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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.ru.html not-ipr.pt-br.ht... |
Date: |
Tue, 13 Mar 2012 08:30:00 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/03/13 08:30:00
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.ru.html not-ipr.pt-br.html
why-free.ko.html
philosophy/po : free-sw.ru-en.html why-free.ko.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : not-ipr.pt-br-en.html why-free.ko-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.ko.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.ko.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.ko-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- free-sw.ru.html 2 Feb 2012 02:11:41 -0000 1.13
+++ free-sw.ru.html 13 Mar 2012 08:29:38 -0000 1.14
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ЧÑо Ñакое ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма? - пÑоекÑ
GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (FSF)</title>
+обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix,
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, опеÑаÑионнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема, ÑдÑо GNU, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
@@ -20,26 +20,41 @@
<h3>ÐпÑеделение Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ</h3>
+<blockquote>
<p>
-ÐÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаем ÑÑо опÑеделение Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑно показаÑÑ,
-ÑÑо должно бÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑно в оÑноÑении
конкÑеÑной компÑÑÑеÑной пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑобÑ
-она ÑÑиÑалаÑÑ Ñвободной. ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени
Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑмаÑÑиваем ÑÑо опÑеделение
-и поÑÑнÑем его. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑели бÑ
ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñили,
-Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе обÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº <a href="#History">ÑазделÑ
иÑÑоÑии</a> в нижней ÑаÑÑи
-ÑÑÑаниÑÑ.
+ÐпÑеделение Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑодеÑжиÑ
кÑиÑеÑии Ñого, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸
+конкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма
Ñвободной. ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени мÑ
+пеÑеÑмаÑÑиваем ÑÑо опÑеделение, ÑÑобÑ
поÑÑниÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ или ÑазÑеÑиÑÑ Ñонкие
+вопÑоÑÑ. СпиÑок изменений, заÑÑагиваÑÑиÑ
опÑеделение Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ,
+Ñм. в <a href="#History">Ñазделе иÑÑоÑии</a> в нижней
ÑаÑÑи ÑÑÑаниÑÑ.
</p>
+</blockquote>
<p>
-ÐонÑÑие “ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма”
оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº Ñвободе, а не к
-ÑÑоимоÑÑи. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑно воÑпÑинимаÑÑ ÑÑÑ
конÑепÑиÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÑÑ Ñлово
-“ÑвободнÑй” в Ñом ÑмÑÑле, коÑоÑÑй
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² вÑÑажении
-“волÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑ”, а не “беÑплаÑное
пиво”.
+ÐÑÑажение “ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма”
ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑаÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво и ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑелей. ÐÑÑбо говоÑÑ, <strong>Ñ
+полÑзоваÑелей еÑÑÑ Ñвобода вÑполнÑÑÑ,
копиÑоваÑÑ, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ, изÑÑаÑÑ,
+изменÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ</strong>. ÐмеÑ
ÑÑи ÑвободÑ, полÑзоваÑели
+конÑÑолиÑÑÑÑ (как индивидÑалÑно, Ñак и
коллекÑивно) пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñо, ÑÑо она
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
делаеÑ.
</p>
<p>
-Свобода пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑелей вÑполнÑÑÑ, копиÑоваÑÑ,
-ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ, изÑÑаÑÑ, изменÑÑÑ Ð¸
ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðолее ÑоÑно ÑÑо
-ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей пÑогÑаммÑ
еÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе оÑновнÑÑ
ÑвободÑ:
+Ðогда полÑзоваÑели не конÑÑолиÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, пÑогÑамма конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ
+полÑзоваÑелей. РазÑабоÑÑик конÑÑолиÑÑеÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, а ÑеÑез нее —
+полÑзоваÑелей. СледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑа
неÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑдием
+неÑпÑаведливой влаÑÑи.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Таким обÑазом, понÑÑие “ÑвободнаÑ
пÑогÑамма” оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº
+Ñвободе, а не к ÑÑоимоÑÑи. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÐµÑно
воÑпÑинимаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑепÑиÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
+понимаÑÑ Ñлово “ÑвободнÑй” в Ñом
ÑмÑÑле, коÑоÑÑй заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð²
+вÑÑажении “волÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑ”, а не
“беÑплаÑное пиво”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑогÑамма Ñвободна, еÑли Ñ ÐµÐµ
полÑзоваÑелей еÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑе ÑвободÑ:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -137,9 +152,9 @@
<p>
ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ñли дейÑÑвиÑелÑнÑ, они
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑеÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¸
неоÑзÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑеÑ
поÑ, пока Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ делаеÑе
ниÑего дÑÑного; еÑли за
-ÑазÑабоÑÑиком пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво
оÑозваÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ измениÑÑ ÐµÐµ
-ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле ÑакÑа ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·
какого Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло повода Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей
-ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñо пÑогÑамма неÑвободна.
+ÑазÑабоÑÑиком пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñаво
оÑозваÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ добавлÑÑÑ
+огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ее ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñле ÑакÑа
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· какого Ð±Ñ Ñо ни
+бÑло повода Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñей ÑÑоÑонÑ, Ñо пÑогÑамма
неÑвободна.
</p>
<p>
@@ -182,6 +197,15 @@
</p>
<p>
+ÐÑÐ¾Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема возникаеÑ, когда лиÑензиÑ
ÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸, под
+коÑоÑÑм пÑогÑамма бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÑзÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
дÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑо по ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑ
+заÑÑÑднÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ вÑпÑÑк Ñвоей измененной
веÑÑии Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° могла замениÑÑ
+пеÑвонаÑалÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ñи вÑзове Ñеми дÑÑгими
пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑого Ñода ÑÑебование
+допÑÑÑимо, ÑолÑко еÑли еÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
одÑÑее
ÑÑедÑÑво пеÑеназнаÑениÑ, позволÑÑÑее
+вам задаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвонаÑалÑной пÑогÑаммÑ
как пеÑенапÑавление на измененнÑÑ
+веÑÑиÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
ÐÑавила, ÑÑо “еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑе ÑвоÑ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпной Ñем обÑазом, Ñо вÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ñакже ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐµ доÑÑÑпной ÑÑим
обÑазом”, Ñоже могÑÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
пÑÐ¸ÐµÐ¼Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ñи Ñом же ÑÑловии. ÐÑимеÑ
Ñакого пÑиемлемого пÑавила —
@@ -327,16 +351,22 @@
<h2 id="History">ÐÑÑоÑиÑ</h2>
-<p>ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑмаÑÑиваем
“ÐпÑеделение Ñвободной
-пÑогÑаммє, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑниÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. ÐдеÑÑ Ð¼Ñ
помеÑаем ÑпиÑок ÑÑиÑ
-изменений Ñо ÑÑÑлками на ÑÑÑаниÑÑ, где
показано, ÑÑо именно изменилоÑÑ,
-ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие могли пÑоанализиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
,
еÑли заÑ
оÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>ÐÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑмаÑÑиваем ÑÑо
“ÐпÑеделение Ñвободной
+пÑогÑаммє. ÐдеÑÑ ÑазмеÑен ÑпиÑок
изменений Ñо ÑÑÑлками на ÑÑÑаниÑÑ,
+где в ÑоÑноÑÑи показано, ÑÑо изменилоÑÑ.</p>
<ul>
<li><a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">ÐеÑÑиÑ
+1.111</a>: ÐоÑÑнение 1.77 вÑÑказÑванием, ÑÑо
ÑолÑко <em>огÑаниÑениÑ</em>
+поÑле ÑакÑа ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимÑ.
ÐÑавообладаÑели могÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавиÑÑ
+дополниÑелÑное <em>ÑазÑеÑение</em> на
полÑзование пÑоизведением, вÑпÑÑÑив
+пÑоизведение паÑаллелÑно дÑÑгим
обÑазом.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">ÐеÑÑиÑ
-1.105</a>: оÑÑажено в кÑаÑкой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 (как Ñже оÑмеÑено
+1.105</a>: ÐÑÑажено в кÑаÑкой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ 1 (как Ñже оÑмеÑено
в веÑÑии 1.80), ÑÑо ÑÑа Ñвобода вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ ÑакÑиÑеÑкое полÑзование
измененной вами веÑÑией Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоиÑ
вÑÑиÑлений.</li>
@@ -427,11 +457,11 @@
</ul>
-<p>РномеÑаÑ
веÑÑий еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑÑвÑ, поÑомÑ
ÑÑо бÑло много дÑÑгиÑ
изменений,
-коÑоÑÑе ÑовеÑÑенно не влиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑеÑÑво
опÑеделениÑ. Ðни ÑолÑко иÑпÑавлÑÑÑ
-ÑÑÑлки, добавлÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ Ñак далее.
ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе пÑоанализиÑоваÑÑ
-полнÑй ÑпиÑок изменений, Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
обÑаÑиÑÑÑÑ Ðº наÑей <a
-href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">ÑиÑÑеме
+<p>РномеÑаÑ
веÑÑий, показаннÑÑ
вÑÑе, еÑÑÑ
пеÑеÑÑвÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо на ÑÑой
+ÑÑÑаниÑе бÑли дÑÑгие изменениÑ, коÑоÑÑе не
влиÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° опÑеделение как
+Ñаковое. ÐÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² дÑÑгиÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑаниÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе пÑоанализиÑоваÑÑ
+полнÑй ÑпиÑок изменений ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ñ
помоÑÑÑ <a
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">ÑиÑÑемÑ
cvsweb</a>.</p>
@@ -463,7 +493,7 @@
<p>
Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005, 2006,
-2007, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+2007, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru">лиÑензии
@@ -482,7 +512,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:11:41 $
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: not-ipr.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- not-ipr.pt-br.html 19 Nov 2011 17:36:29 -0000 1.10
+++ not-ipr.pt-br.html 13 Mar 2012 08:29:39 -0000 1.11
@@ -2,24 +2,19 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Você falou "Propriedade Intelectual"? à uma Miragem Sedutora - O
Projeto
-GNU e a Fundação para o Software Livre (FSF)</title>
+<title>Você Disse âPropriedade Intelectualâ? à uma Miragem Sedutora -
Projeto GNU
+- Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
-<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
- value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br.po">
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/not-ipr.pt-br.po</a>' -->
- <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.html" -->
- <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
- <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.pt-br.html" -->
-<h2>Você falou "Propriedade Intelectual"? à uma Miragem Sedutora</h2>
-
-<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<h2>Você Disse âPropriedade Intelectualâ? à uma Miragem Sedutora</h2>
+
+<p>por <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
<p>
-Virou moda atirar copyright, patentes e marcas - três entidades separadas e
-diferentes envolvendo três conjuntos de leis separados e diferentes - dentro
-da mesma panela e chamar isso de "Propriedade Intelectual". O termo
+Virou moda atirar copyright, patentes e marcas â três entidades separadas e
+diferentes envolvendo três conjuntos de leis separados e diferentes â dentro
+da mesma panela e chamar isso de âPropriedade Intelectualâ. O termo
distorcido e confuso não surgiu por acidente. Companhias que lucram com a
confusão o promovem. E o meio mais claro para sair da confusão é rejeitar
inteiramente o termo.
@@ -27,52 +22,56 @@
<p>
De acordo com o professor Mark Lemley, da Stanford Law School, o uso
-generalizado do termo "propriedade inteletual" é uma moda que seguiu a
-fundação da OMPI, a Organização Mundial de "Propriedade Intelectual" em
-1967, mas apenas recentemente começou a ser comumente utilizado. (OMPI é
-formalmente uma organização das Nações Unidas, mas de fato representa o
-interesse de detentores de copyrights, patentes e marcas.)
