑбликаÑий "
+"незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, во ÑÑо ÑÑо обойдеÑÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвÑ, Ñо макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑи "
+"издаÑелей — невеÑнÑй ÑпоÑоб длÑ
доÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого. ÐÑли ÑÑиÑаÑÑ "
+"ÑÑо ÑÑедÑÑвом ÑодейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ, Ñо
оно ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив Ñвоей Ñели."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The results of the three errors"
+msgstr "ÐоÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑеÑ
оÑибок"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The current trend in copyright legislation is to hand publishers broader "
+"powers for longer periods of time. The conceptual basis of copyright, as it "
+"emerges distorted from the series of errors, rarely offers a basis for "
+"saying no. Legislators give lip service to the idea that copyright serves "
+"the public, while in fact giving publishers whatever they ask for."
+msgstr ""
+"ТекÑÑие ÑенденÑии законодаÑелÑÑÑва в
облаÑÑи авÑоÑÑкого пÑава ÑоÑÑоÑÑ Ð² "
+"пеÑедаÑе издаÑелÑм вÑе более ÑиÑокиÑ
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+"пеÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñемени. ÐÐ´ÐµÐ¹Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñнова
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° вÑе более "
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+"возÑажений. ÐаконодаÑели ÑвеÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð° вÑе
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+"ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвÑ, а Ñами даÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑелÑм
вÑе, Ñего Ð±Ñ Ñе ни попÑоÑили."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, here is what Senator Hatch said when introducing S. 483, a 1995 "
+"bill to increase the term of copyright by 20 years:"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑо ÑенаÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¥ÐµÑÑ Ñказал,
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+"S. 483, Ð°ÐºÑ 1995 года, пÑодлеваÑÑий ÑÑок
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пÑав на "
+"20 леÑ:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"I believe we are now at such a point with respect to the question of whether "
+"the current term of copyright adequately protects the interests of authors "
+"and the related question of whether the term of protection continues to "
+"provide a sufficient incentive for the creation of new works of authorship."
+msgstr ""
+"Я Ñбежден, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одимÑÑ ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð² Ñакой
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+"вопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом, адекваÑно ли ÑекÑÑий ÑÑок
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+"инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑов, и ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ñ ÑÑим
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+"дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкиÑ
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"
+"авÑоÑÑкиÑ
пÑоизведений."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This bill extended the copyright on already published works written since "
+"the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
+"benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now "
+"the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom "
+"that is meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that "
+"era."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÐºÑ Ð¿Ñодлил авÑоÑÑкие пÑава на Ñже
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+"напиÑаннÑе наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð°Ð´ÑаÑÑÑ
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+"подаÑкой издаÑелÑм без малейÑей
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+"ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ задним ÑиÑлом
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+"ÑмÑÑл — ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
книги Ñой ÑпоÑ
и."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For works "
+"made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75 "
+"years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; "
+"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be "
+"required substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years "
+"in the future."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐºÑ Ð¿Ñодлил Ñакже авÑоÑÑкие пÑава на
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+"напиÑаÑÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¿Ñоизведений, вÑполненнÑÑ
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+"длиÑÑÑÑ 95 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо нÑнеÑниÑ
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+"ÑÑимÑл Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
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+"заÑвлÑÐµÑ Ð¾ поÑÑебноÑÑи в ÑÑом
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+"75 Ð»ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¿ÐµÑед."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Needless to say, Congress did not question the publishers' arguments: a law "
+"extending copyright was enacted in 1998. It was officially called the Sonny "
+"Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, named after one of its sponsors who died "
+"earlier that year. We usually call it the Mickey Mouse Copyright Act, since "
+"we presume its real motive was to prevent the copyright on the appearance of "
+"Mickey Mouse from expiring. Bono's widow, who served the rest of his term, "
+"made this statement:"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐµÑ Ð½ÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо конгÑеÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
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+"закон, пÑодлеваÑÑий авÑоÑÑкие пÑава, бÑл
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+"он бÑл назван “Ðаконом Сонни Ðоно о
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+"пÑав”, по имени одного из лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе
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+"поддеÑжкÑ; ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñеловек ÑÐ¼ÐµÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ñанее в
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+"закон “Ðаконом об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве на
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+"пÑедполагаем, ÑÑо наÑÑоÑÑим моÑивом бÑло
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+"занимавÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ должноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ конÑа его
ÑÑока, Ñделала Ñакое заÑвление:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"Actually, Sonny wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. I "
