www/education/po edu-system-india.ja.po

[NIIBE Yutaka]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     NIIBE Yutaka <gniibe>   12/02/22 09:03:12

Added files:
        education/po   : edu-system-india.ja.po 

Log message:
        Add Japanese Translation

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-system-india.ja.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: edu-system-india.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: edu-system-india.ja.po
diff -N edu-system-india.ja.po
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ edu-system-india.ja.po      22 Feb 2012 09:02:34 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,690 @@
+# Japanese translation of http://www.gnu.org/education/edu-system-india.html
+# Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the gnu.org articles.
+# Katsuya TANAKA <address@hidden>, 2012.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: edu-system-india.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-30 12:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-02-22 17:46+0900\n"
+"Last-Translator: Katsuya TANAKA <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: ja\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "The Education System in India - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr ""
+"インドの教育システム - GNUプロジェクト - 
フリーソフトウェアファウンデーション"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h2>
+msgid "The Education System in India"
+msgstr "インドの教育システム"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-contents.html\">Education Contents</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-contents.html\">教育コンテンツ</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-cases.html\">Case Studies</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-cases.html\">ケーススタディ</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-resources.html\">Educational Resources</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-resources.html\">教育向けリソース</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-projects.html\">Education Projects</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-projects.html\">教育プロジェクト</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-faq.html\">FAQ</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-faq.html\">FAQ</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"edu-team.html\">The Team</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"edu-team.html\">教育チーム</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"/education/education.html\">Education</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/"
+"education/education.html#indepth\">In Depth</a> &rarr; The Education System "
+"in India"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"/education/education.html\">教育</a> &rarr; <a href=\"/education/"
+"education.html#indepth\">詳細</a> &rarr; インドの教育システム"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "by <strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a href=\"#sasi\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr "<strong>Dr. V. Sasi Kumar</strong><a href=\"#sasi\">(1)</a>著"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "In the Beginning"
+msgstr "はじまり"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In ancient times, India had the Gurukula system of education in which anyone "
+"who wished to study went to a teacher's (Guru) house and requested to be "
+"taught. If accepted as a student by the guru, he would then stay at the "
+"guru's place and help in all activities at home. This not only created a "
+"strong tie between the teacher and the student, but also taught the student "
+"everything about running a house. The guru taught everything the child "
+"wanted to learn, from Sanskrit to the holy scriptures and from Mathematics "
+"to Metaphysics. The student stayed as long as she wished or until the guru "
+"felt that he had taught everything he could teach. All learning was closely "
+"linked to nature and to life, and not confined to memorizing some "
+"information."
+msgstr ""
+"はるか以前には、インドにはGurukulaという教育システム
がありました。学ぼうとす"
+"る人が先生(Guruと呼ぶ)の家を訪ね、教えてくださいとé 
¼ã‚€ã‚·ã‚¹ãƒ†ãƒ でした。生徒と"
+"して先生に受け入てもらうと、å…
ˆç”Ÿã®å®¶ã«æ³Šã¾ã‚Šè¾¼ã¿ã€ã„ろんなことを手伝うので"
+"す。これにより先生と生徒の間に強い絆が生まれるだ
けでなく、生徒は家庭を営む上"
+"でのいろんなことを教わります。生徒たる子供が欲すること、たとえば、サンスク"
+"リット語から聖書、数学から形而上学にいたるいろんなことを教えます。生徒が望む"
+"かぎりの間、あるいはå…
ˆç”ŸãŒæ•™ãˆã‚‰ã‚Œã‚‹ã“とはすべて教えたと思うまで、生徒はå…
ˆç”Ÿ"
+"の家にとどまるのです。すべての学習は、自然や生命に密接なもので、あるæƒ
…å ±ã‚’è¨˜"
+"憶することに限定されるようなものではありませんでした。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The modern school system was brought to India, including the English "
+"language, originally by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay in the 1830s. The "
+"curriculum was confined to &ldquo;modern&rdquo; subjects such as science and "
+"mathematics, and subjects like metaphysics and philosophy were considered "
+"unnecessary. Teaching was confined to classrooms and the link with nature "
+"was broken, as also the close relationship between the teacher and the "
+"student."
+msgstr ""
+"1830年代にトーマス・マコーリーによってはじめて、英語とともに近代的な学æ
 ¡ã‚·ã‚¹"
+"テムがインドへもたらされました。カリキュラム
は科学や数学といった「近代的」な"
+"科目に限られ、形而上学や哲学は不要とされました。授業は教室に限られ、自然との"
+"つながりはなくなりました。また、教師と生徒の密接な関係も失われてしまいまし"
+"た。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Uttar Pradesh (a state in India) Board of High School and Intermediate "
+"Education was the first Board set up in India in the year 1921 with "
+"jurisdiction over Rajputana, Central India and Gwalior. In 1929, the Board "
+"of High School and Intermediate Education, Rajputana, was established. "
+"Later, boards were established in some of the states.  But eventually, in "
+"1952, the constitution of the board was amended and it was renamed Central "
+"Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All schools in Delhi and some other "
+"regions came under the Board. It was the function of the Board to decide on "
+"things like curriculum, textbooks and examination system for all schools "
+"affiliated to it. Today there are thousands of schools affiliated to the "
+"Board, both within India and in many other countries from Afghanistan to "
+"Zimbabwe."
