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www education/po/edu-cases.translist education/...
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From: |
GNUN |
|
Subject: |
www education/po/edu-cases.translist education/... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 07 Feb 2012 09:29:42 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 12/02/07 09:29:41
Modified files:
education/po : edu-cases.translist edu-contents.translist
gnu : why-gnu-linux.es.html
gnu/po : why-gnu-linux.es-en.html
philosophy : fs-motives.ca.html javascript-trap.ru.html
no-ip-ethos.pl.html right-to-read.ca.html
the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html
philosophy/po : fs-motives.ca.po javascript-trap.ru-en.html
right-to-read.ca.po stallman-mec-india.pot
the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html
server/po : tasks.de.po tasks.es.po tasks.fr.po tasks.ja.po
tasks.pot tasks.ro.po tasks.sq.po tasks.uk.po
software : devel.ca.html software.ca.html
software/po : devel.ca.po software.ca.po
Added files:
education : edu-cases.ja.html edu-contents.ja.html
education/po : edu-cases.ja-en.html edu-contents.ja-en.html
philosophy/po : fs-motives.ca-en.html no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html
right-to-read.ca-en.html
software/po : devel.ca-en.html software.ca-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-cases.ja.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-contents.ja.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-contents.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-contents.ja-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.de.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.ja.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.ro.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.sq.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.17&r2=1.18
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/po/tasks.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/devel.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/software.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.27&r2=1.28
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.ca.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.23&r2=1.24
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/software.ca.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.49&r2=1.50
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/devel.ca-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/software/po/software.ca-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: education/po/edu-cases.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-cases.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- education/po/edu-cases.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:22:21 -0000 1.2
+++ education/po/edu-cases.translist 7 Feb 2012 09:27:19 -0000 1.3
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
<li><a href="/education/edu-cases.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/education/edu-cases.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<li><a href="/education/edu-cases.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: education/po/edu-contents.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-contents.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- education/po/edu-contents.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:22:21 -0000 1.2
+++ education/po/edu-contents.translist 7 Feb 2012 09:27:19 -0000 1.3
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
<li><a href="/education/edu-contents.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/education/edu-contents.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<li><a href="/education/edu-contents.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.es.html 4 Feb 2012 17:30:39 -0000 1.22
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.es.html 7 Feb 2012 09:27:28 -0000 1.23
@@ -94,13 +94,13 @@
polÃticas.” Y el director general (<acronym title="Chief Executive
Officer">CEO</acronym>) de Caldera instó abiertamente a los usuarios a
abandonar el objetivo de la libertad y trabajar en cambio por la
-“popularidad de Linux”. </p>
-
-<!--Link is dead
-<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
+“popularidad de Linux” <a
+href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000920053929/http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/
+0,6061,2552025-2,00.html">
+(http://web.archive.org/web/20000920053929/http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/
+0,6061,2552025-2,00.html)</a> [en inglés].
+</p>
-(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
--->
<p>
Añadir software que no sea libre al sistema <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.es.html">GNU/Linux</a> puede incrementar su
@@ -243,13 +243,16 @@
/>Alejandro Luis Bonavita , 2011--></div>
<p>
-Para obtener información sobre cómo enviar correcciones de esta traducción
o cómo traducir al español las páginas de este sitio, visite la página del
<a href="http://gnu.org/server/standards/translations/es/";>Equipo de
traducción al español de GNU</a>.
+Para obtener información sobre cómo traducir al español las páginas de
este
+sitio web, visite la página del
+<a href="http://gnu.org/server/standards/translations/es/";>Equipo de
+traducción al español de GNU</a>.
</p>
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2012/02/04 17:30:39 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:27:28 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.es-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.es-en.html 4 Feb 2012 17:30:48 -0000 1.2
+++ gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.es-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:16 -0000 1.3
@@ -91,11 +91,13 @@
technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's
<acronym title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</acronym> openly urged
users to drop the goal of freedom and work instead for the
-“popularity of Linux”.</p>
-<!--Link is dead
-<a
href="http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html";>
-(http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2552025-2,00.html.)</a>
--->
+“popularity of Linux”.
+
+<a
href="http://web.archive.org/web/20000920053929/http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/
+0,6061,2552025-2,00.html">
+(http://web.archive.org/web/20000920053929/http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/
+0,6061,2552025-2,00.html)</a>
+</p>
<p>
Adding nonfree software to the <a
@@ -230,7 +232,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/04 17:30:48 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:21 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:37 -0000 1.11
@@ -12,60 +12,68 @@
Aquà teniu alguns dels motius per escriure programari lliure.
</p>
-<ul>
-<li>
-<strong>Plaer.</strong> Per a algunes persones, sovint per als millors
-programadors, escriure programari és la millor diversió, especialment quan
-no hi ha un cap per dir el que s'ha de fer. Gairebé tots els desenvolupadors
-de programari lliure tenen aquesta motivació.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Idealisme polÃtic.</strong> El desig de construir un món lliure i
-d'ajudar als usuaris d'ordinadors a escapar del poder dels desenvolupadors
-de programari.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Ser admirat.</strong> Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, els
-usuaris us admiraran, cosa que fa sentir mol bé.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Reputació professional.</strong> Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i
-popular, demostreu que sou un bon programador.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Gratitud.</strong> Si durant anys heu utilitzat els programes
-lliures de la comunitat i han sigut importants per la vostra feina, us
-sentireu agraïts i en deute amb els desenvolupadors. Escriure un programa
-que pot ser útil per molta gent és una manera de tornar el favor.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Odi a Microsoft.</strong> Ãs un error centrar les nostres crÃtiques
-<a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">només en Microsoft</a>. SÃ, Microsoft
-és maligna, ja que crea programari no lliure. I el que encara és pitjor,
+<dl>
+<dt>Diversió.</dt>
+<dd>Per a algunes persones, sovint per als millors programadors, escriure
+programari és la millor diversió, especialment quan no hi ha un cap per dir
+el que s'ha de fer.<br />
+Gairebé tots els desenvolupadors de programari lliure comparteixen aquesta
+motivació.</dd>
+
+<dt>Idealisme polÃtic.</dt>
+<dd>El desig de construir un món lliure i d'ajudar als usuaris d'ordinadors a
+escapar del poder dels desenvolupadors de programari.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Ser admirat.</dt>
+<dd>Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, els usuaris us admiraran, cosa
+que fa sentir mol bé.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Reputació professional.</dt>
+<dd>Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, demostreu que sou un bon
+programador.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Gratitud.</dt>
+<dd>Si durant anys heu utilitzat els programes lliures de la comunitat i han
+sigut importants per la vostra feina, us sentireu agraïts i en deute amb els
+desenvolupadors. Escriure un programa que pot ser útil per molta gent és una
+manera de tornar el favor.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Odi a Microsoft.</dt>
+<dd>
+Ãs un error centrar les nostres crÃtiques <a
+href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">només en Microsoft</a>. SÃ, Microsoft és
+maligna, ja que crea programari no lliure. I el que encara és pitjor,
implementa la <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Digital Restrictions
Management</a> en el seu programari. Però moltes altres companyies fan una o
-les dues coses. No obstant, és un fet que molta gent detesta totalment
-Microsoft, i alguns contribueixen al programari lliure per aquesta raó.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Diners.</strong> Molta gent cobra per desenvolupar programari lliure
-o ha muntat un negoci de programari lliure.
-</li>
-
-<li>
-<strong>Desitjar utilitzar un programa millor.</strong> Sovint la gent
-treballa en millorar programes que utilitza, per fer-los més
+les dues coses. <br />
+
+No obstant, és un fet que molta gent detesta totalment Microsoft, i alguns
+contribueixen al programari lliure per aquesta raó.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Diners.</dt>
+<dd>Molta gent cobra per desenvolupar programari lliure o ha muntat un negoci
de
+programari lliure.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Desig d'utilitzar un programa millor.</dt>
+<dd>Sovint la gent treballa en millorar programes que utilitza, per fer-los
més
còmodes. (Alguns comentaristes no accepten cap altre motiu fora d'aquest; la
seva visió de la naturalesa humana és massa estreta.)
-</li>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Educació.</dt>
+
+<dd>Escriure programari lliur és sovint una oportunitat de millorar
sensiblement
+les aptituds tècniques i socials; si sou un professor, animar els vostres
+estudiants a participar en un projecte de programari lliure existent o a
+organitzar-ne un pot proporcionar-los una excel·lent oportunitat.</dd>
-</ul>
+</dl>
<p>La naturalesa humana és complexa, i és molt habitual que una persona
tingui
simultà niament diversos motius per fer una sola cosa.</p>
@@ -123,12 +131,15 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Traducció: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 27 de març de
2010.</div>
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 6 de
+febrer de 2012.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:21 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -154,27 +165,37 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Romanian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html 2 Feb 2012 17:27:11 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/javascript-trap.ru.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:37 -0000 1.10
@@ -264,10 +264,10 @@
JavaScript на Ñвоем ÑайÑе, Ñо ÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¸
единообÑÐ°Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñведений о
лиÑензиÑÑ
и иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑаÑ
ÑÑиÑ
Ñайлов
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ñим поÑеÑиÑелÑм
ÑдоÑÑовеÑиÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо они вÑполнÑÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑи <a
-href="/licenses/javascript-labels.html">ÐиÑензионнÑе знаÑки
JavaScript</a>
-опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ из меÑодов, коÑоÑÑми вÑ
можеÑе воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑии
-ÑÑиÑ
Ñведений. ÐодÑобнее о Ñом, Ñем ÑÑи
знаÑки помогаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÑикам ÑайÑов
-и иÑ
поÑеÑиÑелÑм, можно ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· наÑего <a
+href="/licenses/javascript-labels.html">ÐиÑензионнÑе
оÑмеÑки о
+JavaScript</a> опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ из меÑодов,
коÑоÑÑми Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑбликаÑии ÑÑиÑ
Ñведений. ÐодÑобнее о
Ñом, Ñем ÑÑи оÑмеÑки помогаÑÑ
+ÑазÑабоÑÑикам ÑайÑов и иÑ
поÑеÑиÑелÑм,
можно ÑзнаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· наÑего <a
href="/licenses/javascript-labels-rationale.html">поÑÑниÑелÑного
докÑменÑа</a>.</p>
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2012/02/02 17:27:11 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/no-ip-ethos.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/no-ip-ethos.pl.html 5 Feb 2012 17:29:24 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/no-ip-ethos.pl.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:38 -0000 1.2
@@ -6,12 +6,6 @@
<title>Nie pozwólcie „wÅasnoÅÄ intelektualnej” skrzywiÄ
Waszego etosu</title>
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<h2>Nie pozwólcie „wÅasnoÅÄ intelektualnej” skrzywiÄ Waszego
etosu</h2>
@@ -46,14 +40,17 @@
autorskiego w Chinach niż Microsoft, Disney i Sony,
ponieważ chcielibyÅmy zrobiÄ to nieco proÅciej.</p>
- <p>Disney wishes to stamp out semi-underground organizations that sell exact
-copies. With free software, regardless of precisely which free license is
-used, that kind of copying is legal. What we want to prevent, when the free
-software license is the GNU <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GPL</a>, is the
-release of proprietary software products based on our code. That kind of
-abuse is at its worst when carried out by large, well-known companies
-— and they are easier targets for enforcement. So GPL enforcement in
-China is not a lost cause, though it won't be easy.</p>
+ <p>Disney chce zlikwidowaÄ póÅpodziemne organizacje, które sprzedajÄ
dokÅadne
+kopie danego dzieÅa. W przypadku wolnego oprogramowania, niezależnie
+od tego, która dokÅadnie licencja jest wykorzystana, takie kopiowanie
+jest legalne. Chcemy zapobiec publikowaniu oprogramowania wÅasnoÅciowego
+bazujÄ
cego na naszym kodzie, kiedy wykorzystywanÄ
licencjÄ
wolnego
+oprogramowania jest <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL</a>. Tego rodzaju
+nadużycia sÄ
najgorsze wtedy, kiedy dokonywane sÄ
przez duże, znane
+przedsiÄbiorstwa – a sÄ
one Åatwym celem
+do wyegzekwowania [<em>warunków licencji –
+przyp. tÅumacza</em>]. Zatem wprowadzenie GPL w Chinach nie jest
+sprawÄ
przegranÄ
, choÄ nie bÄdzie Åatwe.</p>
<h3>Mit chiÅskiej pralni</h3>
@@ -77,12 +74,13 @@
<h3>Nieprecyzyjne sÅownictwo</h3>
- <p>Sometimes Meeker switches between “intellectual property” and
-“copyright” as if they were two names for the same
-thing. Sometimes she switches between “intellectual property”
-and “patents” as if they were two names for the same
-thing. Having studied those two laws, Meeker knows they are vastly
-different; all they have in common is an abstract sketch of their form.</p>
+ <p>Czasami Meeker używa zamiennie terminów „wÅasnoÅÄ
intelektualna”
+i „copyright”, jakby byÅy to dwie różne nazwy tej samej
+rzeczy. Niekiedy też posÅuguje siÄ zamiennie terminami „wÅasnoÅÄ
+intelektualna” i „patenty”, jak gdyby byÅy to dwie
+nazwy na tÄ samÄ
rzecz. Przestudiowawszy obie te rzeczy Meeker wie,
+że różniÄ
siÄ one ogromnie, a wszystko, co majÄ
ze sobÄ
wspólnego,
+to jedynie abstrakcyjny zarys ich formy.</p>
<p>Inne prawa „wÅasnoÅci intelektualnej” nie majÄ
z nimi
nawet
tyle wspólnego. Sugerowanie, że możecie traktowaÄ je wszystkie
@@ -94,10 +92,11 @@
gdyż „wÅasnoÅÄ intelektualna jest zapisana
w Konstytucji”. To kamieÅ wÄgielny wszystkich pomyÅek.</p>
- <p>What is really in the U.S. Constitution? It doesn't mention
-“intellectual property”, and it says nothing at all about most
-of the laws that term is applied to. Only two of them — copyright law
-and patent law — are treated there.</p>
+ <p>Co jest naprawdÄ zapisane w Konstytucji Stanów Zjednoczonych? Nie
+wspomina ona o „wÅasnoÅci intelektualnej” ani nie mówi nic
+o wiÄkszoÅci praw, do których ten termin ma zastosowanie. Tylko dwa
+z nich – prawo autorskie i prawo patentowe –
+sÄ
w niej poruszone.</p>
<p>Co mówi o nich Konstytucja? Jaki jest jej etos? Nie jest to nic podobnego
do „etosu wÅasnoÅci intelektualnej”, który wyobraża sobie
@@ -177,7 +176,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2012/02/05 17:29:24 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:47 -0000 1.8
+++ philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:38 -0000 1.9
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
<p>
per <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
Stallman</strong></a></p>
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a
href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>subscriviu-vos a la
+nostra llista de correu sobre els perills dels llibres electrònics</a>.</div>
+
<p>
<em>Aquest article va aparèixer al número de febrer de 1997 de
<strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volum 40, Número 2).</em></p>
@@ -289,6 +292,39 @@
Constitució dels EUA: obligar els usuaris a renunciar, per endavant, als
drets que s'hi reconeixen.</p>
+<h3 id="BadNews">Males notÃcies</h3>
+
+<p>
+La batalla per dret a llegir ja ha començat. L'enemic s'ha organitzat, i
+nosaltres no, de manera que avança en contra nostra. Aquà trobareu articles
+sobre els fets negatius que han succeït des de la publicació original
+d'aquest article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Els llibres electrònics comercials d'avui dia <a
+href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html"> han abolit les llibertats
+tradicionals dels lectors.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html";>El web d'un
+"manual de biologia"</a> al que només podeu accedir signant un <a
+href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse";>contracte que no
+permet deixar-lo a ningú</a> i que l'editor pot revocar al seu arbitri.</li>
+<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Publicació
+Electrònica:</a> un articles sobre la distribució de llibres electrònics i
+els temes de copyright que afecten el dret a llegir una còpia.</li>
+<li><a
+href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Llibres
+dintre dels ordinadors:</a> programari per controlar qui pot llegir llibres
+i documents en un PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>Si volem aturar les males notÃcies i produir-ne de bones, necessitem
+organitzar-nos i lluitar. La campanya de la FSF <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org";>Defective by Design</a> ha
+començat. Subscriviu-vos a la llista de correu de la campanya per donar un
+cop de mà . I <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate";>uniu-vos a la FSF</a>
+per ajudar-nos a finançar les nostres activitats.
+</p>
+
<h3 id="References">Referències</h3>
<ul>
@@ -329,21 +365,6 @@
a Computer World.</li>
</ul>
-<p>
-La <a href="#AuthorsNote">nota de l'autor</a> parla de la batalla pel dret a
-llegir i contra la vigilà ncia electrònica. La batalla tot just comença ara;
-aquà teniu enllaços a dos articles sobre tecnologies que s'estan
-desenvolupant per negar-vos el dret a llegir.</p>
-<ul>
-<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Publicació
-Electrònica:</a> un articles sobre la distribució de llibres electrònics i
-els temes de copyright que afecten el dret a llegir una còpia.</li>
-<li><a
-href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Llibres
-dintre dels ordinadors:</a> programari per controlar qui pot llegir llibres
-i documents en un PC.</li>
-</ul>
-
<div style="font-size: small;">
@@ -384,13 +405,15 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera revisió: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 27 de març de
-2010.</div>
+Darrera revisió: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer de
+2012.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:47 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -416,55 +439,79 @@
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Index: philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html 2 Feb 2012 02:11:59 -0000
1.1
+++ philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:38 -0000
1.2
@@ -14,77 +14,78 @@
liste de diffusion (en anglais) concernant les dangers des livres
électroniques</a>.</div>
-<p>Alors que le commerce régit nos gouvernements et dicte nos lois, toute
-avancée technologique offre aux entreprises une occasion dâimposer au public
-de nouvelles restrictions. Des technologies qui devraient nous conférer
-davantage de liberté sont au contraire utilisées pour nous entraver.</p>
+<p>à une époque où les entreprises dominent nos gouvernements et écrivent
nos
+lois, chaque avancée technologique leur offre une bonne occasion d'imposer
+des restrictions supplémentaires au public. Les technologies qui pourraient
+servir à nous rendre plus forts sont à la place utilisées pour nous
+enchaîner.</p>
-<p>Le livre imprimé :</p>
+<p>Avec les livres imprimés,</p>
<ul>
-<li>On peut lâacheter en espèces, de façon anonyme.</li>
-<li>Après lâachat, il vous appartient.</li>
-<li>On ne vous oblige pas à signer une licence qui limite vos droits
-dâutilisation.</li>
-<li>Son format est connu, aucune technologie privatrice nâest nécessaire
pour le
-lire.</li>
-<li>On a le droit de donner, prêter ou revendre ce livre.</li>
-<li>Il est possible, concrètement, de le scanner et de le photocopier,
pratiques
-parfois légales sous le régime du copyright.</li>
-<li>Nul nâa le pouvoir de détruire votre exemplaire.</li>
+<li>Vous pouvez les acheter au comptant, de manière anonyme.</li>
+<li>Alors vous en êtes propriétaire.</li>
+<li>Vous n'êtes pas obligé de signer une licence qui restreint l'usage que
vous
+en faites.</li>
+<li>Le format est connu, et aucune technologie privatrice n'est requise pour
+lire le livre.</li>
+<li>Vous pouvez donner, prêter ou vendre le livre à quelqu'un d'autre.</li>
+<li>Vous pouvez, physiquement, scanner ou photocopier le livre, et c'est
parfois
+même légal sous le régime du copyright.</li>
+<li>Personne n'a le pouvoir de détruire votre livre.</li>
</ul>
-<p>Comparez ces éléments avec les livres électroniques dâAmazon (plus ou
moins
-la norme) :</p>
+<p>Comparez cette situation avec le cas (typique) des livres électroniques
+d'Amazon :</p>
<ul>
-<li>Amazon exige de lâutilisateur quâil sâidentifie afin dâacquérir
un livre
+<li>Amazon oblige les utilisateurs à s'identifier pour acquérir un livre
électronique.</li>
-<li>Dans certains pays, et câest le cas aux USA, Amazon déclare que
-lâutilisateur ne peut être propriétaire de son exemplaire.</li>
-<li>Amazon demande à lâutilisateur dâaccepter une licence qui restreint
-lâutilisation du livre.</li>
-<li>Le format est secret, et seuls des logiciels privateurs restreignant les
-libertés de lâutilisateur permettent de le lire.</li>
-<li>Un succédané de « prêt » est autorisé pour certains
titres, et ce
-pour une période limitée, mais à la condition de désigner nominalement un
-autre utilisateur du même système. Don et revente sont interdites.</li>
-<li>Un système de <a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">gestion des
-restrictions numériques</a> (<em>Digital Restrictions Management</em>)
-empêche de copier lâouvrage. La copie est en outre prohibée par la licence,
-pratique plus restrictive que le régime du copyright.</li>
-<li>Amazon a le pouvoir dâeffacer le livre à distance en utilisant une porte
-dérobée (<em>back door</em>). En 2009, Amazon a fait usage de cette porte
-dérobée pour effacer des milliers dâexemplaires du 1984 de George
Orwell.</li>
+<li>Dans certains pays, y compris les Ãtats-Unis, Amazon dit que l'utilisateur
+n'est pas propriétaire du livre électronique.</li>
+<li>Amazon oblige l'utilisateur à accepter une licence restrictive pour
pouvoir
+utiliser le livre électronique.</li>
+<li>Le format est secret, et seul un logiciel privateur qui restreint
+l'utilisateur peut le lire et en retirer toutes les informations.</li>
+<li>Un succédané de « prêt » est permis pour certains livres, pour un
temps
+limité, mais seulement en indiquant le nom d'un autre utilisateur sur le
+même système. Il n'y a aucune possibilité de don ou de revente.</li>
+<li>La recopie du livre électronique est impossible à cause de la <a
+href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">gestion numérique des restrictions</a>
+<em>[Digital Restrictions Management]</em> dans le lecteur, et est interdite
+par la licence, ce qui est beaucoup plus restrictif que la loi sur le
+copyright.</li>
+<li>Amazon peut effacer à distance le livre électronique en utilisant une
porte
+dérobée <em>[back door]</em>. Amazon l'a utilisée en 2009 pour effacer des
+milliers de copies du livre « 1984 » de George Orwell.</li>
</ul>
-<p>Un seul de ces abus fait des livres électroniques une régression par
rapport
-aux livres imprimés. Nous devons rejeter les livres électroniques qui
-portent atteinte à nos libertés.</p>
-
-<p>Les entreprises qui les commercialisent prétendent quâil est nécessaire
-dâempiéter sur nos libertés afin de continuer à rémunérer les auteurs.