+generalizado do termo âpropriedade intelectualâ é uma moda que seguiu a
+fundação da OMPI, a Organização Mundial de âPropriedade Intelectualâ em
+1967, mas apenas recentemente começou a ser comumente utilizado. (A OMPI é
+formalmente uma organização das Nações Unidas, mas na verdade representa o
+interesse de detentores de copyrights, patentes e marcas.) Uso generalizado
+data de <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">por
+volta de 1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Cópia local da
+imagem.</a>)
</p>
<p>
-O termo carrega uma distorção que não é difÃcil de descobrir: sugere
pensar
-sobre copyright, patentes e marcas por analogia aos direitos de propriedade
-de objetos fÃsicos. (Tal analogia é discrepante da filosofia do direito da
-lei de copyright, ou da lei de patentes e da lei de marcas, mas só os
-especialistas sabem disso). Estas leis são, de fato, pouco semelhantes Ã
-lei de propriedade sobre coisas fÃsicas, mas o uso desse termo conduz os
-legisladores a alterá-las para ficarem mais parecidas. Dado que a alteração
-interessa às empresas que exercem o poder de copyright, marcas e patentes, a
-distorção da "propriedade intelectual" lhes serve bem.
+O termo carrega uma distorção que não é difÃcil de ver: sugere pensar
sobre
+copyright, patentes e marcas por analogia aos direitos de propriedade de
+objetos fÃsicos. (Tal analogia contraria a filosofia do direito da lei de
+copyright, ou da lei de patentes e da lei de marcas, mas só os especialistas
+sabem disso). Estas leis são, de fato, pouco semelhantes à lei de
+propriedade sobre coisas fÃsicas, mas o uso desse termo leva os legisladores
+a alterá-las para ficarem mais parecidas. Uma vez que a alteração interessa
+às empresas que exercem o poder de copyright, marcas e patentes, a distorção
+da âpropriedade intelectualâ lhes serve bem.
</p>
<p>
Esta distorção já daria motivos suficientes para rejeitar o termo e as
pessoas recorrentemente me pedem para propor algum outro nome para a
-categoria geral - ou propõem suas próprias alternativas (geralmente
-engraçadas). As sugestões incluem IMPs, de "Imposed Monopoly Privileges"
+categoria geral â ou propõem suas próprias alternativas (geralmente
+engraçadas). As sugestões incluem IMPs, de âImposed Monopoly Privilegesâ
(em português, Privilégios de Monopólio Impostos) e GOLEMs, de
-"Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies" (Monopólios Legalmente
-Sustentados Originados por Governos). Alguns falam de "regimes de direitos
-exclusivos", mas se referir à restrições como "direitos" é duplipensar
+âGovernment-Originated Legally Enforced Monopoliesâ (Monopólios Legalmente
+Sustentados Originados por Governos). Alguns falam de âregimes de direitos
+exclusivosâ, mas se referir à restrições como âdireitosâ é
duplipensar
também.
</p>
<p>
-Alguns desses nomes alternativos seriam um avanço, mas seria um engano
-substituir "propriedade intelectual" por qualquer outro termo. Um nome
+Alguns desses nomes alternativos seriam um avanço, mas é um engano
+substituir âpropriedade intelectualâ por qualquer outro termo. Um nome
diferente não atingiria o problema profundo do conceito: sua
-sobre-generalização. Não há uma coisa unificada tal como supõe
"propriedade
-intelectual" - isso é uma miragem. O único motivo pelo qual as pessoas
+sobre-generalização. Não há uma coisa unificada tal como supõe
âpropriedade
+intelectualâ â isso é uma miragem. O único motivo pelo qual as pessoas
pensam que ele faz sentido, como uma categoria coerente, vem da impressão
gerada pela disseminação do uso do termo.
</p>
<p>
-A locução "propriedade intelectual" é, ma melhor das hipóteses, um apanhado
-que embola leis dÃspares. Quem não é advogado e ouve esses termos,
-aplicados a várias legisações, tende a supor que elas se baseiam em um
-princÃpio comum e que funcionam de maneiras semelhantes.
+O termo âpropriedade intelectualâ é, na melhor das hipóteses, um apanhado
+que embola leis dÃspares. Quem não é advogado e ouve esses termos, aplicados
+a várias legislações, tende a supor que elas se baseiam em um princÃpio
+comum e que funcionam de maneiras semelhantes.
</p>
<p>
@@ -83,72 +82,71 @@
</p>
<p>
-A lei de copyright foi projetada para promover a autoria e a arte, e é
-atinente aos detalhes de expressão de um trabalho. A lei de patentes visava
-favorecer a publicação de idéias úteis, ao preço de dar àquele que as
-publica um monopólio temporário sobre elas - um preço que pode ser melhor
-pagar em alguns campos, mas não em outros.
+A lei de copyright foi projetada para promover a autoria e a arte, e cobre
+os detalhes de expressão de um trabalho. A lei de patentes visava favorecer
+a publicação de ideias úteis, ao preço de dar àquele que as publica um
+monopólio temporário sobre elas â um preço que pode ser melhor pagar em
+alguns campos, mas não em outros.
</p>
<p>
A lei de marcas, ao contrário, não pretendia apoiar nenhum maneira
particular de atuar, mas simplesmente permitir aos compradores saber o que
-estão comprando. Os legisladores, sob a influência da "propriedade
-intelectual", porém, transformaram-na em um esquema para propiciar
+estão comprando. Os legisladores, sob a influência da âpropriedade
+intelectualâ, porém, transformaram-na em um esquema para propiciar
incentivos à propaganda comercial.
</p>
<p>
Já que as leis se desenvolveram independentemente, elas são diferentes em
-cada detalhe, da mesma maneira que são diferentes em seus metódos e
+cada detalhe, da mesma maneira que são diferentes em seus métodos e
propósitos básicos. Portanto, se você aprender algum fato sobre a lei do
copyright, você será sábio ao supor que a lei das patentes é diferente.
Você raramente estará errado!
</p>
<p>
-As pessoas geralmente dizem "propriedade intelectual" quando realmente
+As pessoas geralmente dizem âpropriedade intelectualâ quando realmente
querem dizer algo de uma categoria maior ou menor. Por exemplo, paÃses
-ricos impõem frequentemente leis injustas a paÃses pobres para
-escorchar-lhes o dinheiro. Algumas dessas leis são leis de "propriedade
-intelectual", algumas outras não; entretanto, crÃticos dessa prática
-geralmente se prendem a esse termo porque este se tornou familiar a eles.
-Ao usá-lo, eles deturpam a natureza da questão. Seria melhor utilizar um
-termo exato, como "colonização legislativa", que vai direto ao cerne da
-questão.
+ricos impõem frequentemente leis injustas a paÃses pobres para arrancar-lhes
+o dinheiro. Algumas dessas leis são leis de âpropriedade intelectualâ,
+algumas outras não; entretanto, crÃticos dessa prática geralmente se prendem
+a esse termo porque este se tornou familiar a eles. Ao usá-lo, eles
+deturpam a natureza da questão. Seria melhor utilizar um termo exato, como
+âcolonização legislativaâ, que vai direto ao cerne da questão.
</p>
<p>
Os leigos não estão sós quando se confundem com esse termo. Até mesmo
professores de direito que ensinam essas leis são atraÃdos e distraÃdos pela
-sedução do termo "propriedade intelectual", e fazem afirmações genéricas
que
+sedução do termo âpropriedade intelectualâ, e fazem afirmações
genéricas que
entram em conflito com fatos que eles próprios conhecem. Um professor, por
exemplo, escreveu em 2006:
</p>
<blockquote><p>
-Ao contrário de seus descendentes que agoram trabalham a base da WIPO, os
+Ao contrário de seus descendentes que agora trabalham a base da OMPI, os
formatadores da constituição estadunidense tinham uma atitude de princÃpios
e pró-competitiva para a propriedade intelectual. Eles sabiam que os
-direitos poderiam ser necessários, mas... eles ataram as mãos do congresso,
+direitos poderiam ser necessários, mas... Eles ataram as mãos do congresso,
restringindo seu poder de várias maneiras.
</p></blockquote>
<p>
-Essa afirmação se refere ao artigo 1, seção 8, clásula 8 da
Constituição dos
-EUA, que autoriza a lei do copyright e a lei das patentes. Essa cláusula,
-entretanto, não tem nada a ver com a lei de marcas. O termo "propriedade
-intelectual" levou o professor a uma falsa generalização.
+Essa afirmação se refere ao artigo 1, seção 8, cláusula 8 da
Constituição
+dos EUA, que autoriza a lei do copyright e a lei das patentes. Essa
+cláusula, entretanto, não tem nada a ver com a lei de marcas. O termo
+âpropriedade intelectualâ levou o professor a uma falsa generalização.
</p>
<p>
-O termo "propriedade intelectual" também leva a um pensamento simplista.
+O termo âpropriedade intelectualâ também leva a um pensamento simplista.
Ele leva as pessoas a focarem em uma pobre similaridade que essas diferentes
-leis têm em sua forma - elas criam privilégios artificiais para certas
-partes - e não percerber os detalhes que formam sua substância: as
-restrições especÃficas que cada lei impõe sobre o público, e as
-consequências que resultam daÃ. O foco simplista na forma encoraja uma
-abordagem "economÃstica" para todas essas questões.
+leis têm em sua forma â elas criam privilégios artificiais para certas
+partes â e não perceber os detalhes que formam sua substância: as
restrições
+especÃficas que cada lei impõe sobre o público, e as consequências que
+resultam daÃ. O foco simplista na forma encoraja uma abordagem
+âeconomÃsticaâ para todas essas questões.
</p>
<p>
@@ -157,52 +155,51 @@
valores, como a de que a quantidade de produção conta, enquanto a liberdade
e o estilo de vida não, e suposições factuais que são em sua maioria
falsas,
como a de que o copyright sobre música favorece os músicos, ou de que as
-patentes de remédios apóiam a pesquisa para salvar vidas.
+patentes de remédios apoiam a pesquisa para salvar vidas.
</p>
<p>
-Outro problema é que, no nÃvel de detalhe de "propriedade intelectual", os
+Outro problema é que, no nÃvel de detalhe de âpropriedade intelectualâ,
os
assuntos especÃficos levantados pelas várias leis se tornam quase
-invisÃveis. Esses assuntos emergem das especificidades de cada lei -
-precisamente o que o termo "propriedade intelectual" faz as pessoas
+invisÃveis. Esses assuntos emergem das especificidades de cada lei â
+precisamente o que o termo âpropriedade intelectualâ faz as pessoas
ignorarem. Por exemplo, uma questão relacionada a lei do copyright é se o
compartilhamento de música deve ser permitido. A lei de patentes não tem
-nada a ver com isso. A lei de patentes traz questões como a de se se deve
+nada a ver com isso. A lei de patentes traz questões como a de se deve
permitir a paÃses pobres produzir drogas que salvam vidas e vendê-las a um
preço baixo para salvar vidas. A lei de copyright não tem nada a ver com
-tal questão.
+tais questões.
</p>
<p>
Nenhuma dessas questões é puramente econômica em sua natureza, e seus
aspectos não-econômicos são bem diferentes; usando a rasa
sobre-generalização econômica como a base para considerá-los significa
-ignorar essas diferenças. Colocar as duas leis na panela da "propriedade
-intelectual" obstrui o pensamento claro sobre cada uma.