+"am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution. I "
+"invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all of "
+"the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal "
+"for term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at "
+"that next Congress."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðа Ñамом деле Сонни Ñ
оÑел, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвие
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+"веÑнÑм. ÐеÑÑонал инÑоÑмиÑовал менÑ, ÑÑо
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+"конÑÑиÑÑÑиÑ. Я пÑиглаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
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+"авÑоÑÑкого пÑава вÑеми доÑÑÑпнÑми Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
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+"пÑедложение Ðжека ÐаленÑи о ÑÑоке
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+"денÑ. Ðозможно, комиÑÐµÑ ÑаÑÑмоÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на
ÑледÑÑÑей ÑеÑÑии конгÑеÑÑа."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on the "
+"grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's "
+"goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its "
+"responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution "
+"requires only lip service."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐпоÑледÑÑвии ÐеÑÑ
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+"пÑедпÑинÑÑа попÑÑка опÑоÑеÑÑоваÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½
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+"задним ÑиÑлом не ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑионной
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+"пÑава, конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко к
пÑÑÑой болÑовне."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+"copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to "
+"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑгой закон, пÑинÑÑÑй в 1997 годÑ,
обÑÑвил ÑÑжким пÑеÑÑÑплением "
+"Ñоздание доÑÑаÑоÑно болÑÑого ÑиÑла копий
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+"РанÑÑе в СШРÑÑо вообÑе не бÑло
пÑеÑÑÑплением."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"An even worse law, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), was designed "
+"to bring back copy protection (which computer users detest) by making it a "
+"crime to break copy protection, or even publish information about how to "
+"break it. This law ought to be called the “Domination by Media "
+"Corporations Act” because it effectively offers publishers the chance "
+"to write their own copyright law. It says they can impose any restrictions "
+"whatsoever on the use of a work, and these restrictions take the force of "
+"law provided the work contains some sort of encryption or license manager to "
+"enforce them."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑе Ñ
ÑдÑий закон, Ðакон об авÑоÑÑком пÑаве
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+"ÑоÑÑавлен, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
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+"огÑаниÑениÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
+"recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by "
+"the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, "
+"an organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with "
+"the aid of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+"increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+"country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty "
+"required."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðдин из аÑгÑменÑов, пÑедложеннÑÑ
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+"он Ñеализовал Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð±
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+"ÑÑого договоÑа."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
+"aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered fair use. How "
+"did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, now a "
+"lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the "
+"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking for."
+"” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status "
+"quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until "
+"the present day."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐиблиоÑеки пÑедÑÑавлÑли важнейÑий
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+"ÑÑаÑÑÑ-кво, можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑиÑÑ
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+"наÑÑоÑÑего вÑемени?”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this "
+"bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been "
+"disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were "
+"needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well "
+"as the “music industry” and other “industries.” I "
+"asked him, “But is this in the public interest?” His response "
+"was telling: “Why are you talking about the public interest? These "
+"creative people don't have to give up their rights for the public interest!"
+"” The “industry” has been identified with the “"
+"creative people” it hires, copyright has been treated as its "
+"entitlement, and the Constitution has been turned upside down."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонгÑеÑÑмен ÐаÑни ФÑенк пÑи вÑÑÑеÑе Ñо
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The DMCA was enacted in 1998. As enacted, it says that fair use remains "
+"nominally legitimate, but allows publishers to prohibit all software or "
+"hardware that you could practice it with. Effectively, fair use is "
+"prohibited."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Based on this law, the movie industry has imposed censorship on free "
+"software for reading and playing DVDs, and even on the information about how "
+"to read them. In April 2001, Professor Edward Felten of Princeton "
+"University was intimidated by lawsuit threats from the Recording Industry "
+"Association of America (RIAA) into withdrawing a scientific paper stating "
+"what he had learned about a proposed encryption system for restricting "
+"access to recorded music."
+msgstr ""
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+"запиÑанной мÑзÑке."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
+"traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your "
+"friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy "
+"it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to "
+"read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
+"activities—you can read them only with special secret software "
+"designed to restrict you."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ñакже наÑинаем вÑÑÑеÑаÑÑ ÑлекÑÑоннÑе
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+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I will never buy one of these encrypted, restricted e-books, and I hope you "
+"will reject them too. If an e-book doesn't give you the same freedoms as a "
+"traditional paper book, don't accept it!"