Le
-système actuel du copyright rétribue généreusement ces entreprises, et
-chichement la grande majorité des auteurs. Nous pouvons soutenir plus
-efficacement les auteurs par des biais qui ne requièrent pas que lâon porte
-atteinte à notre liberté, et même légaliser le partage. Voici deux
méthodes
-que jâai déjà suggérées :</p>
+<p>Chacune de ces violations est une régression pour les livres électroniques
+par rapport aux livres imprimés. Nous devons rejeter les livres
+électroniques jusqu'à ce qu'ils respectent notre liberté.</p>
+
+<p>Les entreprises vendant des livres électroniques disent qu'abolir nos
+libertés usuelles est une nécessité afin de continuer à payer les
+auteurs. Le système actuel de copyright soutient ces entreprises de manière
+conséquente, et à l'inverse la plupart des auteurs n'en tirent pas
+profit. Nous pouvons mieux soutenir les auteurs par d'autres moyens, qui ne
+restreignent pas notre liberté, et peuvent même légaliser le partage. J'ai
+suggéré les deux méthodes suivantes :</p>
<ul>
-<li>Distribuer une partie des recettes fiscales aux auteurs, calculée sur la
-racine cubique de la popularité de chaque auteur. Voir <a
+<li>De distribuer aux auteurs la recette d'une taxe en fonction de la racine
+cubique de leur popularité. Consultez <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/internet-sharing-license.en.html";>
-http://stallman.org/articles/internet-sharing-license.en.html</a> [EN].</li>
-<li>Concevoir des programmes permettant aux utilisateurs dâenvoyer aux
auteurs
-des paiements volontaires et anonymes.</li>
+http://stallman.org/articles/internet-sharing-license.en.html</a>.</li>
+<li>De construire des lecteurs qui permettent aux utilisateurs de payer les
+auteurs de manière anonyme et volontaire.</li>
</ul>
-<p>Les livres électroniques nâattaquent pas systématiquement notre liberté
-(ceux du projet Gutenberg la respectent), mais ce sera le cas si nous
-laissons toute latitude aux entreprises. Il est de notre devoir de les en
-empêcher.</p>
+<p>Les livres électroniques n'ont pas besoin d'attaquer notre liberté (ceux
du
+projet Gutenberg ne le font pas), mais ils le feront si les entreprises le
+décident. C'est à nous de les en empêcher.</p>
-<p>Soutenez notre cause en vous inscrivant sur <a
+<p>Rejoignez le combat : inscrivez-vous sur <a
href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org/ebooks.html";>
-http://DefectiveByDesign.org/ebooks.html</a> [EN].</p>
+http://DefectiveByDesign.org/ebooks.html</a>.</p>
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
@@ -125,15 +126,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Traduction : kamui57, HgO, Cubox, ncroizat, Palu, adelos, Felor,
-Shoods, electronichien, Don Rico<br />Révision : <a
-href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";><trad-gnu@april.org></a></div>
+Traduction : Denis Barbier<br /> ReÌvision : <a
+href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:11:59 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca.po 6 Feb 2012 09:56:33 -0000 1.13
+++ philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca.po 7 Feb 2012 09:28:57 -0000 1.14
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
"Language-Team: Catalan\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
# type: Content of: <h2>
#. type: Content of: <h2>
@@ -32,20 +32,19 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Fun.</strong> For some people, often the best programmers, "
-#| "writing software is the greatest fun, especially when there is no boss to "
-#| "tell you what to do. Nearly all free software developers share this "
-#| "motive."
msgid ""
"For some people, often the best programmers, writing software is the "
"greatest fun, especially when there is no boss to tell you what to do."
msgstr ""
-"Per a algunes persones, sovint per als millors programadors, escriure
programari és la millor diversió, especialment quan no hi ha un cap per dir
el que s'ha de fer."
+"Per a algunes persones, sovint per als millors programadors, escriure "
+"programari és la millor diversió, especialment quan no hi ha un cap per dir
"
+"el que s'ha de fer."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid "Nearly all free software developers share this motive."
-msgstr "Gairebé tots els desenvolupadors de programari lliure comparteixen
aquesta motivació."
+msgstr ""
+"Gairebé tots els desenvolupadors de programari lliure comparteixen aquesta "
+"motivació."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Political idealism."
@@ -53,15 +52,12 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Political idealism.</strong> The desire to build a world of "
-#| "freedom, and help computer users escape from the power of software "
-#| "developers."
msgid ""
"The desire to build a world of freedom, and help computer users escape from "
"the power of software developers."
msgstr ""
-"El desig de construir un món lliure i d'ajudar als usuaris d'ordinadors a
escapar del poder dels desenvolupadors de programari."
+"El desig de construir un món lliure i d'ajudar als usuaris d'ordinadors a "
+"escapar del poder dels desenvolupadors de programari."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "To be admired."
@@ -69,14 +65,12 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>To be admired.</strong> If you write a successful, useful free "
-#| "program, the users will admire you. That feels very good."
msgid ""
"If you write a successful, useful free program, the users will admire you. "
"That feels very good."
msgstr ""
-"Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, els usuaris us admiraran, cosa
que fa sentir mol bé."
+"Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, els usuaris us admiraran, cosa "
+"que fa sentir mol bé."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Professional reputation."
@@ -84,14 +78,12 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Professional reputation.</strong> If you write a successful, "
-#| "useful free program, that will suffice to show you are a good programmer."
msgid ""
"If you write a successful, useful free program, that will suffice to show "
"you are a good programmer."
msgstr ""
-"Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, demostreu que sou un bon
programador."
+"Si escriviu un programa prà ctic i popular, demostreu que sou un bon "
+"programador."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Gratitude."
@@ -99,21 +91,16 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Gratitude.</strong> If you have used the community's free "
-#| "programs for years, and it has been important to your work, you feel "
-#| "grateful and indebted to their developers. When you write a program that "
-#| "could be useful to many people, that is your chance to pay it forward."
msgid ""
"If you have used the community's free programs for years, and it has been "
"important to your work, you feel grateful and indebted to their developers. "
"When you write a program that could be useful to many people, that is your "
"chance to pay it forward."
msgstr ""
-"Si durant anys heu utilitzat els programes "
-"lliures de la comunitat i han sigut importants per la vostra feina, us "
-"sentireu agraïts i en deute amb els desenvolupadors. Escriure un programa "
-"que pot ser útil per molta gent és una manera de tornar el favor."
+"Si durant anys heu utilitzat els programes lliures de la comunitat i han "
+"sigut importants per la vostra feina, us sentireu agraïts i en deute amb els
"
+"desenvolupadors. Escriure un programa que pot ser útil per molta gent és
una "
+"manera de tornar el favor."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Hatred for Microsoft."
@@ -121,15 +108,6 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Hatred for Microsoft.</strong> It is a mistake to focus our "
-#| "criticism <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\">narrowly on Microsoft</"
-#| "a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes non-free software. Even "
-#| "worse, it implements <a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\";>Digital "
-#| "Restrictions Management</a> in that software. But many other companies "
-#| "do one or both of these. Nonetheless, it is a fact that many people "
-#| "utterly despise Microsoft, and some contribute to free software based on "
-#| "that feeling."
msgid ""
"It is a mistake to focus our criticism <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html"
"\">narrowly on Microsoft</a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes non-"
@@ -137,15 +115,19 @@
"org\">Digital Restrictions Management</a> in that software. But many other "
"companies do one or both of these."
msgstr ""
-"Ãs un error centrar les nostres crÃtiques <a
href=\"/philosophy/microsoft.html\">només en Microsoft</a>. SÃ, Microsoft és
maligna, ja que crea programari no lliure. I el que encara és pitjor,
implementa la <a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\";>Digital Restrictions "
-"Management</a> en el seu programari. Però moltes altres companyies fan una o
"
-"les dues coses. "
+"Ãs un error centrar les nostres crÃtiques <a href=\"/philosophy/microsoft."
+"html\">només en Microsoft</a>. SÃ, Microsoft és maligna, ja que crea "
+"programari no lliure. I el que encara és pitjor, implementa la <a href="
+"\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\";>Digital Restrictions Management</a> en el "
+"seu programari. Però moltes altres companyies fan una o les dues coses. "
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
"Nonetheless, it is a fact that many people utterly despise Microsoft, and "
"some contribute to free software based on that feeling."
-msgstr "No obstant, és un fet que molta gent detesta totalment Microsoft, i
alguns contribueixen al programari lliure per aquesta raó."
+msgstr ""
+"No obstant, és un fet que molta gent detesta totalment Microsoft, i alguns "
+"contribueixen al programari lliure per aquesta raó."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Money."
@@ -153,14 +135,12 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Money.</strong> A considerable number of people are paid to "
-#| "develop free software or have built businesses around it."
msgid ""
"A considerable number of people are paid to develop free software or have "
"built businesses around it."
msgstr ""
-"Molta gent cobra per desenvolupar programari lliure o ha muntat un negoci de
programari lliure."
+"Molta gent cobra per desenvolupar programari lliure o ha muntat un negoci de "
+"programari lliure."
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Wanting a better program to use."
@@ -168,19 +148,14 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<strong>Wanting a better program to use.</strong> People often work on "
-#| "improvements in programs they use, in order to make them more "
-#| "convenient. (Some commentators recognize no motive other than this, but "
-#| "their picture of human nature is too narrow.)"
msgid ""
"People often work on improvements in programs they use, in order to make "
"them more convenient. (Some commentators recognize no motive other than "
"this, but their picture of human nature is too narrow.)"
msgstr ""
-"Sovint la gent treballa en millorar programes que utilitza, per fer-los més
còmodes. "
-"(Alguns comentaristes no accepten cap altre motiu fora d'aquest; la seva "
-"visió de la naturalesa humana és massa estreta.)"
+"Sovint la gent treballa en millorar programes que utilitza, per fer-los més "
+"còmodes. (Alguns comentaristes no accepten cap altre motiu fora d'aquest; la
"
+"seva visió de la naturalesa humana és massa estreta.)"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid "Education."
@@ -193,7 +168,11 @@
"encouraging your students to take part in an existing free software project "
"or organizing them into a free software project may provide an excellent "
"opportunity for them."
-msgstr "Escriure programari lliur és sovint una oportunitat de millorar
sensiblement les aptituds tècniques i socials; si sou un professor, animar els
vostres estudiants a participar en un projecte de programari lliure existent o
a organitzar-ne un pot proporcionar-los una excel·lent oportunitat."
+msgstr ""
+"Escriure programari lliur és sovint una oportunitat de millorar sensiblement
"
+"les aptituds tècniques i socials; si sou un professor, animar els vostres "
+"estudiants a participar en un projecte de programari lliure existent o a "
+"organitzar-ne un pot proporcionar-los una excel·lent oportunitat."
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -292,7 +271,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"Darrera actualització: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de
febrer de 2012."
+"Darrera actualització: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de "
+"febrer de 2012."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. timestamp start
Index: philosophy/po/javascript-trap.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/javascript-trap.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/javascript-trap.ru-en.html 2 Feb 2012 17:27:19 -0000
1.2
+++ philosophy/po/javascript-trap.ru-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:57 -0000
1.3
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/02 17:27:19 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:57 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po 6 Feb 2012 09:37:40 -0000 1.25
+++ philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca.po 7 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000 1.26
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
"Language-Team: Catalan\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -39,7 +39,8 @@
"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\";>Join our mailing list "
"about the dangers of eBooks</a>."
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\";>subscriviu-vos a la
nostra llista de correu sobre els perills dels llibres electrònics</a>."
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html\";>subscriviu-vos a la "
+"nostra llista de correu sobre els perills dels llibres electrònics</a>."
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -605,15 +606,20 @@
"organized, while we are not, so it is going against us. Here are articles "
"about bad things that have happened since the original publication of this "
"article."
-msgstr "La batalla per dret a llegir ja ha començat. L'enemic s'ha
organitzat, i nosaltres no, de manera que avança en contra nostra. AquÃ
trobareu articles sobre els fets negatius que han succeït des de la
publicació original d'aquest article."
+msgstr ""
+"La batalla per dret a llegir ja ha començat. L'enemic s'ha organitzat, i "
+"nosaltres no, de manera que avança en contra nostra. Aquà trobareu articles
"
+"sobre els fets negatius que han succeït des de la publicació original "
+"d'aquest article."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
"Today's commercial ebooks <a href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\"> "
"abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a>"
msgstr ""
-"Els llibres electrònics comercials d'avui dia <a
href=\"/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html\"> "
-"han abolit les llibertats tradicionals dels lectors.</a>"
+"Els llibres electrònics comercials d'avui dia <a href=\"/philosophy/the-"
+"danger-of-ebooks.html\"> han abolit les llibertats tradicionals dels lectors."
+"</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
@@ -622,7 +628,10 @@
"\"http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse\";> contract not to lend it "
"to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can revoke at will."
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html\";>El web d'un
\"manual de biologia\"</a> al que només podeu accedir signant un <a
href=\"http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse\";>contracte que no
permet deixar-lo a ningú</a> i que l'editor pot revocar al seu arbitri."
+"<a href=\"http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html\";>El web d'un "
+"\"manual de biologia\"</a> al que només podeu accedir signant un <a href="
+"\"http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse\";>contracte que no permet "
+"deixar-lo a ningú</a> i que l'editor pot revocar al seu arbitri."
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
@@ -654,7 +663,12 @@
"campaign's mailing list to lend a hand. And <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/";
"associate\">join the FSF</a> to help fund our work."
msgstr ""
-"Si volem aturar les males notÃcies i produir-ne de bones, necessitem
organitzar-nos i lluitar. La campanya de la FSF <a
href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>Defective by Design</a> ha començat.
Subscriviu-vos a la llista de correu de la campanya per donar un cop de mà . I
<a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/associate\";>uniu-vos a la FSF</a> per ajudar-nos a
finançar les nostres activitats."
+"Si volem aturar les males notÃcies i produir-ne de bones, necessitem "
+"organitzar-nos i lluitar. La campanya de la FSF <a href=\"http://";
+"defectivebydesign.org\">Defective by Design</a> ha començat. Subscriviu-vos "
+"a la llista de correu de la campanya per donar un cop de mà . I <a href="
+"\"http://www.fsf.org/associate\";>uniu-vos a la FSF</a> per ajudar-nos a "
+"finançar les nostres activitats."
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Content of: <h3>
@@ -807,7 +821,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"Darrera revisió: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer
de 2012."
+"Darrera revisió: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer "
+"de 2012."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. timestamp start
Index: philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.pot 20 Sep 2011 17:18:31 -0000
1.5
+++ philosophy/po/stallman-mec-india.pot 7 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000
1.6
@@ -7,47 +7,147 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:30-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
-"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
#. type: Content of: <title>
-msgid "Stallman's Speech at Model Engineering College About Software Patent
Dangers"
+msgid ""
+"Stallman's Speech at Model Engineering College About Software Patent Dangers "
+"- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "The Danger of Software Patents"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p><i>
-msgid "<i>Speech by Richard M. Stallman"
+#. type: Content of: <p><em>
+msgid "<em>Speech by Richard M. Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "at Model Engineering College, Government of Kerala, India</em>"
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid "at Government Model Engineering College, India</i>"
+msgid ""
+"(An <a href=\"http://www.sslug.dk/~chlor/ogg/rms/\";>audio recording</a> of "
+"this talk is available.)"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Summary"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "<a href=\"#intro\">Introduction of the speaker</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf\">Stallman's speech</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf1\">There are two things wrong with the phrase "
+"“intellectual property.”</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf2\">Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each "
+"other.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf3\">How the patent system works.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf4\">You have to work with a lawyer.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf5\">Avoid the patent.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf6\">License the patent.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf7\">Challenge the validity of the patent.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf8\">Nobody can reinvent the entire field of
software.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf9\">The relationship between patents and products varies "
+"between the fields.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf10\">Program development is hampered by software
patents.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#conf11\">What can a country do to avoid this problem?</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf12\">Preventing India from having software patents will be up "
+"to the citizens of India.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf13\">Businesses should demand opposition to software "
+"patents.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#conf14\">It's important for countries to work together against "
+"this.</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "<a href=\"#questions\">Questions from the audience</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#questions1\">Questions about software patents</a>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "<a href=\"#questions2\">Questions about free software</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Introduction of the speaker"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"<strong>Prof. Jyothi John, Head of Computer Engineering Department "
"introduces Stallman:</strong>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"It's my privilege and duty to welcome the most distinguished guest ever we "
"had in this college."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Mr. Richard Mathew Stallman launched the development of the GNU operating "
"system in 1984, the goal being to create a completely free Unix-like "
@@ -55,17 +155,17 @@
"purpose is the Free Software Foundation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Stallman is a visionary of computing in our times, and is the genius behind "
-"programs such as emacs, gcc, the GNU debugger and more. Most importantly, "
+"programs such as Emacs, GCC, the GNU debugger and more. Most importantly, "
"he's the author of the GNU General Public License, the license under which "
"more than half of all free software is distributed and developed. The "
"combination of GNU with Linux, the kernel, called the GNU/Linux operating "
"system, now has an estimated twenty million users worldwide."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Stallman's concept of free software talks about freedom, rather than about "
"price. His ideas go a long way into ensuring development of software for "
@@ -74,18 +174,18 @@
"modify and redistribute."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Stallman received the Grace Hopper award from the Association for Computing "
"Machinery for 1991, in 1990 he was awarded MacArthur Foundation Fellowship "
"— other recipients of this prestigious award include Noam Chomsky and "
-"Tim Berners-Lee. In 1996, an honorary doctorate of Technology from the Royal "
-"Institute, Sweden was awarded to him. In 1998, he received the Electronic "
-"Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award, along with Linus Torvalds. In 1999 he "
-"received the Yuri Rubinski Memorial award."