+msgstr ""
+"ウッタル・プラデーシュ(インドの州)中高等教育委員会は1921年にインドで発足した"
+"最初の委員会で、ラージプターナや中央インド、グワリオルを管轄していました。"
+"1929年にはラージプターナ中高等教育委員会が設立されました。のちに、いくつかの"
+"州で委員会が設立されました。しかし結局1952年に組織改革が行われ、中央中等教育"
+"委員会(CBSE)と名称変更されました。デリーといくつかの地域のすべての学æ
 ¡ãŒå§”å“¡"
+"会の管轄下となりました。この委員会の役目は、すべての管轄æ
 ¡ã®ã‚«ãƒªã‚­ãƒ¥ãƒ©ãƒ 、教"
+"科書、試験制度などを決定することでした。今日では、インド国å†
…および、アフガニ"
+"スタンやジンバブエなどにわたるたくさんの国で、数千もの学æ
 ¡ãŒå§”員会の傘下にあ"
+"ります。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6-14 "
+"was a cherished dream of the new government of the Republic of India. This "
+"is evident from the fact that it is incorporated as a directive policy in "
+"article 45 of the constitution. But this objective remains far away even "
+"more than half a century later. However, in the recent past, the government "
+"appears to have taken a serious note of this lapse and has made primary "
+"education a Fundamental Right of every Indian citizen. The pressures of "
+"economic growth and the acute scarcity of skilled and trained manpower must "
+"certainly have played a role to make the government take such a step. The "
+"expenditure by the Government of India on school education in recent years "
+"comes to around 3% of the GDP, which is recognized to be very low."
+msgstr ""
+"6〜14才のすべての子供に対する一般義務教育はインドå…
±å’Œå›½æ–°æ”¿åºœã®å¿µé¡˜ã®å¤¢ã§ã—"
+"た。憲法の45条に方針として取りå…
¥ã‚Œã‚‰ã‚Œã¦ã„る事実からも明らかです。しかし、こ"
+"ã®ç›®æ¨™ã¯åŠä¸–ç´€ä»¥ä¸ŠãŸã£ã¦ã‚‚é”æˆã«ã¯ã»ã©é 
いものです。ただ、最近になって政府は"
+"過失を認め、初等教育はすべてのインド市民の基本的な権利であるとしました。経済"
+"成長による圧力や、熟練した人材の深刻な不足が、政府がそうしたステップを踏まざ"
+"ã‚‹ã‚’ãˆãªã‹ã£ãŸè¦å› ã«é•ã„ã‚ã‚Šã¾ã›ã‚“ã€‚è¿‘å¹´ã®å­¦æ 
¡æ•™è‚²ã«ãŠã‘る政府の支出は、GDPの"
+"約3%になっていますが、これはとても低いとの評価がされています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"&ldquo;In recent times, several major announcements were made for developing "
+"the poor state of affairs in education sector in India, the most notable "
+"ones being the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP) of the United "
+"Progressive Alliance (UPA) government. The announcements are; (a) To "
+"progressively increase expenditure on education to around 6 percent of GDP. "
+"(b) To support this increase in expenditure on education, and to increase "
+"the quality of education, there would be an imposition of an education cess "
+"over all central government taxes. (c) To ensure that no one is denied of "
+"education due to economic backwardness and poverty. (d) To make right to "
+"education a fundamental right for all children in the age group 6&ndash;14 "
+"years. (e) To universalize education through its flagship programmes such as "
+"Sarva Siksha Abhiyan and Mid Day Meal.&rdquo; <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.";
+"org/wiki/Education_in_india\">Wikipedia: Education in India</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"「最近、インドの教育部門に関して貧しい州を発展させるためのいくつかの重要な通"
+"知がされました。もっとも注目すべきものは、統一進歩連合(UPA)政府によるå
…¨å›½æœ€å°"
+"限共通要綱(NCMP)です。通知は以下のとおりです &mdash; 
(a)教育への支出を約6%ま"
+"で漸増させる。(b)教育に対する支出増をまかない、教育の質を向上させるために、す"
+"べての地方交付税に教育目的税を課税する。(c)経済的な遅
れや貧困を理由に何人も教"
+"育を拒否されないものとする。(d)6&ndash;14才のすべての子供たちの基本的権利とし"
+"て教育を受ける権利を設ける。(e)国民皆教育戦略(Sarva 
Siksha Abhiyan)や Mid "
+"Day Meal 
といった主要な計画を通じて、教育を一般化する。」<a 
href=\"http://en.";
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_india\">ウィキペディア: 
インドの教育</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The School System"
+msgstr "å­¦æ ¡åˆ¶åº¦"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"India is divided into 28 states and 7 so-called &ldquo;Union "
+"Territories&rdquo;. The states have their own elected governments while the "
+"Union Territories are ruled directly by the Government of India, with the "
+"President of India appointing an administrator for each Union Territory. As "
+"per the constitution of India, school education was originally a state "
+"subject &mdash;that is, the states had complete authority on deciding "
+"policies and implementing them. The role of the Government of India (GoI) "
+"was limited to coordination and deciding on the standards of higher "
+"education. This was changed with a constitutional amendment in 1976 so that "
+"education now comes in the so-called <em>concurrent list</em>. That is, "
+"school education policies and programmes are suggested at the national level "
+"by the GoI though the state governments have a lot of freedom in "
+"implementing programmes.  Policies are announced at the national level "
+"periodically. The Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), set up in "
+"1935, continues to play a lead role in the evolution and monitoring of "
+"educational policies and programmes."
