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Subject: |
www education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.trans... |
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Date: |
Tue, 14 Feb 2012 09:29:09 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/02/14 09:29:08
Modified files:
education/po : edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist
gnu : thegnuproject.ja.html
gnu/po : thegnuproject.ja.po
people/po : people.de.po people.es.po people.pot
philosophy : essays-and-articles.ja.html
speeches-and-interview.ja.html why-free.ja.html
philosophy/po : essays-and-articles.ja.po
speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html
Added files:
education : edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html
education/po : edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html
gnu/po : thegnuproject.ja-en.html
philosophy/po : essays-and-articles.ja-en.html
why-free.ja-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/people/po/people.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/people/po/people.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/people/po/people.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.68&r2=1.69
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.ja.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/why-free.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:22:21
-0000 1.2
+++ education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist 14 Feb 2012 09:28:09
-0000 1.3
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
<li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</li>
</ul>
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Index: gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html 30 Dec 2011 05:12:41 -0000 1.7
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.ja.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:16 -0000 1.8
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-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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ãªã¾ã¾ãã£ã¦ãããã®ã§ãããã«ãããããããã¨ãã¦ããããã§ç®çã®éæã«ã¯ååãªã®ã確信ã¯æã¦ãªãã¾ã¾ã§ãããããããããã§ããã£ã¦ã¿ãã®ã§ãããªããªãæ¼ãå¯ããæµã¨æãè¡ã®éã«ã¯ããããããã¾ããã§ãããããèªåã§ãé©ãããã¨ã«ãæã«ã¯æåããããããã¨ã
ã£ã¦ããã¾ããã</p>
+<p>
+ã¨ãã«ã¯å¤±æããã¾ãããããã¤ãã®è¡ã¯é¥è½ãã¦ãã¾ãã¾ãããããã¦å±æ©ã«ããå¥ã®è¡ãè¦ã¤ããã¾ãå¥ã®æ¦éã«åãã¾ãããé·ããã¨ããããã¯è
å¨ãçºè¦ããæã身ããã®è
å¨ã¨èªåã®è¡ã¨ã®éã«æãåºããä»ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ã«ãã£ã¡ã«æ¥ã¦ä¸ç·ã«ãããã¨å¼ã³æãã¦ããã®ã§ãã</p>
+<p>
+ä»æ¥ã§ã¯ããããã¯ããã¦ãä¸äººããã§ã¯ããã¾ããã大å¢ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ãæ¦ç·ãæã¡ããããããã¨ææ¦è
ãã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ãè¦ãã®ã¨å®å¿ãã¦åã°ããæ°æã¡ã«ãªããããã¦ç¢ºä¿¡ããã®ã§ãããã®è¡ã¯å¤§ä¸å¤«ã
㨗ä»ã®ã¨ããã¯ããããå±éºã¯å¹´ã追ãæ¯ã«å¤§ãããªã£ã¦ãããä»ããã¤ã¯ãã½ããã¯ããããã«ããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãã¿ã¼ã²ããã«ãã¦ãã¾ããå°æ¥ã®èªç±ã¯ç´æããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããå½ç¶ã®ãã¨ã
ã¨æã£ã¦ã¯ãããªãã®ã§ã!èªåã®èªç±ãå®ãããã®ãªãããããå®ãåãããã¦ãããªããã°ããã¾ããã</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ja.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+FSF ããã³ GNU ã«é¢ããåãåãã㯠<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãã
+<br />
+ãªã³ã¯åããä»ã®ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ãã®æç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã®èª¿æ´ã¨æåºã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻訳
+README</a>ãã覧ãã ããã
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
+Stallman
+<br />
+ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã
+</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p>
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+æçµæ´æ°:
+
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:16 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
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+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
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+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- Bosnian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
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+<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
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href="/gnu/thegnuproject.el.html">Ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
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+<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
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+<a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
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+<a
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+<a
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</html>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja.po 14 Feb 2012 05:35:54 -0000 1.1
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja.po 14 Feb 2012 09:28:24 -0000 1.2
@@ -11,20 +11,22 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-02-14 10:01+0900\n"
"Last-Translator: NIIBE Yutaka <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: ja\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: ja\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
msgstr ""
-"GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã«ã¤ã㦠- GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³ (FSF)"
+"GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã«ã¤ã㦠- GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼"
+"ã·ã§ã³ (FSF)"
#. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
msgid "GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History"
msgstr ""
-"GNU, GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã, FSF, èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢,
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³, æ´å²"
+"GNU, GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã, FSF, èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢,
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼"
+"ã·ã§ã³, æ´å²"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "The GNU Project"
@@ -32,14 +34,14 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard "
-"Stallman</strong></a>"
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»"
-"ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</strong></a>è"
+"<a
href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\";><strong>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</"
+"strong></a>è"
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "the original version was published in the book “Open
Sources”"
+msgid ""
+"the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”"
msgstr
"ãã®ææ¸ã®ãªãªã¸ãã«ã¯æ¸ç±ããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ãã«åé²ããåºçããã¾ãã"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
@@ -55,18 +57,18 @@
"old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we "
"did it more than most."
msgstr ""
-"1971å¹´ã«<acronym title=\"Massachusetts Institute of
Technology\">MIT</acronym>"
-"人工ç¥è½ç
究æ(AIã©ã)ã§åãå§ããã¨ãããããã¯ä½å¹´ãåãããã£ã"
-"ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢å
±æã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ä¸å¡ã«ãªãã¾ããã"
-"ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®å
±æã¯ãããããã¡ã®ãã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«éããããã¨ã§ã¯ããã¾ããã§ããã"
-"ã¡ããã©ã¬ã·ãã®å
±æãæçã¨åããããå¤ãããããã®ã¨åãããã«ã"
-"ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¨åããããå¤ããããã£ããã¨ã§ããã"
-"ããããããããã¡ã¯ããããã»ã¨ãã©ã®ã¨ãããããããã£ã¨ãè¡ã£ãã®ã§ãã"
+"1971å¹´ã«<acronym title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</"
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+"ããã¦ã§ã¢å
±æã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ä¸å¡ã«ãªãã¾ãããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®å
±æã¯ããããã"
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±æ"
+"ãæçã¨åããããå¤ãããããã®ã¨åãããã«ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¨åããããå¤ãã"
+"ããã£ããã¨ã§ãããããããããããã¡ã¯ããããã»ã¨ãã©ã®ã¨ãããããããã£"
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym "
-"title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
+"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym title="
+"\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
"Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and "
"written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title=\"Programmed "
"Data Processor\">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. "
@@ -74,12 +76,12 @@
"improve this system."
msgstr ""
"AIã©ãã¯<acronym title=\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> "
-"(Incompatible Timesharing System)ã¨å¼ã°ããã¿ã¤ã
ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã°ã»ãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»"
-"ã·ã¹ãã ã使ã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããã¯ãç
究æã®ã¹ã¿ããã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡(1)ã«ãããå½æã®å¤§ããª"
-"ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ãDEC製<acronym title=\"Programmed Data
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-"PDP</acronym>-10ç¨ã«è¨è¨ãããã¢ã»ã³ããªè¨èªã§æ¸ããã¦ãã¾ããã"
-"ãã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ä¸å¡ã¨ãã¦ãã¾ãAIã©ãã®ã¹ã¿ããã®ã·ã¹ãã
ã»ããã«ã¼ã¨ãã¦ã"
-"ãã®ã·ã¹ãã
ãæ¹åãã¦ãããã¨ããããã®ä»äºã§ããã"
+"(Incompatible Timesharing System)ã¨å¼ã°ããã¿ã¤ã
ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã°ã»ãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³"
+"ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã使ã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããã¯ãç
究æã®ã¹ã¿ããã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡(1)ã«ã"
+"ããå½æã®å¤§ããªã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã®ã²ã¨ã¤ãDEC製<acronym
title=\"Programmed Data "
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+"ãã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ä¸å¡ã¨ãã¦ãã¾ãAIã©ãã®ã¹ã¿ããã®ã·ã¹ãã
ã»ããã«ã¼ã¨ã"
+"ã¦ããã®ã·ã¹ãã
ãæ¹åãã¦ãããã¨ããããã®ä»äºã§ããã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -90,12 +92,13 @@
"could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change "
"it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program."
msgstr ""
-"ããããã¡ã¯èªåãã¡ã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨ã¯å¼ãã§ãã¾ããã§ããã"
-"ãªããªãããã®ç¨èªã¯ã¾ã
åå¨ãã¦ããªãã£ãããã§ããããããããã¯ãããããã®ã§ããã"
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ã移æ¤ãã¦ä½¿ãããã¨ãã¯ãã¤ã§ããããããã¡ã¯åãã§"
-"ããããã¾ããããã誰ãããããããã¦é¢ç½ãããªããã°ã©ã
ã使ã£ã¦ããã®ãè¦ããã"
-"ãã¤ã ã£ã¦ã½ã¼ã¹ã³ã¼ããè¦ãã¦ãã ããã¨é
¼ãã¾ãããããã¦ããããèªã¿ãæ¸ãæãã"
-"ãããã¯ããã®ä¸é¨ãåãåºãã¦æ°ããããã°ã©ã
ã«ãããã¨ãã§ããã®ã§ãã"
+"ããããã¡ã¯èªåãã¡ã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨ã¯å¼ãã§ãã¾ããã§"
+"ããããªããªãããã®ç¨èªã¯ã¾ã
åå¨ãã¦ããªãã£ãããã§ããããããããã¯ãã"
+"ãããã®ã§ãããä»ã®å¤§å¦ãä¼ç¤¾ãããã£ã¦æ¥ã人ãããã°ã©ã
ã移æ¤ãã¦ä½¿ããã"
+"ã¨ãã¯ãã¤ã§ããããããã¡ã¯åãã§ããããã¾ããããã誰ãããããããã¦é¢ç½"
+"ãããªããã°ã©ã ã使ã£ã¦ããã®ãè¦ããããã¤ã
ã£ã¦ã½ã¼ã¹ã³ã¼ããè¦ãã¦ãã ã"
+"ãã¨é
¼ãã¾ãããããã¦ããããèªã¿ãæ¸ãæãããããã¯ããã®ä¸é¨ãåãåºãã¦"
+"æ°ããããã°ã©ã ã«ãããã¨ãã§ããã®ã§ãã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -103,16 +106,15 @@
"is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to "
"recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who "
"loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination "
-"of the two. See my article, <a "
-"href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>On Hacking</a>."
+"of the two. See my article, <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-";
+"hacking.html\">On Hacking</a>."
msgstr ""
-"(1)ãããã«ã¼ãã¨ããç¨èªããã»ãã¥ãªãã£ç
´ããã®æå³ã§ä½¿ãã®ã¯ä¸é¨ã®ãã¹ã¡ãã£ã¢ã®"
-"æ··åã§ããããããã¡ããã«ã¼ã¯ãã®ãããªæå³ã決ãã¦èªãã¾ããã"
-"ããã¦ãããã°ã©ã ããããã¨ã大好ããªäººã"
-"ãã¡ãããªæ©å·§ã楽ãã人ããããã¯ãã®äºã¤ã®çµã¿åãããã¨ããæå³ã§ãã®è¨èã使ãç¶ãã¾ãã"
-"ãããã®è«èª¬ã<a "
-"href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>ãããã³ã°ã«ã¤ãã¦</a>ã"
-"ã覧ãã ããã"
+"(1)ãããã«ã¼ãã¨ããç¨èªããã»ãã¥ãªãã£ç
´ããã®æå³ã§ä½¿ãã®ã¯ä¸é¨ã®ãã¹ã¡"
+"ãã£ã¢ã®æ··åã§ããããããã¡ããã«ã¼ã¯ãã®ãããªæå³ã決ãã¦èªãã¾ããããã"
+"ã¦ãããã°ã©ã
ããããã¨ã大好ããªäººããã¡ãããªæ©å·§ã楽ãã人ããããã¯ãã®"
+"äºã¤ã®çµã¿åãããã¨ããæå³ã§ãã®è¨èã使ãç¶ãã¾ãããããã®è«èª¬ã<a
href="
+"\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>ãããã³ã°ã«ã¤ãã¦</a>ãã覧"
+"ãã ããã"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The collapse of the community"
@@ -126,11 +128,11 @@
"becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs "
"composing ITS were obsolete."
msgstr ""
-"DEC社ãPDP-10ã·ãªã¼ãºã製é
ä¸æ¢ãã1980年代ã®åããç¶æ³ã¯å¤§ããå¤ãã£ã¦ãã¾ãã¾ããã"
-"60年代ã«ã¯ã¨ã¬ã¬ã³ãã§ãã¯ãã«ã
ã£ããã®ã¢ã¼ããã¯ãã£ã¯ã80年代ã«å®ç¨å¯è½ã«ãªã£ãã"
-"ãã大ããªã¢ãã¬ã¹ç©ºéã«ãèªç¶ã«æ¡å¼µãããã¨ãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãã®ã§ãã"
-"ããã¯ITSãå½¢æãã¦ããããã°ã©ã ã®å¤§åãããæ代é
ãã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãã¨ãããã¨"
-"ã§ããã"
+"DEC社ãPDP-10ã·ãªã¼ãºã製é
ä¸æ¢ãã1980年代ã®åããç¶æ³ã¯å¤§ããå¤ãã£ã¦ãã¾ã"
+"ã¾ããã60年代ã«ã¯ã¨ã¬ã¬ã³ãã§ãã¯ãã«ã
ã£ããã®ã¢ã¼ããã¯ãã£ã¯ã80年代ã«å®"
+"ç¨å¯è½ã«ãªã£ãããã大ããªã¢ãã¬ã¹ç©ºéã«ãèªç¶ã«æ¡å¼µãããã¨ãåºæ¥ãªãã£ãã®"
+"ã§ããããã¯ITSãå½¢æãã¦ããããã°ã©ã
ã®å¤§åãããæ代é
ãã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ã£ãã¨"
+"ãããã¨ã§ããã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -142,13 +144,12 @@
"AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use "
"Digital's nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS."
msgstr ""
-"AIã©ãã»ããã«ã¼ã»ã³ãã¥ããã£ã¯ãæ¢ã«ããã®åã«å´©å£ãã¦ãã¾ããã"
-"1981å¹´ã«ã¹ãã³ã»ãªãã®ä¼ç¤¾SymbolicsãAIã©ãã®ã»ã¼å
¨ã¦ã®ããã«ã¼ãå¼ãæãã¦ãã¾ãã"
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-"(ã¹ãã£ã¼ãã»ã¬ãã£èãããã«ã¼ãºãã«ã¯ãããã®åºæ¥äºãå
¨çæã®é ã®ãã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®å§¿ã"
-"æ´»ãæ´»ãã¨æããã¦ãã¾ãã)
AIã©ãã1982å¹´ã«æ°ããPDP-10ãè³¼å
¥ããã¨ãã"
-"管çè
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"operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a "
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"programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping "
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"ããããèªåã®ããã«åå¨ããã®ã§ãªããã°ããã£ãã誰ããããã®ããã«åå¨ãã?"