+ignorar essas diferenças. Colocar as duas leis na panela da âpropriedade
+intelectualâ obstrui o pensamento claro sobre cada uma.
</p>
<p>
-Portanto, qualquer opinião sobre "a questão da propriedade intelectual" e
+Portanto, qualquer opinião sobre âa questão da propriedade intelectualâ e
qualquer generalização sobre essa suposta categoria são quase que certamente
-bobas. Se você pensar que todas essas leis são uma só questão, você
tenderá
+tolas. Se você pensar que todas essas leis são uma só questão, você
tenderá
a escolher suas opiniões de uma gama de generalizações excessivas, nenhuma
das quais de qualquer valor.
</p>
<p>
Se você quer pensar claramente sobre as questões levantadas por patentes,
-copyrights ou marcas, o primeiro passo é esquecer a idéia de embolá-los, e
-tratá-los como tópicos separados. O segundo passo é rejeitar as
-perspectivas estreitas e o quadro simplista que o termo "propriedade
-intelectual" sugere. Considere cada uma dessas questões separadamente, em
-suas totalidades, e você terá uma chance de considerá-las de maneira
-correta.
+copyrights ou marcas, o primeiro passo é esquecer a ideia de embolá-los, e
+tratá-los como tópicos separados. O segundo passo é rejeitar as perspectivas
+estreitas e o quadro simplista que o termo âpropriedade intelectualâ
+sugere. Considere cada uma dessas questões separadamente, em suas
+totalidades, e você terá uma chance de considerá-las de maneira correta.
</p>
-<p>
-E quanto a reformar a OMPI, entre outras coisas, <a
-href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html">vamos pedir a mudança do
-seu nome</a>.
+<p>E quanto a reformar a OMPI, entre outras coisas, aqui está <a
+href="http://www.fsfeurope.org/documents/wiwo.html">uma proposta para mudar
+seu nome e essência</a>.
+
</p>
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -215,23 +212,27 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
-href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
-broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Por favor, envie suas perguntas sobre a FSF e GNU para <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. Também existem <a
+href="/contact/">outras maneiras para contatar</a> a FSF.
+<br />
+Por favor, envie links quebrados e outras correções ou sugestões para <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
-Por favor vide <a href = "/server/standards/README.translations.html">LEIAME
-das Traduções</a> com informações sobre coordenar e submeter correções da
-tradução deste artigo.
+Por favor, veja o <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>
+para mais informações sobre a coordenação e submissão de traduções desse
+artigo.
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 2004, 2006 Richard M. Stallman<br />Permite-se mundialmente a
-cópia e distribuição este artigo integral sem <em>royalties</em> em qualquer
-meio desde que esta nota seja preservada.
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Essa página está licenciada sob uma <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
</p>
@@ -239,19 +240,23 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Atualizado:
-$Date: 2011/11/19 17:36:29 $
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-<div id="translations">
-<h4>Traduções desta página</h4>
-
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
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<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
@@ -266,37 +271,61 @@
<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
<!-- Please use xhtml normative character entities, instead of -->
<!-- non-w3c entities. xhtml should be XML compliant -->
-<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Afrikaans -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- Greek -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li> -->
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.it.html">Italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
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href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
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-->
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-<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
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-<li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
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-<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
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-<li><a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
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+<!-- </div>
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</body>
</html>
Index: why-free.ko.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ko.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- why-free.ko.html 30 Dec 2011 05:19:16 -0000 1.7
+++ why-free.ko.html 13 Mar 2012 08:29:39 -0000 1.8
@@ -1,392 +1,401 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>¿Ö ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î´Â ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾È µÇ´Â°¡? - GNU ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® - ÀÚÀ¯
¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ
-¾î Àç´Ü</TITLE>
-<META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=EUC-KR">
-<LINK REV="translated" HREF="mailto:address@hidden">
-</HEAD>
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VLINK="#99
-00DD">
-<H3>¿Ö ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î´Â ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸é ¾È µÇ´Â°¡?</H3>
-
-<P>
-±Û: <A HREF="http://www.stallman.org/"><STRONG>¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅ縸</STRONG></A>
-
-<P>
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.ko.html"><IMG
SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [öÇÐÀû GNU À̹ÌÁö] "
- WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
-
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- <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">µ¶ÀϾî</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">½ºÆäÀξî</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.en.html">¿µ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">ÀϺ»¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">üũ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">Å©·Î¾ÆƼ¾Æ¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.pt.html">Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">ÇÁ¶û½º¾î</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">Çѱ¹¾î</A>
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-ÀÎÅÚ, ¸ðÅä·Ñ¶ó, Åػ罺 ÀνºÆ®·ç¸ÕÆ® ±×¸®°í
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-ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç·ÊµéÀº ÀÛÀº ºÎºÐÀÏ »ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ¿îµ¿Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÀÛ°í,
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-°¢°¢ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀڵ鿡°Ô ºñ¿ëÀ» ÁöºÒÇϵµ·Ï °¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°íµµ Å« ±Ô¸ðÀÇ È°µ¿À»
-Áö¿øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù.
-</UL>
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-¿À´Ã³¯ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ »ç¿ëÀڷμ, ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ
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-Çѱ¹¾î ¹ø¿ª: 2001³â 4¿ù 17ÀÏ ±èÈ¿ÁØ
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-
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-ÃÖ±Ù ¼öÁ¤ÀÏ:
-<!-- hhmts start -->
-2001³â 9¿ù 20ÀÏ chsong
-<!-- hhmts end -->
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ko.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼ë©´ ì ëëê° - GNU
íë¡ì í¸ - ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¬ë¨ (FSF)</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU íë¡ì í¸, FSF, ìì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¬ë¨, ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼ë©´ ì
ëëê°" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ko.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+<h2>ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼ë©´ ì ëëê°?</h2>
+
+<p>ê¸: <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>리ì²ë
ì¤í¨ë¨¼</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+ëì§í¸ ì ë³´ 기ì ì ì 보를 ë ì½ê² ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì
ìê² í¨ì¼ë¡ì¨ ì¸ìì 기ì¬íê³ ììµëë¤. ì»´í¨í°ë ì°ë¦¬
모ëìê² ê·¸ë° ì¼ì ë
+ì½ê² í ì ìëë¡ í´ ì£¼ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë 모ë ì¬ëë¤ì´ ê·¸ë° ê²ì´ ë ì¬ìì§ê¸°ë¥¼ ìíë
ê²ì ìëëë¤. ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì
``ìì ì''ì ì íëë°, ê·¸ë¤
+ëë¶ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê° ê°ê³ ìë ì ì¬ì ì¸ ì´ìµì
ëì¤ë¤ë¡ë¶í° 격리ìí¤ë ¤ë 목ì ì ê°ê³ ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¤ì
ì°ë¦¬ê° ì¬ì©íë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼
+ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì ìë ì ì¼í ì¬ëì´ ëê³
ì¶ì´í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ë ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì ëë ìì°í기 ìí 기ì ì¸ ì¸ìì
ê³¼ í¨ê» ì±ìëììµëë¤. ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ê° ì¸ìì ì ì
ì´ì¸ë¦° ì´ì ë ì ìê¶ì´
+ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì ëë ìì°ìë¤ìê²ë§ íì ëë ê²ì´ì기 ë문ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ê²ì ì±
ì ë
ìë¤ìê²ì ìì 를 ë¹¼ìì§ë
ìììµëë¤. ì¸ì기를 ê°ì§ê³ ìì§
+ìì íë²í ë
ìë¼ë©´ ì¤ì§ íê³¼ ìí¬ë¡ë§ ì±
ì ë³µì¬í ì
ììê³ , ê·¸ ë문ì ë
ìë¤ì´ ìì¡ì ë¹íë ì¼ì ê±°ì
ìììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ëì§í¸ 기ì ì ì¸ìê¸°ë³´ë¤ ë ì ì°ì±ì´ ììµëë¤. ì ë³´ê°
ëì§í¸ íí를 ì·¨íë©´, ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëê³¼ ê³µì í기 ìí´ ì½ì¬ë¦¬
ê·¸ ì 보를 ë³µì í ì
+ììµëë¤. ë°ë¡ ì´ë° ì ì°ì±ì´ ì ìê¶ê³¼ ê°ì ì²´ì ì
충ëíë ìì¸ì´ ë©ëë¤. ê·¸ëì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ì ìê¶ì ì
ì©í기 ìíì¬ ì ì ë ê°í¹í
+ë°©ë²ë¤ì´ íì¬ ì¬ì©ëê³ ììµëë¤. ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¶í
íí(SPA, Software Publishers Association)ê° ì¬ì©íê³
+ìë ë¤ìê³¼ ê°ì ë¤ê°ì§ ìë²ì ìê°í´ ë´
ìë¤.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>ì¹êµ¬ë¥¼ ë기 ìí´ ì ìê¶ì를 ê±°ìíë ê²ì ì못ì´ë¼ê³
ë§íë ëì¤ ì ì .</li>
+
+<li>ë°ê³ ìë¤ìê² ê·¸ë¤ì ëë£ë íë ¥ì를 ê³ ë°íëë¡
ì¬ì£¼íë ê².</li>
+
+<li>경찰ì ì§ìì¼ë¡ ì¬ë¬´ì¤ê³¼ íêµì ëí ë¶ì ë¨ìì
ìíí´ì, ì¬ì©ìë¤ìê² ë¶ë² ë³µì 를 íì§ ììë¤ë ì¬ì¤ì
ì¦ëª
íë¼ê³ ê°ìíë ê².</li>
+
+<li>(SPIì ìì²ì¼ë¡ 미 ì°ë°©ì ë¶ê°)<acronym title="Massachusetts
Institute of
+Technology">MIT</acronym>ì ë°ì´ë¹ë ë¼ë§¥ì¹ì(David LaMacchia)ì
ê°ì ì¬ëì 기ìíë ê². 기ì ì´ì ë
+ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ë³µì ê° ìë ë³µì ìì¤ì 무방ë¹ë¡ ë°©ì¹í´ ëê³
ì¬ì©ì ê²ì´íì§ ëª»íë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤.<a
+href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ë¤ ê°ì§ ìë² ëª¨ë ìì ì ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ìì ì¬ì©ëë
ë°©ë²ë¤ê³¼ ë®ì ììµëë¤. ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ììë ë¶ë² ë³µì¬ë¥¼
ê¸ì§ìí¤ê¸° ìí´ì 모ë
+ë³µì¬ê¸°ì ê²½í¸ìì´ ìì기 ë문ì ê°ì¸ë¤ì ìì ì§í
ì¶í(samizdat, ì¬ë¯¸ì¦ë¤í¸)ì´ë¼ê³ ë¶ë¦¬ë ë°©ë²ì¼ë¡ ì 보를
ë¹ë°ë¦¬ì ë³µì¬íê³
+ì´ê²ì ììì ìì¼ë¡ ì ë¬í´ì¼ íìµëë¤. ë¬¼ë¡ ì°¨ì´ì ì´
íë ììµëë¤. ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ì ì ë³´ íµì ë기ë ì ì¹ì
ì¸ ê²ì´ìì§ë§, 미êµììì
+ë기ë ì´ì¤ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì°ë¦¬ìê² ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë ê²ì
ëê¸°ê° ìëë¼ íìì
ëë¤. ê·¸ ì´ì ê° ë¬´ìì´ë ê°ì ì
ë³´ì ê³µì 를 ë°©í´íë ì´ë í
+ìëë¼ë ëê°ì ë°©ë²ê³¼ ëê°ì í´ë¡ìì ë³ìµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ìì ìë¤ì ì ë³´ ì¬ì© ë°©ìì íµì í ì ìë
ê¶íì ì»ê¸° ìí´ì ë¤ìê³¼ ê°ì 주ì¥ì í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">íí.