+"Tim Berners-Lee. In 1996, an honorary doctorate of Technology from the "
+"Royal Institute, Sweden was awarded to him. In 1998, he received the "
+"Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer award, along with Linus Torvalds. "
+"In 1999 he received the Yuri Rubinski Memorial award."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Today, Stallman will be talking about the danger of software patents. In "
"fact this is one of the most important aspect of the freedom of programming "
@@ -94,599 +194,662 @@
"registered by some other company."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Stallman's speech"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"After that introduction, I am sure many of you want to know about Free "
-"Software. But unfortunately that's not what I am supposed to speak about. "
-"In fact, this topic, software patents, is not very closely related to the "
-"issue of Free Software. Software patents are a danger that affect all "
-"programmers and all computer users. I found out about them of course in "
-"working on Free Software because they are a danger to my project as well as "
-"to every other software project in the world."
+"After that introduction, I am sure many of you want to know about free "
+"software. But unfortunately that's not what I am supposed to speak about. "
+"In fact, this topic, software patents, is <em>not</em> very closely related "
+"to the issue of free software. Software patents are a danger that affect "
+"all programmers and all computer users. I found out about them, of course, "
+"in working on free software because they are a danger to my project as well "
+"as to every other software project in the world."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid ""
+"There are two things wrong with the phrase “intellectual "
+"property.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"There is a very unfortunate phrase that you may have heard. It is the "
-"phrase “intellectual property”. Now, there are two things wrong "
-"with this phrase. One — it prejudges the most important policy "
-"question about how to treat some kind of ideas or practices or work. So, "
-"whatever it assumes that they are going to be treated as some kind of "
-"property. Now, this is a public policy decision and you should be able to "
-"consider various alternatives to choose the best one. Which means you "
-"shouldn't name the whole field, name the question with with a term that "
-"prejudges what kind of answer you use."
+"phrase “intellectual property.” Now, there are two things wrong "
+"with this phrase."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But second and and even more fundamental, that term is actually a catalogue "
-"for totally different areas of law including copyrights, patents, "
+"One — it prejudges the most important policy question about how to "
+"treat some kind of ideas or practices or works, or whatever. It assumes that "
+"they are going to be treated as some kind of property. Now, this is a public "
+"policy decision and you should be able to consider various alternatives to "
+"choose the best one. Which means you shouldn't name the whole field, name "
+"the question with a term that prejudges what kind of answer you use."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"But second and and even more fundamental, that term is actually a catchall "
+"for totally different areas of law, including copyrights, patents, "
"trademarks, trade secrets and various other things as well. Now these areas "
-"of a law in fact have almost nothing in common. What the laws say is "
+"of the law in fact have almost nothing in common. What the laws say is "
"totally different from one to the next. Their origins are completely "
-"independent and the public policy issues that they raise are completely "
-"different. So the only intelligent way to think about them is to pick one "
+"independent and the public policy issues they raise are completely "
+"different. So, the only intelligent way to think about them is to pick one "
"of them and think about it; think about them separately."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So the intelligent way to talk about them is never to generalize about them "
-"but to talk about a specific one, you know, talk about copyrights or talk "
-"about patents or talk about trademarks, but never lump them all together as "
-"intellectual property because that is a recipe for simplistic conclusions. "
-"It is almost impossible to think intelligently about “intellectual "
+"but to talk about a specific one, you know, talk about copyrights, or talk "
+"about patents, or talk about trademarks, but never lump them all together as "
+"intellectual property because that's a recipe for simplistic conclusions. "
+"It's almost impossible to think intelligently about “intellectual "
"property” and so I refuse to do that. I just tell people why the term "
-"is a mistake and then if you ask me for my opinion on copyrights or my "
-"opinion on patents it will take me an hour to tell you it. But they are two "
-"different opinions and my opinion on trademarks is something completely "
-"different as well."
+"is a mistake, and then if you ask me for my opinion on copyrights or my "
+"opinion on patents, it will take me an hour to tell you it. But they are "
+"two different opinions, and my opinion about trademarks is something "
+"completely different as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Copyrights and patents have nothing to do with each other."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So the most important thing for you to start with is never mix copyrights "
-"and patents as topics. They have nothing to do for each other. Let me tell "
-"you some of the basic differences between copyrights and patents: a "
-"copyright deals with a particular work, usually a written work and it has to "
-"do with the details of that work. Ideas are completely excluded from "
-"it. Patents, by contrast — well, patent covers an idea. It's that "
-"simple and any idea that you can describe — that's what a patent might "
+"and patents as topics. They have nothing to do with each other. Let me "
+"tell you some of the basic differences between copyrights and patents:"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"A copyright deals with a particular work, usually a written work, and it has "
+"to do with the details of that work. Ideas are completely excluded. "
+"Patents, by contrast — well, a patent covers an idea. It's that "
+"simple, and any idea that you can describe, that's what a patent might "
"restrict you from doing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"Now, copyrights have to do with copying; if you wrote something that was "
-"word for word the same as some famous novel and you could prove that you did "
-"this while you were locked up in a room and you have never seen that novel, "
-"this would not be copyright violation because it's not copying. But a "
-"patent is an absolute monopoly on using a particular idea. Even if you "
-"could show that you thought of it on your own that would be considered "
+"Now, copyrights have to do with copying. If you wrote something that was "
+"word for word the same as some famous novel, and you could prove that you "
+"did this while you were locked up in a room and you have never seen that "
+"novel, this would not be copyright violation because it's not copying. But "
+"a patent is an absolute monopoly on using a particular idea. And even if "
+"you could show that you thought of it on your own, that would be considered "
"totally irrelevant. It doesn't help you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
-"Now, copyrights exist automatically. Whenever anything is written, it is "
+"Now, copyrights exist automatically. Whenever anything is written, it's "
"copyrighted. Patents are issued through an expensive application process. "
"There is an expensive fee and even more expense in paying lawyers, which of "
-"course tends to be good for big companies and the patent office says that it "
-"only issues patents for things that are unobvious. However, practically "
+"course tends to be good for big companies. And the patent office says that "
+"it only issues patents for things that are unobvious. However, practically "
"speaking, in many patent offices the criterion is unobvious to somebody with "
"an IQ of fifty. And they have all sorts of excuses to ignore the fact that "
-"whenever any programmer looks at it his first statement is, “this is "
-"absurd, it's obvious”. They say, “well, this is "
-"hindsight”. So they have an excuse to completely ignore the judgment "
-"of everybody who really is a programmer."
+"whenever any programmer looks at it, his first statement is “this is "
+"absurd, it's obvious.” They say “well, this is hindsight.” "
+"So they just have an excuse to completely ignore the judgment of everybody "
+"who really is a programmer."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
msgid ""
"Now, copyrights last an extremely long time. In the US today it's possible "
-"for copyrights to last for a 150 years, which is absurd. Patents don't last "
-"that long; they merely last for a long time — 20 years which in the "
-"field of software, as you can imagine is a long time. Now there are many "
-"other differences as well. In fact every detail is different. So the worst "
-"thing you should ever do is to learn something about copyrights and suppose "
-"that the same is true of patents. No, more likely it is not true of "
-"patents. If it's true of copyrights, it's not true of patents. That would "
-"be a better guideline if you had to guess."
+"for copyrights to last for 150 years, which is absurd. Patents don't last "
+"that long; they merely last for a long time — 20 years, which in the "
+"field of software, as you can imagine, is a long time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Now there are many other differences as well. In fact every detail is "
+"different. So the worst thing you should ever do is learn something about "
+"copyrights and suppose that the same is true of patents. No, more likely "
+"it's not true of patents. If it's true of copyrights, it's not true for "
+"patents. That would be a better guideline if you have to guess."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "How the patent system works."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Now most of the time when people describe how the patent system works they "
+"Now most of the time when people describe how the patent system works, they "
"are people with a vested interest in the system. And so they describe the "
"patent system from the point of view of somebody who wants to get a patent "
-"and then point it at programmers and say, “hand me your money”. "
-"This is natural, you know, when they sell lottery tickets they talk about "
+"and then point it at programmers and say “hand me your money.” "
+"This is natural, you know; when they sell lottery tickets, they talk about "
"people who win, not people who lose. Of course most of the people lose, but "
-"they don't want you to think about them and so they talk about the ones who "
-"win. It's the same with patents."
+"they don't want you to think about that, so they talk about the ones who "
+"win. It's the same with patents. The patent system is a very expensive "
+"lottery for its participants. But of course, the people who run the system "
+"want you to think about the small chance you might win."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"The patent system is a very expensive lottery for its participants. But of "
-"course the people who run the system want you to think about the small "
-"chance you might win. So to redress this imbalance, I am going to explain "
-"what the patent system looks like from the point of view of somebody who "
-"might be a victim of a patent. That is, somebody who wants to develop "
-"software. So, suppose that you want to develop a program and you were in a "
-"country that has software patents. How do you have to deal with the patent "
-"system."
+"So to redress this imbalance, I am going to explain what the patent system "
+"looks like from the point of view of somebody who might be the victim of a "
+"patent; that is, somebody who wants to develop software. Suppose that you "
+"want to develop a program and you are in a country that has software "
+"patents. How do you have to deal with the patent system?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Well, the first thing is you have to find out about the patents that might "
"potentially affect your area. This is impossible, because patents that are "
-"in the pipeline being considered by the patent office, are secret. Well, in "
-"some countries they are published after 18 months but that still gives "
-"plenty of time for it to be secret. So you might develop a program this "
+"in the pipeline, being considered by the patent office, are secret. Well, "
+"in some countries they are published after 18 months but that still gives "
+"plenty of time for them to be secret. So you might develop a program this "
"year, which is perfectly legal and safe this year. And then next year, a "
-"patent could be issued and all of a sudden you could be sued. It happens, "
-"or your users could get sued."
+"patent could be issued and all of a sudden you could be sued. It happens. Or "
+"your users could get sued."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"For instance, in 1984 the compress program was developed and since it was "
-"Free Software. It was distributed by many companies along with Unix "
+"For instance, in 1984 the Compress program was developed and, since it was "
+"free software, it was distributed by many companies along with Unix "
"systems. Well, in 1985, a US patent was issued on the LZW compression "
-"algorithm used by compress. And after a few years UNISYS began squeezing "
+"algorithm used by Compress, and after a few years Unisys began squeezing "
"money out of various companies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Well, since we in the GNU project needed a data compression program and "
-"since we could not use compress we began looking for some other compression "
-"program. We found that somebody came forward and said, “I have been "
-"working on this algorithm for a year and now I have decided I am going to "
-"contribute it to you. Here is the code”. We were a week away from "
-"releasing this program when I just happened to see a copy of the New York "
-"Times, which doesn't happen very often, and it just happened to have the "
-"weekly patents column and I noted it and so I read it. It said that "
-"somebody had got a patent for inventing a new method, a better method of "
-"data compression."
+"since we could not use Compress, we began looking for some other compression "
+"program. We found out about… Somebody came forward and said: "
+"“I have been working on this algorithm for a year and now I have "
+"decided I am going to contribute it to you, and here is the code.” We "
+"were a week away from releasing this program when I just happened to see a "
+"copy of the New York Times, which doesn't happen very often, and it just "
+"happened to have the weekly patents column and I noted it and so I read it. "
+"It said that somebody had got a patent for inventing a new method, a better "
+"method of data compression. Well, that was not in fact true. When I saw "
+"this, I thought we'd better get a copy of this patent and see if it's a "
+"problem, and it turned out to cover exactly the algorithm that we were about "
+"to release. So this program was killed one week before it was released. "
+"And in fact that person, that patent holder, had not invented a better "
+"method, because in fact it wasn't new. But that doesn't matter, he had a "
+"monopoly."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Well, that was not in fact true. When I saw this I thought we'd better get "
-"copy of this patent and see if it's a problem and it turned out to cover "
-"exactly the same algorithm that we were about to release. So this program "
-"was killed one week before it was released. And in fact that person, that "
-"patent holder had not invented a better method because in fact it wasn't "
-"new, but that doesn't matter. He had a monopoly."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So eventually we found another compression algorithm which is used in the "
+"Eventually we found another compression algorithm which is used in the "
"program that's known as GISA. But this illustrates the danger that you "
"face: even if you had unlimited resources, you couldn't find out about all "
"the patents that might endanger your project. But you can find out about "
"the issued patents because they are published by the patent office. So in "
-"principle you could read them all, and see what they restrict you from "
-"doing. Practically speaking, though, once there are software patents there "
-"are so many of them that you can't keep up with them."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"In the US there are over a hundred thousand of them; may be two hundred "
-"thousand of them. This is just an estimate. I know that 10 years ago they "
-"were issuing 10,000 a year and I believe it has accelerated since then. So "
-"it's too much for you to keep track of them unless that's your full-time "
-"job. Now you can try to search for those that are relevant to what you are "
-"doing, and this works some of the time. If you search for keywords or "
-"follow links you'll find some patents that are relevant to what you are "
-"doing. You won't find them all."
+"principle, you could read them all, and see what they restrict, what they "
+"prohibit you from doing. Practically speaking though, once there are "
+"software patents there are so many of them that you can't keep up with "
+"them. In the US there are over a hundred thousand of them; may be two "
+"hundred thousand by now. This is just an estimate. I know that 10 years "
+"ago they were issuing 10,000 a year and I believe that it has accelerated "
+"since then. So it's too much for you to keep track of them unless that's "
+"your full-time job. Now you can try to search for the ones that are "
+"relevant to what you are doing, and this works some of the time. If you "
+"search for certain keywords or follow links, you'll find some patents that "
+"are relevant to what you're doing. You won't find them <em>all</em>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Now, a few years ago somebody had a US patent — may be it's expired by "
"now — on natural order recalculation in spreadsheets. Now, what does "
"this mean? It means the original spreadsheets did the recalculation always "
-"from top to bottom. Which meant, if a cell depends on a lower cell, then it "
-"wouldn't get recalculated the first time. You have to do another "
-"recalculation to get that one. Clearly it's better to do the recalculation "
-"in the order, you know, if A depends on B then do B first and then do A. "
-"This way a single recalculation will make everything consistent."
+"from top to bottom. Which meant that if a cell ever depended on a lower "
+"cell, then it wouldn't get recalculated the first time; you'd have to do "
+"another recalculation to get that one. Clearly it's better to do the "
+"recalculation in the order, you know. If A depends on B, then do B first "
+"and then do A. This way a single recalculation will make everything "
+"consistent. Well, that's what the patent covered."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Well, that's what the patent covered. Now if you search for the term "
-"spreadsheet you would not have found that patent because that term did not "
-"appear in it. The phrase “natural order recalculation” didn't "
-"appear either. This algorithm, and it was indeed the algorithm they covered "
-"basically every imaginable way of coding this algorithm. The algorithm is "
-"called topological sorting and that term did not appear in the patent "
-"either. It presented itself as a patent on a technique for compilation. So "
-"reasonable searching would not have found this patent but it would have been "
-"a reason to sue you."
+"Now, if you searched for the term spreadsheet, you would not have found that "
+"patent because that term did not appear in it. The phrase “natural "
+"order recalculation” didn't appear either. This algorithm — and "
+"it was indeed the algorithm that they covered, basically every imaginable "
+"way of coding this algorithm — the algorithm is called topological "
+"sorting, and that term did not appear in the patent either. It presented "
+"itself as a patent on a technique for compilation. So, reasonable searching "
+"would not have found this patent but it would still have been a basis to sue "
+"you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"In fact you can't tell what a software patent covers even roughly, except by "
-"studying it carefully. This is different from patents in other areas "
-"because in other areas there is some physical thing happening and the "
-"details of that physical thing usually give you a sort of anger so that you "
-"can tell whether it relates or not. But in software there is no such thing "
+"studying it carefully. This is different from patents in other areas, "
+"because in other areas there is some physical thing happening, and the "
+"details of that physical thing usually give you a sort of anchor so that you "
+"can tell whether it relates or not. But in software there is no such thing, "
"and so it's easy for two totally different ways of saying something to "
-"cover, in fact, the same computation and it takes careful study to see that "
-"they cover the same one. Because of this even the patent office can't keep "
-"track. So there is not one, but two patents covering LZW data compression. "
-"The first one was issued in 1985 and the second, I think, in 1989."
+"cover, in fact, the same computation, and it takes careful study to see that "
+"they cover the same one. Because of this, even the patent office can't keep "
+"track. So, there is not one, but two patents covering LZW data "
+"compression. The first one was issued in 1985 and I think the second one in "
+"1989. But that one I think had been applied for even earlier. One of these "
+"patents belongs to Unisys and the other belongs to IBM."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But that one had been applied for even earlier. One of these patents "
-"belongs to Unisys and the other belongs to IBM. Now, this kind of mistake "
-"is not in fact that rare. It's not the only one. You see patent examiners "
-"don't have a lot of time to spend on one patent. In the US they have an "
-"average of 17 hours per patent. Now that's not enough to carefully study "
-"all the other patents in the area to see if they are really the same thing. "
-"So they are going to make this kind of mistake over and over. So you won't "
-"find all the patents that might threaten you but you might find some of "
-"them."
+"Now, this kind of mistake is not in fact that rare. It's not the only one. "
+"You see, patent examiners don't have a lot of time to spend on one patent. "
+"In the US they have an average of 17 hours per patent. Now that's not "
+"enough to carefully study all the other patents in the area to see if they "
+"are really the same thing. So they are going to make this kind of mistake "
+"over and over."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "You have to work with a lawyer."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So then what do you do? You have to try to figure out precisely what these "
-"patents prohibit. That is very hard because patents are written in tortuous "
-"legal language which is very hard for an engineer to understand. You are "
-"going to have to work with a lawyer to do it."
+"So you won't find all the patents that might threaten you but you'll find "
+"some of them. Then what do you do? You have to try to figure out precisely "
+"what these patents prohibit. That is very hard, because patents are written "
+"in tortuous legal language which is very hard for an engineer to "
+"understand. You are going to have to work with a lawyer to do it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In the 1980's the Australian Government commissioned a study of the patent "
+"In the 1980's the Australian government commissioned a study of the patent "
"system. The patent system in general, not software patents. This study "
"concluded that Australia would be better off abolishing the patent system "
-"because it did very little good for society and cause a lot of trouble. The "
-"only reason they didn't recommend is that international pressure. So one of "
-"the things they cited was that patents which was supposed to disclose "
-"information so that they would no longer be secret or in fact useless, for "
-"that purpose, engineers never looked at patents to try and learn anything "
-"because it's too hard to read them. In fact they quoted that an engineer "
-"saying “I can't recognize my own inventions in patents”."
+"because it did very little good for society and caused a lot of trouble. "
+"The only reason they didn't recommend that was international pressure. So "
+"one of the things they cited was that patents, which were supposed to "
+"disclose information so that it would no longer be secret, were in fact "
+"useless for that purpose. Engineers never looked at patents to try to learn "
+"anything, because it's too hard to read them. In fact they quoted an "
+"engineer saying “I can't recognize my own inventions in patent "
+"deeds.” Now this is not just theoretical."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Few years ago an engineer in US named Paul Heckel was suing Apple. He had a "
-"couple of software patents in the late 80's for a software package and then "
-"when he saw hypercards and looked at inside — this is nothing like my "
-"program. He didn't think any more of it. But later on his lawyer explained "
-"to him that if you read this patent carefully hypercards fell into the "
-"prohibited area. So he sued Apple feeling this is an opportunity to get "
-"some money. Well once when I give a speech like this, he was in the "
-"audience, and he said “oh no that's not true. I just wasn't aware of "
-"the scope of my protection” and I said “yeah, that's what I "
-"said”."
+"A few years ago, an engineer in the US named Paul Heckel was suing Apple. "
+"He got a couple of software patents in the late 80's for a software package, "
+"and then when he saw Hypercard he looked at it and said “ this is "
+"nothing like my program,” and didn't think anymore of it. But then "
+"later on, his lawyer explained to him that if you read his patents "
+"carefully, Hypercard fell into the prohibited area. So he sued Apple, "
+"figuring this was an opportunity to get some money. Well, once when I gave "
+"a speech like this, he was in the audience, and he said “oh no that's "
+"not true, I just wasn't aware of the scope of my protection.” And I "
+"said “yeah, that's what I said.”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So you are going to have to spend a lot of time working with a lawyer and "
-"explaining to the lawyer what projects you are working on, so that the "
-"lawyer can explain you what are the patents employed. This is going to be "
-"expensive and when you're done the lawyer will tell you something like this: "
-"“If you do something in this area you are almost sure to lose a "
-"lawsuit. If you do something in this area you are in a substantial danger "
-"and if you really want to be safe you better stay out of this area and of "
-"course there is a substantial element of chance in the outcome of any "
-"lawsuit”. So now that you have a predictable terrain for doing "
-"business what are you going to do?"