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2093,11 +2052,11 @@
"less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it makes the previous "
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msgstr ""
-"ãã¸ãã¹ã«ãããµãã¼ããã³ãã¥ããã£ã«è²¢ç®ããããæ¹ã¯ããããããã"
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¬"
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2107,10 +2066,10 @@
"“free software”, to express the idea that freedom, not just "
"technology, is important."
msgstr ""
-"ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨ããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ãã¯ãå¤ããå°ãªãããåãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®åé¡ã"
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+"ã®åé¡ã表ãã¾ãããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨ä¾¡å¤è¦³ã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯éã£ããã¨ãå±ãã¦ãã¾ãã"
+"GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã¯ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¨ããè¨èã使ãç¶ãã¾ãããã
æè¡çãªã"
+"ã¨ã表ãã®ã§ã¯ãªããèªç±ã¨ããç念ã表ç¾ãããã¨ãéè¦ã
ããã§ãã"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "Try!"
@@ -2125,11 +2084,12 @@
"between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes "
"succeeded."
msgstr ""
-"ã¨ã¼ãã®æ
¼è¨(ã‘試ã’ãªã©ãããã)ã¯ãã°ãããèããã¾ããã"
-"ãããã«ã¯å½¹ç«ã¡ã¾ãããä½æ¥ã®ã»ã¨ãã©ã¯æ¬å½ã«ãããåºæ¥ãã®ãå¿é
ãªã¾ã¾ãã£ã¦ãããã®ã§ã"
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-"ããããããã§ããã£ã¦ã¿ãã®ã§ãããªããªãæ¼ãå¯ããæµã¨æãè¡ã®éã«ã¯ããããããã¾ãã"
-"ã§ãããããèªåã§ãé©ãããã¨ã«ãæã«ã¯æåããããããã¨ã
ã£ã¦ããã¾ããã"
+"ã¨ã¼ãã®æ
¼è¨(ã‘試ã’ãªã©ãããã)ã¯ãã°ãããèããã¾ããããã"
+"ãã«ã¯å½¹ç«ã¡ã¾ãããä½æ¥ã®ã»ã¨ãã©ã¯æ¬å½ã«ãããåºæ¥ãã®ãå¿é
ãªã¾ã¾ãã£ã¦ã"
+"ããã®ã§ãããã«ãããããããã¨ãã¦ããããã§ç®çã®éæã«ã¯ååãªã®ã確信ã¯"
+"æã¦ãªãã¾ã¾ã§ãããããããããã§ããã£ã¦ã¿ãã®ã§ãããªããªãæ¼ãå¯ããæµã¨"
+"æãè¡ã®éã«ã¯ããããããã¾ããã§ãããããèªåã§ãé©ãããã¨ã«ãæã«ã¯æå"
+"ããããããã¨ã ã£ã¦ããã¾ããã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2138,10 +2098,10 @@
"to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on "
"other hackers to come and join me."
msgstr ""
-"ã¨ãã«ã¯å¤±æããã¾ãããããã¤ãã®è¡ã¯é¥è½ãã¦ãã¾ãã¾ããã"
-"ããã¦å±æ©ã«ããå¥ã®è¡ãè¦ã¤ããã¾ãå¥ã®æ¦éã«åãã¾ããã"
-"é·ããã¨ããããã¯è
å¨ãçºè¦ããæã身ããã®è
å¨ã¨èªåã®è¡ã¨ã®éã«æãåºãã"
-"ä»ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ã«ãã£ã¡ã«æ¥ã¦ä¸ç·ã«ãããã¨å¼ã³æãã¦ããã®ã§ãã"
+"ã¨ãã«ã¯å¤±æããã¾ãããããã¤ãã®è¡ã¯é¥è½ãã¦ãã¾ãã¾ãããããã¦å±æ©ã«ãã"
+"å¥ã®è¡ãè¦ã¤ããã¾ãå¥ã®æ¦éã«åãã¾ãããé·ããã¨ããããã¯è
å¨ãçºè¦ããæ"
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å¨ã¨èªåã®è¡ã¨ã®éã«æãåºããä»ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ã«ãã£ã¡ã«æ¥ã¦ä¸ç·"
+"ã«ãããã¨å¼ã³æãã¦ããã®ã§ãã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -2152,12 +2112,13 @@
"of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your "
"freedom, you must be prepared to defend it."
msgstr ""
-"ä»æ¥ã§ã¯ããããã¯ããã¦ãä¸äººããã§ã¯ããã¾ããã大å¢ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ãæ¦ç·ãæã¡ããããããã¨"
-"ææ¦è
ãã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ãè¦ãã®ã¨å®å¿ãã¦åã°ããæ°æã¡ã«ãªããããã¦ç¢ºä¿¡ããã®ã§ãã"
-"ãã®è¡ã¯å¤§ä¸å¤«ã
㨗ä»ã®ã¨ããã¯ããããå±éºã¯å¹´ã追ãæ¯ã«å¤§ãããªã£ã¦ãããä»ã"
-"ãã¤ã¯ãã½ããã¯ããããã«ããããã¡ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ãã¿ã¼ã²ããã«ãã¦ãã¾ãã"
-"å°æ¥ã®èªç±ã¯ç´æããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã®ã§ããå½ç¶ã®ãã¨ã
ã¨æã£ã¦ã¯ãããªãã®ã§ã!"
-"èªåã®èªç±ãå®ãããã®ãªãããããå®ãåãããã¦ãããªããã°ããã¾ããã"
+"ä»æ¥ã§ã¯ããããã¯ããã¦ãä¸äººããã§ã¯ããã¾ããã大å¢ã®ããã«ã¼ãã¡ãæ¦ç·ã"
+"æã¡ããããããã¨ææ¦è
ãã«ãªã£ã¦ããã®ãè¦ãã®ã¨å®å¿ãã¦åã°ããæ°æã¡ã«ãª"
+"ããããã¦ç¢ºä¿¡ããã®ã§ãããã®è¡ã¯å¤§ä¸å¤«ã
㨗ä»ã®ã¨ããã¯ããããå±éºã¯"
+"å¹´ã追ãæ¯ã«å¤§ãããªã£ã¦ãããä»ããã¤ã¯ãã½ããã¯ããããã«ããããã¡ã®ã³"
+"ãã¥ããã£ãã¿ã¼ã²ããã«ãã¦ãã¾ããå°æ¥ã®èªç±ã¯ç´æããã¦ããããã§ã¯ãªãã®"
+"ã§ããå½ç¶ã®ãã¨ã
ã¨æã£ã¦ã¯ãããªãã®ã§ã!èªåã®èªç±ãå®ãããã®ãªããããã"
+"å®ãåãããã¦ãããªããã°ããã¾ããã"
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
@@ -2166,9 +2127,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
-"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF."
msgstr ""
"FSF ããã³ GNU ã«é¢ããåãåãã㯠<a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
"address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
href=\"/contact/"
@@ -2176,17 +2137,17 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
"ãªã³ã¯åããä»ã®ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯<a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
"address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã ããã"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please see the <a "
-"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
-"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
msgstr ""
"ãã®æç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã®èª¿æ´ã¨æåºã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
href=\"/server/standards/README."
"translations.html\">翻訳 README</a>ãã覧ãã ããã"
@@ -2201,9 +2162,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" "
-"href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\";>Creative Commons "
-"Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
msgstr ""
"ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯<a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
"nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States "
Index: people/po/people.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/people/po/people.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- people/po/people.de.po 30 Jan 2012 03:36:59 -0000 1.26
+++ people/po/people.de.po 14 Feb 2012 09:28:37 -0000 1.27
@@ -7,13 +7,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: people.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-01-29 12:25-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-14 04:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-30 03:02+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online [PUNKT] de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-14 04:26-0500\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "GNU's Who - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -225,6 +226,21 @@
"GNU/Linux und <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<a href=\"http://lars.nocrew.org/\";>Lars Brinkhoff</a>"
+msgid "<a href=\"http://codeartnow.com\";>Adrienne G. Thompson</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"http://lars.nocrew.org/\";>Lars Brinkhoff</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Is fascinated by robot vision. She is the author of <a href=\"http://www.gnu.";
+"org/software/c-graph/\">C-Graph</a>, the product of an imagined nexus "
+"between the movie \"Blade Runner\" and her 1983 BSc. Engineering Honours "
+"dissertation \"Interactive Computer Package Demonstrating: Sampling "
+"Convolution and the FFT\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.gostai.com/about/team/\";>Akim Demaille</a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.gostai.com/about/team/\";>Akim Demaille</a>"
@@ -1217,8 +1233,8 @@
"Schrieb das VC (Version Control), GUD (Grand Unified Debugger) und asm "
"(Assembler)-Modi in <a href=\"/software/emacs/emacs.html\" hreflang=\"en"
"\">GNU Emacs</a>. Auch verantwortlich für einen groÃen Teil der "
-"Kopfzeilenkommentare in der Emacs Lisp-Bibliothek. Schrieb die mit "
-"groff-1.11 freigegebene Bilddokumentation."
+"Kopfzeilenkommentare in der Emacs Lisp-Bibliothek. Schrieb die mit groff-"
+"1.11 freigegebene Bilddokumentation."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Eric A. Schulman <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>"
@@ -1641,9 +1657,9 @@
"Findutils</a> und Autor von <a href=\"/software/cssc/\">GNU CSSC</a>. Er "
"hat auch zu einer Vielzahl von anderen GNU Projekten beigetragen, darunter "
"<a href=\"/software/gnulib/\">gnulib</a> und <a href=\"/software/coreutils/"
-"\">Coreutils</a>. James hat an den <a href=\"http://www.opengroup.org/";
-"susv3\">2004 POSIX standard</a> und mit der <a href=\"http://www.ukuug.org/";
-"\">UK Unix Users' Group</a> gearbeitet."
+"\">Coreutils</a>. James hat an den <a href=\"http://www.opengroup.org/susv3";
+"\">2004 POSIX standard</a> und mit der <a href=\"http://www.ukuug.org/\";>UK "
+"Unix Users' Group</a> gearbeitet."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.xs4all.nl/~jantien\";>Jan Nieuwenhuizen</a>"
@@ -3550,9 +3566,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"He started working on Savannah in the post-compromise context, since "
-"2004-02-07, so he's had the time to work on about every aspect of the "
-"service. Besides that he is the author and maintainer of GNU FreeDink."
+"He started working on Savannah in the post-compromise context, since 2004-02-"
+"07, so he's had the time to work on about every aspect of the service. "
+"Besides that he is the author and maintainer of GNU FreeDink."
msgstr ""
"Begann seine Arbeit an Savannah nach den beeinträchtigenden Zusammenhang "
"seit dem 02.07.2004, also hatte er die Zeit, über jeden Aspekt des Dienstes "
Index: people/po/people.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/people/po/people.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.73
retrieving revision 1.74
diff -u -b -r1.73 -r1.74
--- people/po/people.es.po 1 Feb 2012 13:43:27 -0000 1.73
+++ people/po/people.es.po 14 Feb 2012 09:28:38 -0000 1.74
@@ -9,13 +9,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: people.es\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-01-29 12:25-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-14 04:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-31 18:44+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Xavier Reina <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bits\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-14 04:26-0500\n"
"Language: es\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n!=1);\n"
@@ -272,6 +273,22 @@
# type: Content of: <h4>
#. type: Content of: <h4>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "<a href=\"http://lars.nocrew.org/\";>Lars Brinkhoff</a>"
+msgid "<a href=\"http://codeartnow.com\";>Adrienne G. Thompson</a>"
+msgstr "<a href=\"http://lars.nocrew.org/\";>Lars Brinkhoff</a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Is fascinated by robot vision. She is the author of <a href=\"http://www.gnu.";
+"org/software/c-graph/\">C-Graph</a>, the product of an imagined nexus "
+"between the movie \"Blade Runner\" and her 1983 BSc. Engineering Honours "
+"dissertation \"Interactive Computer Package Demonstrating: Sampling "
+"Convolution and the FFT\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.gostai.com/about/team/\";>Akim Demaille</a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"http://www.gostai.com/about/team/\";>Akim Demaille</a>"
@@ -836,9 +853,9 @@
"\"http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlo17/prototype/\";>prototype</a>, y ha sido el "
"encargado de mantener <a href=\"http://www.xs4all.nl/~carlo17/indent/";
"\">indent de GNU</a>. Carlo es conocido principalmente por sus mejoras al "
-"IRC (<a href=\"http://www.user-com.undernet.org/documents/unetfaq2.";
-"html#3-3\">comenzando</a> por <a href=\"http://www.undernet.org\";>undernet</"
-"a>), pero ha contribuido a numerosos proyectos. Durante los últimos años ha
"
+"IRC (<a href=\"http://www.user-com.undernet.org/documents/unetfaq2.html#3-3";
+"\">comenzando</a> por <a href=\"http://www.undernet.org\";>undernet</a>), "
+"pero ha contribuido a numerosos proyectos. Durante los últimos años ha "
"trabajado principalmente en <a href=\"http://libcw.sourceforge.net/\";>libcw</"
"a>, un ambicioso proyecto de C++ para la construcción de bloques para "
"aplicaciones de redes robustas."
@@ -4058,9 +4075,9 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"He started working on Savannah in the post-compromise context, since "
-"2004-02-07, so he's had the time to work on about every aspect of the "
-"service. Besides that he is the author and maintainer of GNU FreeDink."