+
+<p>
+ìì ìë¤ì “ì§ì ì¬ì°”ì´ë “ìí´”ì
ê°ì ì 문 ì©ì´ì í¨ê»
+“í´ì í”ì´ë “ë¶ë² ë³µì ” ë±ê³¼ ê°ì
모ìì ì¸ ë¨ì´ë¥¼ ì¬ì©í´ì ê·¸ë¤ì´ ìëíë ê°ë
ì
+ëì¤ìê² ì ë¬íë ¤ê³ í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì´ê²ì íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì´
물리ì ì¸ ì¤ë¬¼ë¤ê³¼ ê°ì ëìì¸ ê²ì²ë¼ ì°ê²°ìí¤ê¸° ìí
ì§ëì¹ ì ì¶ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+물리ì ì¸ ë¬¼ì²´ì ìì ê¶ì ëí ì°ë¦¬ë¤ì ê°ë
ê³¼ ì§ê´ì
ì´ë¤ ì¬ëìê²ì <strong>물건ì ë¹¼ìë ê²</strong>ì´ ì³ìì§,
ê·¸ë ì§
+ììì§ì ëí ê²ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ê²ì´ ì´ë¤ ê²ì <strong>ë³µì 물ì
ë§ëë ê²</strong>ì ì§ì ì ì©ëë ê²ì ìëëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë
+ìì ìë¤ì ì°ë¦¬ê° ê·¸ê²ë¤ì ëì¼íê² ì ì©í기를
ì구í©ëë¤.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">ê³¼ì¥.
+
+<p>
+ìì ìë¤ì ì¬ì©ìë¤ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì íë©´ ìì ë¤ì´
“ìí´”ë “ê²½ì ì ì줔ì ì
ëë¤ê³
+ë§í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ë³µì íë ê²ì ìì ììê² ì§ì ì ì¸
ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§ ìê³ ë구를 í´ë¡ê² íì§ë ììµëë¤. ë¤ë§
ìì ìë ë³µì ë¬¼ì´ ë§ë¤ì´ì§ì§
+ììë¤ë©´ ì»ì ì ììì ê²½ì ì ì´ìµì ìì ê²ì¼ ìë
ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë ì¡°ê¸ë§ ìê°í´ ë³´ë©´, ê·¸ë° ì¬ëë¤ ëë¶ë¶ì
íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¬ì§ ììì ê²ì´ë¼ë ì ì ì ì ììµëë¤.
ê·¸ë°ë°ë ìì ìë¤ì ë§ì¹ 모ë
+ì¬ëë¤ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ìì ê²ì²ë¼ ì¬ê¸°ê³ ìì ë¤ì
“ê²½ì ì ì줔ì ê³ì°í©ëë¤. ì´ê²ì ì§ëì¹ ê³¼ì¥ì
ëë¤.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">ë²ë¥ .
+
+<p>
+ìì ìë¤ì ë²ì íì¬ ìíì ì°ë¦¬ë¥¼ ìíí ì ìë
ê°í¹í ì²ë²ì ëí´ì ì주 ì¸ê¸í©ëë¤. ì´ë° ì ê·¼ì ì¤ëë
ì ë²ì´ ëëì ì¼ë¡ ìì¬í
+ì¬ì§ ìì´ ì ë¹íë¤ê³ ê°ì í©ëë¤. ê·¸ì ëìì ì°ë¦¬ìê²
ê·¸ë° ì²ë²ë¤ì ë¹ì°í ê²ì´ê¸° ë문ì ê²°ì½ ë¹ë°©í ì ìë
ê²ì´ë¼ê³ ìê°íëë¡
+ê°ìí©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì´ì ê°ì ì¤ëì íì±ì ì¸ ìµê´ì ê°ííë ¤ë ìëê°
ì¨ê²¨ì ¸ ì기 ë문ì ë¹íì ì¬ê³ 를 íµí´ì ê·¸ ì못ì ë°í
ì ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì³ê³ ê·¸ë¦ì ê²°ì íë ê²ì ë²ì´ ìëì ì´ë³´ì ì¸ ì¬ì¤ì
ëë¤. 40ë
ì ìë§ í´ë ë§ì 주ìì íì¸ì´ ë²ì¤ ìì리ì
ìë ê²ì´
+ìë²ì´ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì¸ì¢
ì°¨ë³ì£¼ììë¤ë§ì´ íì¸ì´
거기ì ìë ê²ì´ ì못ì´ë¼ê³ ë§íì ë¿ì
ëë¤. 모ë
ì¬ëë¤ì ì´ ì ì ììì¼ í©ëë¤.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">ìì°ê¶.
+
+<p>
+ì ììë¤ì ê·¸ë¤ì´ ìì±í íë¡ê·¸ë¨ê³¼ì í¹ë³í ê´ë ¨ì±ì
ì주 주ì¥íê³ , ê·¸ ê²°ê³¼ë¡ì ê·¸ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ëí ê·¸ë¤ì
ìë§ê³¼ ì´ê¶ì´ ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëë¤ì
+ê·¸ê²ë³´ë¤ë, ì¬ì§ì´ ìì ì ì ì¸í ì¸ì 모ë
ì¬ëë¤ë³´ë¤ë ë ì¤ìíë¤ê³ ê³ì 주ì¥í©ëë¤. (ëê° ì
ììê° ìëë¼ íì¬ê° ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ëí
+ì ìê¶ì ìì íê³ ìì§ë§ ì°ë¦¬ë ëê° ì´ë° 모ìì
ë¹ì°ì¤ë ì¬ê¸°ë©° 무ìíê³ ììµëë¤.)</p>
+
+<p>
+ì¬ì©ìë³´ë¤ ì ììê° ë ì¤ìíë¤ë ê²ì ì¤ë¦¬ì ì´ì¹ë¡ ì
기íë ì¬ëë¤ìê² ì ëª
í ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì ììì¸ ì ê° í
ì ìë ì ì¼í ë§ì 그건
+ííì´ë¤ë¼ë ê²ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë ëì²´ë¡ ì¬ëë¤ì ëê°ì§ ì´ì ë문ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì
ëí ìì°ê¶ 주ì¥ì ì½ê°ì ëê°ì ëë¼ë ê² ê°ìµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+첫ë²ì§¸ ì´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê° ì¤ì 물체ì ì ì¬íë¤ê³ ë³´ë
ê³¼ëí ì ì¶ë¥¼ í기 ë문ì
ëë¤. ë§ì½ ì ê° ì¤íê²í°ë¥¼
ì리íë¤ê³ í ë, ì ë
+ë¤ë¥¸ ì´ë¤ ì¬ëì´ ê·¸ê²ì 먹ë ê²ì ì«ì´í ê²ëë¤.
ìëíë©´, ê·¸ë ê² ëë©´ ì ë ê·¸ê²ì ë¨¹ì§ ëª»íê² ë기
ë문ì
ëë¤. ì ê° ì리í
+ì¤íê²í°ë¥¼ 먹ë ê·¸ ì¬ëì íìë ê·¸ê° ì¤íê²í°ë¥¼
먹ìì¼ë¡ì¨ ì»ê² ë ì´ìµë§í¼ ì ê² ìí´ë¥¼ ì
íë ê²ì
ëë¤. ì¦, ì ì ê·¸ ì¬ë ì¤ìì
+ì¤ì§ í ì¬ëë§ì´ ì¤íê²í°ë¥¼ 먹ì ì ì기 ë문ì
ëë¤.
ê·¸ëì ì§ë¬¸ì ë ì¤ ‘ëê° ë¨¹ì ê²ì¸ê°?’ê°
ë©ëë¤. ë
+ì¬ëì ì°¨ì´ì ì´ë¼ê³¤ ì¤ë¦¬ì ì¼ë¡ ë ì ë¹ì±ì ê°ì§ ì
ìë ë°ê° ì½ê°ì´ëë§ ë¤ë¥´ë¤ë ì ë¿ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ì ê° ë§ë íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¤ííê±°ë
ë³ê²½íëë¼ë ê·¸ê²ì ì¬ë¬ë¶ìê² ì§ì ì ì¸ ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë
ê²ì´ê³ ì ê²ë ë¨ì§ ê°ì ì ì¸ ìí¥ì
+ë¯¸ì¹ ë¿ì
ëë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ì¹êµ¬ìê² íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì¬í´
주ëë¼ë ê·¸ê²ì´ ì ê² ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë ê²ë³´ë¤ë í¨ì¬ ë
ë§ì ìí¥ì´ ì¬ë¬ë¶ê³¼ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì
+ì¹êµ¬ìê² ë¯¸ì¹©ëë¤. ê·¸ëì ì ë ì¬ë¬ë¶ìê² ê·¸ë° ì¼ì
íì§ ë§ë¼ê³ ë§í ê¶íì ê°ì§ ì ìì´ì¼ í©ëë¤. ì무ë
ê·¸ë´ ì ìë ê²ì´ì£ .</p>
+
+<p>
+ëë²ì§¸ ì´ì ë ì°ë¦¬ ì¬íê° ì ììì ìì°ê¶ì ì¹ì¸íê³
ê·¸ê²ì´ ìì¬í ì¬ì§ìë ì íµì´ë¼ê³ ì¬ëë¤ì´ ê³ìí´ì
ë§í´ ìë¤ë ì ë문ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë, ìì¬ì ì¼ë¡ ì¬ì¤ì ê·¸ ë°ëì
ëë¤. ì ììì
ìì°ê¶ ê°ë
ì 미í©ì¤êµ íë²ì´ ë§ë¤ì´ì§ ë ì 기ëìì§ë§
ë¨í¸í
+ë¶ì ëììµëë¤. ì ììì ìì°ê¶ ê°ë
ì´ ë¶ì ëì기
ë문ì, íë²ì ì ìê¶ ì²´ì 를 íì©ë§ íë ê²ì´ì§ ê·¸ê²ì
íìë¡ íì§ ìì¼ë©°, ì ìê¶ì
+ììì ì¸ ê²ì´ì´ì¼ íë¤ê³ ì¸ê¸íë ê²ì
ëë¤. íë²ì ë ì
ìê¶ì 목ì ì´ ì§ë³´ë¥¼ ì´ì§íë ê²ì´ì§, ì ìììê² ìì
주ë ê²ì´ ìëì
+ì¸ê¸íê³ ììµëë¤. ì ìê¶ì ì ììë¤ìê² ì½ê°ì
ë³´ìë§ì ë¶ì¬íê³ ì¶íì
ìë¤ìê² ë ë§ì ë³´ìì
ë¶ì¬í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ê·¸ê²ì ê·¸ë¤ì íì를
+ë³íìí¤ë ìë¨ì¼ë¡ì ìëëìë ê²ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì°ë¦¬ ì¬íì ì§ì í ì íµì ì ìê¶ì´ ëì¤ì ìì°ê¶ì
침í´íê³ ìë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ì ìê¶ì ì¤ì§ ëì¤ì
ìí ê²ì¼ ëìë§ ì ë¹íë ì
+ìë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">ê²½ì í.