+msgstr ""
+"インドは28の州と7つのいわゆる「連邦直轄é 
˜ã€ã«åˆ†ã‹ã‚Œã¦ã„ます。州には選挙で選ば"
+"れる政府があり、これに対し連邦直轄é 
˜ã¯ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‰æ”¿åºœã«ã‚ˆã‚Šç›´æŽ¥çµ±æ²»ã•ã‚Œã¦ã„て、各"
+"ç›´è½„é ˜ã®é•·å®˜ã¯å¤§çµ±é 
˜ã«ã‚ˆã‚Šä»»å‘½ã•ã‚Œã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã®ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‰ã®æ§‹é€ により、学æ 
¡æ•™è‚²ã¯ã"
+"もそも州の課題でありました &mdash; 
つまり、州が教育ポリシーの策定と実施におい"
+"てすべての権限を持っていました。そして、インド政府(GoI)の役割は、高等教育標準"
+"を調整、策定することに制限されていました。1976年の憲法改正により状況が変わ"
+"り、教育はいまやいわゆる<em>å…±åŒç®¡è½„äº‹é …
</em>ã¨ãªã£ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²ã®ãƒãƒª"
+"シーや計画はGoIにより国家レベルで提案されますが、州政府は計画の実施においてか"
+"なりの自由を有しています。ポリシーは国家レベルで定期的に通知されます。1935年"
+"に設立された教育中央諮問委員会(CABE)は以来、教育におけるポリシーと計画におい"
+"て発展と監視を行う主導的役割を果たしています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is a national organization that plays a key role in developing "
+"policies and programmes, called the National Council for Educational "
+"Research and Training (NCERT) that prepares a National Curriculum Framework. "
+"Each state has its counterpart called the State Council for Educational "
+"Research and Training (SCERT). These are the bodies that essentially propose "
+"educational strategies, curricula, pedagogical schemes and evaluation "
+"methodologies to the states' departments of education. The SCERTs generally "
+"follow guidelines established by the NCERT. But the states have considerable "
+"freedom in implementing the education system."
+msgstr ""
+"ポリシーや計画の策定に対して重要な役割を果たす国家機構があります。å
…¨å›½æ•™è‚²ç ”"
+"究訓練機関(NCERT)と呼ばれ、全国カリキュラムフレーム
ワークを準備しています。各"
+"州には、同等の組織となる、州教育ç 
”究訓練機関(SCERT)と呼ばれる組織があります。"
+"これらの機関は、基本的に教育戦略やカリキュラム
、教育学のスキーム、評価手法と"
+"いったことを州の教育部門へ提案する組織です。SCERTは一般的にNCERTによって策定"
+"されるガイドラインにしたがいますが、教育制度の施行においてはかなりの自由度を"
+"持っています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The National Policy on Education, 1986 and the Programme of Action (POA) "
+"1992 envisaged free and compulsory education of satisfactory quality for all "
+"children below 14 years before the 21st Century. The government committed to "
+"earmark 6% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)  for education, half of which "
+"would be spent on primary education. The expenditure on Education as a "
+"percentage of GDP also rose from 0.7 per cent in 1951-52 to about 3.6 per "
+"cent in 1997-98."
+msgstr ""
+"1986年の国家教育政策と1992年の行動計画は、21世紀までに14歳以下のすべての子供"
+"へ充
分な質の無償の義務教育をおこなうという構想でした。政府は国民総生産(GDP)の"
+"6%を教育へ割り当て、その半分は初等教育に費やすことを約束しました。GDP割合とし"
+"ての教育への支出は、1951-1952年の0.7%から1997-1998年の約3.6%まで向上しまし"
+"た。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to 10), "
+"upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17 and 18). "
+"The lower primary school is divided into five &ldquo;standards&rdquo;, upper "
+"primary school into two, high school into three and higher secondary into "
+"two. Students have to learn a common curriculum largely (except for regional "
+"changes in mother tongue) till the end of high school. There is some amount "
+"of specialization possible at the higher secondary level. Students "
+"throughout the country have to learn three languages (namely, English, Hindi "
+"and their mother tongue) except in regions where Hindi is the mother tongue "
+"and in some streams as discussed below."