+"He started working on Savannah in the post-compromise context, since 2004-02-"
+"07, so he's had the time to work on about every aspect of the service. "
+"Besides that he is the author and maintainer of GNU FreeDink."
msgstr ""
"Comenzó trabajando en Savannah en la época a partir del compromiso, desde
el "
"7 de febrero de 2004, por lo que ha tenido tiempo de trabajar en casi cada "
Index: people/po/people.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/people/po/people.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.68
retrieving revision 1.69
diff -u -b -r1.68 -r1.69
--- people/po/people.pot 29 Jan 2012 17:29:49 -0000 1.68
+++ people/po/people.pot 14 Feb 2012 09:28:38 -0000 1.69
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-01-29 12:25-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-14 04:26-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -202,6 +202,19 @@
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "<a href=\"http://codeartnow.com\";>Adrienne G. Thompson</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Is fascinated by robot vision. She is the author of <a "
+"href=\"http://www.gnu.org/software/c-graph/\";>C-Graph</a>, the product of an "
+"imagined nexus between the movie \"Blade Runner\" and her 1983 "
+"BSc. Engineering Honours dissertation \"Interactive Computer Package "
+"Demonstrating: Sampling Convolution and the FFT\"."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "<a href=\"http://www.gostai.com/about/team/\";>Akim Demaille</a>"
msgstr ""
Index: philosophy/essays-and-articles.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/essays-and-articles.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/essays-and-articles.ja.html 11 Feb 2012 09:26:48 -0000
1.1
+++ philosophy/essays-and-articles.ja.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:45 -0000
1.2
@@ -32,13 +32,13 @@
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã£ã¦ä½?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ææè
ããã¦ã¯ãªããªãçç±</a></li>
<li><a
-href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">ã©ããã¦ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯èªç±ã§ããã¹ããªã®ã</a>(ããã¯ä¸ã®ãã®ã¨åããããã¯ãæ±ã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããå¤ãé·ãã¨ãã»ã¤ã§ã)</li>
+href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">ã©ããã¦ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯èªç±ã§ããã¹ããªã®ã</a>(ããã¯ä¸ã®ãã®ã¨åããããã¯ãæ±ã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããå¤ãé·ãå°è«ã§ã)</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ã¯èªç±ãªææ¸ãå¿
è¦ã§ããçç±</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/selling.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã販売</a>ãã¦ããããã§ã!</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.html">èªç±ããã³ä¸èªç±ãªã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®åé¡</a></li>
<li><a
href="/software/reliability.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯ããä¿¡é
¼ã§ãã!</a></li>
<li><a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ãªãã"ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹"ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ãã¤ã³ããã¯ããã®ã</a></li>
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ãªãã"ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹"ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®çãå¤ãã®ã</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">LinuxãGNUãããã³ãèªç±</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
id="Gnutella">Gnutellaã«é¢ãã¦</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">å¦æ ¡ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã
ãã使ãã¹ãçç±</a></li>
@@ -68,31 +68,29 @@
<li><a
href="/licenses/licenses.html">ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã·ã³ã°ã¨ã³ãã¼ã¬ããã®ä¸è¬æ
å ±</a></li>
<li><a
href="/licenses/license-list.html">ç¹å®ã®èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®ä¸è¦§</a></li>
<li><a
href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">GNUã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã«é¢ãã¦ããåããã質å</a></li>
-
<li>ããªãã®æ¬¡ã®ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã«å£çGPLã使ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãçç±</li>
+ <li><a
href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">ããªãã®æ¬¡ã®ã©ã¤ãã©ãªã«å£çGPLã使ãã¹ãã§ã¯ãªãçç±</a></li>
<li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">ã³ãã¼ã¬ãã</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">ãªãã³ãã¼ã¬ãããªã®ã?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">大å¦ã§åãã¦ããå
´åã«ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãå
¬éããã«ã¯</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">ã³ãã¼ã¬ãã:å®è·µçãªçæ³ä¸»ç¾©</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Javascriptã®ç½ </a>
—ããã¨ã¯ç¥ããã«ä¸èªç±ãªããã°ã©ã
ãã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã§æ¯æ¥å®è¡ãã¦ãããããããªã—ã¦ã§ããã©ã¦ã¶ãéãã¦ã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">Viral Code and
Vaccination</a>ãRobert
-J. Chassellèã®è«èª¬ã</li>
- <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Censorship
envy
-and licensing</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">ã¦ã£ã«ã¹ã»ã³ã¼ãã¨ã¯ã¯ãã³</a>ãããã¼ãã»Jã»ãã£ãã»ã«ã®è«èª¬ã</li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>æ¤é²ã®å«å¦¬ã¨ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã·ã³ã°</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">Xã¦ã£ã³ãã¦ã·ã¹ãã ã®ç½ </a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">Appleã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®åé¡</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">BSDã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®åé¡</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">Netscapeå
¬è¡ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã¯é大ãªæ¬ é¥ããã</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">Netscapeãããªãã¯ã»ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã«ã¯é大ãªåé¡ããã</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/udi.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã¨UDI</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">It's not the Gates, it's the bars</a>,
an
-article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in 2008</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/gates.html">ããã¯é(ã²ã¤ã)ã§ã¯ãªãä¾µå
¥ãé²ã横æ¨(ãã¼)ã
</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã«ããè«èª¬ãBBCãã¥ã¼ã¹ã«2008å¹´ã«æ²è¼ã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">ãã¤ã¯ãã½ããã¯å¤§éçãªã®ã
ããã?</a>(<a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">å¤ããã¼ã¸ã§ã³</a>ãããã¾ãã)</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">ãã¤ã¯ãã½ããã®åãã©ã¹ãè£å¤ã¨èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">ãã¤ã¯ãã½ããè£å¤ã®è©æ±ºã«ã¤ãã¦</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">ãã¤ã¯ãã½ããã®æ°ããç¬å
</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
perplex</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">Plan
9ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®åé¡</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">CodePlexã«å°æããªã</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html"
id="PlanNineLicense">Plan9ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹ã®åé¡</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html"
id="MotifLicense">æ°ããMotifã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">GNU
FDLã®é©ç¨</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">GNU
@@ -103,24 +101,18 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">GNU
GPLã«å¯¾ããä¾å¤ã売ããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html"
id="FreedomOrPower">èªç±ã権åã?</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html"
-id="NoWordAttachments">Wordææ¸ã®æ·»ä»ãæ¢ãããããã¨ã¯å¯è½ã
</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">Free But Shackled -
The
-Java Trap</a> (Although as of December 2006 Sun is in the middle of <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>re-releasing its
-Java platform under GNU GPL</a>, the issue described in this article still
-remains important)</li>
+id="NoWordAttachments">ã¯ã¼ãææ¸ã®æ·»ä»ãæ¢ãããããã¨ã¯å¯è½ã
</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">èªç±ã
ãããããããã - Javaã®ç½ </a>
+(2006å¹´12æããµã³ã¯<a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>ãã®Javaãã©ãããã©ã¼ã
ãGNU
+GPLã§åãªãªã¼ã¹ãã</a>éä¸ã§ããããã®è«èª¬ã§è¿°ã¹ãããåé¡ã¯ããªãéè¦ã®ã¾ã¾ã§ã)</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
-id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Fighting Software Patents - Singly and
-Together</a></li>
+id="FightingSoftwarePatents">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ç¹è¨±ã¨éã -
åç¬ã§ãããã¦ã¿ãªã§åãåããã¦</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
-id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents"> Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by
-Richard M. Stallman, speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent
-(6,935,954) covers making game characters start to hallucinate when
-(according to the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty
-close to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.
+id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ç¹è¨±ã¨æè¸ç¹è¨±</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ãè¸è¡ã«é¢ããæè¡ã«ç¹è¨±ãåããã¨ã«ã¤ãã¦èªããã¢ã¡ãªã«åè¡å½ç¹è¨±(6,935,954)ã¯ãã²ã¼ã
ã®ãã£ã©ã¯ã¿ã¼ã(ã²ã¼ã
ã«ãããã£ã¦)çããããã¨ãã«ãå¹»è¦ãèµ·ãããã¨ã«ç¹è¨±ã主張ãã¾ããããã¯ãã®è«èª¬ã§å¼ãããä»®å®ã®ä¾ã«ã¨ã¦ãè¿ããã®ã§ãã
</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">GPL-compliant version of
RTLinux
-Open Patent License in Works</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">èä½ç©ä¸ã®GPL-éµå®ã®RTLinuxãªã¼ãã³ã»ããã³ãã»ã©ã¤ã»ã³ã¹</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="Laws">æ³å¾ã¨è«¸åé¡</h3>
@@ -128,15 +120,14 @@
<h4>èä½æ¨©</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
the
-Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">ãããªãã¯ã»ãã¡ã¤ã³å®£è¨ã«ç½²åããªãçç±</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party
-Platform Backfires on Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">ããã«ã¹ã¦ã§ã¼ãã³ã®ãã¤ã¬ã¼ãå
ã®ç¶±é ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«æªå½±é¿ãåã¼ãã</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
-Copyright</a> is another essay by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
-Stallman</a> about the flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">èä½æ¨©ã®èª¤è§£</a>ã¯ãèä½æ¨©æ³ãæè·ããæ¬
ç¹ã«é¢ããã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>ã«ããããä¸ã¤ã®å°è«ã§ãã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSFã®Eldred対Ashcroftè£å¤ã«ãããæé«è£æ³å»·å©è¨è¦ç´</a></li>
@@ -157,17 +148,12 @@
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">èªç±ãèä½æ¨©ã?</a>ã(ãã®å°è«ã®<a
href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">å¤ããã¼ã¸ã§ã³</a>ãåæ§ã«ãªã³ã©ã¤ã³ã§å©ç¨å¯è½ãªã¾ã¾ã§ãã)</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"
id="StallmanTalkLSM">
-Copyright versus community in the age of computer networks</a>: is a
-transcript of a keynote by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard
-Stallman</a> at the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, New Zealand, on
-October 12, 2009.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"
+id="StallmanTalkLSM">ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãããã¯ã¼ã¯æ代ã«ãããèä½æ¨©å¯¾ã³ãã¥ããã£</a>:
㯠<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>ã®LIANZAã«ã³ãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ã«ãããåºèª¿è¬æ¼ã®è¨é²ã§ããã¯ã©ã¤ã¹ããã£ã¼ãããã¥ã¼ã¸ã¼ã©ã³ãã2009å¹´10æ12æ¥ã</li>
- <li><a
-href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
-An English translation</a> of the famous decision of the District Court of
-Munich (Germany) regarding the enforceability and validity of the GPL. The
-translation was done by the Oxford Internet Institute.</li>
+ <li>æåãªãã¥ã³ãã³å°æ¹è£å¤æ(ãã¤ã)ã®å¤æ±ºã®<a
+href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>è±è¨³</a>ãGPLã®æ¨©å©è¡ä½¿ãå¯è½ã§ãã妥å½ã§ãããã¨ã示ããã翻訳ã¯ããªãã¯ã¹ãã©ã¼ãã»ã¤ã³ã¿ã¼ãããã»ã¤ã³ã¹ãã£ãã¥ã¼ãã«ããã</li>
<!-- This link is broken
<li>
@@ -178,26 +164,24 @@
<h4>ãã¸ã¿ã«å¶é管ç</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
software
-controlled by its developer</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">éçºè
ã«ããã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®æ¯é
ãåé¡ãªã®ã
</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing
-“progress”: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã®ãé²æ©ã:
+ããããããã</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html">Why Audio Format
-matters</a> by Karl Fogel</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html">é³å£°ãã©ã¼ãããããªãåé¡ã¨ãªãã®ã</a>ãã«ã¼ã«ã»ãã©ã¼ã²ã«è</li>
+
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«å¶é管çã«å対ãã</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èãDRMã«ã¤ãã¦ãããã質åã«çãã¾ãã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights
-Mismanagement</a>, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common questions
-about DRM.</li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or Copyright</a> a
-slightly modified version of the article, originally published in Technology
-Review in 2000, by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard Stallman</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your
computer?</a>, a
-work by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> about the
-so-called “trusted computing” initiatives.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks:
èªç±ãèä½æ¨©ã</a>ããªãªã¸ãã«ã¯2000å¹´ã«Technology
+Reviewã«ã¦çºè¡¨ããããã®ããããå°ãå¤æ´ããè«èª¬ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">ããªãã®ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ãä¿¡ãããã¾ãã?</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³è</a>ãããããããã©ã¹ãããã»ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ãã®æ¨é²ã«ã¤ãã¦ã</li>
<li><a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è:<a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">èªã権å©:
ãã£ã¹ããã¢(åã¦ã¼ããã¢)çç·¨</a></li>
@@ -206,30 +190,28 @@
<h4>ãããã¬ã³ãç¨èªã<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">ãç¥ç財ç£æ¨©ã</a></h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Don't Let “Intellectual
-Property” Twist Your Ethos</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">ãç¥ç財ç£ãã«ãã£ã¦ç²¾ç¥ãæ··ä¹±ãããããªãããã«</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã</li>
+
+ <li>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ããã®ã³ã¡ã³ãã<a
+href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">ICLCã®IPå·è¡æ³æ¡å´ä¸</a>ã«ã¤ãã¦</li>
- <li>Comments from Richard Stallman on <a
href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">the
-ICLC's rejection of the IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
+ <li>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã<a
+href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">Boldrinã¨Levineã®ãç¥ç財ç£å対è«ã</a>ãè©ããã</li>
- <li>Richard Stallman has written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">a
-review of Boldrin and Levine's “The case against intellectual
-property.”</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say “Intellectual
-Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>. An essay on the true meaning
-of the phrase “Intellectual Property”, by Richard M. Stallman</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">ãç¥ç財ç£ãã§ãã£ã¦?