+
+<p>
+ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ìì ê¶ìê° ìì´ì¼ íë¤ë ë§ì§ë§ 주ì¥ì
ê·¸ê²ì´ ë ë§ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë§ë¤ëë¡ ì ëíë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ë¤ë¥¸ 주ì¥ë¤ê³¼ë ë¤ë¥´ê², ì´ ì£¼ì¥ì ì ì´ë í´ë¹ 문ì ì
ëí´ì ì ë¹í ì ê·¼ ë°©ìì ì·¨íê³ ììµëë¤. ê·¸ê²ì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ì¬ì©ìë¤ì
+ë§ì¡±ìí¨ë¤ë ì ë¹í 목íì 기ë°ì ëê³ ììµëë¤. 그리ê³
ê²½íì ì¼ë¡ë ì¬ëë¤ì´ ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë§ëëë° ì ì í
ëê°ë¥¼ ë°ëë¤ë©´ ë ë§ì
+ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë§ë¤ ê²ì´ë¼ë ê²ì íì¤í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë ì´ ê²½ì ì 주ì¥ì íëì ê²°í¨ì ê°ì§ê³ ììµëë¤.
ê·¸ê²ì ê·¸ ì°¨ì´ì ì´ ì¤ë¡ì§ ì°ë¦¬ê° ì§ë¶í´ì¼ íë ëì ë§ê³
ì ìì 문ì ì¼
+ë¿ì´ë¼ë ê°ì ì 기ë°ì ëê³ ìë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤. ì°ë¦¬ê°
ìíë ê²ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ìì ìê° ìë ìë ìê´ìì´,
<strong>ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì
+ìì°</strong>ì´ë¼ê³ ì´ ì£¼ì¥ì ê°ì í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì¬ëë¤ì ì½ì¬ë¦¬ ì´ë° ê°ì ì ë°ìë¤ì
ëë¤. ìëíë©´, ì¤ì
물체ë¡ë¶í° ì»ì ì°ë¦¬ì ê²½íê³¼ ê·¸ê²ì´ ì¼ì¹í기 ë문ì
ëë¤. ì를 ë¤ì´,
+ìëìì¹ íë를 ìê°í´ ë´
ìë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ê³µì§ë¡ë
ê°ê²©ì ì¹ë¥´ë ê°ì ê·¸ì ììíë ìëìì¹ íë를 ê°ì§
ì ìì ê²ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ë´ ê²½ì°ì
+ì°¨ì´ì ì ì¤ì§ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ì¹ë¥´ë ëê°ì ìë¿ì
ëë¤.
ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ê·¸ê²ì ì¬ì¼íë ê·¸ë ì§ ìë ê°ì, ê·¸
ìëìì¹ë ëê°ì ë§ê³¼ ëê°ì ììì를
+ê°ì§ë©°, ê°ê°ì ê²½ì°ì ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ê·¸ê²ì ì¤ì§ í ë²ë§ 먹ì
ì ììµëë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ê·¸ ìëìì¹ë¥¼ ìì ìë¡ë¶í° ì»ìë
ìëë ê°ì ë¹ì ì´
+ì¹ë¥´ë ëì ìì ì ì¸íê³ ë ì무 ê²ë ì§ì ì ì¼ë¡
ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§ ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì´ê²ì ì´ë¤ 물체ì ê²½ì°ìë ë§ì°¬ê°ì§ ì
ëë¤. ìì ìê°
ìê±´ ìê±´ ê°ì ê·¸ë¬í ì¬ì¤ì ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§ ìê³ , ëí
물체를 ì»ì ì ìë¤ë©´
+ê·¸ ì´íì ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ í ì ìë ì´ë¤ ì¼ìë ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§
못í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¬ë ë§ì½ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ìì ìê° ìë¤ë©´, ê·¸ë¬í ìíì
í¨ì¬ ë ë§ì ìí¥ì ë¯¸ì¹ ê²ì´ê³ , ë§ì½ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´
íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì ë£ë¡ 구ì
íë¤ë©´ ê·¸
+íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ê°ì§ê³ í ì ìë ì¼ì í¨ì¬ ë ë§ì ìí¥ì
ë¯¸ì¹ ê²ëë¤. ê·¸ ì°¨ì´ì ì ë¨ì§ ëì 문ì ê° ìëëë¤.
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ìì ê¶ìê°
+ìëë¡ íë ì²´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ìì ìë¤ìê² ë¤ë¥¸ ì´ë¤
ê²ì ë ë§ë¤ì´ ë´ëë¡ ê³ ë¬´ìíµëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ê·¸ê²ì
ì¬íê° ì§ì ì¼ë¡ íìë¡ íë
+ê²ì´ ìëëë¤. ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ê·¸ê²ì ì°ë¦¬ 모ëìê² ìí¥ì
미ì¹ë 무íì ì¤ë¦¬ì ê³µí´ë¥¼ ì¼ê¸°ìíµëë¤</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+ì¬íê° íìë¡ íë ê²ì 무ìì¼ê¹ì? ì¬íë ì민ë¤ì´
충ë¶í ì´ì©í ì ìë ì 보를 íìë¡ í©ëë¤. ì를 ë¤ë©´,
ë¨ì§ ìëìí¤ë ê²ë§ í
+ì ìë ê²ì´ ìëë¼ ì¬ëë¤ì´ ì½ì ì ìê³ ê³ ì¹ ì
ìì¼ë©°, ê°ìíê³ ê°ëí ì ìë ê·¸ë° íë¡ê·¸ë¨ ë§ì
ëë¤.
ê·¸ë¬ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´
+ìì ìë¤ì´ ì íì ì¼ë¡ ë°°í¬íë ê²ì ì°ë¦¬ê° ì°êµ¬íê±°ë
ë³ê²½ìí¬ ì ìë ë¸ë ë°ì¤ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ëí ì¬íë ìì 를 íìë¡ í©ëë¤. ë§ì½ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ìì
ìê° ìë¤ë©´, ì¬ì©ìë¤ì ì기 ì¶ì ì¼ë¶ë¥¼ ì ì´í ì ìë
ìì 를 ìê² ë©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ë¬´ìë³´ë¤ë ì¬íë 구ì±ìë¤ìê² ìë°ì ì¸ íë ¥ ì
ì ì ì¥ë ¤í´ 주ë ê²ì´ íìí©ëë¤. ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ìì
ìë¤ì´ ì°ë¦¬ê° ì´ìë¤ì ìì°ì¤ë½ê²
+ëë íì를 “ì ìê¶ ì¹¨í´”ë¼ê³ ë§íë¤ë©´, ê·¸ë¤ì
ì°ë¦¬ ì¬íì ì민 ì ì ì ì¤ì¼ìí¤ê³ ìë ê²ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì´ê²ì´ ì°ë¦¬ê° <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">ìì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´</a>ë ê°ê²©ì 문ì ê° ìë ìì ì
+문ì ë¼ê³ ë§íë ì´ì ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ìì ìë¤ì ì§ì§í기 ìí ê²½ì ì 주ì¥ì ì못ì´ì§ë§, ê²½ì
ì 문ì ë ì¤ìí©ëë¤. ì´ë¤ ì¬ëë¤ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼
ìì±íë ì¬ë¯¸ ë문ì í¹ì
+ëª
ìë ì¬ë ë문ì ì ì©í ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë§ë¤ì´ë
ëë¤.
ê·¸ë¬ë ë§ì½ ì°ë¦¬ê° ê·¸ë° ì¬ëë¤ì´ ë§ë¤ì´ë¸ ê²ë³´ë¤ ë
ë§ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ íìë¡
+íë¤ë©´, ì°ë¦¬ë 기ê¸ì ì¡°ì±í íìê° ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+1980ë
ë ì´íë¶í° ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ê°ë°ìë¤ì 기ê¸ì
íë³´íë ¤ê³ ë¤ìí ë°©ë²ë¤ì ìëíìê³ ì¡°ê¸ì ì±ê³µì
ê±°ëììµëë¤. ëêµ°ê°ë¥¼ ë¶ìë¡
+ë§ë¤ íìë ììµëë¤. íê· ì ì¸ ìì
ì ìì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë§ë¤ê¸° ìí íë¡ê·¸ëë° ìì
ì´ ë¤ë¥¸
ì¼ë¤ë³´ë¤ ë§ì¡±ì¤ë¬ì´ ì¼ì´ ë기ì 충ë¶í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+í ë¡ì°ì½ì ë°ì ìê³ë¥¼ ì ì§í ì¼ì íì§ ììë ë기 ì
ê¹ì§ ì¬ë¬í´ ëì, ì ë ì ê° ë§ë ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ê³
ê°ì ì구ì ë§ê² ê°ëíë
+ê²ì¼ë¡ ìê³ë¥¼ ì ì§íìµëë¤. ê·¸ë ê² ê°ì í ë¶ë¶ë¤ì ì
ì ë°°í¬ ë²ì ì ì¶ê°ëìê³ , ê²°ê³¼ì ì¼ë¡ë ì¼ë°
ëì¤ìê²ë ì ì©í ê²ì´
+ëììµëë¤. ê³ ê°ë¤ì´ ì ê² ê¸ì¬ë¥¼ ì§ë¶íì기 ë문ì ì
ë ê·¸ë¤ì´ ê·¸ë¬ì§ ììë¤ë©´ ìµì°ì ì ì¼ë¡ ê³ ë ¤íìì
기ë¥ë¤ë³´ë¤ë ì¤íë ¤ ê·¸ë¤ì´ ìíë
+ê°ì ìì
ì íê² ëììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ëªëª ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ê°ë°ìë¤ì ì§ì ìë¹ì¤ë¥¼ í매íë
ê²ì¼ë¡ ëì ë²ê³ ììµëë¤. 1994ë
ì ì½ 50ì¬ëª
ì ê³ ì©ì¸ì
ëìë ìê·¸ëì¤
+ìí¬í¸ì¬ë ì§ì íë ì¤ ì½ 15%ê° ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´
ê°ë°ì´ìì ê²ì¼ë¡ ì¶ì ë©ëë¤. ìíí¸ì¨ì´ íì¬ë¡ìë
ìë¹í ëì ë¹ì¨ì
ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+1990ë
ë ì´ê¸°ì ì¸í
, 모í 롤ë¼, í
ì¬ì¤ ì¸ì¤í¸ë£¨ë¨¼í¸
ê·¸ë¦¬ê³ ìë ë¡ê·¸ ëë°ì´ìì¤ ë±ì íì¬ë¤ì GNU C
ì»´íì¼ë¬ì ê°ë°ì ì§ìí기
+ìí´ í¨ê» 기ê¸ì ì¡°ì±íìµëë¤. ëë¶ë¶ì GCC ê°ë°ì
ìì§ë ìê¸ì ë°ë ê°ë°ìë¤ì ìí´ ì´ë£¨ì´ ì§ëë¤. Ada
ì¸ì´ë¥¼ ìí GNU
+ì»´íì¼ë¬ 기ê¸ì 1990ë
ëì 미 공군ì ìí´ ì ê³µëìëë°,
ê·¸ íë¡ ì´ë¬í 목ì ì ìí´ í¹ë³í ë§ë¤ì´ì§ íì¬ì ìí´
ê³ìëê³ ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì´ëì ìì§ë ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë 미êµì
ì²ì·¨ì íì ë¼ëì¤ì ì¬ë¡ë ê°ê°ì ì¬ì©ìë¤ìê² ë¹ì©ì
ì§ë¶íëë¡ ê°ìíì§ ìê³ ë
+í° ê·ëª¨ì íëì ì§ìí ì ììì ë³´ì¬ì¤ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì¤ëë í ì¬ëì ì»´í¨í° ì¬ì©ìë¡ì, ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">ë
ì </a>
íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¬ì©íê³ ìë¤ë
+ê²ì ë°ê²¬íê² ë ì§ ëª¨ë¦
ëë¤. ë§ì½ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ì¹êµ¬ê°
íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì í´ ë¬ë¼ê³ ë¶ííì ë, ê·¸ê²ì ê±°ì íë
ê²ì ëê° ì못ë
+ê²ì
ëë¤. íë ¥ì ì ìê¶ë³´ë¤ í¨ì¬ ë ì¤ìí©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë
ë¹ë°ì¤ë° íë ¥ì íë¥í ì¬í를 ìí ê²ì´ ìëëë¤.