+"explaining to the lawyer what project you are working on, so the lawyer can "
+"explain to you what the patents imply. This is going to be expensive, and "
+"when you're done the lawyer will tell you something like this: “If you "
+"do something in this area, you are almost sure to lose a lawsuit. If you do "
+"something in this area, you are in a substantial danger, and if you really "
+"want to be safe you'd better stay out of this area, and, of course there is "
+"a substantial element of chance in the outcome of any lawsuit.” So now "
+"that you have a predictable terrain for doing business, what are you going "
+"to do?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Well, you have three options to consider — you can try to avoid the "
-"patent, you can try to license the patent, or you can try to challenge its "
-"validity in court. Any one these three is sometimes a viable alternative "
-"and sometimes not."
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Well, you have three options to consider:"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"First let's consider avoiding the patent. Well in some cases that's is "
-"easy. You know Unisys was frightening people using the patent on LZW "
-"compression which is have to find another data compression algorithm or we "
-"can avoid that patent. Well, that was somewhat difficult because there are "
-"many other patents covering lots of other data compression algorithms. But "
-"eventually we found one that was not in the area that those others' patents "
-"cover, eventually we did. So that program was implemented. It actually gave "
-"better compression results and so we now have GZIP and a lot of people use "
-"GZIP. So in that one case it was, there was considerable work and we were "
-"able to do it to avoid that patent."
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "you can try to <a href=\"#conf5\">avoid the patent</a>,"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "you can try to <a href=\"#conf6\">license the patent</a>,"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><ul><li>
+msgid "or you can try to <a href=\"#conf7\">challenge its validity</a> in
court"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Any one of these three is sometimes a viable alternative, and sometimes
not."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Avoid the patent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But in the 80's Compuserv defined an image format called GIF and used LZW "
-"compression algorithm in defining it. Well, of course once the uproar about "
-"the patent become known, people defined another image format using a "
-"different compression algorithm. They used GZIP algorithm and that format "
-"is called the PNG format which I suppose to mean that PNG is Not GIF."
+"First, let's consider avoiding the patent. Well, in some cases that's "
+"easy. You know, Unisys was threatening people using the patent on LZW "
+"compression; we just had to find another data compression algorithm and we "
+"could avoid that patent. Well, that was somewhat difficult because there "
+"were many other patents covering lots of other data compression algorithms. "
+"But eventually we found one that was not in the area that those others' "
+"patents cover; eventually we did. So that program was implemented. It "
+"actually gave better compression results and so we now have GZIP, and a lot "
+"of people use GZIP. So, in that one case it was considerable work but we "
+"were able to do it, to avoid that patent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But there was a problem: lots of people have already started using GIF "
-"format and there were many programs that could display GIF format and "
-"produce GIF format but they couldn't display PNG format. So the result was "
-"people felt it too hard to switch. You see when you are dealing with a data "
-"compression program used by somebody who says “I want to compress some "
-"data or you can give them a data compression program”. If he can get "
-"sued for using this one and you give him another one he will switch."
+"But in the 80's, Compuserv defined an image format called GIF and used LZW "
+"compression in defining it. Well, of course once the uproar about these "
+"patents became known, people defined another image format using a different "
+"compression algorithm. They used the GZIP algorithm, and that format is "
+"called PNG format, which I suppose means PNG is Not GIF."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But what you want to do is make images that can be displayed by Netscape, "
-"then he can't switch unless Netscape handles the other format, and it "
-"didn't. It took years, I think, before Netscape started to handle PNG "
-"format. So people essentially said “I can't switch, I just "
-"haven't” and so the result was the society had invested so much in "
-"this one format but the inertia was too great for a switch even now there "
-"was another superior format available."
+"But there was a problem: lots of people had already started using GIF "
+"format, and there were many programs that could display GIF format and "
+"produce GIF format and they couldn't display PNG format. So the result was "
+"people felt it was too hard to switch. You see, when you are dealing with a "
+"data compression program used by somebody who says “I want to compress "
+"some data,” well, you can give him a different data compression "
+"program; if he can get sued for using this one and you give him another one, "
+"he'll switch; but if what he wants to do is make images that can be "
+"displayed by Netscape, then he can't switch, unless Netscape handles the "
+"other format… and it didn't. It took years, I think, before Netscape "
+"started to handle PNG format. So people essentially said “I can't "
+"switch, I just have… ” And so the result was, society had "
+"invested so much in this one format, that the inertia was too great for a "
+"switch, even though there was another superior format available."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So even when a patent is rather narrow, avoiding it can be very hard. "
-"Postscript specifications includes LZW compression which we and our "
-"implementation of a postscript cannot implement. We supported another kind "
-"of compression in some sense that's not correct even though it does the "
-"useful job. So even a narrow patent is always feasible to avoid."
+"Even when a patent is rather narrow, avoiding it can be very hard. The "
+"Postscript specification includes LZW compression, which we in our "
+"implementation of postscript cannot implement. We support another kind of "
+"compression in some sense that is not correct, even though it does the "
+"useful job. So, even a narrow patent is not always feasible to avoid."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Now, sometimes a feature gets patented. In that case, you can avoid the "
-"patents by taking out that feature. In the late 80's the users of the word "
-"processor XyWrite got a downgrade in mail. That word processor had a "
+"patent by taking out that feature. In the late 80's the users of the word "
+"processor XyWrite got a downgrade in the mail. That word processor had a "
"feature where you could define a short word or sequence as an abbreviation. "
-"Whenever you type in that short sequence and then a space it would turn into "
-"a longer expansion. You could define this anywhere you write. Then "
-"somebody patented this and XyWrite decided to deal with the patent by "
+"Whenever you typed in that short sequence and then a space, it would turn "
+"into a longer expansion. You could define these any way you liked. Then "
+"somebody patented this, and XyWrite decided to deal with the patent by "
"removing the feature. They contacted me because in fact I had put a feature "
-"like that into the original Emacs editor back in the 70's — many years "
-"before that patent. So there was a chance that I could provide evidence "
-"would enable them to fight the patent."
+"like that into the original Emacs editor back in the 70's, many years before "
+"this patent. So there was a chance that I could provide evidence that would "
+"enable them to fight the patent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Well, this at least showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in my "
-"life. I know of it because someone else patented it. Now, of course you "
-"can respond to these patented features by taking the features out. Once "
-"your program starts missing several features that users want, it might be "
-"useless as a program."
+"Well, this showed me that I had at least one patentable idea in my life. I "
+"know because someone else patented it. Now, of course, you can respond to "
+"these patented features by taking the features out. But once your program "
+"starts being missing several features that users want, it might be useless "
+"as a program."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Now you may have heard of Adobe Photoshop. We have a program called the "
-"GIMP which is more powerful and general than Photoshop. But there is a one "
-"important feature that it doesn't have which is pantom color matching, which "
-"is very important for people who want actually print the images on paper and "
-"get reliable results. This feature is omitted because it is patented. And "
-"as a result, the program for one substantial class of users is crippled. If "
-"you look at programs today you see that they often provide many features and "
-"what the users demand is features. If any important feature is missing, "
-"well, it is easy to leave it out. But the results may be very bad."
+"GIMP which is more powerful and general than Photoshop. But there is one "
+"important feature that it doesn't have which is Pantone color matching, "
+"which is very important for people who want to actually print the images on "
+"paper and get reliable results. This feature is omitted because it's "
+"patented. And as a result, the program for one substantial class of users "
+"is crippled."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"If you look at programs today, you'll see that they often provide many "
+"features, and the users demand these features. If any important feature is "
+"missing, well, it's easy to leave it out, but the results may be very bad."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Of course, sometimes a patent is so broad that it's impossible to avoid
it."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Of course, sometimes a patent is so broad that is impossible to avoid it. "
"Public key encryption is essential for computer users to have privacy. The "
-"whole field was patented. That patent expired just four years ago, so they "
-"could dream now Free Software in the US for public key encryption. Until "
-"then many programs free and non-free were wiped out by the Patent Office. "
-"And in fact that the whole area of computing was held back for more than a "
-"decade despite strong interest. So, that is the possibility of avoiding the "
-"patents."
+"whole field was patented. That patent expired just four years ago; there "
+"could be no free software in the US for public key encryption, until then: "
+"many programs, both free and nonfree, were wiped out by the patent holders. "
+"And in fact that whole area of computing was held back for more than a "
+"decade despite strong interest."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "License the patent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Another possibility that is sometimes available is to license the patent. "
-"Now the patent holder is not required to offer you a license that's his. "
-"The patent holder can say “I am not licensing this, you are just out "
-"of business. Period”."
+"So, that is the possibility of avoiding the patent. Another possibility "
+"that is sometimes available is to license the patent. Now, the patent "
+"holder is not required to offer you a license that's his whim. The patent "
+"holder can say “I'm not licensing this, you're just out of business, "
+"period!”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In the League for Programming Freedom we heard in the early 90's from "
-"somebody whose family business was making casino games, computerized of "
-"course, and he had then threatened by somebody who have a patent on a very "
-"broad category of computerized casino games. The patent covered a network "
-"where there is more than one machine and each machine support more than one "
-"type and they can display more than one game in progress at time. Now one "
-"thing you should realize is the patent office thinks that is really "
-"brilliant. If you see that other people implemented doing one thing and you "
-"decided to support two or more. You know if they made a system that plays "
-"one game and if you make it able to play more than one game that's an "
-"invention. If you can display one game and you decided to setup so that "
-"display two games at once that's an invention."
+"In the League for Programming Freedom, we heard in the early 90's from "
+"somebody whose family business was making casino games — computerized "
+"of course — and he had been threatened by somebody who had a patent on "
+"a very broad category of computerized casino games. The patent covered a "
+"network where there is more than one machine, and each machine supports more "
+"than one kind of game and can display more than one game in progress at a "
+"time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"If he get with one computer and you do it with network having notebook "
-"computers that's an invention for them. They think that these steps are "
-"really brilliant. Of course we in Computer Science know this is just a rule "
-"that we can generalize anything from one to more than one. So most obvious "
-"principle there is. So every time you write a subroutine that's what you're "
+"Now, one thing you should realize is the patent office thinks that it's "
+"really brilliant. If you see that other people implemented doing one thing "
+"and you decide to support doing two or more — you know, if they made a "
+"system that plays one game and if you make it able to play more than one "
+"game — that's an invention. If it can display one game and you decide "
+"to set it up so that it can display two games at once, that's an invention. "
+"If he did it with one computer and you do it with a network having multiple "
+"computers, that's an invention for them. They think that these steps are "
+"really brilliant."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, we in computer science know that this is just a rule, you can "
+"generalize anything from one to more than one. It's the most obvious "
+"principle there is. Every time you write a subroutine, that's what you're "
"doing. So this is one of the systematic reasons why the patent system "
-"produces and then oppose patents that we would all say are ridiculously "
-"obvious. You can presume just because it's ridiculously obvious that they "
-"wouldn't be upheld by a court. They may be legally valid despite the fact "
-"that are stupid. So he was faced with this patent and the patent holder was "
-"not even offering him the chance to get a license. “Shutdown!” "
-"— that's what the patent holder said, and that's what he eventually "
-"did. He couldn't afford to fight it."
+"produces, and then upholds patents that we would all say are ridiculously "
+"obvious. You can't assume, just because it's ridiculously obvious, that "
+"they wouldn't be upheld by a court. They may be legally valid despite the "
+"fact that are utterly stupid."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"However many patent holders will offer you chance of a license. But it cost "
-"you dearly. The owners of the natural order recalculation patent would be "
-"demanding five percent of the gross sales of every spreadsheet and that I "
-"was told was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. If you insisted on fighting over "
-"the matter they would be charging more. Now you could, I suppose, sign a "
-"license like that for one patent, you could do it for two, you could do it "
-"for three. For what I think twenty different patents for your program and "
-"each patent holder wants five percent of the gross sales. What I have said "
-"twenty — one of them disagrees, then you are pretty badly screwed."
+"So he was faced with this patent and the patent holder was not even offering "
+"him the chance to get a license. “Shutdown!” is what the patent "
+"holder said, and that's what he eventually did. He couldn't afford to fight "
+"it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But actually business people tell you that two or three of such patents "
-"would be such a big burden that they would make the company fail in "
-"practice, even if in theory it might have a chance. So a license for a "
-"patent is not necessarily a feasible thing to do, and for us, the Free "
-"Software developers, we're in the worst position because we can't even count "
-"the copies and most licenses domain in the field for copying so that's "
-"absolutely impossible for us to use one of these licenses. You know that if "
-"a license charged one millionth part of a rupee for each copy, we would be "
-"unable to comply because we can't count the copies. The total amount of "
-"money that I might have in my pocket, but I can't count it so I can't pay "
-"it. So we suffer some special burden occasionally."
+"However, many patent holders will offer you a chance of a license. But it "
+"will cost you dearly. The owners of the natural order recalculation patent "
+"were demanding five percent of the gross sales of every spreadsheet. And "
+"that, I was told, was the cheap pre-lawsuit price. If you insisted on "
+"fighting over the matter, they were going to charge more. Now you could, I "
+"suppose, sign a license like that for one patent, you could do it for two, "
+"you could do it for three. But what if there are twenty different patents "
+"in your program, and each patent holder wants five percent of the gross "
+"sales? What if there are twenty one of them? Then you are pretty badly "
+"screwed. But actually business people tell me that two or three such "
+"patents would be such a big burden that they would make the company fail in "
+"practice, even if in theory it might have a chance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But there are one kind of organizations for which licensing patents works "
-"very well and that is the large multinational corporations and the reason is "
-"that they own many patents themselves and they use them towards cross "
-"licensing. What does that mean? Well, essentially the only defense against "
-"patents is deterrence, you have to have patents of your own. Then you hope "
-"that somebody points a patent you, you will be able point a patent back and "
-"say “don't sue me, because I'll sue you”."
+"So, a license for a patent is not necessarily a feasible thing to do, and "
+"for us, free software developers, we're in an even worse position because we "
+"can't even count the copies, and most licenses demand a fee per copy, so "
+"it's absolutely impossible for us to use one of those licenses. You know, "
+"if a license charged one millionth part of a rupee for each copy, we would "
+"be unable to comply because we can't count the copies. The total amount of "
+"money, I might have in my pocket, but I can't count it so I can't pay it. "
+"So we suffer some special burdens occasionally."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is one kind of organization for which licensing patents works very "
+"well, and that is the large multinational corporations; the reason is that "
+"they own many patents themselves and they use them to force "
+"cross-licensing. What does this mean? Well, essentially the only defense "
+"against patents is deterrence: you have to have patents of your own, then "
+"you hope that if somebody points a patent you, you will be able point a "
+"patent back and say “don't sue me, because I'll sue you.”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"However, deterrence doesn't work as well for patents as it does with nuclear "
-"weapons and the reason is that each patent is pointed in a fixed direction. "
-"It prohibits certain specified activities. So the result is that most of "
-"the companies that are trying to get some patents to defend themselves "
-"with. They have more chance of making a success. They might get a few "
-"patents that might get a patent that points there and they might get a "
-"patent that points there. And then if somebody over here threatens this "
-"company what are they going to do? They have a patent pointing over there, "
-"so they have no defense."
+"weapons, and the reason is that each patent is pointed in a fixed "
+"direction. It prohibits certain specified activities. So the result is "
+"that most of the companies that are trying to get some patents to defend "
+"themselves with, they have no chance of making this a success. They might "
+"get a few patents, you know. So they might get a patent that points there, "
+"and they might get a patent that points there. OK, and then, if somebody "
+"over here threatens this company, what are they going to do? They don't have "
+"a patent pointing over there, so they have no defense."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Meanwhile, sooner or later, somebody else will wander over there and the "
"executive of the company will think “gee, we're not as profitable as I "
-"would like, why don't I squeeze some money out of them”. So they "
-"first get this patent for defensive purposes. But they often change their "
-"minds later when a victim wants to buy. And this, by the way, is the "
-"fallacy in the myth that the patent system “protects” the "
-"“small inventor”."
+"would like, why don't I go just squeeze some money out of them.” So "
+"they say first “we're getting this patent for defensive "
+"purposes,” but they often change their minds later when a tempting "
+"victim walks by."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Let me tell the message in the myth of the starving genius. If somebody "
-"who's been working in isolation for years and starving has a brilliant new "
-"idea for how to do something or other. And so, now, he's starting a company "
-"and he is afraid some big companies like IBM will compete with him and so he "
-"gets a patent and this patent will “protect him”. Well, of "
-"course, this is not the way of things work out in fields. People won't make "
-"this kind of progress in isolation. It is where you are working with other "
-"people and talking with other people and developing software usually. And "
-"so the whole scenario doesn't make sense and besides, if there's such a good "
-"computer scientist there is no need for him to starve. He could have got a "
-"job at any time if he wanted."
+"And this, by the way, is the fallacy in the myth that the patent system "
+"“protects” the “small inventor.” Let me tell you "
+"this myth, it's the myth of the starving genius. It's somebody who has been "
+"working in isolation for years, and starving, and has a brilliant new idea "
+"for how to do something or other. And so, now, he's starting a company and "
+"he is afraid some big company like IBM will compete with him, and so he gets "
+"a patent and this patent is going to “protect him.”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But let's suppose this happened, and suppose he has this patent, and he says "
-"“IBM, you can't compete with me because I have got this patent "
-"”. But here is what IBM says: “well, gee, let's look at your "
-"product, hmm, I have this patent, this patent and this patent and this "
-"patent and this patent that your patent is violating. So how about a quick "
-"cross-license?”. And the starving genius says “hmm, I haven't "
-"had enough food in my belly to fight these things, so I better give "
-"in” and so they sign a cross-license and now guess what."
+"Well, of course, this is not the way things work in our field. People don't "
+"make this kind of progress in isolation this way. They are working with "
+"other people and talking with the other people and they are developing "
+"software usually. And so the whole scenario doesn't make sense, and "
+"besides, if he was such a good computer scientist, there was no need for him "
+"to starve. He could have got a job at any time if he wanted."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"IBM can compete with him — he wasn't protected at all. Now IBM can do "
-"this because they have a lot of patents. They have patents pointing here, "
-"here, here, everywhere. So that anybody from almost anywhere that attacks "
-"IBM is facing a stand-off. A small company can't do it but a big company "
-"can."
+"But let's suppose that this happened, and suppose that he has his patent, "
+"and he says “IBM, you can't compete with me 'cause I've got this "
+"patent.” But here is what IBM says: “Well, gee, let's look at "
+"your product, hmm, I have this patent, and this patent and this patent and "
+"this patent and this patent that your product is violating. So how about if "
+"we cross-license?” And the starving genius says “hmm, I haven't "
+"got enough food in my belly to fight these things, so I'd better give "
+"in.” And so they sign a cross-license, and now guess what — IBM "
+"can compete with him. He wasn't protected at all!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So IBM brought an article. It was in Think magazine, I believe issue number "
-"five of 1990, that's IBM's own magazine — an article about IBM's "
-"patent portfolio. IBM said that they have two kinds of benefits form its "
-"9000 active U.S patents. One benefit was collecting royalties from "
-"licenses. But the other benefit, the bigger benefit, was access to things "
-"patented by others. From mission to not to be attacked by others but with "
-"their patents through cross licensing. And the article said that the second "
-"benefit was an order of magnitude greater than the first."
+"Now, IBM can do this because they have a lot of patents. They have patents "
+"pointing here, here, here, everywhere. So, anybody from almost anywhere "
+"that attacks IBM is facing a stand-off. A small company can't do it but a "
+"big company can."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In other words, the benefit of IBM is to make it things freely, not being "
-"sued, was ten times the benefit of collecting money from all their patents. "
-"Now the patent system is lot like a lottery, in that what happens with any "
-"given patent is largely around them and most of them don't get bring "
-"benefits of their owners. But IBM is so big that these things average out "
-"over the scale of IBM. So you can say IBM is measuring what the average is "
-"like. What we see is, and this is a little bit sudden, the benefit of IBM "
-"of being able to make use of ideas patented by others is equal to the harm "
-"that the patent system would have done to IBM if there were no cross "
-"licensing."