+msgstr ""
+"ã‚¤ãƒ³ãƒ‰ã®å­¦æ ¡åˆ¶åº¦ã«ã¯4段階の課程があります: 
前期初等(6〜10才)、後期初等(11〜12"
+"才)、高等(13〜15才)、後期高等(17〜18才)です。前期初等は5つの「学年」があり、"
+"後期初等は2学年、高等は3学年、後期後期は2学年に分かれています。学生は、å
…±é€šã®"
+"カリキュラム
の大部分(母語による地域差異を除く)を高等学æ 
¡ã®çµ‚わりまで学びま"
+"す。後期高等レベルでは多少の専門教育も可能です。å…
¨å›½ã®å­¦ç”Ÿã¯ã€æ¯èªžãŒãƒ’ンズー"
+"語である地域や下記で述べるいくつかのグループを除いて、3ヶ国語(すなわち、英"
+"語、ヒンズー語、母語)を学ばねばなりません。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are mainly three streams in school education in India. Two of these "
+"are coordinated at the national level, of which one is under the Central "
+"Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and was originally meant for children of "
+"central government employees who are periodically transferred and may have "
+"to move to any place in the country. A number of &ldquo;central "
+"schools&rdquo; (named Kendriya Vidyalayas) have been established for the "
+"purpose in all main urban areas in the country, and they follow a common "
+"schedule so that a student going from one school to another on a particular "
+"day will hardly see any difference in what is being taught. One subject "
+"(Social Studies, consisting of History, Geography and Civics) is always "
+"taught in Hindi, and other subjects in English, in these schools. Kendriya "
+"Vidyalayas admit other children also if seats are available. All of them "
+"follow textbooks written and published by the NCERT. In addition to these "
+"government-run schools, a number of private schools in the country follow "
+"the CBSE syllabus though they may use different text books and follow "
+"different teaching schedules. They have a certain amount of freedom in what "
+"they teach in lower classes. The CBSE also has 141 affiliated schools in 21 "
+"other countries mainly catering to the needs of the Indian population there."
+msgstr ""
+"インドの学æ 
¡æ•™è‚²ã«ã¯ãŠã‚‚に3つの流れがあります。このうち2つは国家レベルで調整"
+"されており、さらにそのうち1つは中央中等教育委員会(CBSE)の管轄下で、本来、定期"
+"的に転勤があり全国各地へ異動する必
要がある中央政府の職員の子供向けのものでし"
+"ãŸã€‚ãŸãã•ã‚“ã®ã€Œä¸­å¤®å­¦æ ¡ã€(Kendriya 
Vidyalayasという)がこのため、全国のすべて"
+"ã®ä¸»è¦éƒ½å¸‚éƒ¨ã«è¨­ç«‹ã•ã‚Œã¾ã—ãŸã€‚ã“ã‚Œã‚‰ã®å­¦æ ¡ã¯å…
±é€šã®ã‚¹ã‚±ã‚¸ãƒ¥ãƒ¼ãƒ«ã«ã—たがってお"
+"ã‚Šã€ã‚ã‚‹æ—¥ã«è»¢æ ¡ã—ãŸã¨ã—ã¦ã‚‚ç”Ÿå¾’ãŒæ•™ã‚ã‚‹å†…
容にほとんど違いがでないようになっ"
+"ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã†ã—ãŸå­¦æ ¡ã§ã¯ã€1教科(歴史、地理、å…
¬æ°‘からなる社会学)がつねにヒン"
+"ズー語で教えられており、その他の教科は英語で教えられています。また、Kendriya
 "
+"Vidyalayasは、席が空いていれば、それ以外の子供でも通うことができます。また、"
+"NCERTにより出版された教科書がこれらのすべての学æ 
¡ã§ä½¿ã‚ã‚Œã¦ã„ます。こうした政"
+"åºœé‹å–¶ã®å­¦æ ¡ã®ã»ã‹ã«ã€å›½å†…ã«ã¯ãŸãã•ã‚“ã®ç§ç«‹å­¦æ 
¡ãŒã‚り、教科書やスケジュール"
+"は違ったとしても、CBSEのシラバスにしたがっています。また低学年では教えるå†
…容"
+"に一定の裁量が与えられています。CBSEには21の諸外国に141の関連学æ
 ¡ãŒã‚り、おも"
+"に現地のインド人らのニーズに応えています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The second central scheme is the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education "
+"(ICSE). It seems that this was started as a replacement for the Cambridge "
+"School Certificate. The idea was mooted in a conference held in 1952 under "
+"the Chairmanship of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the then Minister for "
+"Education. The main purpose of the conference was to consider the "
+"replacement of the overseas Cambridge School Certificate Examination by an "
+"All India Examination. In October 1956 at the meeting of the Inter-State "
+"Board for Anglo-Indian Education, a proposal was adopted for the setting up "
+"of an Indian Council to administer the University of Cambridge, Local "
+"Examinations Syndicate's Examination in India and to advise the Syndicate on "
+"the best way to adapt its examination to the needs of the country. The "
+"inaugural meeting of the Council was held on 3rd November, 1958. In December "
+"1967, the Council was registered as a Society under the Societies "
+"Registration Act, 1860.  The Council was listed in the Delhi School "
+"Education Act 1973, as a body conducting public examinations. Now a large "
+"number of schools across the country are affiliated to this Council. All "
+"these are private schools and generally cater to children from wealthy "
+"families."