ì¬ëì ê¸ì§ë¥¼ ê°ì§ê³ ì ì§í
+ì¶ì ì´ê¸°ë¥¼ ì´ë§íì¬ì¼ íê³ , ì´ê²ì ë
ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì
ëí´ ‘ìë뤒ë¼ê³ ë§íë ê²ì ì미í©ëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ì¬ì©íë ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëë¤ê³¼ ìì§íê³
ìì ë¡ê² íë ¥í ìê²©ì´ ììµëë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê°
ì´ë»ê² ìëíë ì§ë¥¼ ë°°ì°ê³
+ê·¸ ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ê°ì§ê³ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì íìë¤ì ê°ë¥´ì¹ ì격ì´
ììµëë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê° ê³ ì¥ë¬ì ë ê·¸ê²ì ê³
ì¹ëë¡ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ì¢ìíë
+íë¡ê·¸ë머를 ê³ ì©í ìê²©ì´ ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<p>
+ì¬ë¬ë¶ë¤ì ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ í¥ì í ìê²©ì´ ììµëë¤.</p>
+
+<h4>ê°ì£¼</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">íìë ëì¤ì 기ê°ëììµëë¤.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>ì´ ê¸ì <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/">ìì
+ìíí¸ì¨ì´, ìì ì¬í: 리ì²ë ì¤í¨ë¨¼ ì ì ì ì§</a>ì
í¬í¨ëì´ ì¶íëììµëë¤.</h4>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ko.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+FSFì GNUì ëí 문ìë <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>ë¡ ë³´ë´
+주ì¸ì. FSFì ëí <a href="/contact/">ë¤ë¥¸ ì°ë½ ë°©ë²</a>ë
ììµëë¤.
+<br />
+ëì´ì§ ë§í¬ë ë¤ë¥¸ ìì ì¬í ëë ì ìì <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> ìì¼ë¡
ë³´ë´ì£¼ì¸ì.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ì´ ê¸ì ë¤ë¥¸ ì¸ì´ ë²ì문 ìì±ì´ë ì ì¶ì ëí ì ë³´ë <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ë²ì ì§ì¹¨</a>ì ì°¸ê³
í´ ì£¼ì¸ì.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+ì´ íì´ì§ë <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ko">í¬ë¦¬ìì´í°ë¸
커먼ì¤
+ì ììíì-ë³ê²½ê¸ì§ 3.0 ë¯¸êµ ë¼ì´ì ì¤</a>ì ë°ë¼ ì´ì©í
ì ììµëë¤.
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>íêµì´ ë²ì</b>: ê¹í¨ì¤ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>, 2001ë
+4ì 17ì¼.</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+ìµì¢
ìì ì¼:
+
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:39 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Croatian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> -->
+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: po/free-sw.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/free-sw.ru-en.html 2 Feb 2012 02:12:27 -0000 1.3
+++ po/free-sw.ru-en.html 13 Mar 2012 08:29:49 -0000 1.4
@@ -14,24 +14,41 @@
<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+<blockquote>
<p>
-We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
-true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
-software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
-If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
-the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+The free software definition presents the criteria for whether a
+particular software program qualifies as free software. From time to
+time we revise this definition, to clarify it or to resolve questions
+about subtle issues. See the <a href="#History">History section</a>
+below for a list of changes that affect the definition of free
+software.
</p>
+</blockquote>
<p>
-“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
-the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free
speech,”
-not as in “free beer”.
+“Free software” means software that respects users'
+freedom and community. Roughly, <b>the users have the freedom to run,
+copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software</b>. With these
+freedoms, the users (both individually and collectively) control the
+program and what it does for them.
</p>
<p>
-Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
-study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
-program's users have the four essential freedoms:
+When users don't control the program, the program controls the users.
+The developer controls the program, and through it controls the users.
+This nonfree or “proprietary” program is therefore an
+instrument of unjust power.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, “free software” is a matter of liberty, not price.
+To understand the concept, you should think of “free” as
+in “free speech,” not as in “free beer”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if the program's users have the
+four essential freedoms:
</p>
<ul>
@@ -129,9 +146,9 @@
<p>
In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
-software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
-its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
-software is not free.
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively add
+restrictions to its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give
+cause, the software is not free.
</p>
<p>
@@ -173,6 +190,15 @@
</p>
<p>
+A special issue arises when a license requires changing the name by
+which the program will be invoked from other programs. That
+effectively hampers you from releasing your changed version so that it
+can replace the original when invoked by those other programs. This
+sort of requirement is acceptable only if there's a suitable aliasing
+facility that allows you to specify the original program's name as an
+alias for the modified version.</p>
+
+<p>
Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
@@ -308,13 +334,18 @@
<h2 id="History">History</h2>
-<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
-clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
-links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
-them if they like.</p>
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition. Here is
+the list of changes, along with links to show exactly what was
+changed.</p>
<ul>
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.110&r2=1.111">Version
+1.111</a>: Clarify 1.77 by saying that only
+retroactive <em>restrictions</em> are unacceptable. The copyright
+holders can always grant additional <em>permission</em> for use of the
+work by releasing the work in another way in parallel.</li>
+
<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105">Version
1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
@@ -392,11 +423,11 @@
</ul>
-<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
-changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
-Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
-like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
-our <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers shown above because there are
+other changes in this page that do not affect the definition as such.
+These changes are in other parts of the page. You can review the
+complete list of changes to the page through
+the <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log">cvsweb
interface</a>.</p>
</div>
@@ -434,7 +465,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:12:27 $
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:49 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: po/why-free.ko.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/why-free.ko.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- po/why-free.ko.po 13 Mar 2012 06:38:16 -0000 1.3
+++ po/why-free.ko.po 13 Mar 2012 08:29:49 -0000 1.4
@@ -21,16 +21,16 @@
"Why Software Should Not Have Owners - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation "
"(FSF)"
msgstr ""
-"ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼ë©´ ì ëëê° - GNU íë¡ì
í¸ - ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ "
-"ì¬ë¨ (FSF)"
+"ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼ë©´ ì ëëê° - GNU íë¡ì
í¸ - ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¬"
+"ë¨ (FSF)"
#. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
msgid ""
"GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, Why Software "
"Should Not Have Owners"
msgstr ""
-"GNU, GNU íë¡ì í¸, FSF, ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¬ë¨, ì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° "
-"ìì¼ë©´ ì ëëê°"
+"GNU, GNU íë¡ì í¸, FSF, ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¬ë¨, ì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë ìì ìê° ìì¼"
+"ë©´ ì ëëê°"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "Why Software Should Not Have Owners"
@@ -38,11 +38,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard "
-"Stallman</strong></a>"
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
msgstr ""
-"ê¸: <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>리ì²ë "
-"ì¤í¨ë¨¼</strong></a>"
+"ê¸: <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>리ì²ë
ì¤í¨ë¨¼</strong></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -50,9 +48,9 @@
"to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this easier for "
"all of us."
msgstr ""
-"ëì§í¸ ì ë³´ 기ì ì ì 보를 ë ì½ê² ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì
ìê² í¨ì¼ë¡ì¨ "
-"ì¸ìì 기ì¬íê³ ììµëë¤. ì»´í¨í°ë ì°ë¦¬ 모ëìê² ê·¸ë°
ì¼ì ë ì½ê² "
-"í ì ìëë¡ í´ ì£¼ììµëë¤."
+"ëì§í¸ ì ë³´ 기ì ì ì 보를 ë ì½ê² ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì
ìê² í¨ì¼ë¡ì¨ ì¸ìì 기"
+"ì¬íê³ ììµëë¤. ì»´í¨í°ë ì°ë¦¬ 모ëìê² ê·¸ë° ì¼ì ë
ì½ê² í ì ìëë¡ í´ ì£¼"
+"ììµëë¤."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -61,27 +59,26 @@
"potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would like to be the "
"only ones who can copy and modify the software that we use."
msgstr ""
-"ê·¸ë¬ë 모ë ì¬ëë¤ì´ ê·¸ë° ê²ì´ ë ì¬ìì§ê¸°ë¥¼ ìíë
ê²ì ìëëë¤. "
-"ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ``ìì ì''ì ì
íëë°, ê·¸ë¤ "
-"ëë¶ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê° ê°ê³ ìë ì ì¬ì ì¸ ì´ìµì
ëì¤ë¤ë¡ë¶í° "
-"격리ìí¤ë ¤ë 목ì ì ê°ê³ ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¤ì ì°ë¦¬ê°
ì¬ì©íë "
-"ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì ìë ì ì¼í ì¬ëì´
ëê³ ì¶ì´í©ëë¤."
+"ê·¸ë¬ë 모ë ì¬ëë¤ì´ ê·¸ë° ê²ì´ ë ì¬ìì§ê¸°ë¥¼ ìíë
ê²ì ìëëë¤. ì ìê¶ ì²´"
+"ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ``ìì ì''ì ì íëë°, ê·¸ë¤
ëë¶ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ê° "
+"ê°ê³ ìë ì ì¬ì ì¸ ì´ìµì ëì¤ë¤ë¡ë¶í° 격리ìí¤ë ¤ë
목ì ì ê°ê³ ììµëë¤. ê·¸"
+"ë¤ì ì°ë¦¬ê° ì¬ì©íë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ë³µì íê³ ë³ê²½í ì
ìë ì ì¼í ì¬ëì´ ëê³ "
+"ì¶ì´í©ëë¤."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for "
-"mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because "
-"it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom "
-"away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing "
+"The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for mass-"
+"production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology because it "
+"restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not take freedom away "
+"from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did not own a printing "
"press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and few readers were sued for "
"that."
msgstr ""
-"ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ë ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì ëë ìì°í기 ìí 기ì ì¸
ì¸ìì ê³¼ í¨ê» "
-"ì±ìëììµëë¤. ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ê° ì¸ìì ì ì ì´ì¸ë¦° ì´ì
ë ì ìê¶ì´ ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì "
-"ëë ìì°ìë¤ìê²ë§ íì ëë ê²ì´ì기 ë문ì
ëë¤.
ê·¸ê²ì ì±
ì "
-"ë
ìë¤ìê²ì ìì 를 ë¹¼ìì§ë ìììµëë¤. ì¸ì기를
ê°ì§ê³ ìì§ ìì "
-"íë²í ë
ìë¼ë©´ ì¤ì§ íê³¼ ìí¬ë¡ë§ ì±
ì ë³µì¬í ì
ììê³ , ê·¸ ë문ì "
-"ë
ìë¤ì´ ìì¡ì ë¹íë ì¼ì ê±°ì ìììµëë¤."