+ããã¯é
æçãªå¹»æ³ã«éãã¾ãã</a>ããç¥ç財ç£ãã®æ¬å½ã®æå³ãåãå°è«ããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³è</li>
</ul>
<h4>ç¹è¨±</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3 Consortium
-“Royalty-Free” Patent Policy</a> rewritten</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSFã®W3ã³ã³ã½ã¼ã·ã¢ã
ã®ããã¤ã¤ãªãã£ã»ããªã¼ãããã³ãã»ããªã·ã¼ã«å¯¾ããæè¦</a>
+æ¸ãç´ã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">That's fighting talk</a> a
-slightly modified version of the article, originally published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> of London by <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> and Nick Hill.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">ããã¯æçºçè¨è¾ã
</a>ããã³ãã³ã<a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>ã¬ã¼ãã£ã¢ã³</a>èªã«ååºãããã®ãå¤æ´ããè«èª¬ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>ã¨ããã¯ã»ãã«èã</li>
<li>ã©ã®ããã«ãã¦<a
href="/philosophy/protecting.html">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãæ¸ã権å©</a>ãå®ãã
(èªç±ãã©ããã¨ã¯ç¬ç«ããè°è«ã§ã)</li>
@@ -253,17 +235,14 @@
<li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">ãã¼ã°ããã®å®³æª</a>ã</li>
<li><a
-href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>
-Soft sell</a>. An article by Richard M. Stallman published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
+href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>ããããã販売</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>ã¬ã¼ãã£ã¢ã³</a>èªã«çºè¡¨ããããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã®è«èª¬ã</li>
<li><a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
-Patent absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>ç¹è¨±ã®ä¸æ¡ç</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>ã¬ã¼ãã£ã¢ã³</a>èªã«çºè¡¨ããããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã®è«èª¬ã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a Trivial
-Patent</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">åãã«è¶³ããªãç¹è¨±ã®åæ</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/gif.html">GNUã®ã¦ã§ããã¼ã¸ã«GIFãã¡ã¤ã«ãä¸ã¤ãç¡ãçç±</a>ã¯ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ç¹è¨±ã®å±éºãæ´å²çã«æãããã®ã§ããã該å½ã®ç¹è¨±ã¯ãä»ã¯ãããå¿é
ããå¿
è¦ã¯ããã¾ãããããããã¡ã®ã¦ã§ããµã¤ãã®<a
@@ -276,69 +255,62 @@
<ul>
<li> <a
-href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
-economy bill: One clown giveth and the other clown taketh away</a> by <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Is Digital
Inclusion
-A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> by <a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
Society</a></li>
-
- <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">The introduction by Lawrence
-Lessig</a> to <a
-href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Free
-Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman</i></a>
-is available for reading.</li>
+href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«çµæ¸æ³æ¡:
+ã²ã¨ãã®éåã«ã¯ä¸ããããä¸äººã®éåããã¯å¥ªãåã</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è</li>
+
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">ãã£ã¸ã¿ã«ã»ã¤ã³ã¯ã«ã¼ã¸ã§ã³ã¯è¯ããã¨ã?
+ã©ããã£ãã確ãã«è¯ããã¨ã¨ã§ããã?</a>ã<a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">æ
å
±ç¤¾ä¼ã¯ã¼ã«ãã»ãµããã</a></li>
+
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">ãã¼ã¬ã³ã¹ã»ã¬ãã·ã°ã«ããåºè«</a>ã<a
+href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãèªç±ãªç¤¾ä¼:
+ãªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</i></a>å°è«é¸éã</li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">輸åºè¦å¶ã®ç¡ãå½ã
ã§ã®æå·åã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã©ã³ãã£ã¢ãå¿
è¦ã§ã</a>ã</li>
<li>ããã«ãã¦ã¤ã³ã¿ã¼ãããã«ããã<a
href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">è¨è«ãå
±éãéä¼ã®èªç±</a>ãå®ãã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Protect Postal Privacy</a>, a
-campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United States Postal Service to
-collect private information from customers.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">éµä¾¿ã®ãã©ã¤ãã·ãå®ãã</a>ãåè¡å½éµä¾¿ãµã¼ãã¹ã顧客ã®ãã©ã¤ãã¼ããªæ
å
±ãåéããã¨ããææ¡ããã¦ããè¦åã«å対ãããã£ã³ãã¼ã³ã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/ucita.html">ããããã¡ãUCITAã¨éããã°ãªããªãçç±</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
(e-)Government</a>
-— an article from The Guardian, by Richard Stallman (originally
-published under the title “Second Sight”).</li>
-
- <li><a href="http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967";>
Free
-Software and Sustainable Development</a> — A short article by Richard
-Stallman regarding the use of proprietary software in cultural
development.</li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨(e-)æ¿åº</a>
—
+ã¬ã¼ãã£ã¢ã³èªã®è¨äºããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã(ååºã®ã¿ã¤ãã«ã¯ããåéç¼ã)ã</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967";>
+èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨æç¶å¯è½ãªéçº</a> —
+ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã®å°è«ãæåã®çºå±ã«é¢ãããããã©ã¤ã¨ã¿ãªã»ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ä½¿ç¨ã«ã¤ãã¦ã</li>
</ul>
<h4>ãã®ä»</h4>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious Incident of Sun
in
-the Night-Time</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">å¤ã®å¤ªé½(ãµã³)ã®èå³æ·±ãã§ããã¨</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³èã</li>
- <li><a href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>Why We Need
“Free
-Software” Voting Machines</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãæ票æ©æ¢°ãå¿
è¦ãªçç±</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and Linux</a>, by
-Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against IBM pertains to the
-work of the GNU project. Please see the <a
-href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSF SCO Response Page</a> for more details
-on this subject.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCOãGNUãããã¦Linux</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã¯SCOã®IBMã«å¯¾ããè£å¤ãGNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®ä½åã«ã©ã®ããã«é¢ä¿ãããã«ã¤ãã¦è«ãã¾ããæ¬ä»¶ã«é¢ãã詳細ã¯ã<a
+href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSFã®SCOã¸ã®å¯¾å¿</a>ãã覧ãã
ããã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">ãã¤ã¯ãã½ãã対åè¡å½è£å¤ã«ããã¦æ示ãããæ¹è¨ç確å®å¤æ±ºã«å¯¾ããFSFã®å£°æãTunneyæ³ã«åºã¥ãåè¡å½æ³åçã«æåº</a>ã</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">U.S. Congress Threatens to
Establish
-a New Kind of Monopoly</a>, an attempt of the Congress to create a private
-monopoly over repeating publicly known information.</li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">åè¡å½è°ä¼ã¯æ°ãã種é¡ã®ç¬å
ãè¨ç«ãããã¨è
ã</a>ãå
¬è¡ã«ç¥ãããæ
å
±ã®éç¥ã«é¢ããç§çç¬å ãåµããã¨ããè°ä¼ã®è©¦ã¿ã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/dat.html">DATã¸ã®æ£ãã課ç¨ã®ããæ¹</a></li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring My Software</a>, by
<a
-href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">ãããã®ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãæ¤é²ãã</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org";>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</a>è</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="terminology">ç¨èªã¨å®ç¾©</h3>
@@ -346,34 +318,32 @@
<ul>
<li>é¿ããæ¹ããã<a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">誤解ãæãè¨è</a></li>
<li><a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ãªãã"ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹"ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ãã¤ã³ããã¯ããã®ã</a></li>
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ãªãã"ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹"ã¯èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®çãå¤ãã®ã</a></li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">ããªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã</a>
(ããã¯ååºã®ãã®ã¨åããããã¯ãæ±ã£ãå¤ãå°è«ã§ãã)</li>
<li>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã¯ãDr. Dobb's Journal 6æå·ã®<a
href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">ç·¨éè
ã¸ã®æç´</a>ãæ¸ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã¨ãªã¼ãã³ã½ã¼ã¹éåã¨ã®å·®ç°ãããã«è©³ãã説æãã¦ãã¾ãã</li>
<li><a
href="/philosophy/categories.html">èªç±ããã³ä¸èªç±ãªã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®åé¡</a></li>
- <li>ãããããªè¨èªã®<a
href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">“free
-software”ã®ç¿»è¨³</a></li>
+ <li>ãããããªè¨èªã®<a
href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã(“free
+software”)ã®ç¿»è¨³</a></li>
</ul>
-<h3 id="upholding">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®èªç±ãæ¯æç¶æãã</h3>
+<h3 id="upholding">ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®èªç±ãæ¯æãã</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software Community
-After 20 Years</a>, With great but incomplete success, what now?</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a> by Richard
-M. Stallman</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">Overcoming Social Inertia</a>,
by
-Richard M. Stallman</li>
- <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous
Compromises</a></li>
+ <li><a
+href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">20å¹´çµã£ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã»ã³ãã¥ããã£</a>ã大ããªãããä¸å®å
¨ãªæåãä»ãã©ããããã</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">ãããã¨ããLarry
McVoy</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãMã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">社ä¼çæ
£æ§ãå
æãã</a>ããªãã£ã¼ãMã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">ç ´æ»
çãªæè¡·æ¡ãé¿ãã</a></li>
</ul>
<h3>ç念ã«é¢ããã¦ã¼ã¢ã¢</h3>
<ul>
-<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>. We don't have
to
-be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li>
+<li><a
+href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">ç念ã®ã¦ã¼ã¢ã¢</a>ãããããã¡ã¯<i>ãã¤ã</i>ãã¤ããã¾ããã§ããå¿
è¦ã¯ããã¾ããã</li>
</ul>
<h3>ãã£ã¨ç念ã®è«èª¬ã¸ã®ãªã³ã¯</h3>
@@ -425,7 +395,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2012/02/11 09:26:48 $
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ja.html 13 Feb 2012 09:26:51 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/speeches-and-interview.ja.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:45 -0000
1.3
@@ -176,8 +176,7 @@
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-arsdigita2001.ogg";>è¬æ¼é³å£°è¨é²ã<cite>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã¨GNU/Linuxãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
</cite>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ãArsDigita大å¦</a>ã</li>
<li><a
-href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg";>è¬æ¼é³å£°è¨é²ã<cite>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã¨GNU/Linuxãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
</cite>,
-given by ãªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ãè¬å ãSmelt, Ljubljana,
ã¹ãããã¢</a>ã</li>
+href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-slovenia-2000.ogg";>è¬æ¼é³å£°è¨é²ã<cite>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢éåã¨GNU/Linuxãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã»ã·ã¹ãã
</cite>ããªãã£ã¼ãã»Mã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ãã¹ã¡ã«ãè¬å
ããªã¥ããªã£ããã¹ãããã¢</a>ã</li>
<li><a
href="http://audio-video.gnu.org/audio/rms-speech-linuxtag2000.ogg";>è¬æ¼é³å£°è¨é²:
@@ -275,7 +274,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
æçµæ´æ°:
-$Date: 2012/02/13 09:26:51 $
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:45 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/why-free.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/why-free.ja.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/why-free.ja.html 30 Dec 2011 05:19:16 -0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/why-free.ja.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:45 -0000 1.6
@@ -1,445 +1,338 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=EUC-JP">
-<TITLE>¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ë½êͼԤ¬¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤Íýͳ - GNU ¥×¥í¥¸¥§¥¯¥È -
¥Õ¥ê¡¼¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢ºâÃÄ (FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<LINK REV="translated" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000"
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H3>¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤Ë½êͼԤ¬¤¤¤Æ¤Ï¤Ê¤é¤Ê¤¤Íýͳ</H3>
-<P>
-<A HREF="http://www.stallman.org/";><STRONG>Richard Stallman</STRONG></A>Ãø
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
-<P>
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ææè
ããã¦ã¯ãªããªãçç± - GNU
ããã¸ã§ã¯ã - ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³
(FSF)</title>
-<A HREF="/graphics/philosophicalgnu.ja.html"><IMG
SRC="/graphics/philosophical-gnu-sm.jpg"
- ALT=" [ÎäÀŤʥ°¥Ë¥å¡¼¤Î²èÁü] "
- WIDTH="160" HEIGHT="200"></A>
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã, FSF,
èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢,
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³,
ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ææè
ããã¦ã¯ãªããªãçç±" />
-[ <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">¥¯¥í¥¢¥Á¥¢¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">¥Á¥§¥³¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.en.html">±Ñ¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">¥Õ¥é¥ó¥¹¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">¥É¥¤¥Ä¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">¥Ï¥ó¥¬¥ê¡¼¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">¥¤¥ó¥É¥Í¥·¥¢¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">¥¤¥¿¥ê¥¢¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">ÆüËܸì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">´Ú¹ñ¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.pt.html">¥Ý¥ë¥È¥¬¥ë¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">¥í¥·¥¢¸ì</A>
-| <A HREF="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">¥¹¥Ú¥¤¥ó¸ì</A> ]
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+<h2>ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã«ææè
ããã¦ã¯ãªããªãçç±</h2>
-<P>
+<p><a
href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>ãªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³</strong></a>è</p>
-¥Ç¥¸¥¿¥ë¾ðÊ󵻽Ѥϡ¢¾ðÊó¤ÎÊ£À½¤äÊѹ¹¤ò¤è¤êÍưפˤ¹¤ë¤³¤È¤ÇÀ¤³¦¤Ë¹×¸¥¤·¤Æ
-¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¥³¥ó¥Ô¥å¡¼¥¿¤Ë¤è¤ê¡¢»ä¤¿¤Á¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤Ë¤È¤Ã¤Æ¾ðÊó¤Î¼è¤ê°·¤¤¤¬¤è¤ê´Êñ
-¤Ë¤Ê¤ë¤³¤È¤¬Ì󫤵¤ì¤Þ¤¹¡£
+<p>
+ãã¸ã¿ã«æ
å ±æè¡ã¯ãæ
å
±ã®è¤è£½ãå¤æ´ããã容æã«ãããã¨ã§ä¸çã«è²¢ç®ãã¦ãã¾ããã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã«ãããããããã¡ãã¹ã¦ã«ã¨ã£ã¦æ
å ±ã®åãæ±ããããç°¡åã«ãªããã¨ãç´æããã¾ãã</p>
-<P>
+<p>
+ãããã誰ãã容æã«ãªããã¨ãæãã§ããããã§ã¯ããã¾ãããèä½æ¨©å¶åº¦ã¯ãã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã°ã©ã
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-¤·¤«¤·¡¢Ã¯¤â¤¬Íưפˤʤ뤳¤È¤ò˾¤ó¤Ç¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£Ãøºî¸¢À©ÅÙ
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-¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£Èà¤é¤Ï¡¢»ä¤¿¤Á¤Î»È¤¦¥½¥Õ¥È¥¦¥§¥¢¤òÊ£À½¤Þ¤¿¤ÏÊѹ¹¤¹¤ë¤³¤È¤¬¤Ç¤
-¤ëÍ£°ì¤Î¿Í´Ö¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤¿¤¬¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ç¤¹¡£
+<p>
+èä½æ¨©ã®å¶åº¦ã¯ãè¤è£½ã大éçç£ããæè¡ã§ããå°å·ã¨ã¨ãã«æé·ãã¦ãã¾ãããèä½æ¨©ã¯ãã®æè¡ã«ãã¾ããã£ããããã®ã§ãããããã¯èä½æ¨©ãå¶éããã®ã¯è¤åã®å¤§éçç£è
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ãã§ããã®ã§ããã®ãã¨ã«ãã£ã¦è¨´ããããèªè
ãªã©ã¾ããã¾ããã§ããã</p>
-<P>
+<p>
+ãã¸ã¿ã«æè¡ã¯å°å·æ©ãããèéãå©ãã¾ããæ
å
±ããã¸ã¿ã«å½¢å¼ãã¨ãã¨ããããç°¡åã«è¤è£½ãã¦ä»ã®äººã
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·ãªæ段ã使ãããããã«ãªã£ã¦ãã¾ããã以ä¸ã«æããSoftware
+PublishersAssociation (SPA)ã®4ã¤ã®ããå£ãèãã¦ã¿ã¦ãã
ããã</p>
-Ãøºî¸¢¤ÎÀ©Å٤ϡ¢Ê£À½¤òÂçÎÌÀ¸»º¤¹¤ëµ»½Ñ¤Ç¤¢¤ë°õºþ¤È¤È¤â¤ËÀ®Ä¹¤·¤Æ¤¤Þ¤·
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-<A
-HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¤Þ¤Ç¡¢
-¾¤Î¤´¼ÁÌä¤Ï
-<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¤Þ¤Ç¤ªÁ÷¤ê¤¯¤À¤µ¤¤¡£
-<P>
-Copyright 1994 Richard Stallman
-ËÜʸ¤Ë°ìÀÚÊѹ¹¤ò²Ã¤¨¤º¡¢¤³¤ÎÃøºî¸¢É½¼¨¤ò»Ä¤¹¸Â¤ê¡¢
-¤³¤Îʸ¾ÏÁ´ÂΤΤ¤¤«¤Ê¤ëÇÞÂΤˤª¤±¤ëÊ£À½¤ª¤è¤ÓÇÛÉÛ¤âµö²Ä¤¹¤ë¡£
-<P>
-ËÝÌõ¤Ï ȬÅÄ¿¿¹Ô <A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></A>
-¤¬¹Ô¤¤¤Þ¤·¤¿¡£
-<P>
-Updated:
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/12/30 05:19:16 $ $Author: ineiev $
<!-- timestamp end -->
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Persian/Farsi -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Croatian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> -->
+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
+<!-- Indonesian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Tamil -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/why-free.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja.po 14 Feb 2012 08:11:00 -0000
1.9
+++ philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja.po 14 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000
1.10
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2012-01-05 12:25-0500\n"
"Language: ja\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
Index: philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html 13 Feb 2012 09:26:59
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/speeches-and-interview.ja-en.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:58
-0000 1.2
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/13 09:26:59 $
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html
diff -N education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:00 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+
+
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3) - GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3)</h2>
+
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">æè²ã³ã³ãã³ã</a></li>
+ <li class="active"><a
href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">æè²åããªã½ã¼ã¹</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">æè²ããã¸ã§ã¯ã</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">æè²ãã¼ã </a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="education.html">æè²</a> → <a
+href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</a> → <a
+href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">ã¤ã³ã</a> → Ambedkar Community
+Computing Center (AC3)</p>
+
+<p>ä¸è¨ã®æ
å
±ã¯ãã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã§æ´»åãããã©ã³ãã£ã¢ã°ã«ã¼ãããå¯ãããã¾ããã</p>
+
+<div class="edu-cases">
+
+<h3>æå¨å°</h3>
+
+<p>ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã¯ãã¤ã³ãã<a
+href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka#Education";>Karnatakaå·</a>ããã³ã¬ãã¼ã«ã®Bannerghattaéãã®ã¯ãããSudharshanã¬ã¤ã¢ã¦ãã«ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>æ¦è¦</h3>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://slumdweller.wikispaces.com/Community+Computing+Center";>Ambedkar
+Community Computing Center</a>ã¯ãæ°éãå
¬ç«ã®æè²æ©é¢ã§ã¯ãªããå¨è¾ºã®ã¹ã©ã è¡ã§æ´»åãã Ambedkar
Sanga
+ã¨å¼ã°ããè¥è
ãã¡ã«ãã£ã¦éå¶ããã¦ããè¨ç®æ©æè²ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã¯æµã¾ããªãåä¾ãè¥è
ã«ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã®ä¸çãåºããããã«2007å¹´ã«è¨ç«ããã¾ãããã»ã³ã¿ã¼ããªããã°ãããããåä¾ãã¡ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿æè¡ã«è§¦ããæ©ä¼ãã»ã¨ãã©ãªãã£ãã§ãããã</p>
+
+<p>ã°ã«ã¼ãã¯ãç´15人ã®åä¾ãã¡ã¨ã13æãã23æã¾ã§ã®è¥è
ãã¡ããæ§æããã¦ãã¾ããé±ã«3åãå2æéã®ææ¥ãè¡ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>åæ©</h3>
+
+<p>ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã¯ããã£ã¨ãåºæ¬çãªçæ´»ç°å¢ããæºãããªãå°åã«ä½ç½®ãã¦ãã¾ãããã®å°åã®åä¾ãã¡ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿æè¡ã®ç¿å¾ã
ãã§ãªããèªç±ãã®ãã®ãæ¸æãã¦ãã¦ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯ããããç®çã«å½¹ã«ãã¤ã¨èãã¦ãã¾ããã¤ã¾ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¯èªç±ã«ã¤ãã¦èããæ段ã®ä¸ã¤ãªã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<h3>æ¹æ³</h3>
+
+<div style="width: 320px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<a href="/education/misc/ambedkar.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/ambedkar-sm.jpg" alt="çå¾ãå°èª¬ 'The Future is
Ours'
ã®ã³ãã¼ããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã«æ渡ãã¦ããã¨ãã"/></a>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>移è¡ä½æ¥ã¯ããã¾ããã§ãããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãæ¯æãã¦ãããæåããç´æ¥ãã¹ã¦ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¸èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¤ã³ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã¦ä½¿ãã¾ãã;
+ãããã£ã¦ãã·ã¹ãã
ã®ã»ããã¢ããã«é¢ãã¦ç¹å¥è¦å´ãããã®ã¯ããã¾ããããããããã¼ãã¦ã§ã¢ã®ä¸è¶³ãåé¡ã§ããã©ãããããã®ã¿ä½¿ç¨ãã¦ãã¾ãããæã«å
¥ãã ã欲ããç¶æ³ã§ãããã®æ´»åã«å¯¾ãã¦ã®å¯ä»ãé
¼ãã«ãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨ã®é¢ä¿</h3>
+
+<p>5å°ã®ã¯ã¼ã¯ã¹ãã¼ã·ã§ã³ã¯ããã¹ã¦ã©ãããããåã§ãå®å
¨ã«èªç±ãªãªãã¬ã¼ãã£ã³ã°ã·ã¹ãã ãåãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>ããã°ã©ã
ã¯ãã¹ã¦èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã使ç¨ãã¦ãã¾ãããã¨ãã°ã表è¨ç®ãææ¸ä½æã«ã¯<a
+href="http://www.libreoffice.org/";>LibreOffice</a>ããã°ã©ãã£ãã¯å¦çã¯<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP";>GIMP</a>ã使ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>çµæ</h3>
+
+<p>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã使ã£ãWebãã©ã¦ã¸ã³ã°ã¯ãããããåä¾ãã¡ãå®å
¨ã«èªä¿¡ããã£ã¦å¤é¨ã®ä¸çã¸ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã®ã«å½¹ç«ã¡ã¾ããã¾ããGIMPã®ãããªèªç±ãªã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ããã°ã©ã
ã«ãã£ã¦ãèªç±ãã¤ç°¡åã«èªåã®åµé
æ§ã表ç¾ãããã¨ãã§ããã®ã§ãã</p>
+
+<p>ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã§è¬ç¾©ããããæµã¾ããªãåä¾ã®ä¸äººã¯ãGIMPã®ã¹ãã«ããããä¸éãã¾ãããå½¼ã®ä½åã¯ãå°åã®èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ä¼è°ã§å±ç¤ºã販売ããã¦ãã¾ããå³ã®åçã¯ããã®åããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã«"The
+Future is
+Ours"ã¨ããå°èª¬ã®ã³ãã¼ãæ渡ãã¦ããã¨ããã§ãããã®å°èª¬ã¯ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã§ä½æããã¾ããããªãã£ã¼ãã»ã¹ãã¼ã«ãã³ã®ã»ã³ã¿ã¼è¨ªåæã®<a
+href="http://www.fsmk.org/node/14#";>åç</a>ã¯ä»ã«ãããã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>ã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã®è¬ç¾©ã«åºã¦ããåä¾ã®ä¸ã«ã¯ãå¦æ
¡ã§ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã®ææ¥ãåãã¦ããåä¾ããã¾ããããããåä¾ãã¡ã¯ãã»ã³ã¿ã¼ã§ç¿ãã¹ãã«ãå¦æ
¡ã§ã®ææ¥ãããªãã®ã«ã¨ã¦ãå½¹ç«ã£ã¦ããã®ã
ã¨è¨ã£ã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- class="edu-cases" -->
+<p>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã©ã³ãã£ã¢ã«ãããã°ãããåªåããã®ãããªæµã¾ããªãå°åã¸æ³¨ããã¦ãããè¦äºãªææãããã¦ãããã¨ã®ãã¨ã§ãããã®ã°ã«ã¼ããæä¼ãããããããã¯ã©ããããããå¯ä»ãããå
´åã«ã¯ã<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé£çµ¡ãã
ããã</p>
+
+<h4>æä¾</h4>
+
+<p>ç»å㯠Dora Scilipoti æ°ã®å¥½æã«ãã: CC-BY-SA, <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/";> Creative Commons
+Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾</p>
+
+<a
href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">ã¤ã³ãã«ãããä»ã®äºä¾</a>
<br />
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£ã¸æ»ã</a>
+
+
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ja.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>FSF ããã³ GNU ã«é¢ããåãåãã㯠<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãã<br />
+ãªã³ã¯åããä»ã®ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯ã<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã</p>
+
+<p>ãã®æç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã«é¢ãã調æ´ã¨æåºã«ã¤ãã¦ã¯ã<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻訳
README</a>ãã覧ãã ããã</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯ã<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+æçµæ´æ°:
+
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:00 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
Index: education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.ja-en.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:09
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+ <title>Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3) - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Ambedkar Community Computing Center (AC3)</h2>
+
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+ <li class="active"><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="education.html">Education</a> →
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a> →
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">India</a> → Ambedkar Community
Computing Center (AC3)</p>
+
+<p>The following information was submitted to us by the group of volunteers
working at the Center.</p>
+
+<div class="edu-cases">
+
+<h3>Location</h3>
+
+<p>The Center is located in the Sudharshan Layout off Bannerghatta Road
+in Bangalore, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka#Education";>
+State of Karnataka</a>, India.</p>
+
+<h3>About</h3>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://slumdweller.wikispaces.com/Community+Computing+Center";>
+Ambedkar Community Computing Center</a> is not a private or public
+educational institution, it is a computing education center run by
+youths from a local group called Ambedkar Sanga that works in the slums
+of the area.</p>
+
+<p>The Center was founded in 2007 in an effort to bring the world of
+computers close to underprivileged children and youths who otherwise
+would have little opportunity to get in contact with this technology.</p>
+
+<p>The group consists of around 15 children and young boys and girls
+from 13 to 23 years old. They attend classes 3 times a week for 2 hours
+each session.</p>
+
+<h3>Motivation</h3>
+
+<p>The area in which this Center is located lacks even the most basic
+living conditions. We feel that the kids from this place should get a
+good thirst for Freedom while learning computing too, and Free Software
+serves this purpose. Free Software is a way to talk about Freedom.</p>
+
+<h3>How We Did It</h3>
+
+<div style="width: 320px; margin: 30px 0px 30px 30px; float: right;">
+
+<a href="/education/misc/ambedkar.jpg">
+<img src="/education/misc/ambedkar-sm.jpg" alt="Image of a student handing
+a copy of the essay 'The Future is Ours' to Richard Stallman."/></a>
+
+</div>
+
+<p>No migration process was involved. We are Free Software advocates so
+we started directly by installing Free Software in all computers in use;
+therefore, we haven't faced any particular difficulties in setting up
+the systems. Our main difficulty regards the lack of hardware. We use
+only laptops, and we need as many as we can get. We rely on donations
+for our work.</p>
+
+<h3>Commitment to Free Software</h3>
+
+<p>We have five work stations, all of which are laptops and all of them
+run fully free operating systems.</p>
+
+<p>All of the programs we use are Free Libre software. For example, we
+use <a href="http://www.libreoffice.org/";>LibreOffice</a> for
+spreadsheets and for general document writing, and
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GIMP";>GIMP</a> for graphics.</p>
+
+<h3>Results</h3>
+
+<p>Browsing the web using Free Software helps these young boys and girls
+to have access to the external world in safety and confidence. Free
+Libre graphic programs such as GIMP allow them to express their
+creativity freely and easily.</p>
+
+<p>One of the underprivileged kids who attends classes at the Center
+has achieved a high level of skill in the use of GIMP. His works have
+been presented and sold at a local Free Software conference. The picture
+on the right shows him handing in to Richard Stallman a copy of an essay
+titled "The Future is Ours", which was produced at the Center. More
+<a href="http://www.fsmk.org/node/14#";>pictures</a> of Richard
+Stallman's visit to the Center.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the kids who attend our classes also take computing courses
+at school. They report that the skills they learn at the Center are of
+invaluable help for them to follow and pass those courses
+successfully.</p>
+
+</div> <!-- class="edu-cases" -->
+
+<p>We are informed that the outstanding effort of Free Software
+volunteers is expanding in these deprived areas of the city, with
+remarkable results. If you would like to contribute or donate laptops to
+this group, please contact us at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<h4>Credits</h4>
+
+<p>Image courtesy of Dora Scilipoti, licensed under CC-BY-SA,
+<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/";>
+Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported</a>.</p>
+
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">More Case Studies
+in India</a> <br />
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Back to Case Studies</a>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ pages on the GNU web server should be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US.