+msgstr ""
+"2つめの中心スキーム
としてはインド中等教育認定(ICSE)があります。これは、ケンブ"
+"リッジ学æ 
¡èªå®šã®ä»£ã‚ã‚Šã«å§‹ã¾ã£ãŸã‚ˆã†ã§ã™ã€‚このアイデアは、のちに教育大臣と"
+"なったMaulana Abul Kalam 
Azadが議長をした時に会議へ提出されました。この会議の"
+"主目的は、海外のケンブリッジ学æ 
¡èªå®šè©¦é¨“をインド独自のものへの置き換えを検討"
+"することでした。1956年10月に、在インド英国人教育のための州間委員会の会合で、"
+"インドにおいてケンブリッジ大学認定機構を運営し、機構に対して国å†
…ニーズへ対応"
+"する試験を採用するように最善を尽くすよう求めるための評議会を設立する、という"
+"提案が採択されました。評議会の初会合は、1958年11月3日に開催されました。1967年"
+"12月には、1860年制定の団体登録法にもとづいて、団体登録がされました。評議会"
+"は、1973å¹´ã®ãƒ‡ãƒªãƒ¼å­¦æ ¡æ•™è‚²æ³•ã®ãªã‹ã§ã€å…
¬çš„試験を行う団体の一つとして記載され"
+"ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ä»Šæ—¥ã§ã¯ã€å›½å†…ã®ãŸãã•ã‚“ã®å­¦æ ¡ãŒè©•è­°ä¼šã¸åŠ 
盟していす。これらのすべ"
+"てが私立学æ 
¡ã§ã‚り、一般には富裕な家庭の子供が通っています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Both the CBSE and the ICSE council conduct their own examinations in schools "
+"across the country that are affiliated to them at the end of 10 years of "
+"schooling (after high school) and again at the end of 12 years (after higher "
+"secondary). Admission to the 11th class is normally based on the performance "
+"in this all-India examination. Since this puts a lot of pressure on the "
+"child to perform well, there have been suggestions to remove the examination "
+"at the end of 10 years."
+msgstr ""
+"CBSE、ISCE双方の委員会は、10年次の終わり(高等教育卒後)と12年次の終わり(後期高"
+"等教育卒後)ã«å›½å†…ã®åŠ ç›Ÿå­¦æ 
¡ã§è©¦é¨“を行います。11年生への進学許可は通常この全国"
+"試験の成績に基づいて行われます。この試験制度は、よい成績をとろうとする子供へ"
+"ã®è² æ‹…
となるので、10年次の試験をなくしてはどうかという提案もなされました。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Exclusive Schools"
+msgstr "ä¸Šæµæ ¡"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In addition to the above, there are a relatively small number of schools "
+"that follow foreign curricula such as the so-called Senior Cambridge, though "
+"this was largely superseded by the ICSE stream elsewhere. Some of these "
+"schools also offer the students the opportunity to sit for the ICSE "
+"examinations. These are usually very expensive residential schools where "
+"some of the Indians working abroad send their children. They normally have "
+"fabulous infrastructure, low student-teacher ratio and very few students. "
+"Many of them have teachers from abroad.  There are also other exclusive "
+"schools such as the Doon School in Dehradun that take in a small number of "
+"students and charge exorbitant fees."
+msgstr ""
+"ä¸Šè¨˜ã¨ã¯åˆ¥ã«ã€æ¯”è¼ƒçš„å°‘æ•°ã®å­¦æ ¡ãŒã‚ã‚Šã€ã„ã‚ã‚†ã‚‹Senior 
Cambridgeなどの海外のカ"
+"リキュラムにしたがっています。ただ
し、多数がICSE流に置き換わっています。こう"
+"した学æ 
¡ã®ä¸­ã«ã¯ã€ICSEの試験を受ける機会を生徒に提供しているå 
´åˆã‚‚あります。"
+"また、とても高価な寄宿学æ 
¡ã§ã‚ることが多く、海外赴任中のインド人が子供を通わ"
+"ã›ã¦ã„ã‚‹ã“ã¨ãŒã‚ã‚Šã¾ã™ã€‚ä¸€èˆ¬ã«ã€ç´ 
晴らしいインフラを有しており、生徒と教師の"
+"比率が低く、生徒がとても少数です。また、外国人教師を多く有しています。デヘ"
+"ラードゥーンにあるDoon Schoolのような上流æ 
¡ã‚‚あり、ここでもまた、少数の学生し"
+"か受け入れず、途方もない費用を課しています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Apart from all of these, there are a handful of schools around the country, "
+"such as the Rishi Valley school in Andhra Pradesh, that try to break away "
+"from the normal education system that promotes rote learning and implement "
+"innovative systems such as the Montessori method. Most such schools are "
+"expensive, have high teacher-student ratios and provide a learning "
+"environment in which each child can learn at his/her own pace.  It would be "
+"interesting and instructive to do a study on what impact the kind of school "
+"has had on the life of their alumni."
+msgstr ""
+"上記のいずれともはまったく別に、暗記学習を推進するような通常の教育システãƒ
 か"
+"ら脱却し、モンテッソーリ教育法のような革新的なシステãƒ
 を実施しようとするアン"
+"ドラプラデシュのRishi Valleyæ ¡ã‚’ã¯ã˜ã‚ã¨ã™ã‚‹å­¦æ ¡ãŒå›½å†…
に少数あります。こうし"
+"た学æ 
¡ã®ã»ã¨ã‚“どは学費が高額で、教師と生徒の比率が高く、子供が個ã€
…のペースで"
+"学べるような学習環境を提供しています。この種の学æ 
¡ãŒå’業生の生涯にいかなる影"
+"響を与えたかを調査することは興味深く、有益なものでしょう。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "State Schools"
+msgstr "å…¬ç«‹å­¦æ ¡"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each state in the country has its own Department of Education that runs its "
+"own school system with its own textbooks and evaluation system.  As "
+"mentioned earlier, the curriculum, pedagogy and evaluation method are "
+"largely decided by the SCERT in the state, following the national guidelines "
+"prescribed by the NCERT."