+"ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ë ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì ëë ìì°í기 ìí 기ì ì¸
ì¸ìì ê³¼ í¨ê» ì±ìëììµë"
+"ë¤. ì ìê¶ ì²´ì ê° ì¸ìì ì ì ì´ì¸ë¦° ì´ì ë ì ìê¶ì´
ë³µì¬ë¬¼ì ëë ìì°ìë¤ì"
+"ê²ë§ íì ëë ê²ì´ì기 ë문ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ê²ì ì±
ì ë
ìë¤ìê²ì ìì 를 ë¹¼ìì§ë "
+"ìììµëë¤. ì¸ì기를 ê°ì§ê³ ìì§ ìì íë²í ë
ìë¼ë©´
ì¤ì§ íê³¼ ìí¬ë¡ë§ ì±
"
+"ì ë³µì¬í ì ììê³ , ê·¸ ë문ì ë
ìë¤ì´ ìì¡ì ë¹íë
ì¼ì ê±°ì ìììµëë¤."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -92,12 +89,12 @@
"measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four "
"practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):"
msgstr ""
-"ëì§í¸ 기ì ì ì¸ìê¸°ë³´ë¤ ë ì ì°ì±ì´ ììµëë¤. ì ë³´ê°
ëì§í¸ íí를 "
-"ì·¨íë©´, ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëê³¼ ê³µì í기 ìí´ ì½ì¬ë¦¬ ê·¸ ì 보를 ë³µì
í ì ììµëë¤. "
-"ë°ë¡ ì´ë° ì ì°ì±ì´ ì ìê¶ê³¼ ê°ì ì²´ì ì 충ëíë
ìì¸ì´ ë©ëë¤. "
-"ê·¸ëì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ì ìê¶ì ì ì©í기 ìíì¬ ì ì ë
ê°í¹í ë°©ë²ë¤ì´ "
-"íì¬ ì¬ì©ëê³ ììµëë¤. ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì¶í íí(SPA, Software
Publishers "
-"Association)ê° ì¬ì©íê³ ìë ë¤ìê³¼ ê°ì ë¤ê°ì§ ìë²ì
ìê°í´ ë´
ìë¤."
+"ëì§í¸ 기ì ì ì¸ìê¸°ë³´ë¤ ë ì ì°ì±ì´ ììµëë¤. ì ë³´ê°
ëì§í¸ íí를 ì·¨íë©´, "
+"ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëê³¼ ê³µì í기 ìí´ ì½ì¬ë¦¬ ê·¸ ì 보를 ë³µì í ì
ììµëë¤. ë°ë¡ ì´ë° ì ì°"
+"ì±ì´ ì ìê¶ê³¼ ê°ì ì²´ì ì 충ëíë ìì¸ì´ ë©ëë¤.
ê·¸ëì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ì ìê¶"
+"ì ì ì©í기 ìíì¬ ì ì ë ê°í¹í ë°©ë²ë¤ì´ íì¬
ì¬ì©ëê³ ììµëë¤. ìíí¸ì¨"
+"ì´ ì¶í íí(SPA, Software Publishers Association)ê° ì¬ì©íê³
ìë ë¤ìê³¼ ê°"
+"ì ë¤ê°ì§ ìë²ì ìê°í´ ë´
ìë¤."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -115,9 +112,8 @@
"Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people are told "
"they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying."
msgstr ""
-"경찰ì ì§ìì¼ë¡ ì¬ë¬´ì¤ê³¼ íêµì ëí ë¶ì ë¨ìì
ìíí´ì, "
-"ì¬ì©ìë¤ìê² ë¶ë² ë³µì 를 íì§ ììë¤ë ì¬ì¤ì ì¦ëª
íë¼ê³ ê°ìíë "
-"ê²."
+"경찰ì ì§ìì¼ë¡ ì¬ë¬´ì¤ê³¼ íêµì ëí ë¶ì ë¨ìì
ìíí´ì, ì¬ì©ìë¤ìê² ë¶ë² "
+"ë³µì 를 íì§ ììë¤ë ì¬ì¤ì ì¦ëª
íë¼ê³ ê°ìíë ê²."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -128,10 +124,9 @@
"censor their use.<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>"
msgstr ""
"(SPIì ìì²ì¼ë¡ 미 ì°ë°©ì ë¶ê°)<acronym title=\"Massachusetts
Institute of "
-"Technology\">MIT</acronym>ì ë°ì´ë¹ë ë¼ë§¥ì¹ì(David LaMacchia)ì
ê°ì "
-"ì¬ëì 기ìíë ê². 기ì ì´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ë³µì ê° ìë
ë³µì ìì¤ì "
-"무방ë¹ë¡ ë°©ì¹í´ ëê³ ì¬ì©ì ê²ì´íì§ ëª»íë¤ë "
-"ê²ì
ëë¤.<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>"
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ê°ì ì¬ë"
+"ì 기ìíë ê². 기ì ì´ì ë ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ë³µì ê° ìë ë³µì
ìì¤ì 무방ë¹ë¡ ë°©ì¹"
+"í´ ëê³ ì¬ì©ì ê²ì´íì§ ëª»íë¤ë ê²ì
ëë¤.<a
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"the sharing of information, no matter why, leads to the same methods and the "
"same harshness."
msgstr ""
-"ë¤ ê°ì§ ìë² ëª¨ë ìì ì ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ìì ì¬ì©ëë
ë°©ë²ë¤ê³¼ ë®ì "
-"ììµëë¤. ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ììë ë¶ë² ë³µì¬ë¥¼ ê¸ì§ìí¤ê¸°
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-"ììì ìì¼ë¡ ì ë¬í´ì¼ íìµëë¤. ë¬¼ë¡ ì°¨ì´ì ì´ íë
ììµëë¤. ìë¹ìí¸ "
-"ì°ë°©ì ì ë³´ íµì ë기ë ì ì¹ì ì¸ ê²ì´ìì§ë§,
미êµììì ë기ë ì´ì¤ì
ëë¤. "
-"ê·¸ë¬ë ì°ë¦¬ìê² ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë ê²ì ëê¸°ê° ìëë¼
íìì
ëë¤. ê·¸ ì´ì ê° "
-"무ìì´ë ê°ì ì ë³´ì ê³µì 를 ë°©í´íë ì´ë í ìëë¼ë
ëê°ì ë°©ë²ê³¼ ëê°ì "
-"í´ë¡ìì ë³ìµëë¤."
+"ë¤ ê°ì§ ìë² ëª¨ë ìì ì ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ìì ì¬ì©ëë
ë°©ë²ë¤ê³¼ ë®ì ììµëë¤. "
+"ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ììë ë¶ë² ë³µì¬ë¥¼ ê¸ì§ìí¤ê¸° ìí´ì 모ë
ë³µì¬ê¸°ì ê²½í¸ìì´ ìì"
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ë¬í´ì¼ íìµëë¤. ë¬¼ë¡ ì°¨ì´"
+"ì ì´ íë ììµëë¤. ìë¹ìí¸ ì°ë°©ì ì ë³´ íµì ë기ë ì
ì¹ì ì¸ ê²ì´ìì§ë§, 미"
+"êµììì ë기ë ì´ì¤ì
ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì°ë¦¬ìê² ìí¥ì
미ì¹ë ê²ì ëê¸°ê° ìëë¼ "
+"íìì
ëë¤. ê·¸ ì´ì ê° ë¬´ìì´ë ê°ì ì ë³´ì ê³µì 를
ë°©í´íë ì´ë í ìëë¼ë ë"
+"ê°ì ë°©ë²ê³¼ ëê°ì í´ë¡ìì ë³ìµëë¤."
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"Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power to control "
"how we use information:"
msgstr ""
-"ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ìì ìë¤ì ì ë³´ ì¬ì© ë°©ìì íµì í ì ìë
ê¶íì ì»ê¸° ìí´ì "
-"ë¤ìê³¼ ê°ì 주ì¥ì í©ëë¤."
+"ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ìì ìë¤ì ì ë³´ ì¬ì© ë°©ìì íµì í ì ìë
ê¶íì ì»ê¸° ìí´ì ë¤ì"
+"ê³¼ ê°ì 주ì¥ì í©ëë¤."
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msgid "Name calling."
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"and “damage”, to suggest a certain line of thinking to the "
"public—a simplistic analogy between programs and physical objects."
msgstr ""
-"ìì ìë¤ì “ì§ì ì¬ì°”ì´ë “ìí´”ì
ê°ì "
-"ì 문 ì©ì´ì í¨ê» “í´ì í”ì´ë “ë¶ë² "
-"ë³µì ” ë±ê³¼ ê°ì 모ìì ì¸ ë¨ì´ë¥¼ ì¬ì©í´ì ê·¸ë¤ì´
ìëíë ê°ë
ì "
-"ëì¤ìê² ì ë¬íë ¤ê³ í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì´ê²ì íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì´
물리ì ì¸ "
-"ì¤ë¬¼ë¤ê³¼ ê°ì ëìì¸ ê²ì²ë¼ ì°ê²°ìí¤ê¸° ìí ì§ëì¹ ì
ì¶ì
ëë¤."
+"ìì ìë¤ì “ì§ì ì¬ì°”ì´ë “ìí´”ì
ê°ì ì 문 ì©ì´ì "
+"í¨ê» “í´ì í”ì´ë “ë¶ë² ë³µì ” ë±ê³¼
ê°ì 모ìì ì¸ ë¨ì´"
+"를 ì¬ì©í´ì ê·¸ë¤ì´ ìëíë ê°ë
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í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì´ê²ì "
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ì°ê²°ìí¤ê¸° ìí ì§ëì¹ ì ì¶ì
"
+"ëë¤."
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"don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners "
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ì´ë¤ ì¬ëìê²ì <strong>"
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ëë¤. ê·¸ê²ì´ ì´"
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ê²ì ìëëë¤. ê·¸"
+"ë¬ë ìì ìë¤ì ì°ë¦¬ê° ê·¸ê²ë¤ì ëì¼íê² ì ì©í기를
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msgid "Exaggeration."
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"owner."
msgstr ""
"ìì ìë¤ì ì¬ì©ìë¤ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì íë©´ ìì ë¤ì´
“ìí´”ë "
-"“ê²½ì ì ì줔ì ì
ëë¤ê³ ë§í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ë³µì
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-"ìì ììê² ì§ì ì ì¸ ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§ ìê³ ë구를 í´ë¡ê²
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-"ë¤ë§ ìì ìë ë³µì ë¬¼ì´ ë§ë¤ì´ì§ì§ ììë¤ë©´ ì»ì ì
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-"ìì ê²ì¼ ìë ììµëë¤."
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ëë¤ê³ ë§í©ëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ë³µì
íë ê²ì ìì ìì"
+"ê² ì§ì ì ì¸ ìí¥ì 미ì¹ì§ ìê³ ë구를 í´ë¡ê² íì§ë
ììµëë¤. ë¤ë§ ìì ìë "
+"ë³µì ë¬¼ì´ ë§ë¤ì´ì§ì§ ììë¤ë©´ ì»ì ì ììì ê²½ì ì
ì´ìµì ìì ê²ì¼ ìë ììµ"
+"ëë¤."
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"Yet the owners compute their “losses” as if each and every one "
"would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration—to put it kindly."
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íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¬ì§ ììì "
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íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¬ì§ ììì ê²ì´ë¼"
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ì¬ëë¤ì´ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì"
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ê³ì°í©ëë¤. ì´ê²ì ì§ë"
+"ì¹ ê³¼ì¥ì
ëë¤."
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msgid "The law."