+msgstr ""
+"Я никогда не кÑÐ¿Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸ одной из ÑÑиÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
+"risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in "
+"2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written "
+"such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is "
+"preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted "
+"one."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑбой, кÑо незавиÑимо вÑпÑÑкаеÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not because "
+"readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other "
+"reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read "
+"from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; "
+"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper”"
+"—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
+"downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's "
+"display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it. "
+"Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental "
+"schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of restricted e-"
+"books."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded Senator "
+"Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and "
+"Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would "
+"require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to "
+"have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
+"goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that "
+"can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public "
+"to “tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since "
+"free software is software that users can modify, we face here for the first "
+"time a proposed law that explicitly prohibits free software for a certain "
+"job. Prohibition of other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this "
+"rule, existing free software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
+msgstr ""
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+"ÑинанÑиÑÑемÑй компанией Disney ÑенаÑоÑ
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+"как GNU Radio."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"To block these bills and rules requires political action.<a href="
+"\"#footnote2\">[2]</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ допÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
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+"дейÑÑвиÑ.<a href=\"#footnote2\">[2]</a>"
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+msgstr "ÐайÑи пÑавилÑнÑÑ ÑделкÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"What is the proper way to decide copyright policy? If copyright is a bargain "
+"made on behalf of the public, it should serve the public interest above "
+"all. The government's duty when selling the public's freedom is to sell "
+"only what it must, and sell it as dearly as possible. At the very least, we "
+"should pare back the extent of copyright as much as possible while "
+"maintaining a comparable level of publication."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðак пÑавилÑно вÑбÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¸ÑикÑ
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+"пÑаво — ÑÑо Ñделка, заклÑÑÐ°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since we cannot find this minimum price in freedom through competitive "
+"bidding, as we do for construction projects, how can we find it?"
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One possible method is to reduce copyright privileges in stages, and observe "
+"the results. By seeing if and when measurable diminutions in publication "
+"occur, we will learn how much copyright power is really necessary to achieve "
+"the public's purposes. We must judge this by actual observation, not by "
+"what publishers say will happen, because they have every incentive to make "
+"exaggerated predictions of doom if their powers are reduced in any way."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Copyright policy includes several independent dimensions, which can be "
+"adjusted separately. After we find the necessary minimum for one policy "
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+"while maintaining the desired publication level."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One important dimension of copyright is its duration, which is now typically "
+"on the order of a century. Reducing the monopoly on copying to ten years, "
+"starting from the date when a work is published, would be a good first "
+"step. Another aspect of copyright, which covers the making of derivative "
+"works, could continue for a longer period."
+msgstr ""
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+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Why count from the date of publication? Because copyright on unpublished "
+"works does not directly limit readers' freedom; whether we are free to copy "
+"a work is moot when we do not have copies. So giving authors a longer time "
+"to get a work published does no harm. Authors (who generally do own the "
+"copyright prior to publication) will rarely choose to delay publication just "
+"to push back the end of the copyright term."
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Why ten years? Because that is a safe proposal; we can be confident on "
+"practical grounds that this reduction would have little impact on the "
+"overall viability of publishing today. In most media and genres, successful "
+"works are very profitable in just a few years, and even successful works are "
+"usually out of print well before ten. Even for reference works, whose "
+"useful life may be many decades, ten-year copyright should suffice: updated "
+"editions are issued regularly, and many readers will buy the copyrighted "
+"current edition rather than copy a ten-year-old public domain version."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÐµÑ? ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑо
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+"обÑеÑÑвенного доÑÑоÑниÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Ten years may still be longer than necessary; once things settle down, we "
+"could try a further reduction to tune the system. At a panel on copyright "
+"at a literary convention, where I proposed the ten-year term, a noted "
+"fantasy author sitting beside me objected vehemently, saying that anything "
+"beyond five years was intolerable."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we don't have to apply the same time span to all kinds of works. "
+"Maintaining the utmost uniformity of copyright policy is not crucial to the "
+"public interest, and copyright law already has many exceptions for specific "
+"uses and media. It would be foolish to pay for every highway project at the "
+"rates necessary for the most difficult projects in the most expensive "
+"regions of the country; it is equally foolish to “pay” for all "
+"kinds of art with the greatest price in freedom that we find necessary for "
+"any one kind."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо не обÑзаÑелÑно пÑименÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ и ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ
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+"ÐоддеÑжка пÑеделÑного единообÑÐ°Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð²
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+"необÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So perhaps novels, dictionaries, computer programs, songs, symphonies, and "
+"movies should have different durations of copyright, so that we can reduce "
+"the duration for each kind of work to what is necessary for many such works "
+"to be published. Perhaps movies over one hour long could have a twenty-year "
+"copyright, because of the expense of producing them. In my own field, "
+"computer programming, three years should suffice, because product cycles are "
+"even shorter than that."