+msgstr ""
+"国内
の各州にはそれぞれ教育部門があり、そこで教科書や評価制度を含めた学æ
 ¡åˆ¶åº¦"
+"が個々に運用されています。å…
ˆã«ã‚‚述べたように、カリキュラムや教育法や評価手法"
+"はおもに州のSCERTによって定められますが、これはNCERTが規定した国のガイドライ"
+"ãƒ³ã«æº–æ‹ ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Each state has three kinds of schools that follow the state curriculum. The "
+"government runs its own schools in land and buildings owned by the "
+"government and paying the staff from its own resources.  These are generally "
+"known as <em>government schools</em>. The fees are quite low in such "
+"schools. Then there are privately owned schools with their own land and "
+"buildings. Here the fees are high and the teachers are paid by the "
+"management. Such schools mostly cater to the urban middle class families. "
+"The third kind consists of schools that are provided grant-in-aid by the "
+"government, though the school was started by a private agency in their own "
+"land and buildings. The grant-in-aid is meant to help reduce the fees and "
+"make it possible for poor families to send their children. In some states "
+"like Kerala, these schools are very similar to government schools since the "
+"teachers are paid by the government and the fees are the same as in "
+"government schools."
+msgstr ""
+"各州には3ç¨®é¡žã®å­¦æ ¡ãŒã‚ã‚Šã€å·žã®ã‚«ãƒªã‚­ãƒ¥ãƒ©ãƒ 
にしたがっています。政府は自身が所"
+"有する土地および建物で学æ 
¡ã‚’運営し、職員の給料も予算から支出しています。これ"
+"らは一般的に<em>公立学æ 
¡</em>ã¨ã—ã¦çŸ¥ã‚‰ã‚Œã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚ã“ã†ã—ãŸå­¦æ ¡ã§ã¯å­¦è²»ã¯ãã‚"
+"めて安くなっています。次に、民間の学æ 
¡ãŒã‚り、民間の土地と建物で運営されてい"
+"ます。こちらは、学費が高く、教師の給料は経営のなかで支払われています。このよ"
+"うな学æ 
¡ã¯ãŸã„てい都市部の中流階級家庭を対象としています。3つ目は、政府の補助"
+"金で賄われているå 
´åˆã§ã€æ°‘営機関によりその所有する土地と建物で始められたもの"
+"です。補助金は、学費の低減を支援し、貧しい家庭が子供を学æ
 ¡ã«ã‚„ることを可能と"
+"する目的があります。ケーララのようないくつかの州では、こうした民間学æ
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+"å­¦æ 
¡ã¨ã¨ã¦ã‚‚似ていて、教師の給料が政府より支払われ、学費もå
…¬ç«‹å­¦æ ¡ã¨ã»ã¼åŒç¨‹"
+"度だったりします。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Case of Kerala"
+msgstr "ケーララ州の事例"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The state of Kerala, a small state in the South Western coast of India, has "
+"been different from the rest of the country in many ways for the last few "
+"decades. It has, for instance, the highest literacy rate among all states, "
+"and was declared the first fully literate state about a decade back. Life "
+"expectancy, both male and female, is very high, close to that of the "
+"developed world. Other parameters such as fertility rate, infant and child "
+"mortality are among the best in the country, if not the best. The total "
+"fertility rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 for the last two "
+"decades. Probably as a side-effect of economic and social development, "
+"suicide rates and alcoholism are also very high. Government policies also "
+"have been very different from the rest of the country, leading to the "
+"development model followed in Kerala, with high expenditure in education and "
+"welfare, coming to be known as the &ldquo;Kerala Model&ldquo; among "
+"economists."
+msgstr ""
+"ケーララ州は、インドの南西海岸に位置する小さな州で、ここ数十年いろんな意味で"
+"国内
の他の地域とは異なる歩みをしてきました。たとえば、すべての州の中で最高の"
+"識字率をもち、約10年前に完å…
¨ã«èª­ã¿æ›¸ãã®ã§ãã‚‹å·žã¨ã—て最初の宣言をだしまし"
+"た。男女ともに寿命がとても長くå…
ˆé€²å›½ã«è¿‘い水準です。出生率や幼児・子供の死亡"
+"率といった諸元も国内
で最高ではないにしても、最高水準に位置しています。出生率"
+"もここ20年は人口維持に必
要な出生率の2.1を下回っています。おそらく、経済や社会"
+"発展の副作用として、自殺率、アルコール依存者
がとても高くなっています。政府の"
+"方針も国内
の他とはまったく異なっており、教育と福祉へ高い支出を行う発展的モデ"
+"ルがケーララ州で行われ、経済学者
の間では「ケーララモデル」として知られるよう"
+"になりました。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Kerala has also always shown interest in trying out ways of improving its "
+"school education system. Every time the NCERT came up with new ideas, it was "
+"Kerala that tried it out first. The state experimented with the District "
+"Primary Education Programme (DPEP) with gusto, though there was opposition "
+"to it from various quarters, and even took it beyond primary classes. The "
+"state was the first in the country to move from the traditional behaviorist "
+"way of teaching to a social constructivist paradigm. It was mentioned in the "
+"National Curriculum Framework of NCERT in the year 2000, and Kerala started "
+"trying it out the next year. The transaction in the classroom and the "
+"evaluation methodology were changed.  Instead of direct questions that could "
+"be answered only through memorizing the lessons, indirect questions and open "
+"ended questions were included so that the student needed to think before "
+"answering, and the answers could be subjective to some extent. This meant "
+"that the students had to digest what they studied and had to be able to use "
+"their knowledge in a specific situation to answer the questions. At the same "
+"time, the new method took away a lot of pressure and the children began to "
+"find examinations interesting and enjoyable instead of being stressful. A "
+"Comprehensive and Continuous Evaluation (CCE) system was introduced along "
+"with this, which took into consideration the overall personality of the "
+"student and reduced the dependence on a single final examination for "
+"deciding promotion to the next class. At present, the CBSE also has "
+"implemented CCE, but in a more flexible manner."