+ Please do NOT change or remove this without talking
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
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+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
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+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:09 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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+
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/thegnuproject.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software,
Free Software Foundation, History" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
+
+<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
+
+<!-- Please ensure links are consistent with Apache's MultiView. -->
+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+<p>
+the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”</p>
+
+
+<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
+<p>
+When I started working at the
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>
+Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became part of a
+software-sharing community that had existed for many years. Sharing
+of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as old
+as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we
+did it more than most.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
+<acronym title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</acronym> (the
+Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
+<acronym title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</acronym>-10, one of
+the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI
+Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
+<p>
+We did not call our software “free software”, because that
+term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from
+another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we
+gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and
+interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so
+that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make
+a new program.</p>
+<p>
+(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security
+breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We
+hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
+to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
+cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
+article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
+Hacking</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>The collapse of the community</h3>
+<p>
+The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital
+discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and
+powerful in the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address
+spaces that were becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly
+all of the programs composing ITS were obsolete.</p>
+<p>
+The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before.
+In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of
+the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable
+to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
+prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
+administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system
+instead of ITS.</p>
+<p>
+The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had
+their own operating systems, but none of them were free software: you
+had to sign a nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy.</p>
+<p>
+This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not
+to help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The
+rule made by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you
+share with your neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes,
+beg us to make them.”</p>
+<p>
+The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system
+that says you are not allowed to share or change software—is
+antisocial, that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as
+a surprise to some readers. But what else could we say about a system
+based on dividing the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who
+find the idea surprising may have taken the proprietary software
+social system as a given, or judged it on the terms suggested by
+proprietary software businesses. Software publishers have worked long
+and hard to convince people that there is only one way to look at the
+issue.</p>
+<p>
+When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
+“rights” or “stopping <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
+in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is
+asked to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
+<p>
+One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural
+right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If
+this were a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the
+public, we could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution and
+legal tradition reject this view; copyright is not a natural right,
+but an artificial government-imposed monopoly that limits the users'
+natural right to copy.</p>
+<p>
+Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about
+software is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users
+should not care what kind of society we are allowed to have.</p>
+<p>
+A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would
+never have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not
+offer a company power over the users of the program. This assumption
+may have seemed plausible, before the free software movement
+demonstrated that we can make plenty of useful software without
+putting chains on it.</p>
+<p>
+If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues
+based on ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first,
+we arrive at very different conclusions. Computer users should be
+free to modify programs to fit their needs, and free to share
+software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
+<p>
+There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page,
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
+http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>A stark moral choice.</h3>
+<p>
+With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible.
+Instead, I faced a stark moral choice.</p>
+<p>
+The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing
+nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker.
+Most likely I would also be developing software that was released
+under nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other
+people to betray their fellows too.</p>
+<p>
+I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing
+code. But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on
+years of building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life
+making the world a worse place.</p>
+<p>
+I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a
+nondisclosure agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT
+AI Lab the source code for the control program for our printer. (The
+lack of certain features in this program made use of the printer
+extremely frustrating.) So I could not tell myself that nondisclosure
+agreements were innocent. I was very angry when he refused to share
+with us; I could not turn around and do the same thing to everyone
+else.</p>
+<p>
+Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the
+computer field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they
+would still be wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and
+restricting computer users, but it would happen nonetheless.</p>
+<p>
+So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the
+good. I asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could
+write, so as to make a community possible once again?</p>
+<p>
+The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system.
+That is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an
+operating system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run
+the computer at all. With a free operating system, we could again
+have a community of cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join.
+And anyone would be able to use a computer without starting out by
+conspiring to deprive his or her friends.</p>
+<p>
+As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job.
+So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I
+was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with
+Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
+switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
+a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
+<p>
+An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
+other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
+name included command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters,
+debuggers, text editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them,
+Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating
+system would include them too.</p>
+<p>
+Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
+ If I am only for myself, what am I?<br />
+ If not now, when?
+</p></blockquote>
+<p>
+The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
+<p>
+(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p>
+
+<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
+<p>
+The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it
+has nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore,
+is the definition of free software.</p>
+
+<p>A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any
purpose.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs.
+ (To make this freedom effective in practice, you must have access
+ to the source code, since making changes in a program without
+ having the source code is exceedingly difficult.)</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis
+ or for a fee.</li>
+
+ <li>You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program,
+ so that the community can benefit from your improvements.</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no
+contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the
+freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold
+on CD-ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an
+important way to raise funds for free software development.
+Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these
+collections is not free software.</p>
+<p>
+Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long
+looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term.
+The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
+lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in
+freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
+“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong
+meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3>
+<p>
+Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into
+reach, I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software
+wherever that was possible. For example, I decided at the very
+beginning to use TeX as the principal text formatter; a few years
+later, I decided to use the X Window System rather than writing
+another window system for GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Because of this decision, the GNU system is not the same as the
+collection of all
+GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU
+software, programs that were developed by other people and projects
+for their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free
+software.</p>
+
+<h3>Commencing the project</h3>
+<p>
+In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software.
+Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere
+with distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the
+staff, MIT could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed
+their own distribution terms, or even turned the work into a
+proprietary software package. I had no intention of doing a large
+amount of work only to see it become useless for its intended purpose:
+creating a new software-sharing community.</p>
+<p>
+However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly
+invited me to keep using the lab's facilities.</p>
+
+<h3>The first steps</h3>
+<p>
+Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free
+University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for
+“free” is written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler
+designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to
+support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU
+could use it.</p>
+<p>
+He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the
+compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the
+GNU Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler.</p>
+<p>
+Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I
+obtained the source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a
+multiplatform compiler developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It
+supported, and was written in, an extended version of Pascal, designed
+to be a system-programming language. I added a C front end, and began
+porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. But I had to give that
+up when I discovered that the compiler needed many megabytes of stack
+space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only allow 64k.</p>
+<p>
+I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
+entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
+into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the
+whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I
+concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new
+compiler is now known as <acronym title="GNU Compiler
Collection">GCC</acronym>;
+none of the Pastel compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and
+use the C front end that I had written. But that was some years
+later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs.</p>
+
+<h3>GNU Emacs</h3>
+<p>
+I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was
+beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems
+to do editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had
+done my editing on other kinds of machines until then.</p>
+<p>
+At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the
+question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the
+anonymous ftp server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer,
+prep.ai.mit.edu, thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site;
+when it was decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name
+to our new ftp server.) But at that time, many of the interested
+people were not on the Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So
+the question was, what would I say to them?</p>
+<p>
+I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make
+a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original
+PDP-10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a
+<acronym title="Self-addressed Stamped Envelope">SASE</acronym>, and I
+will mail it back with Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was
+looking for ways to make money from free software. So I announced
+that I would mail a tape to whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In
+this way, I started a free software distribution business, the
+precursor of the companies that today distribute entire Linux-based
+GNU systems.</p>
+
+<h3>Is a program free for every user?</h3>
+<p>
+If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author,
+this does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone
+who has a copy of it. For example,
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#PublicDomainSoftware"> public domain
+software</a> (software that is not copyrighted) is free software; but
+anyone can make a proprietary modified version of it. Likewise, many
+free programs are copyrighted but distributed under simple permissive
+licenses which allow proprietary modified versions.</p>
+<p>
+The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System.
+Developed at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive
+license, it was soon adopted by various computer companies. They
+added X to their proprietary Unix systems, in binary form only, and
+covered by the same nondisclosure agreement. These copies of X were
+no more free software than Unix was.</p>
+<p>
+The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
+problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
+not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
+that they should be numerous.</p>
+<p>
+This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of
+counting the amount of freedom gave different answers to the question,
+“Is this program free?” If you judged based on the freedom
+provided by the distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say
+that X was free software. But if you measured the freedom of the
+average user of X, you would have to say it was proprietary software.
+Most X users were running the proprietary versions that came with Unix
+systems, not the free version.</p>
+
+<h3>Copyleft and the GNU GPL</h3>
+<p>
+The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So
+we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
+from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is
+called “copyleft”.(1)</p>
+<p>
+Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
+of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it
+becomes a means for keeping the program free.</p>
+<p>
+The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to
+run the program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute
+modified versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their
+own. Thus, the crucial freedoms that define “free
+software” are guaranteed to everyone who has a copy; they become
+inalienable rights.</p>
+<p>
+For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This
+ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if
+it is published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers
+volunteer to improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their
+employers from saying, “You can't share those changes, because
+we are going to use them to make our proprietary version of the
+program.”</p>
+<p>
+The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to
+ensure freedom for every user of the program. The companies that
+privatized the X Window System usually made some changes to port it to
+their systems and hardware. These changes were small compared with
+the great extent of X, but they were not trivial. If making changes
+were an excuse to deny the users freedom, it would be easy for anyone
+to take advantage of the excuse.</p>
+<p>
+A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code.
+Such a combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms
+are lacking for the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as
+well. To permit such combinations would open a hole big enough to
+sink a ship. Therefore, a crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug
+this hole: anything added to or combined with a copylefted program
+must be such that the larger combined version is also free and
+copylefted.</p>
+<p>
+The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU
+software is the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We
+have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
+GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
+copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary
+for manuals.(2)</p>
+<p>
+(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
+including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
+used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
+I was developing at the time.</p>
+
+<p>
+(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
+Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
+
+<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became
+involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek
+funding once again. So in 1985 we created
+the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
+a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The
+<acronym title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</acronym> also took over
+the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
+other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
+free manuals as well.</p>
+
+<p>Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free
+software and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code,
+CD-ROMs with binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to
+redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for
+which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's
+choice of platform). Today the FSF
+still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You
+can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
+number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library
+and the shell. The GNU C library is what every program running on a
+GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by
+a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
+shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
+<acronym title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne Again
+Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+
+<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
+not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a
+complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
+goal.</p>
+
+<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name
+“Bourne Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p>
+
+<h3>Free software support</h3>
+
+<p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
+practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the
+users' freedom, we wish them success.</p>
+
+<p>Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software
+business. When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way
+to make a living. I found it in selling services relating to the free
+software I had developed. This included teaching, for subjects such
+as how to program GNU Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software
+development, mostly porting GCC to new platforms.</p>
+
+<p>Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a
+number of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on
+CD-ROM; others sell support at levels ranging from answering user
+questions, to fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even
+beginning to see free software companies based on launching new free
+software products.</p>
+
+<p>Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves
+with the term “open source” actually base their business
+on nonfree software that works with free software. These are not
+free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
+products tempt users away from freedom. They call these programs
+“value-added packages”, which shows the values they
+would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom
+more, we should call them “freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
+
+<h3>Technical goals</h3>
+
+<p>The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no
+technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage,
+allowing users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the
+user's freedom.</p>
+
+<p>But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to
+the work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid
+arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes
+wherever that made sense.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by
+deciding not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit
+machines would be the norm by the time the GNU system was finished),
+and to make no effort to reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a
+megabyte. In programs for which handling very large files was not
+crucial, we encouraged programmers to read an entire input file into
+core, then scan its contents without having to worry about I/O.</p>
+
+<p>These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix
+counterparts in reliability and speed.</p>
+
+<h3>Donated computers</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate
+machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because
+the easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix
+system, and replace the components of that system one by one. But
+they raised an ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a
+copy of Unix at all.</p>
+
+<p>Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's
+philosophy said that we should not use proprietary software. But,
+applying the same reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence
+in self defense is justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to
+use a proprietary package when that was crucial for developing a free
+replacement that would help others stop using the proprietary package.</p>
+
+<p>But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today
+we no longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them
+with free operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's
+operating system with a free one, we replaced the machine instead.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Task List</h3>
+
+<p>As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system
+components were found or developed, eventually it became useful to
+make a list of the remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers
+to write the missing pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task
+List. In addition to missing Unix components, we listed various
+other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
+truly complete system ought to have.</p>
+
+<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential
+ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call
+“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a
+narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating
+system.</p>
+
+<p>Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the
+beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But
+compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the
+list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
+different kinds of games that users might like.</p>
+
+<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
+task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't
+even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
+Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
+people to write.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3>
+
+<p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
+Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link
+proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?</p>
+
+<p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
+proprietary software products are entitled to include our code. (Why
+contribute to a project predicated on refusing to share with us?)
+Using the LGPL for the C library, or for any library, is a matter of
+strategy.</p>
+
+<p>The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler
+comes with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available
+only to free software would not have given free software any
+advantage—it would only have discouraged use of our library.</p>
+
+<p>One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this
+includes GNU/Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the
+distribution terms of the GNU C library determine whether it is
+possible to compile a proprietary program for the GNU system. There
+is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU
+system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more
+to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of
+free applications. That is why using the Library GPL is a good
+strategy for the C library.</p>
+
+<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
+considered on a case-by-case basis. When a library does a special job
+that can help write certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under
+the GPL, limiting it to free programs only, is a way of helping other
+free software developers, giving them an advantage against proprietary
+software.</p>
+
+<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
+command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the
+ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the
+amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at
+least one useful application has been made free software specifically
+so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the
+community.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides;
+free software developers need to make advantages for each other. I
+hope some day we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries
+that have no parallel available to proprietary software, providing
+useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
+adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p>
+
+<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License,
+to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it.