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"same time, we are urged to regard these penalties as facts of nature that "
"can't be blamed on anyone."
msgstr ""
-"ìì ìë¤ì ë²ì íì¬ ìíì ì°ë¦¬ë¥¼ ìíí ì ìë
ê°í¹í ì²ë²ì "
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-"ë¹ì°í ê²ì´ê¸° ë문ì ê²°ì½ ë¹ë°©í ì ìë ê²ì´ë¼ê³
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-"ê°ìí©ëë¤."
+"ìì ìë¤ì ë²ì íì¬ ìíì ì°ë¦¬ë¥¼ ìíí ì ìë
ê°í¹í ì²ë²ì ëí´ì ì주 "
+"ì¸ê¸í©ëë¤. ì´ë° ì ê·¼ì ì¤ëë ì ë²ì´ ëëì ì¼ë¡
ìì¬í ì¬ì§ ìì´ ì ë¹íë¤ê³ "
+"ê°ì í©ëë¤. ê·¸ì ëìì ì°ë¦¬ìê² ê·¸ë° ì²ë²ë¤ì ë¹ì°í
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"This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical thinking; "
"it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway."
msgstr ""
-"ì´ì ê°ì ì¤ëì íì±ì ì¸ ìµê´ì ê°ííë ¤ë ìëê°
ì¨ê²¨ì ¸ ì기 "
-"ë문ì ë¹íì ì¬ê³ 를 íµí´ì ê·¸ ì못ì ë°í ì
ììµëë¤."
+"ì´ì ê°ì ì¤ëì íì±ì ì¸ ìµê´ì ê°ííë ¤ë ìëê°
ì¨ê²¨ì ¸ ì기 ë문ì ë¹íì "
+"ì¬ê³ 를 íµí´ì ê·¸ ì못ì ë°í ì ììµëë¤."
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"black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only racists would say "
"sitting there was wrong."
msgstr ""
-"ì³ê³ ê·¸ë¦ì ê²°ì íë ê²ì ë²ì´ ìëì ì´ë³´ì ì¸ ì¬ì¤ì
ëë¤. 40ë
ì ìë§ "
-"í´ë ë§ì 주ìì íì¸ì´ ë²ì¤ ìì리ì ìë ê²ì´
ìë²ì´ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë "
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ì못ì´ë¼ê³ ë§íì "
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+"ì³ê³ ê·¸ë¦ì ê²°ì íë ê²ì ë²ì´ ìëì ì´ë³´ì ì¸ ì¬ì¤ì
ëë¤. 40ë
ì ìë§ í´ë "
+"ë§ì 주ìì íì¸ì´ ë²ì¤ ìì리ì ìë ê²ì´
ìë²ì´ììµëë¤. ê·¸ë¬ë ì¸ì¢
ì°¨ë³ì£¼"
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ë¿ì
ëë¤. 모ë ì¬ëë¤ì "
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msgid "Natural rights."
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"hold the copyrights on software, but we are expected to ignore this "
"discrepancy.)"
msgstr ""
-"ì ììë¤ì ê·¸ë¤ì´ ìì±í íë¡ê·¸ë¨ê³¼ì í¹ë³í ê´ë ¨ì±ì
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-"ê·¸ ê²°ê³¼ë¡ì ê·¸ íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ëí ê·¸ë¤ì ìë§ê³¼ ì´ê¶ì´
ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëë¤ì "
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ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ëí "
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ë¹ì°ì¤ë ì¬ê¸°ë©° "
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ì주 주ì¥íê³ , ê·¸ ê²°ê³¼"
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ì¬ëë¤ì ê·¸ê²ë³´ë¤ë, ì¬ì§"
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ê³ì 주ì¥í©ëë¤. (ëê° "
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íê³ ìì§ë§ ì°ë¦¬ë ë"
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"important than you—I can only say that I, a notable software author "
"myself, call it bunk."
msgstr ""
-"ì¬ì©ìë³´ë¤ ì ììê° ë ì¤ìíë¤ë ê²ì ì¤ë¦¬ì ì´ì¹ë¡ ì
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-"ì¬ëë¤ìê² ì ëª
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ëë¤."
+"ì¬ì©ìë³´ë¤ ì ììê° ë ì¤ìíë¤ë ê²ì ì¤ë¦¬ì ì´ì¹ë¡ ì
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"
+"í ìíí¸ì¨ì´ ì ììì¸ ì ê° í ì ìë ì ì¼í ë§ì
그건 ííì´ë¤ë¼ë ê²ì
ë"
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msgid ""
"But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the natural "
"rights claims for two reasons."
msgstr ""
-"ê·¸ë¬ë ëì²´ë¡ ì¬ëë¤ì ëê°ì§ ì´ì ë문ì
ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ëí ìì°ê¶ "
-"주ì¥ì ì½ê°ì ëê°ì ëë¼ë ê² ê°ìµëë¤."
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ìíí¸ì¨ì´ì ëí ìì°ê¶ 주ì¥ì ì½"
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"can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one? The smallest "
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msgstr ""
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ëë¤. ì¦, ì ì ê·¸ ì¬ë ì¤"
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ëë¤. ê·¸ëì ì§ë¬¸ì ë "
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ì°¨ì´ì ì´ë¼ê³¤ ì¤ë¦¬ì ì¼"
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"your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't have the power to "
"tell you not to do these things. No one should."
msgstr ""
-"ê·¸ë¬ë ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ì ê° ë§ë íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¤ííê±°ë
ë³ê²½íëë¼ë ê·¸ê²ì "
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ëë¤. ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ì¹êµ¬ìê² íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì¬í´
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ì¬ë¬ë¶ê³¼ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì "
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íì§ ë§ë¼ê³ "
-"ë§í ê¶íì ê°ì§ ì ìì´ì¼ í©ëë¤. ì무ë ê·¸ë´ ì ìë
ê²ì´ì£ ."
+"ê·¸ë¬ë ì¬ë¬ë¶ì´ ì ê° ë§ë íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ì¤ííê±°ë
ë³ê²½íëë¼ë ê·¸ê²ì ì¬ë¬ë¶ì"
+"ê² ì§ì ì ì¸ ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë ê²ì´ê³ ì ê²ë ë¨ì§ ê°ì ì ì¸
ìí¥ì ë¯¸ì¹ ë¿ì
ëë¤. "
+"ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ì¹êµ¬ìê² íë¡ê·¸ë¨ì ë³µì¬í´ 주ëë¼ë ê·¸ê²ì´ ì
ê² ìí¥ì 미ì¹ë ê²ë³´ë¤"
+"ë í¨ì¬ ë ë§ì ìí¥ì´ ì¬ë¬ë¶ê³¼ ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ì¹êµ¬ìê²
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+"ë¶ìê² ê·¸ë° ì¼ì íì§ ë§ë¼ê³ ë§í ê¶íì ê°ì§ ì
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"The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights for "
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msgstr ""
-"ëë²ì§¸ ì´ì ë ì°ë¦¬ ì¬íê° ì ììì ìì°ê¶ì ì¹ì¸íê³
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-"ì¬ì§ìë ì íµì´ë¼ê³ ì¬ëë¤ì´ ê³ìí´ì ë§í´ ìë¤ë ì
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ëë¤."
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ê·¸ê²ì´ ìì¬í ì¬ì§ìë "
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"authors somewhat, and publishers more, but that is intended as a means of "
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+"categories.html#ProprietarySoftware\">ë
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"to teach your students with it. You deserve to be able to hire your "
"favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks."
msgstr ""
-"ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ì¬ì©íë ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëë¤ê³¼ ìì§íê³
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+"ì¬ë¬ë¶ì ìíí¸ì¨ì´ë¥¼ ì¬ì©íë ë¤ë¥¸ ì¬ëë¤ê³¼ ìì§íê³
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ì´ ê¸ì <a
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+"ìì ìíí¸ì¨ì´, ìì ì¬í: 리ì²ë ì¤í¨ë¨¼ ì ì ì
ì§</a>ì í¬í¨ëì´ ì¶íëììµ"
+"ëë¤."
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#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
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+msgstr ""
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-
Index: po/not-ipr.pt-br-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/not-ipr.pt-br-en.html
diff -N po/not-ipr.pt-br-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/not-ipr.pt-br-en.html 13 Mar 2012 08:29:49 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1">around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
+the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to
+promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
+one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price
+that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws,
+and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
+for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it,
+they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use
+an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization”, that
+gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various
+others. The term “intellectual property” led that
+professor to make false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html">one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+
+</p>
+</div>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:49 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
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Index: po/why-free.ko-en.html
===================================================================
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diff -N po/why-free.ko-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, Why Software Should Not Have Owners" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/"><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives
+software programs “owners”, most of whom aim to withhold
+software's potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would
+like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we
+use.</p>
+
+<p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners to
+help your friend.</li>
+
+<li>Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.</li>
+
+<li>Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people
+are told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.</li>
+
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s
+David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of
+copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and
+failing to censor their use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.</p>
+
+<p>
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">Name calling.
+
+<p>
+Owners use smear words such as “piracy” and
+“theft”, as well as expert terminology such as
+“intellectual property” and “damage”, to
+suggest a certain line of thinking to the public—a simplistic
+analogy between programs and physical objects.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to <em>take an object away</em> from someone else. They
+don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">Exaggeration.
+
+<p>
+Owners say that they suffer “harm” or “economic
+loss” when users copy programs themselves. But the copying has
+no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no one. The owner can
+lose only if the person who made the copy would otherwise have paid
+for one from the owner.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies. Yet the owners compute their “losses” as if each
+and every one would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration—to
+put it kindly.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">The law.
+
+<p>
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality—yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these
+penalties as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.</p>
+
+<p>
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.</p>
+
+<p>
+It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
+should know that, in the 1950s, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">Natural rights.
+
+<p>
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else—or even those of the whole rest of the world. (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)</p>
+
+<p>
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom—the author is more
+important than you—I can only say that I, a notable software
+author myself, call it bunk.</p>
+
+<p>
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.</p>
+
+<p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
+cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one?
+The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
+balance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly. Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things. No one should.</p>
+
+<p>
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true. The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up. That's why the Constitution only
+<em>permits</em> a system of copyright and does not <em>require</em>
+one; that's why it says that copyright must be temporary. It also
+states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress—not
+to reward authors. Copyright does reward authors somewhat, and
+publishers more, but that is intended as a means of modifying their
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public—and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">Economics.
+
+<p>
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject. It is based on a valid goal—satisfying the
+users of software. And it is empirically clear that people will
+produce more of something if they are well paid for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that <em>production of software</em> is what we want,
+whether the software has owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or
+for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once. Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is true for any kind of material object—whether or not it
+has an owner does not directly affect what it <em>is</em>, or what you
+can do with it if you acquire it.</p>
+
+<p>
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one. The difference is not
+just a matter of money. The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something—but not what society really
+needs. And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+What does society need? It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens—for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.</p>
+
+<p>
+Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
+
+<p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they
+pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is why we say that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
+is a matter of freedom, not price.</p>
+
+<p>
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real. Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
+rich; a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are
+less satisfying than programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written. Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public. Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+In 1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that
+about 15 percent of its staff activity was free software
+development—a respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas
+Instruments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued
+development of the GNU C compiler. Most GCC development is still done
+by paid developers. The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded
+in the 90s by the US Air Force, and continued since then by a company
+formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a
+large activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to
+refuse. Cooperation is more important than copyright. But
+underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society. A
+person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
+this means saying no to proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software. You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it. You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve free software.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/"><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/03/13 08:29:49 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
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