+msgstr ""
+"ケーララ州はまた、学æ 
¡æ•™è‚²åˆ¶åº¦ã‚’改善するいろいな手法を試すことに常に関心を"
+"もっています。NCERTが新しいアイデアを打ち立てるたびに、最初にそれを試すのは"
+"ケーララ州でした。いろんな地区から反対もありましたが、同州は地方初等教育計画"
+"(DPEP)を嬉々
として試みましたし、さらに初等教育より上の学年に同計画を採用した"
+"りもしました。また、従来の行動主義的な教育手法から社会的構成主義なパラダイãƒ
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+"への転換を行った国内初の州です。このパラダイム
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+"キュラムフレーム
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+"を開始しました。これにより、教室でのやりとりや評価手法が変わりました。授業を"
+"記憶することでしか答えられないような直接的な質問ではなく、間接的で結論のない"
+"質問が取りå…
¥ã‚Œã‚‰ã‚Œã¦ã€ç”Ÿå¾’は答える前に考えないとならず、さらに回答はある程度"
+"主観的であろうものになりました。つまり、ある状況下において質問に答えるため"
+"に、生徒は学んだ
ことを要約し知識を利用することを求められるのです。それと同時"
+"に、新しい手法によっていろんなプレッシャーが取り除かれ、子供たちは試験がスト"
+"レスの多いものではなく、興味深く楽しいものだ
と感じるようになりました。総合的"
+"継続評価(CCE)システムも同時に取りå…
¥ã‚Œã‚‰ã‚Œã€æ¬¡å­¦å¹´ã¸ã®é€²ç´šã‚’決める際は、生徒の"
+"å…¨èˆ¬çš„ãªäººæ ¼ãŒè€ƒæ…
®ã•ã‚Œã€ä¸€å›žã‹ãŽã‚Šã®æœŸæœ«è©¦é¨“の比重は低減されることになりまし"
+"た。現在では、CBSEもCCEを実施していますが、さらに柔軟なやり方をしています。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Kerala was also the first state in the country to introduce Information "
+"Technology as a subject of study at the High School level.  It was started "
+"in class 8 with the textbook introducing Microsoft Windows and Microsoft "
+"Office. But within one year the government was forced to include Free "
+"Software also in the curriculum by protests from Free Software enthusiasts "
+"and a favorable stance taken by a school teachers association that had the "
+"majority of government teachers as its members. Eventually, from the year "
+"2007, only GNU/Linux was taught in the schools, and all computers in schools "
+"had only GNU/Linux installed.  At that time, perhaps even today, this was "
+"the largest installation of GNU/Linux in schools, and made headlines even in "
+"other countries. Every year, from 2007 onwards, about 500,000 children pass "
+"out of the schools learning the concepts behind Free Software and the GNU/"
+"Linux operating system and applications. The state is now moving towards IT "
+"Enabled Education. Eventually, IT will not be taught as a separate subject.  "
+"Instead, all subjects will be taught with the help of IT so that the "
+"children will, on the one hand, learn IT skills and, on the other, make use "
+"of educational applications (such as those mentioned below) and resources in "
+"the Internet (such as textual material from sites like Wikipedia, images, "
+"animations and videos) to study their subjects and to do exercises. Teachers "
+"and students have already started using applications such as <a href="
+"\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/\";> Dr. Geo</a>, <a href=\"http://";
+"en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra\"> GeoGebra</a>, and <a href=\"http://en.";
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab\"> KtechLab</a> for studying geometry and "
+"electronics. Applications like <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/";
+"sunclock/\"> Sunclock</a>, <a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalzium\";> "
+"Kalzium</a> and <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/ghemical/\";> "
+"Ghemical</a> are also popular among teachers and students."