+See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
+Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
+
+<h3>Scratching an itch?</h3>
+<p>
+Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by
+scratching a developer's personal itch.” Maybe that happens
+sometimes, but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in
+order to have a complete free operating system. They come from a
+vision and a plan, not from impulse.</p>
+<p>
+For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system
+needs a C library, BASH because a Unix-like
+system needs a shell, and GNU tar because a Unix-like system needs a
+tar program. The same is true for my own programs—the GNU C
+compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make.</p>
+<p>
+Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our
+freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program,
+which had been lost to the community because of
+the <acronym title="Lempel-Ziv-Welch">LZW</acronym> patents. We found
+people to develop LessTif, and more recently started
+<acronym title="GNU Network Object Model Environment">GNOME</acronym>
+and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain proprietary
+libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard to
+replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not
+have to choose between privacy and freedom.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the
+work, and many features were added to them by various people for the
+sake of their own needs and interests. But that is not why the
+programs exist.</p>
+
+<h3>Unexpected developments</h3>
+<p>
+At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop
+the whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it
+happened.</p>
+<p>
+Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix
+system, each component could run on Unix systems long before a
+complete GNU system existed. Some of these programs became popular,
+and users began extending them and porting them—to the various
+incompatible versions of Unix, and sometimes to other systems as well.</p>
+<p>
+The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both
+funds and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also
+delayed completion of a minimal working system by several years, as
+GNU developers' time was put into maintaining these ports and adding
+features to the existing components, rather than moving on to write
+one missing component after another.</p>
+
+<h3>The GNU Hurd</h3>
+<p>
+By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing
+component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a
+collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a
+microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the
+University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a
+herd of GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the
+various jobs of the Unix kernel. The start of development was delayed
+as we waited for Mach to be released as free software, as had been
+promised.</p>
+<p>
+One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the
+hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a
+source-level debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been
+done already, in Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as
+user programs, with GDB. But it took a long time to make that possible,
+and the multithreaded servers that send messages to each other have
+turned out to be very hard to debug. Making the Hurd work solidly has
+stretched on for many years.</p>
+
+<h3>Alix</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its
+original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at
+the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her
+name would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a
+joke, she told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after
+me.” I said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel
+named Alix.</p>
+<p>
+It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main
+developer of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix
+to refer to a certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap
+system calls and handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers.</p>
+<p>
+Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name;
+independently, the Hurd design was changed so that the C library would
+send messages directly to servers, and this made the Alix component
+disappear from the design.</p>
+<p>
+But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the
+name Alix in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So
+she did have the chance to find a kernel named after her.</p>
+
+<h3>Linux and GNU/Linux</h3>
+<p>
+The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know
+if it ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that
+result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not
+clear solutions exist.</p>
+
+<p>
+Fortunately, another
+kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a
+Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux
+free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system
+resulted in a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a
+substantial job in itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can
+actually run a version of the GNU system today.</p>
+<p>
+We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a
+combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel.</p>
+
+<h3>Challenges in our future</h3>
+<p>
+We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free
+software. This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable.
+Several challenges make the future of free software uncertain; meeting
+them will require steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting
+for years. It will require the kind of determination that people
+display when they value their freedom and will not let anyone take it
+away.</p>
+<p>
+The following four sections discuss these challenges.</p>
+
+<h3>Secret hardware</h3>
+<p>
+Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware
+specifications secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers
+so that Linux and XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete
+free systems today, but we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot
+support tomorrow's computers.</p>
+<p>
+There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do
+reverse engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The
+rest of us can choose the hardware that is supported by free software;
+as our numbers increase, secrecy of specifications will become a
+self-defeating policy.</p>
+<p>
+Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with
+sufficient determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a
+strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
+nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
+extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
+Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
+<p>
+(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well.
+There is a free BIOS, coreboot; the problem is getting specs
+for machines so that coreboot can support them.)</p>
+
+<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
+<p>
+A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap
+for free software developers. The library's attractive features are
+the bait; if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your
+program cannot usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly
+speaking, we could include your program, but it
+won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.) Even worse, if
+a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, it can
+lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap.</p>
+<p>
+The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the
+80s. Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was
+clear what problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU
+Project responded in two ways: by asking individual free software
+projects to support the free X Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and
+by asking for someone to write a free replacement for Motif. The job
+took many years; LessTif, developed by the Hungry Programmers, became
+powerful enough to support most Motif applications only in 1997.</p>
+<p>
+Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree
+<acronym title="Graphical User Interface">GUI</acronym> toolkit
+library, called Qt, was used in a substantial collection of free
+software, the desktop
+<acronym title="K Desktop Environment">KDE</acronym>.</p>
+<p>
+Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not
+use the library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux
+systems who were not strict about sticking with free software added
+KDE to their systems—producing a system with more capabilities,
+but less freedom. The KDE group was actively encouraging more
+programmers to use Qt, and millions of new “Linux users”
+had never been exposed to the idea that there was a problem in this.
+The situation appeared grim.</p>
+<p>
+The free software community responded to the problem in two ways:
+GNOME and Harmony.</p>
+<p>
+GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop
+project. Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the
+support of Red Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop
+facilities, but using free software exclusively. It has technical
+advantages as well, such as supporting a variety of languages, not
+just C++. But its main purpose was freedom: not to require the use of
+any nonfree software.</p>
+<p>
+Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it
+possible to run KDE software without using Qt.</p>
+<p>
+In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license
+which, when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no
+way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the
+community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was
+nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it
+remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
+<p>
+[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
+which essentially solved this problem.]</p>
+<p>
+How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the
+whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will
+many of us give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major
+problem? Our future depends on our philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>Software patents</h3>
+<p>
+The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put
+algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
+years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
+1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
+compressed <acronym title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</acronym>s.
+[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce
+<acronym title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</acronym> compressed audio
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit.</p>
+<p>
+There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
+patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job.
+But each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a
+patent may force all free software to lack some feature that users
+want. What will we do when this happens?</p>
+<p>
+Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with
+free software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the
+patented features. But those who value free software because they
+expect it to be technically superior are likely to call it a failure
+when a patent holds it back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about
+the practical effectiveness of the “bazaar” model of
+development, and the reliability and power of some free software,
+we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom and principle.</p>
+
+<h3>Free documentation</h3>
+<p>
+The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the
+software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
+our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software
+package; when an important free software package does not come with a
+good free manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today.</p>
+<p>
+Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not
+price. The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for
+free software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms.
+Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online
+and on paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the
+program.</p>
+<p>
+Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I
+don't believe that it is essential for people to have permission to
+modify all sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think
+you or I are obliged to give permission to modify articles like this
+one, which describe our actions and our views.</p>
+<p>
+But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial
+for documentation for free software. When people exercise their right
+to modify the software, and add or change its features, if they are
+conscientious they will change the manual, too—so they can
+provide accurate and usable documentation with the modified program.
+A nonfree manual, which does not allow programmers to be conscientious
+and finish the job, does not fill our community's needs.</p>
+<p>
+Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem.
+For example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright
+notice, the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is
+also no problem to require modified versions to include notice that
+they were modified, even to have entire sections that may not be
+deleted or changed, as long as these sections deal with nontechnical
+topics. These kinds of restrictions are not a problem because they
+don't stop the conscientious programmer from adapting the manual to
+fit the modified program. In other words, they don't block the free
+software community from making full use of the manual.</p>
+<p>
+However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of
+the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media,
+through all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do
+obstruct the community, the manual is not free, and we need another
+manual.</p>
+<p>
+Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to
+produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future
+depends on philosophy.</p>
+
+<h3>We must talk about freedom</h3>
+<p>
+Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
+systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”.
+Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are
+flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p>
+<p>
+The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing
+free software, more customers for free software businesses, and more
+ability to encourage companies to develop commercial free software
+instead of proprietary software products.</p>
+<p>
+But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the
+philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to
+meet the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to
+stand firm for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we
+need to spread the idea to the new users as they come into the
+community.</p>
+<p>
+But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our
+community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of
+our community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two
+efforts in balance.</p>
+
+<h3>“Open Source”</h3>
+<p>
+Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a
+part of the community decided to stop using the term “free
+software” and say “open source software”
+instead.</p>
+<p>
+Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of
+“free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others,
+however, aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated
+the free software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead
+to executives and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that
+places profit above freedom, above community, above principle. Thus,
+the rhetoric of “open source” focuses on the potential to
+make high-quality, powerful software, but shuns the ideas of freedom,
+community, and principle.</p>
+<p>
+The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they
+are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works
+with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these
+magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads
+for it?</p>
+<p>
+The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways;
+all else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by
+speaking even less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it
+makes the previous imbalance between outreach and civics education
+even worse.</p>
+<p>
+“Free software” and “open source” describe the
+same category of software, more or less, but say different things
+about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to
+use the term “free software”, to express the idea that
+freedom, not just technology, is important.</p>
+
+<h3>Try!</h3>
+<p>
+Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds
+neat, but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while
+anxious about whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be
+enough to achieve the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because
+there was no one but me between the enemy and my city. Surprising
+myself, I have sometimes succeeded.</p>
+<p>
+Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found
+another threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time,
+I've learned to look for threats and put myself between them and my
+city, calling on other hackers to come and join me.</p>
+<p>
+Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I
+see a regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize,
+this city may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each
+year, and now Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We
+can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for
+granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
+defend it.</p>
+
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard
Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:23 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
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+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
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+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
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+<!-- Bosnian -->
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+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.ja-en.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:58
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,515 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Essays and Articles - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/essays-and-articles.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Essays and Articles</h2>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/philosophy-menu.html" -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p>This page lists a series of articles describing the philosophy of the
+free software movement, which is the motivation for our development of
+the free software operating system GNU.</p>
+<p>
+<!-- please leave both these ID attributes here. ... -->
+<a id="TOCFreedomOrganizations">We</a>
+<a id="FreedomOrganizations">also</a>
+<!-- ... we removed this as an H$ section as it was duplicating the -->
+<!-- same information on links.html, but it's possible that some users -->
+<!-- have the URLs bookmarked or on their pages. -len -->
+keep a list of
+<a href="/links/links.html#FreedomOrganizations">Organizations
+that Work for Freedom in
+Computer Development and Electronic Communications</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="aboutfs">About Free Software</h3>
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of freedom: people should be free to use
+software in all the ways that are socially useful. Software differs
+from material objects—such as chairs, sandwiches, and
+gasoline—in that it can be copied and changed much more easily.
+These possibilities make software as useful as it is; we believe
+software users should be able to make use of them.</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">What is Free Software?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why
+ Software Should Not Have Owners</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">Why
+ Software Should Be Free</a> (This is an older and longer
+ essay about the same topic as the previous one)</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Why Free Software Needs
+ Free Documentation</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling.html">Selling Free Software</a> is OK!</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+ Non-Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/software/reliability.html">Free Software is More
Reliable!</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html">Linux, GNU, and
+ Freedom</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gnutella.html"
+ id="Gnutella">Regarding Gnutella</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/schools.html">Why Schools Should Use
+ Exclusively Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/my_doom.html">MyDoom and You</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/15-years-of-free-software.html">15 Years of Free
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-intro.html">Free Software
movement</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/your-freedom-needs-free-software.html">Your Freedom
Needs Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">Motives For Writing Free
Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gov-promote.html">How Should Governments Promote
Free Software?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="aboutgnu">About the GNU Operating System</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial announcement of
+ the GNU Operating System</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">The GNU Manifesto</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">Brief history of the GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/thegnuproject.html">The GNU Project</a>,
+ a longer and more complete description of the project and its
+ history.</li>
+ <li><a href="/fsf/fsf.html">What is the Free Software Foundation?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="LicensingFreeSoftware">Licensing Free Software</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/licenses.html">General information on licensing and
copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/license-list.html">A list of specific free software
licenses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/gpl-faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions About the
GNU Licenses</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/why-not-lgpl.html">Why You Shouldn't Use the Lesser
GPL for Your Next Library</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-copyleft.html">Why Copyleft?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/university.html">Releasing Free Software if You
Work at a University</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">Copyleft: Pragmatic
Idealism</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">Javascript Trap</a> —
You may be running non-free programs on your computer every day without
realizing it — through your web browser.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/vaccination.html">Viral Code and
+ Vaccination</a>, an article by Robert J. Chassell</li>
+ <li><a href="http://www.fsf.org/blogs/licensing/20050211.html";>Censorship
envy and licensing</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/x.html">The X Window System Trap</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/apsl.html">The Problems of the Apple
License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">The BSD License Problem</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/netscape-npl.html">The Netscape Public License Has
Serious Problems</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/udi.html">The Free Software Movement and
UDI</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">It's not the Gates, it's the
+ bars</a>, an article by Richard Stallman published in BBC News in
+ 2008</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">Is Microsoft the Great
+ Satan?</a> (An <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">older
+ version</a> of this article is also available.)</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-antitrust.html">The Microsoft Antitrust
Trial and Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-verdict.html">On the Microsoft
Verdict</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft-new-monopoly.html">Microsoft's New
Monopoly</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/lest-codeplex-perplex.html">Lest CodePlex
+ perplex</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/plan-nine.html" id="PlanNineLicense">The Problems
of the Plan 9 License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/motif.html" id="MotifLicense">The New Motif
License</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/using-gfdl.html" id="UsingGFDL">Using the GNU
FDL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-way.html" id="GPLAmericanWay">The GNU
GPL and the American Way</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gpl-american-dream.html" id="GPLAmericanDream">The
GNU GPL and the American Dream</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/enforcing-gpl.html" id="EnforcingGPL">Enforcing the
GNU GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/selling-exceptions.html">On Selling
+ Exceptions to the GNU GPL</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-power.html" id="FreedomOrPower">Freedom
or Power?</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html" id="NoWordAttachments">We
Can Put an End to Word Attachments</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/java-trap.html" id="JavaTrap">Free But
+ Shackled - The Java Trap</a> (Although as of December 2006 Sun is in the
middle of
+ <a href="http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-welcomes-gpl-java.html";>re-releasing
its Java platform
+ under GNU GPL</a>, the issue described in this article still remains
important)</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html"
id="FightingSoftwarePatents">Fighting Software Patents - Singly and
Together</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/software-literary-patents.html"
id="SoftwareLiteraryPatents">
+ Software Patents and Literary Patents</a>, by Richard M. Stallman,
+ speaking of patenting artistic techniques, US patent (6,935,954)
+ covers making game characters start to hallucinate when (according to
+ the game) they are being driven insane. That is getting pretty close
+ to the hypothetical examples cited in this article.