+"So IBM wrote an article. It was in Think magazine, I believe, issue number "
+"five, 1990 — that's IBM's own magazine — an article about IBM's "
+"patent portfolio. IBM said that it got two kinds of benefit from its 9000 "
+"active US patents. One benefit was collecting royalties from licenses. But "
+"the other benefit, the bigger benefit, was access to things patented by "
+"others. Permission to not be attacked by others with their patents, through "
+"cross-licensing. And the article said that the second benefit was an order "
+"of magnitude greater than the first. In other words, the benefit to IBM of "
+"being able to make things freely, not being sued, was ten times the benefit "
+"of collecting money for all their patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"If the IBM were really prohibited from using all those ideas that were "
-"patented by others, so what I said is the harm that the patent system would "
-"do is ten times the benefit, on the average. Now, for IBM though, this harm "
-"doesn't happen. Because IBM does have 9000 patents and thus forces licenses "
-"and cross-licenses and avoids the problem. But if you were small, then you "
-"can't avoid the problem that way and you will really be facing ten time as "
-"much trouble as benefit. Anyway, this is why the big multinational "
-"corporations are in favor of software patents and they are lobbying "
-"governments around the world to adopt software patents and saying naive "
-"things like “this is a new kind of monopoly for software developers "
-"that has to be good for them, right?”"
+"Now the patent system is a lot like a lottery, in that what happens with any "
+"given patent is largely random and most of them don't bring any benefits to "
+"their owners. But IBM is so big that these things average out over the "
+"scale of IBM. So you could take IBM as measuring what the average is like. "
+"What we see is — and this is a little bit subtle — the benefit "
+"to IBM of being able to make use of ideas that were patented by others is "
+"equal to the harm that the patent system would have done to IBM if there "
+"were no cross-licensing — if IBM really were prohibited from using all "
+"those ideas that were patented by others."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"So what it says is: the harm that the patent system would do is ten times "
+"the benefit, on the average. Now, for IBM though, this harm doesn't happen, "
+"because IBM does have 9000 patents and does force most of them to "
+"cross-license, and avoids the problem. But if you are small, then you can't "
+"avoid the problem that way, and you will really be facing ten times as much "
+"trouble as benefit. Anyway, this is why the big multinational corporations "
+"are in favor of software patents, and they are lobbying governments around "
+"the world to adopt software patents and saying naive things like “this "
+"is a new kind of monopoly for software developers, it has to be good for "
+"them, right?”"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Well, today, after you have heard my speech I hope you understand why that "
"isn't true. You have to look carefully at how patents affect software "
@@ -694,646 +857,734 @@
"overall purpose."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Challenge the validity of the patent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So, that is the possibility of licensing a patent. The third possible "
-"option is to go to court and challenge the validity of the patent. Now the "
-"outcome of this case will depend largely on technicalities, which means "
-"essentially on randomness."
+"option is to go to court and challenge the validity of the patent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"You know, the dice were rolled a few years ago and you can investigate and "
-"find out what the dice came up saying and then you will find out you have "
-"got a chance. So its mainly historical accident that determines whether the "
-"patent is valid. The historical accident of whether precisely which things "
-"people happen to publish and when. So, sometimes, there is a possibility of "
-"invalidating. So even if a patent is ridiculously trivial sometimes there "
-"is a good chance of invalidating and sometimes there is not."
+"Now the outcome of this case will depend largely on technicalities, which "
+"means essentially on randomness, you know. The dice were rolled a few years "
+"ago, and you can investigate and find out what the dice came up saying, and "
+"then you'll find out whether you've got a chance. So it's mainly historical "
+"accident that determines whether the patent is valid — the historical "
+"accident of whether, or precisely which things, people happen to publish, "
+"and when."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, sometimes, there is a possibility of invalidating. So even if a patent "
+"is ridiculously trivial, sometimes there is a good chance of invalidating it "
+"and sometimes there is none."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"You can't expect the courts to recognize that it is trivial, because their "
"standards are generally much lower than we would think are sensible. In "
-"fact, in the United States, this is been a persistent tendency. I saw a "
-"supreme court decision from something like 1954 which had a long list of "
+"fact, in the United States, this has been a persistent tendency. I saw a "
+"Supreme Court decision from something like 1954, which had a long list of "
"patents that were invalidated by the Supreme Court starting in the 1800's. "
-"And they were utterly ridiculous like making a shape of door-knob out of "
-"rubber when previously they've been made out of wood. And this decision "
-"rebuked the patent system for going far far away from the proper standards, "
-"and they just keep on doing it."
+"And they were utterly ridiculous, like making a certain shape of doorknob "
+"out of rubber, when previously they've been made out of wood. And this "
+"decision rebuked the patent system for going far, far away from the proper "
+"standards. And they just keep on doing it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So you can expect sensible results from that, but there are situations where "
-"when you look at the past record, you see there is a chance to invalidate a "
-"certain patent. It is worth the try, at least to investigate. But the "
-"actual court case is likely to be extremely expensive."
+"So you can't expect sensible results from that, but there are situations "
+"where, when you look at the past record, you see that there is a chance to "
+"invalidate a certain patent. I's worth the try, at least to investigate. "
+"But the actual court cases happen to be extremely expensive."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"A few years ago, one defendant lost and had to pay 13 million dollars of "
+"A few years ago, one defendant lost and had to pay 13 million dollars, of "
"which most went to the lawyers on the two sides. I think only 5 million "
-"dollars was actually taken away by the patent holder and so then there were "
-"8 million to the lawyers."
+"dollars was actually taken away by the patent holder, and so there were 8 "
+"million to the lawyers."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Nobody can reinvent the entire field of software."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Now, these are your possible options. At this point, of course, you have to "
-"write the program. And there the problem is that you face this situation "
-"not just once but over and over and over because programs today are "
+"write the program. And there, the problem is that you face this situation "
+"not just once but over and over and over, because programs today are "
"complicated. Look at a word processor; you'll see a lot of features. Many "
-"different things each of which could be patented by somebody, or a "
+"different things, each of which could be patented by somebody, or a "
"combination of two of them could be patented by somebody. British Telecom "
-"has a patent in US on the combination of following hypertext links and "
-"letting the users dial up through a phone line. Now these are two basically "
+"has a patent in the US on the combination of following hypertext links and "
+"letting the user dial up through a phone line. Now these are two basically "
"separate things, but the combination of the two is patented."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So, that means if there are a 100 things in your program there are "
-"potentially some five thousand copairs of two that might be patented by "
-"somebody already and there is no law against patenting a combination of "
-"three of them either. So that's just the features, you know, there are "
-"going to be many techniques that you use in writing the programs, many "
-"algorithms they could be patented too. So there are lots and lots of things "
-"that could be patented and the result is that developing a program becomes "
-"like crossing a field of land mines. Sure, each step probably will not step "
-"on a patent, chances are it will be safe. But crossing a whole field "
-"becomes dangerous."
+"So, that means if there are 100 things in your program, there are "
+"potentially some five thousand pairs of two that might be patented by "
+"somebody already, and there is no law against patenting a combination of "
+"three of them either. That's just the features, you know. There's going to "
+"be many techniques that you use in writing a program, many algorithms, they "
+"could be patented too. So there are lots and lots of things that could be "
+"patented. The result is that developing a program becomes like crossing a "
+"field of land mines. Sure, each step probably will not step on a patent, "
+"each design decision. Chances are it will be safe. But crossing the whole "
+"field becomes dangerous."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The best way for a nonprogrammer to understand what this is like is to "
"compare the writing of these large programs with another area in which "
-"people write something — very large symphonies. Imagine if the "
-"governments of Europe in the 1700's had wanted to promote progress in "
-"symphonic music by adopting a system of music patents. So that any idea "
-"that could be described in words could be patented if it seem to be new and "
-"original. So you'd be able to patent, say your three note melodic motive "
-"which is too short to be but it would have been patentable and may they "
-"could have patented a certain chord progression and maybe patented using a "
-"certain combination of instruments playing at the same time or any other "
-"idea that somebody could describe."
+"people write something very large: symphonies. Imagine if the governments "
+"of Europe in the 1700's had wanted to promote progress in symphonic music by "
+"adopting a system of music patents, so that any idea that could be described "
+"in words could be patented if it seemed to be new and original. So you'd be "
+"able to patent, say, a three-note melodic motif which is be too short to be "
+"copyrightable, but it would have been patentable. And maybe they could have "
+"patented a certain chord progression, and maybe patented using a certain "
+"combination of instruments playing at the same time, or any other idea that "
+"somebody could describe."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Well, by 1800 there would have been thousands of these music idea patents. "
"And then imagine that you are Beethoven and you want to write a symphony. "
"To write a whole symphony, you are going to have to do lots of different "
-"things and at any point you could be using an idea that somebody else has "
-"patented. Of course, if you do that, he'll say “oh! You are just a "
-"thief, why can't you write something original”. Well Beethoven had "
-"more than his share of new musical ideas. But he used a lot of existing "
-"musical ideas. He had to, because that is the only way to make it "
+"things, and at any point you could be using an idea that somebody else has "
+"patented. Of course, if you do that he'll say: “Oh! You are just a "
+"thief, why can't you write something original?” Well, Beethoven had "
+"more than his share of new musical ideas, but he used a lot of existing "
+"musical ideas. He had to, because that's the only way to make it "
"recognizable. If you don't do that, people won't listen at all. Pierre "
-"Boulez thought he was going to totally reinvent the language of music and he "
-"tried and nobody listens to it because it doesn't use all the ideas that "
-"they were familiar with. So you have to use the old ideas that other people "
-"have thought of."
+"Boulez thought he was going to totally reinvent the language of music, and "
+"he tried, and nobody listens to it, because it doesn't use all the ideas "
+"that they're familiar with."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Nobody is such a genius that he can reinvent the entire field of software "
-"and do useful things without learning anything from anybody else. So in "
-"effect, those people were patent holders and their lawyers, they were "
-"accusing us of being cheaters because we don't totally reinvent the field "
-"from scratch. We have to build on previous work to make progress and that "
-"is exactly what the patent system is prohibits us from doing. We have to "
-"provide features that the users are accustomed to and can recognize where "
-"they'll find our software just too difficult to use no matter how good it "
-"is."
+"So you have to use the old ideas that other people have thought of. Nobody "
+"is such a genius that he can reinvent the entire field of software and do "
+"useful things without learning anything from anybody else. So in effect, "
+"those people, the patent holders and their lawyers, they are accusing us of "
+"being cheaters because we don't totally reinvent the field from scratch. We "
+"have to build on previous work to make progress, and that is exactly what "
+"the patent system prohibits us from doing. And we have to provide features "
+"that the users are accustomed to and can recognize, or they'll find our "
+"software just too difficult to use no matter how good it is."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "The relationship between patents and products varies between the
fields."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, people sometimes ask me why is software different from other fields. "
-"Sometimes, of course they ask this in a rather nasty fashion, they say the "
-"other fields can deal with patents why should software be an exception? Now "
-"that's a nasty way of putting it because its making the assumption that it "
-"is wrong to want to escape from a problem. I could imagine I am saying when "
-"other people could get cancer, why shouldn't you? Clearly, if it is a "
-"problem, enabling any field to escape is good. But it is a good and serious "
-"question “are these fields in the same issue”? The patents "
-"affect all these fields the same way? Is the right policy for the software "
-"the same as the right policy for automobile engines or pharmaceuticals or "
-"chemical processes, you know, this is a serious question which is worth "
-"looking at. When you look at it, what you see is that the relationship "
-"between patents and products varies between the fields."
+"Now, people sometimes ask me: why is software different from other fields? "
+"Sometimes, of course they ask this in a rather nasty fashion, they say: "
+"“the other fields can deal with patents, why should software be an "
+"exception?” Now that's a nasty way of putting it because it's making "
+"the assumption that it's wrong to want to escape from a problem. I could "
+"imagine I am saying: “well, other people could get cancer, why "
+"shouldn't you?” Clearly, if it's a problem, enabling any field to "
+"escape is good. But it is a good and serious question: are these fields the "
+"same issue? Do patents affect all these fields the same way? Is the right "
+"policy for software the same as the right policy for automobile engines or "
+"pharmaceuticals or chemical processes, you know, this is a serious question "
+"which is worth looking at."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"At one extreme you have pharmaceuticals were typically a whole chemical "
-"formula is patented. So if you come up with a new drug then its not "
-"patented by somebody else. At the other extreme is software were when you "
-"write a new program, you are combining dozens or hundreds of ideas and we "
-"can't expect them all to be new. Even in an innovative program which has "
-"the few new ideas has to use lots and lots of old ideas too. And in between "
-"you find the other fields. Even in other fields, you can get patent "
-"deadlocks."
+"When you look at it, what you see is that the relationship between patents "
+"and products varies between the fields. At one extreme you have "
+"pharmaceuticals where typically a whole chemical formula is patented. So if "
+"you come up with a new drug, then it's not patented by somebody else. At "
+"the other extreme is software where, when you write a new program, you are "
+"combining dozens or hundreds of ideas, and we can't expect them all to be "
+"new. Even an innovative program, which has a few new ideas, has to use lots "
+"and lots of old ideas too. And in between you find the other fields. Even "
+"in other fields, you can get patent deadlock."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"When the United States entered the World War I, nobody in the US could make "
-"a modern airplane. And the reason was that modern airplanes use several "
-"different techniques that were patented by different companies and the "
+"When the United States entered World War I, nobody in the US could make a "
+"modern airplane. And the reason was that modern airplanes use several "
+"different techniques that were patented by different companies, and the "
"owners hated each other. So nobody could get a license to use all these "
-"patents. Well, the US Government decided that this was an unacceptable "
-"state of affairs and essentially, paid those patent holders a lump sum and "
-"said we have nationalized these patents and now everybody go make airplanes "
-"for us. But the amount to which this happens, the frequency and the "
-"seriousness of it varies according to how many different ideas go in one "
-"product. It varies according to how many points of patent vulnerability "
-"there are in one product. And in that question, software is at the extreme."
+"patents. Well, the US government decided that this was an unacceptable "
+"state of affairs, and essentially paid those patent holders a lump sum and "
+"said “we have nationalized these patents; now, everybody, go make "
+"airplanes for us!”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"It's not unusual of for a few people working for a couple of years to write "
-"a program that could have a million parts in it, different parts which is "
-"maybe, say 300,000 lines of code. To design a physical system that has a "
-"million different parts, that's a major project, that's very rare. Now you "
-"find many times people make a physical object with a million parts, but its "
-"typically many copies of the same subunit and that's much easier to design "
-"— that's not a million parts in the design. Now, so, why is this?"
+"But the amount to which this happens, the frequency and the seriousness of "
+"it varies according to how many different ideas go in one product. It "
+"varies according to how many points of patent vulnerability there are in one "
+"product. And in that question, software is at the extreme."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"The reason is that in other fields people have to deal with the propensity "
-"of matter. When you are designing circuits or cars or chemicals, you have "
-"to face the fact that these physical substances will do what they do, not "
-"what they are supposed to do. We in software don't have that problem and "
-"that makes it tremendously easier. We are designing a collection of "
-"idealized mathematical parts which have definitions. They do exactly what "
-"they are defined to do."
+"It's not unusual for a few people working for a couple of years to write a "
+"program that could have a million parts in it, different parts, which is "
+"maybe, say, 300,000 lines of code. To design a physical system that has a "
+"million different parts, that's a mega-project, that's very rare. Now "
+"you'll find many times people make a physical object with a million parts, "
+"but typically it's many copies of the same subunit and that's much easier to "
+"design — that's not a million different parts in the design."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"So, why is this? The reason is that, in other fields, people have to deal "
+"with the perversity of matter. You are designing circuits or cars or "
+"chemicals, you have to face the fact that these physical substances will do "
+"what they do, not what they are supposed to do. We in software don't have "
+"that problem, and that makes it tremendously easier. We are designing a "
+"collection of idealized mathematical parts which have definitions. They do "
+"exactly what they are defined to do."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"And so there are many problems we don't have. For instance, if we put an if "
-"statement inside a while statement, we don't have to worry about whether the "
-"if statement can get enough power to run at the speed its going to run. We "
-"don't have to worry about whether it would run at a speed that would "
-"generates radio frequency interference in it and induces wrong values in "
-"some other parts of the data. We don't have to worry about whether it would "
-"loop at a speed that causes resonance and eventually the if statement will "
+"statement inside of a while statement, we don't have to worry about whether "
+"the if statement can get enough power to run at the speed it's going to "
+"run. We don't have to worry about whether it will run at a speed that "
+"generates radio frequency interference and induces wrong values in some "
+"other parts of the data. We don't have to worry about whether it will loop "
+"at a speed that causes a resonance and eventually the if statement will "
"vibrate against the while statement and one of them will crack. We don't "
"have to worry that chemicals in the environment will get into the boundary "
-"between the if statement and the while statement and corrode them and cause "
-"a bad connection."
+"between the if statement and the while statement and corrode them, and cause "
+"a bad connection. We don't have to worry that other chemicals will get on "
+"them and cause a short-circuit. We don't have to worry about whether the "
+"heat can be dissipated from this if statement through the surrounding while "
+"statement. We don't have to worry about whether the while statement would "
+"cause so much voltage drop that the if statement won't function correctly. "
+"When you look at the value of a variable you don't have to worry about "
+"whether you've referenced that variable so many times that you exceed the "
+"fan-out limit. You don't have to worry about how much capacitance there is "
+"in a certain variable and how much time it will take to store the value in "
+"it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"We don't have to worry other chemicals would get on them and cause "
-"short-circuit. We don't have to worry about whether the heat can be "
-"dissipated from the if statement through the surrounding while statement. "
-"We don't have to worry about whether the while statement would cause so much "
-"of voltage drop and the if statement so that the if statement won't function "
-"correctly. When you look at the value of a variable you don't have to worry "
-"about whether you've referenced that variable so many times that you exceed "
-"the fan out limit. You don't have to worry about how much capacitance there "
-"is in a certain variable and how much time it will take to store the value "
-"in it."
+"All these things are defined a way, the system is defined to function in a "
+"certain way, and it always does. The physical computer might malfunction, "
+"but that's not the program's fault. So, because of all these problems we "
+"don't have to deal with, our field is tremendously easier."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"All these things are defined a way and the system is defined to function in "
-"a certain way and it always does. The physical computer might not function, "
-"but that's not the programs fault. So because of all these problems we "
-"don't have to deal with, our field is tremendously easier. If you assume "
-"that the intelligence of programmers is the same as the intelligence of "
-"mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and chemical engineers and so on, "
-"what's going to happen. Those of us with the easiest field, fundamentally, "
-"are going to push it further. We make bigger and bigger the things and "
-"eventually it becomes hard again."
+"If we assume that the intelligence of programmers is the same as the "
+"intelligence of mechanical engineers, and electrical engineers and chemical "
+"engineers and so on, what's going to happen? Those of us with the easiest "
+"field, fundamentally, are going to push it further. We make bigger and "
+"bigger things and eventually it becomes hard again. That's why we can "
+"develop much bigger systems than the people in the other fields. They just "
+"have these hard problems to deal with all the time. In the other fields, it "
+"may be necessary to develop an idea. You may have the idea, but then you "
+"may have to try out lots of different ways to get it to work at all. In "
+"software it's not like that, you have the idea and what you go and do is you "
+"write a program which uses this idea, and then the users may like it or "
+"not. And if they don't like it, probably you can just fix some details and "
+"get it to work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"And that's why we can develop much bigger systems than people in the other "
-"fields. They just have these hard problems to deal with all the time."
+"There is another problem that we don't have to worry about: manufacturing of "
+"copies. When we put this if statement inside the while statement, we don't "
+"have to worry about how the if statement is going to be inserted into the "
+"while statement as a copy is being built. We don't have to worry either "
+"about making sure we have access to remove and replace this if statement if "
+"it should burn out. So all we have to do is type “copy” and "
+"it's an all-purpose copy-anything facility. People making physical "
+"equipment and physical products, they can't do that, these things have to be "
+"built piece by piece each time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In the other fields, it may be necessary to develop an idea, you may have "
-"the idea but then you may have to try out lots of different ways to get it "
-"work at all. In software now, like that, you have the idea and what you go "
-"and do is write a program which uses this idea and then the users may like "
-"it or not. And if they don't like it, probably you can just fix some "
-"details and get it to work. There is another problem that we don't have to "
-"worry about — manufacturing of copies."