+msgstr ""
+"ã‚±ãƒ¼ãƒ©ãƒ©ã¯ã¾ãŸã€é«˜ç­‰å­¦æ ¡èª²ç¨‹ã®æŽˆæ¥­ç§‘ç›®ã¨ã—ã¦æƒ…å 
±æŠ€è¡“を取り入れた国内最初の州"
+"です。8年生で、Microsoft WindowsやMicrosoft Officeのå…
¥é–€æ›¸ã‚’使って開始されま"
+"した。しかし、一年もたたないうちに、自由ソフトウェア支持è€
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+"立教員の多数派であった学æ 
¡æ•™å“¡é€£ç›Ÿã®è³›æˆã‚‚あり、政府はカリキュラムに自由ソフ"
+"トウェアを取りå…
¥ã‚Œã–るをえなくなりました。その後2007年からは、学æ 
¡ã§ã¯GNU/"
+"Linuxだけが教えられるようになり、学æ 
¡ã®ã™ã¹ã¦ã®ã‚³ãƒ³ãƒ”ュータにGNU/Linuxだけが"
+"インストールされるようになりました。当時、そしておそらく現時点でも、学æ
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+"いてGNU/Linuxがインストールされた最大規模であり、諸外国のニュースとなりまし"
+"た。2007年以来、自由ソフトウェアの概念およびGNU/Linuxオペレーティングシステãƒ
 "
+"やアプリケーションを学んだ
約50ä¸‡äººã®å­ä¾›ãŸã¡ãŒæ¯Žå¹´å­¦æ ¡ã‚’å’æ¥­ã—ã¦ã„ã¾ã™ã€‚å·žã¯"
+"現在、IT化された教育を計画しています。やがて、ITそのものは単独の教科ではなく"
+"なるでしょう。代わりに、すべての教科がITを活用して行われ、子供たちは一方でIT"
+"スキルを学びながら、もう一方で教育向けアプリケーション(下記に記載)やインター"
+"ネット上の情å 
±(ウィキペディアのようなサイトの文献や画像、動画など)を使いなが"
+"ら、いろんな教科を勉強し課題をこなすようになるでしょう。教師および生徒が幾何"
+"学や電子工学の学習のためにすでに使用しているアプリケーションとしては、<a
 "
+"href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/drgeo/\";>Dr. Geo</a>、<a href="
+"\"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoGebra\";>GeoGebra</a>、<a href=\"http://en.";
+"wikipedia.org/wiki/KTechLab\">KtechLab</a>といったアプリケーションがありま"
+"す。また、教師や生徒の間で人気があるものとして、<a 
href=\"http://directory.";
+"fsf.org/project/sunclock/\">Sunclock</a>、<a href=\"http://en.wikipedia.org/";
+"wiki/Kalzium\">Kalzium</a>、<a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/";
+"ghemical/\">Ghemical</a>といったアプリケーションがあります。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The initiative taken by Kerala is now influencing other states and even the "
+"policies of the Government of India. States like Karnataka and Gujarat are "
+"now planning to introduce Free Software in their schools, and some other "
+"states like Maharashtra are examining the option. The new education policy "
+"of the Government of India speaks about constructivism, IT enabled "
+"education, Free Software and sharing educational resources.  Once a few of "
+"the larger states successfully migrate to Free Software, it is hoped that "
+"the entire country would follow suit in a relatively short time. When that "
+"happens, India could have the largest user base of GNU/Linux and Free "
+"Software in general."
+msgstr ""
+"ケーララで行われた新たな取り組みは、他の州やインド政府のポリシーにまで影響を"
+"与えています。カルナタカやグジャラートといった州は現在学æ
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+"を導å…
¥ã™ã‚‹è¨ˆç”»ã‚’していますし、マハラシュトラといった他の州でもそういった選択"
+"肢を検討しています。インド政府の新しい教育計画では構成主義、IT化された教育、"
+"自由ソフトウェア、教育資源のå…
±æœ‰ãªã©ãŒè¨€åŠã•ã‚Œã¦ã„ます。大きな州のいくつかが"
+"自由ソフトウェアへの移行に成功すれば、比較的短時間で国å
…¨ä½“として後に続くこと"
+"が予想されます。もしそうなれば、インドはGNU/Linuxや自由ソフトウェアにおける最"
+"大のユーザ基盤を持つことになります。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "References"
+msgstr "参考文献"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/";
+"txt_minute_education_1835.html"
+msgstr ""
+"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/";
+"txt_minute_education_1835.html"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu";
+msgstr "http://varnam.org/blog/2007/08/the_story_behind_macaulays_edu";
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education";
+msgstr "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education";
+
+#.  If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+#.      all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+#.      verbatim copying.  Please do NOT remove this without talking
+#.      with the webmasters first.
+#.      Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+#.      and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". 
+#. type: Content of: outside any tag (error?)
+msgid ""
+"<a id=\"sasi\"></a><a href=\"http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/\";>V. Sasi "
+"Kumar</a> is a doctor in physics and a member of the FSF India Board of "
+"Directors. He advocates for Free Software and freedom of knowledge."
+msgstr ""
+"<a id=\"sasi\"></a><a href=\"http://swatantryam.blogspot.com/\";>V. Sasi "
+"Kumar</a>は物理学博士で、FSFインド理事会のメンバーです。彼は、自由ソフトウェ"
+"アと知識の自由の支持者です。"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other 
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"FSF および GNU に関する問い合わせは <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;"
+"address@hidden&gt;</a>までお願いします(英語)。FSFへの連絡は<a 
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">他の方法</a>もあります。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"リンク切れや他の修正、提案は、<a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;"
+"address@hidden&gt;</a>までお送りください。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"ã“ã®æ–‡ç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã®èª¿æ•´ã¨æå‡ºã«ã¤ã„ã¦ã¯ã€<a 
href=\"/server/standards/README."
+"translations.html\">翻訳 README</a>をご覧ください。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright &copy; 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar."
+msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2011 Dr. V. Sasi Kumar."
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Please note that the license here is CC-BY-SA 
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"ShareAlike 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"このページは、<a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/";
+"by-sa/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 United States "
+"License</a>の条件で許諾されています。"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr " "
+
+#.  timestamp start 
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "最終更新:"