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/rtlinux-patent.html">GPL-compliant version
+ of RTLinux Open Patent License in Works</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="Laws">Laws and Issues</h3>
+
+<h4>Copyright</h4>
+<ul>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/public-domain-manifesto.html">Why I Will Not Sign
+ the Public Domain Manifesto</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/pirate-party.html">How the Swedish Pirate Party
+ Platform Backfires on Free Software</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/misinterpreting-copyright.html">Misinterpreting
+ Copyright</a> is another essay
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> about the
+ flaws in popular defenses of copyright law.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/eldred-amicus.html">FSF's Brief Amicus
+ Curiae in the Eldred v. Ashcroft Supreme Court case</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/push-copyright-aside.html">Science must
+ “push copyright aside”</a>, another work of <a
+ href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> that appeared in
+ the <a
+ href="http://www.nature.com/nature/debates/e-access/Articles/stallman.html";>
+ Nature Webdebates</a> in 2001, explains how copyright is impeding
+ progress in scientific research. You may also be interested in <a
+ href="http://www.publiclibraryofscience.org";>The Public Library of
+ Science</a>, which is dedicated to making scientific research freely
+ available to all on the Internet.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/reevaluating-copyright.html">Reevaluating
+ Copyright: The Public must prevail</a></li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/eldredvashcroft/cyber/complaint_orig.html";>
+ Eldred v. Reno</a> is about a lawsuit to overturn a law that extends
+ copyright by 20 extra years.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright.html">Freedom-Or
+ Copyright?</a>, by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+ Stallman</a> (an <a
+ href="/philosophy/freedom-or-copyright-old.html">older version</a> of
+ this essay remains online as well).</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/copyright-versus-community.html"
+ id="StallmanTalkLSM"> Copyright versus community in the age of
+ computer networks</a>: is a transcript of a keynote by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard Stallman</a> at
+ the LIANZA conference in Christchurch, New Zealand, on October 12,
+ 2009.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.oii.ox.ac.uk/resources/feedback/OIIFB_GPL2_20040903.pdf";>
+ An English translation</a> of the famous decision of the District
+ Court of Munich (Germany) regarding the enforceability and validity
+ of the GPL. The translation was done by the Oxford Internet
+ Institute.</li>
+ <!-- This link is broken
+ <li><a href="http://www.humaninfo.org/copyrigh.htm";>Examples of
+ Excellent Copyright Policies</a></li>
+ -->
+</ul>
+
+<h4>Digital Restrictions Management</h4>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/the-root-of-this-problem.html">The problem is
+software controlled by its developer</a>, by
+ Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">Computing
+ “progress”: good and bad</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/why-audio-format-matters.html">Why Audio
+ Format matters</a> by Karl Fogel</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/opposing-drm.html">Opposing Digital Rights
+ Mismanagement</a>, by Richard M. Stallman, answers a few common
+ questions about DRM.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ebooks.html">Ebooks: Freedom Or
+ Copyright</a> a slightly modified version of the article, originally
+ published in Technology Review in 2000,
+ by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";> Richard Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">Can you trust your
+ computer?</a>, a work by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+ Stallman</a> about the so-called “trusted computing”
+ initiatives.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">The Right to Read: A
+ Dystopian Short Story</a> by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>
+ Richard Stallman</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>The propaganda
+term <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#IntellectualProperty">
+“Intellectual Property”</a></h4>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">Don't Let
+ “Intellectual Property” Twist Your Ethos</a>, by
+ Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li>Comments from Richard Stallman
+ on <a href="/philosophy/ipjustice.html">the ICLC's rejection of the
+ IP Enforcement Directive</a></li>
+
+ <li>Richard Stallman has
+ written <a href="/philosophy/boldrin-levine.html">a review of
+ Boldrin and Levine's “The case against intellectual
+ property.”</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">Did You Say
+ “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage</a>.
+ An essay on the true meaning of the phrase “Intellectual
+ Property”, by Richard M. Stallman</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h4>Patents</h4>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/w3c-patent.html">FSF's Position on W3
+ Consortium “Royalty-Free” Patent Policy</a>
+ rewritten</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/guardian-article.html">That's fighting
+ talk</a> a slightly modified version of the article, originally
+ published in <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a> of
+ London by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a> and
+ Nick Hill.</li>
+
+ <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/protecting.html">Right
+ to Write Software</a> (independent of whether it's free or not)</li>
+
+ <li>In <a
href="https://www.eff.org/press/releases/princeton-scientists-sue-over-squelched-research";>
+ Felten v. RIAA</a>, scientists are asking a court to rule that the
+ Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) does not prohibit them from
+ publishing their research.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="https://www.eff.org/search/site/dvd cases/">EFF
+ “Intellectual Property”: MPAA (Motion Picture Association of
+ America) DVD Cases Archive</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/patent-reform-is-not-enough.html">Patent
+ Reform Is Not Enough</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/savingeurope.html">Saving Europe from
+ Software Patents</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/amazon.html">Boycott Amazon!</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.researchoninnovation.org/patent.pdf";
+ id="SequentialIPandI">Sequential Innovation, Patents, and
+ Imitation</a> is a paper that presents a mathematical model showing
+ how patents can impede progress in fields like software.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/hague.html">Harm from the Hague</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://technology.guardian.co.uk/online/comment/story/0,12449,1540984,00.html";>
+ Soft sell</a>. An article by Richard M. Stallman published in
+ <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2005/jun/23/onlinesupplement.insideit";>
+ Patent absurdity</a>, an article by Richard M. Stallman published in
+ <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk";>The Guardian</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/trivial-patent.html">The Anatomy of a
+ Trivial Patent</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/gif.html">Why there are no GIF files on GNU web
pages</a>, While this
+ story is a historical illustration of the danger of software patents,
these particular
+ patents are now no longer a concern. For details of our website <a
href="/server/fsf-html-style-sheet.html#UseofGraphics">policies regarding
GIFs</a>, see our web <a href="/server/standards/">web guidelines</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4>Cultural and Social Issues</h4>
+
+<ul>
+ <li> <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/blog/2010/apr/06/digital-economy-bill-richard-stallman";>Digital
economy bill: One clown giveth and
+ the other clown taketh away</a> by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html">Is Digital
Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?</a> by
+ <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard Stallman</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wsis.html">World Summit on the Information
+ Society</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/lessig-fsfs-intro.html">The introduction by
+ Lawrence Lessig</a>
+ to <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><i>Free
+ Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+ M. Stallman</i></a> is available for reading.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/wassenaar.html">Encryption software
+ volunteers needed in countries without export control</a>.</li>
+
+ <li>How to Protect the <a href="/philosophy/basic-freedoms.html">
+ Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Association</a> on the Internet</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/privacyaction.html">Protect Postal
+ Privacy</a>, a campaign to resist the proposed rule by the United
+ States Postal Service to collect private information from
+ customers.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ucita.html">Why We Must Fight UCITA</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/second-sight.html">Free Software and
+ (e-)Government</a> — an article from The Guardian, by Richard
+ Stallman (originally published under the title “Second
+ Sight”).</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.insnet.org/ins_headlines.rxml?cust=212&id=967";>
+ Free Software and Sustainable Development</a> — A short
+ article by Richard Stallman regarding the use of proprietary
+ software in cultural development.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<h4>Misc</h4>
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/sun-in-night-time.html">The Curious
+ Incident of Sun in the Night-Time</a>, by Richard M. Stallman.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://counterpunch.org/baker08192004.html";>Why We Need
+ “Free Software” Voting Machines</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/sco/sco-gnu-linux.html">SCO, GNU, and
+ Linux</a>, by Richard Stallman, discusses how SCO's lawsuit against
+ IBM pertains to the work of the GNU project. Please see
+ the <a href="/philosophy/sco/sco.html">FSF SCO Response Page</a> for
+ more details on this subject.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/ms-doj-tunney.html">FSF's Statement in
+ Response to Proposed Revised Final Judgment in Microsoft vs. United
+ States, submitted to the US Department of Justice under the Tunney
+ Act</a>.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/new-monopoly.html">U.S. Congress Threatens
+ to Establish a New Kind of Monopoly</a>, an attempt of the Congress
+ to create a private monopoly over repeating publicly known
+ information.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/dat.html">The Right Way to Tax DAT</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/censoring-emacs.html">Censoring My
+ Software</a>, by <a href="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard
+ Stallman</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="terminology">Terminology and Definitions</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words</a>
+ which You Might Want to Avoid</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why
+ “Open Source” misses the point of Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html">“Open
+ Source Software” or “Free Software”?</a>
+ (This is an older essay about the same topic as the previous one.)</li>
+ <li>Richard Stallman wrote <a href="/philosophy/drdobbs-letter.html">letter
to the editor</a> of
+ Dr. Dobb's Journal in June which further explains the distinction
+ between the Free Software and Open Source movements.</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free and
+ Non-Free Software</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">Translations of the
+ term “free software”</a> into various languages</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3 id="upholding">Upholding Software Freedom</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/use-free-software.html">The Free Software Community
After 20 Years</a>,
+ With great but incomplete success, what now?</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/mcvoy.html">Thank You, Larry McVoy</a> by Richard
M. Stallman</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/social-inertia.html">Overcoming Social
+ Inertia</a>, by Richard M. Stallman</li>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/compromise.html">Avoiding Ruinous
Compromises</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Philosophical humor</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li><a href="/fun/humor.html#Philosophy">Philosophy Humor</a>.
+We don't have to be serious <i>all</i> the time.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<h3>Links to more philosophy articles</h3>
+
+<ul>
+<li id="Speeches"><a href="speeches-and-interview.html">Speeches and
+interviews</a></li>
+<li id="ThirdPartyIdeas"><a href="third-party-ideas.html">Third party
+ideas</a></li>
+<li id="Philosophy"><a href="/philosophy/">The main philosophy page</a></li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:58 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
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Index: philosophy/po/why-free.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/why-free.ja-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/why-free.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/why-free.ja-en.html 14 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,433 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Why Software Should Not Have Owners - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, Why Software Should Not Have Owners" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-free.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p>
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information. Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.</p>
+
+<p>
+Not everyone wants it to be easier. The system of copyright gives
+software programs “owners”, most of whom aim to withhold
+software's potential benefit from the rest of the public. They would
+like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we
+use.</p>
+
+<p>
+The copyright system grew up with printing—a technology for
+mass-production copying. Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies. It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books. An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others. This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright. That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright. Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners to
+help your friend.</li>
+
+<li>Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.</li>
+
+<li>Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people
+are told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.</li>
+
+<li>Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as
+<acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym>'s
+David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not accused of
+copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities unguarded and
+failing to censor their use.<a href="#footnote1">[1]</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as samizdat. There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit. But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive. Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.</p>
+
+<p>
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:</p>
+
+
+<ul>
+<li id="name-calling">Name calling.
+
+<p>
+Owners use smear words such as “piracy” and
+“theft”, as well as expert terminology such as
+“intellectual property” and “damage”, to
+suggest a certain line of thinking to the public—a simplistic
+analogy between programs and physical objects.</p>
+
+<p>
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to <em>take an object away</em> from someone else. They
+don't directly apply to <em>making a copy</em> of something. But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.</p></li>
+
+<li id="exaggeration">Exaggeration.
+
+<p>
+Owners say that they suffer “harm” or “economic
+loss” when users copy programs themselves. But the copying has
+no direct effect on the owner, and it harms no one. The owner can
+lose only if the person who made the copy would otherwise have paid
+for one from the owner.</p>
+
+<p>
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies. Yet the owners compute their “losses” as if each
+and every one would have bought a copy. That is exaggeration—to
+put it kindly.</p></li>
+
+<li id="law">The law.
+
+<p>
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with. Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality—yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these
+penalties as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.</p>
+
+<p>
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.</p>
+
+<p>
+It's elementary that laws don't decide right and wrong. Every American
+should know that, in the 1950s, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.</p></li>
+
+<li id="natural-rights">Natural rights.
+
+<p>
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else—or even those of the whole rest of the world. (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)</p>
+
+<p>
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom—the author is more
+important than you—I can only say that I, a notable software
+author myself, call it bunk.</p>
+
+<p>
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.</p>
+
+<p>
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects. When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else eats it, because then I
+cannot eat it. His action hurts me exactly as much as it benefits
+him; only one of us can eat the spaghetti, so the question is, which one?
+The smallest distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical
+balance.</p>
+
+<p>
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly. Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me. I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things. No one should.</p>
+
+<p>
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true. The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up. That's why the Constitution only
+<em>permits</em> a system of copyright and does not <em>require</em>
+one; that's why it says that copyright must be temporary. It also
+states that the purpose of copyright is to promote progress—not
+to reward authors. Copyright does reward authors somewhat, and
+publishers more, but that is intended as a means of modifying their
+behavior.</p>
+
+<p>
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public—and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.</p></li>
+
+<li id="economics">Economics.
+
+<p>
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject. It is based on a valid goal—satisfying the
+users of software. And it is empirically clear that people will
+produce more of something if they are well paid for doing so.</p>
+
+<p>
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that <em>production of software</em> is what we want,
+whether the software has owners or not.</p>
+
+<p>
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects. Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either gratis or
+for a price. If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once. Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is true for any kind of material object—whether or not it
+has an owner does not directly affect what it <em>is</em>, or what you
+can do with it if you acquire it.</p>
+
+<p>
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one. The difference is not
+just a matter of money. The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something—but not what society really
+needs. And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.</p></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+What does society need? It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens—for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate. But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.</p>
+
+<p>
+Society also needs freedom. When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.</p>
+
+<p>
+And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens. When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is “piracy”, they
+pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
+
+<p>
+This is why we say that
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>
+is a matter of freedom, not price.</p>
+
+<p>
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real. Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since the 1980s, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success. There's no need to make anyone
+rich; a typical income is plenty of incentive to do many jobs that are
+less satisfying than programming.</p>
+
+<p>
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written. Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public. Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.</p>
+
+<p>
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+In 1994, Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimated that
+about 15 percent of its staff activity was free software
+development—a respectable percentage for a software company.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the early 1990s, companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas
+Instruments and Analog Devices combined to fund the continued
+development of the GNU C compiler. Most GCC development is still done
+by paid developers. The GNU compiler for the Ada language was funded
+in the 90s by the US Air Force, and continued since then by a company
+formed specifically for the purpose.</p>
+
+<p>
+The free software movement is still small, but the example of
+listener-supported radio in the US shows it's possible to support a
+large activity without forcing each user to pay.</p>
+
+<p>
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>
+program. If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to
+refuse. Cooperation is more important than copyright. But
+underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society. A
+person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
+this means saying no to proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software. You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it. You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.</p>
+
+<p>
+You deserve free software.</p>
+
+<h4>Footnotes</h4>
+<ol>
+<li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1994, 2009 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/14 09:28:58 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
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