+"The result is that for them, the cost of designing a system of a certain "
+"complexity may be (gesturing) this much and the factory may take this much "
+"to set up. So they have to deal with this much from the patent system. "
+"It's a level of overhead they can live with. For us, designing it may cost "
+"(gesturing) this much and manufacturing it may cost this much, so this much "
+"overhead from the patent system is crushing."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Well, when we put the if statement inside the while statement, we don't have "
-"to worry about how the if statement is going to be inserted into the while "
-"statement as a copy is being built. We don't have to worry either about "
-"making sure we have access to remove and replace the if statement if it "
-"should burn out. So all we have to do is take copy in its all purpose copy "
-"anything facility. People making physical recruitment and physical products "
-"they can do that these things has to be built piece by piece each time. The "
-"result is that for them, the cost of designing a system of certain "
-"complexity may be (gesturing) this much and the factory may take this much "
-"to set up. So they have to deal with this much with the patent system, it's "
-"a level of overhead they can live with."
+"Another way to look at it is that because we can — a few of us can "
+"— make a much bigger system, there are many more points of "
+"vulnerability where somebody might have patented something already. We have "
+"to walk a long distance through the mine field, whereas they they only have "
+"to walk a few feet through the minefield. So it's much more of a dangerous "
+"system for us."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"For us, designing it may cost (gesturing) this much and manufacturing it may "
-"cost this much, so this much overhead from the patent system is crushing. "
-"Another way to look at it is that because we can, a few of us can, make a "
-"much bigger system, there are many more points of vulnerability where "
-"somebody might have patented something already."
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Program development is hampered by software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"We have to walk a long distance through the mine field where they they only "
-"have to walk a few feet through the minefield. So its much more of a "
-"dangerous system for us. Now, you have to realize that the extensible "
-"purpose of the patent system is to promote progress. This is something that "
-"is often forgotten because the companies that benefit from patents like to "
-"distract you from it. They like to give you the idea that patents exist "
-"because they deserves special treatment. But this is not what the patent "
-"system says."
+"Now, you have to realize that the ostensible purpose of the patent system is "
+"to promote progress. This is something that is often forgotten because the "
+"companies that benefit from patents like to distract you from it. They like "
+"to give you the idea that patents exist because they deserve special "
+"treatment. But this is not what the patent system says. The patent system "
+"says: the goal is to promote progress for society, by encouraging certain "
+"behavior like publishing new ideas; and after a certain — originally "
+"that was fairly short — time, everyone could use them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Patent system says, the goal is to promote progress for the society. By "
-"encouraging certain behavior like publishing new ideas and after certain "
-"— originally that was fairly short — time, everyone could use "
-"them. Of course there is a certain price that the society pays as well and "
-"we have to ask the question which is bigger — the benefit or the "
-"price. Well, in other fields, I am not sure. I am not an expert on other "
-"fields of engineering, I've never done them and I don't know whether having "
-"patents is good for progress in those fields."
+"Of course there is a certain price that society pays as well, and so we have "
+"to ask the question: which is bigger, the benefit or the price? Well, in "
+"other fields, I am not sure. I am not an expert on other fields of "
+"engineering, I've never done them and I don't know whether having patents is "
+"good for progress in those fields."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"I have been in software since before software patents existed and I know "
+"I have been in software since before software patents existed, and I know "
"that software patents do a lot of harm and essentially no good. In the old "
-"days, ideas came along, either people in a university had an idea or "
-"somebody had an idea what he was working on developing a software. And "
-"either way, these ideas got published and then everyone could use them. Now "
-"why did the software publishers publish these ideas? Because they knew that "
-"the big job was writing the program."
+"days, ideas came along. Either people in a university had an idea, or "
+"somebody had an idea while he was working on developing software. And "
+"either way, these ideas got published, and then everyone could use them. "
+"Now why did the software publishers publish these ideas? Because they knew "
+"that the big job was writing the program."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"They knew that publishing the ideas would get them credit from the community "
-"and meanwhile anybody else who wanted to compete with them would still have "
-"to write a program, which is the big job. So they typically kept the "
-"details of the program secret, of course some of us think that it is wrong, "
-"but that is a different issue they kept the details of the program secret "
-"and they publish the ideas and meanwhile the software development because "
-"software development is going on that provided the field with a steady "
-"stream of ideas so ideas were not the limiting factor."
+"They knew that publishing the ideas would get them credit from the "
+"community, and meanwhile anybody else who wanted to compete with them would "
+"still have to write a program, which is the big job. So they typically kept "
+"the details of the program secret — of course some of us think that's "
+"wrong, but that's a different issue. They kept the details of the program "
+"secret and they published the ideas, and meanwhile the software development "
+"— because software development was going on — That provided the "
+"field with a steady stream of ideas, so ideas were not the limiting factor. "
+"The limiting factor was the job of writing programs that would work and that "
+"people would like using."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"The Limiting factor was the job of writing programs that would work and that "
-"people would like using. So, in effect, applying the patent system to "
-"software focuses on facilitating a thing which is not the limiting factor "
-"while causing trouble for the thing which is the limiting factor. You see "
-"the software patents encourage somebody to have an idea but at the same time "
-"they encourage people to restrict its use, so in fact we are actually worse "
-"off now in terms of having ideas we could use, because in the past people "
-"have the ideas and publish them and we could use them and now they have the "
-"ideas and patented them and we can't use them for twenty years."
+"So, in effect, applying the patent system to software focuses on "
+"facilitating a thing which is not the limiting factor, while causing trouble "
+"for the thing which is the limiting factor. You see the software patents "
+"encourage somebody to have an idea, but at the same time they encourage "
+"people to restrict its use, so in fact we are actually worse off now in "
+"terms of having ideas we could use, because in the past people had the ideas "
+"and published them and we could use them, and now they have the ideas and "
+"patent them and we can't use them for twenty years. In the mean time, the "
+"real limiting factor — which is developing the programs — this "
+"is hampered by software patents because of other dangers that I explained to "
+"you in the first half of this talk."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In the mean time, the real limiting factor — which is developing the "
-"programs — this is hampered by software patents because of other "
-"dangers I explained to you in the first half of this talk. So the result is "
-"that while the system is supposed to be promoting progress in software "
-"actually it is so screwed up its just obstructing progress."
+"So the result is that, while the system is supposed to be promoting progress "
+"in software, actually it is so screwed up it's just obstructing progress."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Today we have some economic research showing Mathematically how this can "
-"happen. You can find it in www.researchoninnovation.org and I am not "
-"completely sure of the name of the paper, but its one that shows that in a "
-"field where incremental innovation is typical. Having a patent system can "
-"result in slower progress. In other words the system produces counter "
-"intuitive results that are the opposite of what it was intended to do. This "
-"backs up the intuitive conclusion of every programmer who sees that software "
-"patents are absurd."
+"Today we have some economic research showing mathematically how this can "
+"happen. You can find it in <a "
+"href=\"http://www.researchoninnovation.org\";>www.researchoninnovation.org "
+"</a>. I am not completely sure of the name of the paper, but it's one that "
+"shows that in a field where incremental innovation is typical, having a "
+"patent system can result in slower progress. In other words the system "
+"produces counter-intuitive results that are the opposite of what it was "
+"intended to do. This backs up the intuitive conclusion of every programmer "
+"who sees that software patents are absurd."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "What can a country do to avoid this problem?"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So, what can a country do to avoid this problem? Well, there are two "
-"approaches, one is to address the problem at the issue of granting patents, "
-"and the other is to approach it at the point where the patents are being "
-"enforced. Doing this at the stage of granting patents is not quite as easy "
-"as you might think, now I have been talking about software patents but "
-"strictly speaking you can't classify patents into hardware patents and "
-"software patents because one patent might cover both hardware and software "
-"so in fact my definition of a software patent is a patent that can restrict "
-"software development. And if you look at many software patents you can "
-"often find that the system may describe has a large part of the computer "
-"itself as a part of the description of what's going on, that's a great way "
-"of making the whole thing seem complicated when it is really trivial. So "
-"its the way they can get the patent office to decide it is unobvious. But "
-"there is a different criterion that can be used, a slightly different place "
-"to draw the line that still does a reasonable job and that is between "
-"processes that transforms matter in a specific way and processes where the "
-"result is just calculation and display of information or a combination of "
-"data processing and display steps where others are put it as mental steps "
-"being carried out by equipment."
+"approaches: one is to address the problem at the issue of granting patents, "
+"and the other is to approach it at the point where patents are being "
+"enforced."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Doing this at the stage of granting patents is not quite as easy as you "
+"might think. Now, I have been talking about software patents but strictly "
+"speaking you can't classify patents into hardware patents and software "
+"patents, because one patent might cover both hardware and software. So in "
+"fact my definition of a software patent is: a patent that can restrict "
+"software development."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"And if you look at many software patents you often find that the system they "
+"describe has a large part of the computer itself as part of the description "
+"of what's going on. That's a great way of making the whole thing seem "
+"complicated when it is really trivial. So it's a way they can get the "
+"patent office to decide it's unobvious."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a different criterion that can be used, a slightly different "
+"place to draw the line that still does a reasonable job, and that is between "
+"processes that transform matter in a specific way, and processes where the "
+"result is just calculation and display of information, or a combination of "
+"data processing and display steps — or others have put it as: mental "
+"steps being carried out by equipment. There are various ways of formulating "
+"this, which are more or less equivalent."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"There are various ways of formulating this, but more or less equivalent. "
"Now this is not exactly the same as prohibiting software patents, because in "
-"some cases computers are used as a part of specific physical equipment to "
-"make it do a specific thing. And software patents might be allowed if they "
-"are part of a specific physical activity. But that's not really a disaster, "
-"after all once people are involved in a specific physical activity or a "
-"specific physical product, they are bringing into their home business all "
-"those complexities of dealing with matter. So its more like those other "
-"fields of engineering, may be its okay to have patents on that narrow kind "
-"of software."
+"some cases computers are used as part of specific physical equipment to make "
+"it do a specific thing. And software patents might be allowed if they are "
+"part of a specific physical activity. But that's not really a disaster. "
+"After all, once people are involved in a specific physical activity or a "
+"specific physical product, they are bringing into their whole business all "
+"those complexities of dealing with matter. So it's more like those other "
+"fields of engineering. Maybe it's okay to have patents on that narrow kind "
+"of software. As long as we can keep the core areas of software, the purely "
+"software activities safe from patents, we have solved the bulk of the "
+"problem."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"As long as we can keep the core areas of the software, the purely software "
-"activities safe from patents we have solved the bulk of the problem. So "
-"that is a feasible approach and that's what people are working towards in "
-"Europe. However that is not going to be any use in the United States "
-"because United States already has tens of thousands and probably hundreds of "
-"thousands of software patents. Any change in the criterion for issuing "
-"patents does not help at all with the patents that already exists."
+"So that is a feasible approach and that's what people are working towards in "
+"Europe. However, that is not going to be any use in the United States "
+"because the United States already has tens of thousands, probably hundreds "
+"of thousands of software patents. Any change in the criteria for issuing "
+"patents does not help at all with the patents that already exist."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So what I propose to the United States is to change the criteria for "
-"applying patents to say that purely software systems running on general "
-"purpose computing hardware are immune from patents. They by definition "
-"cannot infringe a patent and this way patents can still be granted exactly "
-"the way they are now and they can still in the formal sense cover both "
-"hardware implementations and software implementations as they do now. But "
-"software would be safe."
+"applying patents, to say that <em>purely software systems running on general "
+"purpose computing hardware are immune from patents</em>. They by definition "
+"cannot infringe a patent. And this way the patents can still be granted "
+"exactly the way they are now, and they can still, in a formal sense, cover "
+"both hardware implementations and software implementations as they do now. "
+"But software will be safe."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid ""
+"Preventing India from having software patents will be up to the citizens of "
+"India."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"That's the solution I propose to the US, but it could be used in other "
-"countries as well. Now, one of the tremendous dangers facing most countries "
-"today is the World Trade Organization, which sets up a system of corporate "
-"regulated trade — not free trade as its proponents like to call it, "
-"but corporate regulated trade. It replaces regulation of trade by "
-"governments that are somewhat democratic and might listen to the interest of "
-"their citizens with regulation of trade by businesses which don't pretend to "
-"listen to the citizens. So it is fundamentally antidemocratic and ought to "
-"be abolished."
+"countries as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But it is crucial to note that the part of the GATT agreement which deals "
+"Now, one of the tremendous dangers facing most countries today is the World "
+"Trade Organization, which sets up a system of corporate regulated trade "
+"— not free trade as its proponents like to call it, but corporate "
+"regulated trade. It replaces the regulation of trade by governments, that "
+"are somewhat democratic and might listen to the interest of their citizens, "
+"with regulation of trade by businesses, which don't pretend to listen to the "
+"citizens. So it's fundamentally antidemocratic and ought to be abolished."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"But it's crucial to note that the part of the GATT agreement which deals "
"with patents does not require software patents. Many experts who have "
-"studied this in Europe makes this claim and the reason is that they "
-"interpret technical affect as there is a specific physical consequences for "
-"physical system going on. And the software vector doesn't do that, doesn't "
-"have to be, in the domains that the patents can cover. So at least you "
-"don't have to worry about the Word Trade Organization causing problems here "
-"despite the tremendous problems they cause in other areas of life."
+"studied this, for instance in Europe, make this claim. And the reason is "
+"that they interpret technical effect as: there is a specific physical "
+"consequence or physical system going on. And so the software that doesn't "
+"do that doesn't have to be in the domain that patents can cover."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Preventing India from software patents here will be up to you — to the "
-"citizens of India. I am a foreigner, I have no influence except when I can "
-"convince other people through the logic of what I say. There is a chance "
-"that you can do this. When US started to have software patents the public "
-"policy question was not considered at all. Nobody even asked whether it was "
-"a good idea to have software patents. The Supreme Court made a decision "
-"which was then twisted around by an appeals court and ever since then there "
-"was software patents."
+"So, at least you don't have to worry about the Word Trade Organization "
+"causing problems here, despite the tremendous problems they cause in other "
+"areas of life."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Preventing India from having software patents will be up to you — to "
+"the citizens of India. I am a foreigner, I have no influence except when I "
+"can convince other people through the logic of what I say. There is a "
+"chance that you can do this. When the US started to have software patents, "
+"the public policy question was not considered at all. Nobody even asked "
+"whether it was a good idea to have software patents. The Supreme Court made "
+"a decision which was then twisted around by an appeals court, and ever since "
+"then, there was software patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"But when Europe started to consider officially authorizing software patents "
"a few years ago, public opposition started to rise and became so strong that "
-"the politicians and the parties began paying attention to it. And started "
-"saying that they were against it. In fact two attempts to authorize "
-"software patents have been blocked already in Europe. The French Minister "
-"of Industry says that the software patents would be a disaster and under no "
-"circumstances should they be allowed in France. Over the German political "
-"parties have taken a stand against the software patents."
+"the politicians and the parties began paying attention to it, and started "
+"saying they were against it. In fact two attempts to authorize software "
+"patents have been blocked already in Europe. The French Minister of "
+"Industry says that software patents would be a disaster and under no "
+"circumstances should they be allowed in France. All of the German political "
+"parties have taken a stand against software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"The battle is not yet over, you know, we have not conclusively blocked "
-"software patents in Europe because the multinational companies and their "
-"servant, the United States government, is lobbying very hard and they have "
-"ignorance on their side it is so easy for somebody with a naive near-liberal "
-"view to be persuaded that new kind of monopoly has to be good."
+"software patents in Europe, because the multinational companies and their "
+"servant, the United States government, is lobbying very hard, and they have "
+"ignorance on their side. It's so easy for somebody with a naive neo-liberal "
+"view to be persuaded that a new kind of monopoly has to be good."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"You have to look at the details of how software patents affect software "
-"development to see that they cause problem. You have to study that economic "
-"research in its Mathematics in order to see why you shouldn't assume that "
-"patents always promote progress. So it is easy for IBM to centre someone "
-"and say you should really adopt software patents, they are great for "
-"programming and look US is ahead in when US has software patents if you have "
-"software patents too you might catch up. You can get more dominant and "
-"— when US was ahead in computers before it had software patents, it "
-"can't be because of software patents. It is important to understand that "
-"each country has its own patent systems and its own patent laws and what you "
-"do in a certain country under the jurisdiction of that country's patent "
-"law. So the result is that if the US has software patents the US becomes a "
-"sort of battleground where anybody using computer might get sued."
+"development to see that they cause a problem. You have to study that "
+"economic research in its mathematics in order to see why you shouldn't "
+"assume that patents always promote progress. So, it's easy for IBM to send "
+"a lobbyist to someone and say: “You should really adopt software "
+"patents, they are great for programming. And look, the US is ahead and the "
+"US has software patents. If you have software patents too, you might catch "
+"up.” Well, you can't get more dominant than that, and the US was ahead "
+"in computers before it had software patents, it can't be because of software "
+"patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"If India avoid software patents then India is not a battleground, and "
-"computer users in India do not face this danger of getting sued. So it "
-"turns out that each country will issue patents to foreigners just as to its "
-"own citizens. So in fact in a place which has this idea of software patents "
-"foreigners can own those patents there are lots of non-US companies that own "
-"US software patents so they all welcome to get involved in the fighting in "
-"the US. Of course is we Americans to suffer become the victims of this. "
-"Meanwhile in India if there are no software patents that means Indian "
-"companies and foreign companies are prevented from coming to India and "
-"attacking people with software patents."
+"It's important to understand that each country has its own patent system and "
+"its own patent laws and what you do in a certain country is under the "
+"jurisdiction of that country's patent law. So the result is, that if the US "
+"has software patents, the US becomes a sort of battleground where anybody "
+"using computers might get sued. If India avoids software patents, then "
+"India is not a battleground, and computer users in India do not face this "
+"danger of getting sued."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So, yes it is important that each countries has its own patents for that "
-"makes big difference but you can't understand what difference it makes. "
-"Having software patents in a certain country is not an advantage for "
-"developers in that country. It is a problem for anybody distributing and "
-"using software in that country. Now, if you in India are developing a "
-"program for use in US you may face the problem or your client may face the "
-"problem of US software patents. At least probably you can get sued here."
+"It turns out that each country will issue patents to foreigners, just as to "
+"its own citizens. So in fact, in a place which has this scourge of software "
+"patents, foreigners can own those patents. There are lots of non-US "
+"companies that own US software patents, so they are all welcome to get "
+"involved in the fighting in the US. Of course it's we Americans who become "
+"the victims of this. Meanwhile, in India, if there are no software patents, "
+"that means both Indian companies and foreign companies are prevented from "
+"coming into India and attacking people with software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"The client who commissioned the program and tried to use it might get sued "
-"in the US and indeed you will have to deal with the problem, the US is "
-"problem when you try doing business in the US. But at least you will be "
-"safe here you know at least it is a big difference between your client got "
-"sued because your client told you to make a product and that product is "
-"patented versus you get sued for making that product."
+"So, yes it is important that each country has its own patent law. That "
+"makes big difference, but you've got to understand what difference it "
+"makes. Having software patents in a certain country is not an advantage for "
+"the developers in that country. It's a problem for anybody distributing and "
+"using software in that country."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"If there are software patents in India you will get sued. Wheas in the "
-"current situation at least you can say to the client “well, we did our "
-"job you told us to make this and we made it and so, I am sorry this happened "
-"to you but this is not our fault”. If there are software patents in "
-"India you get sued yourself and there is nothing you can say about that."
+"Now, if you in India are developing a program for use in the US, you may "
+"face the problem — or at least your client will face the problem "
+"— of US software patents. At least probably you can't get sued here. "
+"The client who commissioned the program and tries to use it might get sued "
+"in the US, and indeed you will have to deal with the problem — the "
+"US's problems — when you try doing business in the US. But at least "
+"you'll be safe here. You know, at least it is a big difference between your "
+"client got sued because your client told you to make a product and that "
+"product is patented, versus you get sued for making that product."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"If there are software patents in India, then you will get sued. Whereas in "
+"the current situation, at least you can say to the client: “You told "
+"us to make this and we made it. So, I'm sorry this happened to you but it's "
+"not our fault.” Whereas if there are software patents in India, you'll "
+"get sued yourself and there is nothing you can say about that."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Businesses should demand opposition to software patents."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So the ultimate conclusion is that software patents tie all software "
-"developers, all computer users and essentially all businesses in new kind of "
-"bureaucracy which serves no beneficial social purpose. So that is a bad "
-"policy and it should be avoided. Businesses don't like bureaucracy. If "
-"businesses knew that they were threatened with a new kind of bureaucracy "
-"they would have opposed software patents very strongly. But most of them "
-"aren't aware of this."