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо, веÑоÑÑно, Ñ Ñоманов, ÑловаÑей,
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some ways "
+"of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted "
+"even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in reducing this "
+"dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional private small-quantity "
+"noncommercial copying and distribution among individuals. This would "
+"eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police into people's private lives, "
+"but would probably have little effect on the sales of published works. (It "
+"may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap "
+"licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such "
+"copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should also permit "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public—when so "
+"many of the public want to copy and share, and find it so useful, only "
+"draconian measures will stop them, and the public deserves to get what it "
+"wants."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"For novels, and in general for works that are used for entertainment, "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution may be sufficient freedom for the "
+"readers. Computer programs, being used for functional purposes (to get jobs "
+"done), call for additional freedoms beyond that, including the freedom to "
+"publish an improved version. See “Free Software Definition,” in "
+"this book, for an explanation of the freedoms that software users should "
+"have. But it may be an acceptable compromise for these freedoms to be "
+"universally available only after a delay of two or three years from the "
+"program's publication."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ñ Ñоманов и вообÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑ,
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+"Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей, Ñм. в
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+"пÑогÑаммє в ÑÑой книге. Ðо возможно,
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+"ÑÑиÑ
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+"ÑÑи года Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñа пÑбликаÑии пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Changes like these could bring copyright into line with the public's wish to "
+"use digital technology to copy. Publishers will no doubt find these "
+"proposals “unbalanced”; they may threaten to take their marbles "
+"and go home, but they won't really do it, because the game will remain "
+"profitable and it will be the only game in town."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐзменениÑ, подобнÑе ÑÑим, могли бÑ
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+"бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ во ÑÑо."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
+"companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
+"would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on "
+"copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what mass-"
+"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the US "
+"legal system."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваем ÑокÑаÑение влаÑÑи
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+"гаÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо издаÑелÑÑкие компании
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+"ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑандаÑÑной ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñавовой
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+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "A personal note"
+msgstr "ÐиÑное замеÑание"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with "
+"copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer "
+"networks, such as the Internet. As a user of computers and networks for 30 "
+"years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the ones we may lose "
+"next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of the author as "
+"semidivine <a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</a>, often cited "
+"by publishers to justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers "
+"which these authors will then sign away to publishers."
+msgstr ""
+"Я ÑазÑабоÑÑик пÑогÑамм, а не ÑÑенÑй-ÑÑиÑÑ.
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, and "
+"proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to accept "
+"one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power "
+"over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have "
+"written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender "
+"your freedom in my name."
+msgstr ""
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+"Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñвоей ÑвободÑ."
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr "ÐÑимеÑаниÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"footnote1\"></a>Since renamed to the unpronounceable CBDTPA, for "
+"which a good mnemonic is “Consume, But Don't Try Programming Anything,"
+"” but it really stands for the “Consumer Broadband and Digital "
+"Television Promotion Act.”"
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web sites "
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\">DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a href="
+"\"http://publicknowledge.org\">publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href=\"http://"
+"www.eff.org\">www.eff.org</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
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+"www.eff.org\">www.eff.org</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
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+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
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+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
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+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
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+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
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+msgstr ""
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+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
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+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и пÑедложениÑм
пеÑеводов ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи Ñм. в <a href="
+"\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве
по "
+"пеÑеводам”</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\">лиÑензии Creative
"
+"Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ — Ðез
пÑоизводнÑÑ
"
+"пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ "
+"можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о "
+"найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru"
+"\">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе пеÑеводов gnu.org</a>.</em>"
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
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