+"developers, all computer users and essentially all businesses in a new kind "
+"of bureaucracy, which serves no beneficial social purpose. So it's a bad "
+"policy and it should be avoided."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"In the US software patents have led directly to business method patents. "
-"What does this mean? A business method is basically haw you make decisions "
-"about what to do in the business. And in the past these decisions were made "
-"by humans but now sometimes they are made by computers and that means they "
-"are carried out by software and that means decision policies can be "
-"patented. So software patents implied business method patents and business "
-"procedure patents. So the result is that any business could find itself, "
-"you know, once they decide “we're going to automate the way we carry "
-"out our procedures” but now they can get sued with software patents. "
-"So if the businesses only knew they would be organizing through things like "
-"the chamber of commerce to demand opposition to software patents."
+"Businesses don't like bureaucracy. If businesses knew that they were "
+"threatened with a new kind of bureaucracy, they would oppose software "
+"patents very strongly. But most of them aren't aware of this."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"But most of them don't know and therefore it is going to be your job to "
-"inform them. Make sure that they understand the danger that they are "
-"facing. And then India may be able with the help from other countries like "
-"France and Germany to reject software patents. It is important for the "
-"people in the Indian Government to make contact with officials in European "
-"countries so that this battle against software patents doesn't have to be "
-"fought at one country at a time, countries can work together to adopt an "
-"intelligent policy. May be there should be a no software patents treaty "
-"that various countries can sign and promise each other aid when they are "
-"threatened by economic pressure from the United States as part of its "
-"economic imperialism."
+"In the US, software patents have led directly to business method patents. "
+"What does this mean? A business method is basically how you make decisions "
+"about what to do in the business. And in the past, these decisions were "
+"made by humans but now sometimes they are made by computers, and that means "
+"they are carried out by software, and that means the decision policies can "
+"be patented. Software patents imply business method patents and business "
+"procedure patents. The result is that any business could find itself, you "
+"know, once they decide “we're going to automate the way we carry out "
+"our procedures,” now they get sued with a software patent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"So if businesses only knew, they would be organizing through things like the "
+"chamber of commerce to demand opposition to software patents. But mostly "
+"they don't know, and therefore it's going to be your job to inform them. "
+"Make sure they understand the danger that they are facing."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "It's important for countries to work together against this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Because United States likes to do that, you know, one of the provisions in "
-"the GATT agreement is that the countries have the right to make compulsory "
-"licenses for making medicines to address a public health crisis. And the "
-"South African Government proposed to do this for medicine against AIDS. "
-"South Africa has a very bad problem with AIDS the figures I heard was that a "
-"quarter of the adult population is infected. And of course, most of them "
-"can't afford to buy these medicines at the prices charged by the US "
+"And then India may be able, with the help of other countries like France and "
+"Germany, to reject software patents. It is important for people in the "
+"Indian government to make contact with officials in European countries, so "
+"that this battle against software patents doesn't have to be fought one "
+"country at a time, so that countries can work together to adopt an "
+"intelligent policy. Maybe there should be a <em>no software patents "
+"treaty</em> that various countries can sign and promise each other aid, when "
+"they are threatened by economic pressure from the United States, as part of "
+"its economic imperialism."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Because the United States likes to do that, you know. One of the provisions "
+"in the GATT agreement is that countries have the right to make compulsory "
+"licenses for making medicine, to address a public health crisis. And the "
+"South-African government proposed to do this for medicine against AIDS. "
+"Now, South-Africa has a very bad problem with AIDS; the figures I've heard "
+"was that a quarter of the adult population is infected. And of course, most "
+"of them can't afford to buy these medicines at the prices charged by the US "
"companies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"So the South African Government was going to issue compulsory license which "
-"even under GATT is allowed to do, but US Government threatened economic "
-"sanctions. Vice President Gore was directly involved with this and then "
-"he'd be facing the presidential election he realized that this was going to "
-"look bad and so he dropped out of the effort. But this kind of the thing is "
-"what the US Government does all the time with regard to patents and "
-"copyrights. They only mind if people get patented to death. So it is "
-"important for countries to work together against this."
+"So the South-African government was going to issue compulsory licenses "
+"which, even under GATT, it's allowed to do. But the US government "
+"threatened economic sanctions. Vice-President Gore was directly involved "
+"with this. And then, about a year before the presidential election, he "
+"realized that this was going to look bad, so he dropped out of the effort."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"For more information about the problems of software patents see "
-"www.progfree.org and www.ffii.org. And there is also a petition to sign, "
-"www.knowepatents.org."
+"But this kind of thing is what the US government does all the time in regard "
+"to patents and copyrights. They don't even mind if people get patented to "
+"death."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "So it's important for countries to work together against this."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"For more information about the problem of software patents, see <a "
+"href=\"http://www.progfree.org\";>www.progfree.org</a> and <a "
+"href=\"http://www.ffii.org\";>www.ffii.org</a>. And there is also a petition "
+"to sign, www.noepatents.org <a href=\"#Note1\" id=\"Note1-rev\">[1]</a>"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Please talk with all executives of businesses — any kind of businesses "
-"— about this issue. Make sure that they understand the extend of the "
-"problem they face and they think of going to business organizations to have "
-"them lobby against software patents."
+"— about this issue. Make sure they understand the extent of the "
+"problems they face, and that they think of going to business organizations "
+"to have them lobby against software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <h3>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h3>
msgid "Questions from the audience"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Now I'll answer questions."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Oh, by the way any journos over here, I would recommend writing articles "
-"about software patents separately, from articles about free software. If "
-"you cover them in one article together, people may get the idea that "
-"software patents are only bad for the free software developers and they are "
-"okay for other software developers."
+"Oh, by the way to any journalists who are here, I recommend writing articles "
+"about software patents separately from articles about free software. If you "
+"cover them in one article together, people may get the idea that software "
+"patents are only bad for free software developers and they are okay for "
+"other software developers. This is not true. If you think back of what I "
+"have said, hardly any of it relates to the question of whether the programs "
+"are free or not; the dangers are the same for all software developers. So "
+"please don't take the risk, the people will get confused. Write separate "
+"articles."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"This is not true, if you think back of what I have said, hardly any of it "
-"relates to the question of whether the programs are free or not, the dangers "
-"of the same for all software developers. So please don't take the risk, the "
-"people will get confused, write separate articles."
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Questions about software patents"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Sir, you said that companies like IBM are harmed 10 times as much "
-"as they benefit?"
+"<b>Q</b>: Sir, you said that companies like IBM are harmed about 10 times as "
+"much as they benefit?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: No. What I said is the harm that would had happened to them is 10 "
"times the benefit, but this harm is purely theoretical, it doesn't occur. "
@@ -1341,29 +1592,29 @@
"not happen."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: But it is only neutralized, they don't really benefit?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, they do, you see, because, the bare aspect they avoid "
-"through cross licensing and meanwhile they do collect money from some other "
-"licensees. So they are benefiting in total. There is the small benefit "
+"<b>A</b>: Well, they do you see, because the bad aspect, they avoid through "
+"cross-licensing, and meanwhile they do collect money from some other "
+"licenses. So they are benefiting in total. There is the small benefit "
"which happens and the big potential harm which does not happen. So you have "
"zero plus something for the benefit."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: But for that something will oppose this movement against
patents?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Right, IBM favors software patents. I had trouble one, I couldn't "
"hear all the words in your sentence. I don't know whether there was a "
"‘not’ in it. I couldn't tell, there are two diametrically "
-"opposite meanings for what you have said, so what you can do is make sure "
+"opposite meanings for what you just said, so what you can do is make sure "
"that the situation is clear. IBM favors software patents, IBM thinks it "
"stands to gain a lot from software patents. So what it stands to gain is "
"that the IBM and the other very big companies would basically control "
@@ -1371,452 +1622,453 @@
"software development."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"To develop nontrivial programs you're going to have to infringe patents of "
-"IBMs. Now if you are big and often lucky enough, you might have some patents "
-"of your own and make IBM cross-license with you. Otherwise you are "
+"IBM's. Now if you are big and often lucky enough, you might have some "
+"patents of your own and make IBM cross-license with you. Otherwise you are "
"completely at their mercy and you have to hope that they just let you pay "
"the money."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "Is someone else asking?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, what was the reason for the development of the software "
"patent?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, in the US, there was no reason, somebody tried to get a "
-"patent, that was a software patent, and, I think, the patent office said no, "
-"so he took it to court and eventually went to the supreme court and they, "
+"<b>A</b>: Well, in the US, there was no reason. Somebody tried to get a "
+"patent that was a software patent, and, I think, the patent office said no, "
+"so he took it to court and eventually went to the Supreme Court and they, "
"they didn't judge it as a public policy question, they judged it in terms of "
-"what did the law say."
+"what does the law say."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that …"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Sorry, I can't … could you try to pronounce your consonants "
"more clearly, I'm having trouble understanding the words."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So was it not the realization that copyright is notoriously weak "
"for protecting software?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Copyright is not only what?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Notoriously weak…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, I think the whole sentence is not sensible, I don't "
-"understand the term protecting software, and I don't agree with you."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, I think the whole sentence is nonsensical. I don't "
+"understand this term “protecting software,” and I don't agree "
+"with you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "Most programmers don't agree with you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So when you are saying that you are not favoring protection of "
"software and you yourself is giving General Public License, where do you get "
"that power to issue General Public License?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: OK, you are asking questions about copyright and Free Software "
+"<b>A</b>: OK, you are asking questions about copyright and free software "
"which is not the topic now, I will accept questions about that later on, but "
-"I gave the speech about software patents and i want to answer questions "
-"about software patents."
+"I gave a speech about software patents and I want to answer questions about "
+"software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir I have a question about software patents, the thing is that "
"how can one protect where there is a functional element …"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Protect what?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Functional element…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: What is gonna happen to them?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: What's going to happen to them?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, how can we get a protection when there is a…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: Protection from what? Somebody gonna come with a gun?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: Protection from what? Somebody's gonna come with a gun?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: No Sir …"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Basically the protection you need is the protection against being "
-"sued for the program you wrote, programmers need protection from software "
+"sued for the program you wrote. Programmers need protection from software "
"patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: No it is not the programmers themselves sir, they are companies "
-"who have invested in something?"
+"<b>Q</b>: No, it's not the programmers themselves sir, there are companies "
+"who have invested in something."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: And you what the company get sued because in your large program "
-"there are five different things that somebody, that five different people "
-"already patented. Now its clear to see the myth that you are operating on, "
-"its the naive idea that when you develop the program you will have the "
-"patent. Well, the idea, that very statement contains a mistake because "
-"there is no such thing as ‘will patent’ when you develop a "
-"program with many different things in it, there are many things each of "
-"which might be patented by somebody else already, and you find out about "
-"them one by one when they come to you saying either “pay us a lot of "
-"money or else shut down” and when you duel with five of them you never "
-"know when number six is going to come along. It's much safer to be in the "
-"software field if you know you are not going to get sued as long as you "
-"wrote the program yourself."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"That's the way was before software patents — if you wrote the program "
-"yourself there is nothing to sue you about. Today you can write the program "
-"yourself, it may even be an useful and innovative program but because you "
-"didn't reinvent the whole field, you use some ideas that were already known, "
-"other people sue you. Of course, those people who wanna go around suing "
-"you, they are going to pretend that this extortion is protection for them, "
-"protection from what, protection from having competitors, I guess, they "
-"don't believe in competition, they want monopolies."
+"<b>A</b>: And do you want the company to get sued because in your large "
+"program there are five different things that somebody, that five different "
+"people already patented? Now it's clear to see the myth that you are "
+"operating on, it's the naive idea that, when <em>you</em> develop a program, "
+"<em>you</em> will have the patent. Well, the idea, that very statement "
+"contains a mistake because there is no such thing as <em>the patent.</em> "
+"When you develop a program with many different things in it, there are many "
+"things, each of which might be patented by somebody else already, and you "
+"find out about them one by one when they come to you, saying: “either "
+"pay us a lot of money, or else shut down.” And when you dealt with "
+"five of them, you never know when number six is going to come along. It's "
+"much safer to be in the software field if you know you are not going to get "
+"sued as long as you wrote the program yourself."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"That's the it way was before software patents. If you wrote the program "
+"yourself there was nothing to sue you about. Today you can write the "
+"program yourself, it may even be a useful and innovative program, but "
+"because you didn't reinvent the whole field, you use some ideas that were "
+"already known, other people sue you. Now, of course, those people who wanna "
+"go around suing you, they are going to pretend that this extortion is "
+"protection for them. Protection from what? Protection from having "
+"competitors, I guess. They don't believe in competition, they want "
+"monopolies."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Well, to hell with them. It's not good for the public that they should get "
-"what they want, this is the question of public policy. We have to decide "
-"what is good for the citizens generally."
+"what they want. This is a question of public policy. We have to decide "
+"what is good for the citizens <em>generally</em>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "<b>Audience</b>: [applause]"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Not have somebody saying “I wanna have a monopoly because I "
-"think I am so important, so I should have one, so protect me from anybody "
-"else being allowed to develop software”."
+"Not have somebody saying “I wanna have a monopoly because I think I am "
+"so important I should have one, so protect me from anybody else being "
+"allowed to develop software.”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: You are suggesting that we should avoid making a battleground for "
-"patency, don't we still have to see the problem that there are a lot of "
-"American products being sold here and…"
+"patents, don't we still have to deal with the problem that there are a lot "
+"of American products being sold here and…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Well…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: … and we are still going to be mistaken…?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: No! No, you misunderstood, US developers may be in trouble because "
-"of the patent system and what effect will that have, it means that their "
-"certain products that wouldn't be coming from the US and therefore they "
-"wouldn't be sold in the US or here. You see, if the developer is in the US "
+"<b>A</b>: No! No, you misunderstood. US developers may be in trouble "
+"because of the patent system, and what effect will that have? It means that "
+"there are certain products that won't be coming from the US, and therefore "
+"they won't be sold in the US, or here. You see, if a developer is in the US "
"and there is a US software patent, that software developer is going to get "
-"sued there, whether or not he tries with anybody in India he is going to get "
-"sued. But the fact that he is distributing the program in India is not "
-"going to cause him an additional problem because that is under the "
-"jurisdiction of India, that's the one thing he will not get sued for. So, "
-"basically, what it means is whatever exists can be distributed in India, "
-"safely, and the developers who are lucky enough to be in India would be safe "
-"from this kind of gang warfare, and those who are unlucky enough to be in "
-"the US will not be safe."
+"sued there, whether or not he tries to deal with anybody in India, he is "
+"going to get sued. But the fact that he is distributing the program in "
+"India is not going to cause him an additional problem, because that's under "
+"the jurisdiction of India. That's the one thing he will <em>not</em> get "
+"sued for. So, basically, what it means is, whatever exists can be "
+"distributed in India, safely, and the developers who are lucky enough to be "
+"in India will be safe from this kind of gang warfare, and those who are "
+"unlucky enough to be in the US will not be safe."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, are you basically against the very concept of intellectual "
"property rights?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: As I said in the beginning, it is foolish even to think about that "
-"topic, that topic is an overgeneralization. It lumps together totally "
-"different things like copyrights and patents and so any opinion about "
-"co-intellectual property is a foolish one. I don't have an opinion about "
-"intellectual property, I have opinions about copyrights and I have "
-"completely different opinions about patents and even in the area of patents, "
-"know, I have different opinions in different fields. Even that area is a "
-"big area. And then their trademarks which are also called intellectual "
-"property, I think trademarks are basically a good idea."
-msgstr ""
-
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
-msgid ""
-"The US has taken trademarks all little too far. But, basically it is "
-"reasonable to have labels that you can rely on. So you shouldn't try to "
-"have an opinion about intellectual property. If you are thinking about "
-"intellectual property, you are thinking at a simplistic level. And any "
-"conclusions you reach will be simplistic. So do as I do, you know, pick one "
-"topic at a time and focus on it and find out the details about that one "
-"area, then you can think intelligently about that area and later on you can "
-"think intelligently about the other areas too."
+"<b>A</b>: As I said at the beginning, it is foolish to even think about that "
+"topic. That topic is an overgeneralization. It lumps together totally "
+"different things like copyrights and patents, and so any opinion about "
+"\"intellectual property\" is a foolish one. I don't have an opinion about "
+"intellectual property, I have opinions about copyrights, and I have "
+"completely different opinions about patents, and even in the area of "
+"patents, you know, I have different opinions in different fields. Even that "
+"area is a big area. And then there are trademarks which are also "
+"\"intellectual property\"; I think trademarks are basically a good idea. "
+"The US has taken trademarks all little too far but, basically it is "
+"reasonable to have labels that you can rely on."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
+msgid ""
+"So you shouldn't try to have an opinion about intellectual property. If you "
+"are thinking about intellectual property, you are thinking at a simplistic "
+"level. And any conclusions you reach will be simplistic. So, do as I do, "
+"you know, pick one topic at a time and focus on it, and find out the details "
+"about that one area, then you can think intelligently about that area, and "
+"later on you can think intelligently about the other areas too."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So there is an argument that if particular intellectual property "
"right is not protected…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, what you are saying makes no sense at all and is at a "
-"foolish general level…"
+"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, what you are saying makes no sense at all and is at "
+"this foolish general level…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Let me complete sir, if that particular intellectual property "
"right is not protected, it may impede the investment, and this "
"impediment…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: This generalistic thinking is so simplistic, it's totally stupid. "
-"It makes no sense at all. There is no principle of intellectual property. "
-"Copyrights and patents and trademarks originated completely separately, they "
-"have nothing in common, except later somebody else made up this term "
-"“intellectual property” to call them all while."
+"<b>A</b>: This generalistic thinking is so simplistic, it's totally "
+"stupid. It makes no sense at all. There is no principle of intellectual "
+"property. Copyrights and patents and trademarks originated completely "
+"separately, they have nothing in common, except later somebody else made up "
+"this term “intellectual property” to call them all by it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, will you extend this concept to the physical property?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: No, I'm sorry, none of these things has anything to do with the "
+"<b>A</b>: No, I'm sorry, none of these things has anything to do with "
"physical property rights, they are totally different. What do you say "
-"extend “this concept”? Which is this “concept”? The "
+"extend “this concept”? Which is “this concept”? The "
"idea that the term “intellectual property” is a generalization "
"that leads you into simplistic thinking. Should we apply that to physical "
"property? No, they are totally different. They have nothing in common."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So the basis under which this intellectual property is protected "
-"is “protect the labor”, “intellectual labor”?"
+"is “protect the labor,” “intellectual labor”?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: No! No, you are totally wrong, you are totally wrong. The purpose "
"of you have been brainwashed, you have been listening to the propaganda of "
"the companies that want to have these monopolies. If you ask what legal "
-"scholars say is the basis of these systems. They say that their attempts, "
-"for copyrights and for patents, their attempts to manipulate the behavior of "
-"people to get benefit for the public. Trademarks are a different issue, I "
-"think the issues for trademark are completely different. So you are making "
-"an overgeneralisation also."
+"scholars say is the basis of these systems, they say that they are attempts "
+"— for copyrights and for patents — they are attempts to "
+"manipulate the behavior of people to get benefit for the public. Trademarks "
+"are a different issue, I think the issues for trademark are completely "
+"different. So you are making an overgeneralization also."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: So why can't we extend the very same principle …"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: So why can't we extend the very same principle…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: But in any case, your principle is wrong and if you take a look at "
-"that economic research on www.researchoninnovation.org you will see that you "
-"are making naive statements, naive blind statements that are simply not "
-"true. You got the silly idea that creating a monopoly over some aspect of "
-"life always invariably makes that aspect of life thrive. Well this is "
-"dumb. Occasionally it might work, and occasionally it causes a lot of "
-"troubles."
+"<b>A</b>: But in any case, your principle is <em>wrong</em>, and if you take "
+"a look at that economic research on www.researchoninnovation.org, you will "
+"see that you are making naive statements, naive blanket statements that are "
+"simply not true. You got the silly idea that creating a monopoly over some "
+"aspect of life <em>always</em>, <em>invariably</em> makes that aspect of "
+"life thrive. Well, this is dumb. Occasionally it might work, and "
+"occasionally it causes a lot of trouble."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Don't you think that the same kind of monopoly is created in favor "
"of a party when he owns a physical property?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't hear you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think that the same kind of monopoly rights are "
"created if a particular physical property is allowed to be owned by a "
"person, just like an intellectual property?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Physical property can only be in one place at a time, you know, "
-"only one person can sit in a chair at a time in the normal way. You know "
-"these are totally different issues, you know trying to generalize to the "
-"utmost is a foolish thing to do, you are doing with complicated words that "
-"have many, many, many complicated details and you are asking us to ignore "
-"all these details and you are doing with words that have complicated effects "
-"in various fields and you are asking us to ignore the details of their "
-"effects. Don't bother judging this program by its results. I think that if "
-"we were talking about a public policy issue, we got to look at the actual "
-"results of the policy, not some myths to what results a certain ideology "
-"would predict, I'm telling you the real results, I'm telling you what I have "
-"seen and what other programmers have seen."
+"<b>A</b>: Physical property can only be in one place at a time. You know, "
+"only one person can sit in a chair at a time in the normal way. [Applause] "
+"You know these are totally different issues. You know, trying to generalize "
+"to the utmost is a foolish thing to do. We're dealing with complicated laws "
+"that have many, many, many complicated details and you are asking us to "
+"ignore all these details. We're dealing with laws that have complicated "
+"effects in various fields and you are asking us to ignore the details of "
+"their effects. Don't bother judging… I think that if we are talking "
+"about a public policy issue, we've got to look at the actual results of the "
+"policy, not some myth as to what results a certain ideology would predict. "
+"I'm telling you the real results, I'm telling you what I have seen and what "
+"other programmers have seen."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, what about the LZW patent? Is it …"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, what about the LZW patent? Is it…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: What about the ‘what’?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: What about the <em>what</em>?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: LZW patent?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: The LZW patent?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Yeah. Is it still in effect?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Yes, it is. Well, there are two LZW patents as I explained to you "
-"and they are both still in effect."
+"<b>A</b>: Yes, it is. Well, there are actually two LZW patents as I "
+"explained to you, and they are both still in effect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, so its for 20 years?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, so it's for 20 years?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Yeah, it's not 20 years yet."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Sir, can we reduce the scope of the problem by reducing the period "
-"of the patent?"
+"<b>Q</b>: Sir, can you reduce the scope of the problem by reducing the "
+"period of the patent?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Definitely, you could. If there were software patents, but they "
"only lasted for, say, 5 years or three years, that would mostly solve the "
"problem. Yes it's a pain to have to wait 3 or 5 years, but it's much, much "
-"less of a pain. But, but there is a difficulty there. The GATT agreements "
-"say that patents must last 20 years. So the only way you could have "
-"something like a software pattern which lasted for 3 or 5 years is as "
-"follows."
+"less of a pain. But, but there is a difficulty there. The GATT agreement "
+"says that patents must last 20 years. So, the only way you could have "
+"something like software patents which lasted for 3 or 5 years is as follows."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"First, make it clear that ordinary patents do not apply and second, if you "
-"wish you could create this different system of five-year software idea "
+"First, make it clear that ordinary patents do not apply, and second, if you "
+"wish, you could create a different system of five-year software idea "
"monopolies. Well, it's not clear that there is any particular benefit in "
-"this five-year software monopolies but it would be much better in the "
+"these five-year software monopolies but it would be much better than the "
"current situation. So if you found the government prepared to make this "
"deal, well, I would say, we should take it. But, but we have to realize, "
"though, that the first step is to abolish software patents strictly "
"speaking, and that has to be part of this deal."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: So and patent has also now become victim of …"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: So and patent has also now become victim of…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I couldn't hear you, could you speak louder?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I couldn't hear you at all, could you speak
louder?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, patent has now become a way of making money by businesses "
"rather than promoting inventions?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Yes, a lot of them use it that way."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So, sir, can we reduce this problem further by assigning the "
-"patent to the actual inventor rather than a business…?"
+"patent to the actual inventor rather than a business?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Not really. What you find is that, that aspect of the "
+"<b>A</b>: Not really. What you'll find is that, that aspect of the "
"relationship between the employee and the business is something that gets "
-"negotiated and the business has more cloud, so they are always going in the "
-"end of ranging to have the employee and the patent of the company. The "
-"other thing is that it doesn't make a big difference who owns the patent. "
-"The point is that you are prohibited from developing a program using that "
-"idea and it may make some difference precisely who has the power to sue "
-"you. But what you really want is not to be sued on. So why look for a half "
-"measure like this? Or its much better just to say that software shouldn't "
-"have patents?"
+"negotiated; and the business has more clout, so they are always going to end "
+"up arranging to have the employee hand the patent to the company. The other "
+"thing is that it doesn't make a big difference who owns the patent. The "
+"point is that you are prohibited from developing a program using that idea, "
+"and it may make some difference precisely who has the power to sue you. But "
+"what you really want is not to be sued at all. So why look for a "
+"half-measure like this? It's much better just to say that software shouldn't "
+"have patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Okay, if you gonna pass a note, you better read it out loud. Any other "
+"Okay, if you gonna pass a note, you'd better read it out loud. Any other "
"questions?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: People who are being to Malaysia say that, if we buy a PC there, "
"the amount of money we would pay for all the standard software is about a "
@@ -1824,87 +2076,88 @@
"more relaxed about patents and copyrights?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, are you not sure what you are talking about, you seem to "
-"mixing together copyrights and patents, I'm not sure what you are talking "
-"about has anything to do with the issue of software patents."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, are you not sure what you are talking about? Because you "
+"seem to mixing together copyrights and patents. I'm not sure if what you "
+"are talking about has anything to do with the issue of software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Precisely what I want to know is about… this is something "
-"to do with patents…?"
+"<b>Q</b>: Precisely what I want to know is about: this has something to do "
+"with patents?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Probably not."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Different countries depending on how much, whether they are part "
-"of WTO or not part of WTO …"
+"of WTO or not part of WTO…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: No, no."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: …I think matter…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: You see, I don't know for certain because I don't know what's "
-"going on their either, I'd never been there but I suspect that it's a matter "
-"of copyrights and has nothing to do with patents, because if you are talking "
-"about the same programs, remember, software patents are primarily a "
-"restriction on software developers. So it's the same program that was "
+"going on there. I've never been there. But I suspect that it's a matter of "
+"copyright and has nothing to do with patents, because if you are talking "
+"about the same programs… Remember, software patents are primarily a "
+"restriction on software developers. So if it's the same program and it was "
"developed, say, in the US, the patent problems they have are independent of, "
-"you know, the patent problems they have are biggest in the US, not in either "
-"India or Malaysia, so, that probably has to do with copyrights not patents "
-"and that's a totally different issue, we mustn't lump these issues together."
+"you know… the patent problems they have are biggest in the US, not in "
+"either India or Malaysia. So, that probably has to do with copyright, not "
+"patents, and that's a totally different issue. We mustn't lump these issues "
+"together."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir earlier you've told that…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry I can't hear you."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Earlier in your speech you've told that software that should be "
-"brought under the purvey of patents… is what you defined that as what "
-"can be run on a general purpose machine."
+"brought under the purvey of patents is what you defined that as what can be "
+"run on a general purpose machine."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I'm afraid I can't … can anyone understand what he's saying "
-"? I cannot understand your words. If you make an attempt to enunciate more "
-"clearly I may be able to understand."
+"<b>A</b>: I'm afraid I can't… Can anyone understand what he's saying? "
+"I cannot understand your words. If you make an effort to enunciate more "
+"clearly, I may be able to understand."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: You had spoken earlier that software that should be patented is, "
"you defined that as, software that can be run on a general purpose "
"machine…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry I didn't say that software should be patented, so I just "
-"cant make out these words. Maybe if you tell that to someone else, the "
-"other person could say it I could understand."
+"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry I didn't say that software <em>should</em> be patented, "
+"so I just can't make out these words. Maybe if you tell that to someone "
+"else, the other person could say it and I could understand."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Software patents, like whatever you call software patents, like "
"those are what can be run on a general purpose machine. So if some "
@@ -1912,84 +2165,83 @@
"general purpose machine, it should not be patented."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Yes. Now I can hear you, yes. One of the things I proposed was "
"that patent should not apply to software for general purpose machines or the "
"use of it on those general purpose machines. So that if you develop that "
-"program or if you are using that program you couldn't be sued."
+"program or if you are using that program, you couldn't be sued."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: We've an increasing number of software now being run on a general "
-"purpose machine."
+"<b>Q</b>: We've an increasing number of software not being run on general "
+"purpose machines."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, then that would be covered still by software patents so "
-"there wouldn't be a total a solution, but at least there would be a partial "
-"solution."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, then that would be covered still by software patents, so it "
+"wouldn't be a total a solution, but at least it would be a partial solution."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: So if the defining line is general purpose machines, don't you see "
"there's a possibility that people could find loopholes in it, like, to find "
-"or workarounds for…"
+"workarounds for…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry do I see a possibility for people would do what?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry. Do I see a possibility that people would do what?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: …of finding loopholes or workarounds of converting what you "
-"would call software patents into get it actually patented."
+"<b>Q</b>: … of finding loopholes or workarounds of converting what "
+"you would call software patents and to get it actually patented."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry I do not understand. Loopholes to do… I'm "
+"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I do not understand. Loopholes to do… I'm "
"sorry. What people would do, what software developers would do in that "
"situation is use general purpose machines more."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Some algorithm can be run on a general purpose machine — "
-"what I'd say that that algorithm I'm using it for some embedded device and "
+"what I'd say that, that algorithm, I'm using it for some embedded device and "
"go ahead and patent it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Why you could try it, you misunderstood. The point is that, you "
-"misunderstood what the solution is. The solution is that if I'm using in "
-"developing the software on general purpose machines then nobody can sue me "
-"for patent infringement. So yes, somebody could get a patent and may be he "
+"misunderstood what the solution is. The solution is that if I am developing "
+"and using the software on general purpose machines, then nobody can sue me "
+"for patent infringement. So yes, somebody could get a patent, and maybe he "
"could sue others who are doing specialized things which involve particular "
"hardware. But they couldn't sue me."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, may I ask a question."
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, may I ask you a question."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Yes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, you spoke of general purpose machines. In the sense, how "
"would you define these machines, because these days you have a lot of custom "
"made handheld devices etc. Now some way…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: No, hand held computers are general purpose when they are not "
"designed to carry out a specific computation or a specific physical "
@@ -1997,479 +2249,504 @@
"computer chips in them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Then the idea would be contestable in a court of law as together "
-"it's a general purpose…"
+"<b>Q</b>: Then the idea would be contestable in a court of law as to whether "
+"it's a general purpose or not…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I guess, what has to be, yeah. The precise details of drawing "
-"these lines, one ends up having to leave to judges."
+"<b>A</b>: I guess, it will have to be, yeah. The precise details of drawing "
+"those lines, one ends up having to leave to judges."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Thank you sir."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Germany and France, the only countries who has said no to patents "
"in Europe…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well, I don't know the full situation. Those are the just the "
-"ones I know of. The last time there was a vote there were going to be a "
-"majority of no votes, and so they dropped the issue. And I don't remember "
-"the other countries."
+"ones I know of. The last time there was a vote, there were going to be a "
+"majority of <em>no</em> votes, and so they dropped the issue. And I don't "
+"remember the other countries."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: There's no European community decision on this…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Not yet. In fact, the European Commission itself is divided. One "
"of the agencies — the one which unfortunately is the lead agency on "
-"this issue — has been won over by multinationals and is in favor of "
-"software patents and then the agency that's trusted to encourage software "
+"this issue — has been won over by the multinationals and is in favor "
+"of software patents, and then the agency that tries to encourage software "
"development is against them, and so they're trying to work against it. So "
-"somebody who want to get in touch with the official incharge of the agency "
-"that is opposed to software patents, I can put them in touch."
+"if there is somebody who wants to get in touch with the official in charge "
+"of the agency that is opposed to software patents, I can put them in touch."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Is there any country that said ‘no’ to software "
"patents?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well, there are countries which don't have them, but it's not "
"clear that there's any country which has affirmed this recently."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, could you please elaborate on the benefits the software "
"development community got in European countries from this policy?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, the benefit is you don't have to be afraid someone will sue "
-"you because of some of the ideas were a combination of the ideas that you "
-"used in a program you wrote. Basically software patents mean that if you "
-"write a program, somebody else might sue you and say you're not allowed to "
-"write that program. The benefits of not having software patents is you're "
-"from that."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, the benefit is that you don't have to be afraid someone will "
+"sue you, because of one of the ideas or a combination of ideas that you used "
+"in a program that you wrote. Basically software patents mean that if you "
+"write a program, somebody else might sue you and say “you're not "
+"allowed to write that program.” The benefit of not having software "
+"patents is you're safe from that."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now in India you've probably taken for granted that you're safe from that. "
-"But that will only long as long as they're no software patents in India."
+"Now in India you have probably taken for granted that you are safe from "
+"that. But that will only last as long as there are no software patents in "
+"India."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Are there any threats to India not acceding to software
regime?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"<b>Q</b>: Are there any threats to India not acceding to the software "
+"regime?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well there's no software regime. The GATT agreement doesn't "
-"require software patents. There's no treaty requiring software patents."
+"require software patents. There is no treaty requiring software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Most people, if they had a chance to get a patent and make a lot "
"of money out of it, they wouldn't pass it up…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well, many people if they had a chance to get a gun and make a lot "
-"of money of it wouldn't pass it up."
+"of money from, they wouldn't pass it up."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"The point is, therefore, let me try not to hand them that opportunity. You "
-"know, since we don't have a government agency handing out guns to people on "
-"the street we should not have a government agency handing out software "
+"The point is, therefore, let we try not to hand them that opportunity. For "
+"instance, we don't have a government agency handing out guns to people on "
+"the street, and we should not have a government agency handing out software "
"patents to people on the street either."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Being an advocate of this non-patency, have you ever faced "
"any…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I'm having trouble hearing you. Please try to make an effort to "
"pronounce every sound clearly that I might understand."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: …You being an advocate of this non-patency, have you faced "
-"any problems with this multinationals or something?"
+"<b>Q</b>: You being an advocate of this non-patency, have you faced any "
+"problems with these multinationals or something?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: have I faced any problems…"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: Have I faced any problems…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: …so far in your life ?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: … so far in your life?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry. What did he say?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Have you faced any problems with multi-nationals in your
life?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: Have you faced any problems with multinationals in your life?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well, there are many. In the community where I develop software, "
"there are many examples of programs that had their features taken out, "
-"programs that didn't have the features put in the first place, programs that "
+"programs that didn't have the feature put in the first place, programs that "
"were not even written for many years, because of this. There are many "
"examples of jobs we can't do, because we're not allowed to do them."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now we collected examples of this and were looking for people to write them "
-"up. You've to look at each example and investigate it fully and write down "
-"a clear description of what happened and what the harm was and so on. We "
-"had had trouble finding people to do this. We're looking for more. So "
-"someone who is really good at writing clear English might want to volunteer "
-"for this."
+"Now we collected examples of this, and we are looking for people to write "
+"them up — you know, to look at each example and investigate it fully "
+"and write down a clear description of what happened and what the harm was "
+"and so on. We have had trouble finding people to do this. We're looking "
+"for more. So someone who is really good at writing clear English might want "
+"to volunteer for this."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: I think he asked whether you had any threat to you by any "
"multinational companies…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Well they never threatened my life!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Yeah that's the question!"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: But they do threaten our work. Now they threaten to sue us."
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"<b>A</b>: No, but they do threaten our work. You know, they do threaten to "
+"sue us."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Questions about free software"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Volunteer</b>: There's a question from a gentleman at the back: If the "
-"multinational companies that produce hardware, like Intel, coming to a "
-"contract coming to a contract with big software companies to restrict Free "
-"Software by changing the microprocessor patents, how will you overcome such "
-"a hazard?"
+"<b>Volunteer</b>: There's a question from a gentleman at the back: “If "
+"the multinational companies that produce hardware, like Intel, coming to a "
+"contract with big software companies to restrict free software by changing "
+"the microprocessor patents, how will you overcome such a hazard?”"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I see very little danger of that. Intel recently developed a new "
"computer architecture, and far from trying to stop us from supporting it, "
"they hired people to implement it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So it looks like we should now we move to Free Software questions. I'd like "
-"to remind people that until this last answer, I was not speaking for the "
-"Free Software movement. I was speaking of something of vital interest to "
-"every programmer which is to be free to write programs and not get sued for "
-"having written them as long as you wrote them yourself. And that's the "
-"freedom that you've taken for granted until now and that's the freedom you "
-"will lose if you have software patents."
+"So it looks like we have now moved to free software questions. I'd like to "
+"remind people that, until this last answer, I was not speaking for the Free "
+"Software movement. I was speaking about something of vital interest to "
+"every programmer which is: to be free to write programs and not get sued for "
+"having written them, as long as you wrote it yourself. And that is a freedom "
+"that you've taken for granted until now, and it's a freedom you will lose if "
+"you have software patents."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now however we're moving to the topic of Free Software, which is what I "
-"spent most of my time working on, and the individual, actual software "
-"development project that I've lead which is developing the GNU operating "
-"system, which is a Free Software, Unix-like operating system used by some "
-"twenty million people estimated today. So I am going to answer questions on "
-"Free Software and GNU."
+"Now however we're moving to the topic of free software, which is what I "
+"spent most of my time working on, and the individual, the actual software "
+"development project that I've lead, which is developing the GNU operating "
+"system, which is a free software, Unix-like operating system used by some "
+"twenty million people estimated today. So I am now going to start answering "
+"questions about free software and GNU."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: In the absence of a concrete revenue model for Free Software, will "
-"this also go bust like the dotcoms?"
+"<b>Q</b>: In the absence of a concrete revenue model for free software, will "
+"this also go bust like the dotcom?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I can't predict the future but I want to remind you that the "
-"dotcoms were businesses. And Free Software is not primarily a business. "
-"There are some Free Software businesses. Whether they will succeed or "
-"ultimately fail, I don't know. But those businesses do contribute to our "
-"community, but they are not what our community is all about. What our "
+"dotcoms were businesses. And free software is not primarily a business. "
+"There are some free software businesses. Whether they will succeed or "
+"ultimately fail, I don't know. But those businesses, while they contribute "
+"to our community, they are not what our community is all about. What our "
"community is all about is having the freedom to redistribute and study and "
-"change software. A lot of Free Software is developed by volunteers and the "
-"amount is increasing and, no matter what happens with the companies that's "
-"not going away."
+"change software. A lot of free software is developed by volunteers, and the "
+"amount is increasing. No matter what happens with the companies, that's not "
+"going away."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: I understand companies like IBM are also investing considerably in "
-"making their systems and software compatible with free source code like "
-"Linux…"
+"<b>Q</b>: I understand that companies like IBM are also investing "
+"considerably in making their systems and software compatible with free "
+"source code like Linux…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: You mean GNU?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: All right…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Yes, they call it Linux. Actually the system is mainly GNU and "
"Linux is one of the pieces."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>[From audience]</b> The kernel is hardly eighteen percent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Well, really, that much? What I saw is three percent."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>[From audience]</b> You can see through a needle. Very
insignificant."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: But, I also understand that they've invested around a billion "
"dollars in doing so. Now my question is…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Well that's not true."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: My question is, for a service that has no revenue model, will this "
-"be sustainable in the future and if I change my business onto…"
+"<b>Q</b>: My question is: for a service that has no revenue model, will this "
+"be sustainable in the future, and if I change my business into…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry I can't predict the future. No one can."
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I can't predict the future. No one can."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: How can I…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: Some god men can predict the future. I'm not. I'm a
rationalist."
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"<b>A</b>: There are some God men who claim they can predict the future. I'm "
+"not. I'm a rationalist."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"I can't tell you what's going to happen. What I can tell you is that what "
+"I can't tell you what's going to happen. What I can tell you is that when "
"IBM claims to have put a billion dollars into the GNU plus Linux operating "
-"system, that's no entirely true. You've to look carefully on what they're "
-"spending this money on, and you'll find they are spending this money on "
-"various different things, some contribute and some don't."
+"system, that is not entirely true. You have to look carefully at what "
+"they're spending this money on, and you'll find they are spending this money "
+"on various different things, some contribute and some don't."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"For instance, they are funding some work on developing the GNU/Linux "
-"system. That's good, that contributes. They do develop some other Free "
-"Software packages that they've contributed to the community. That's a real "
+"system. That's good, that contributes. They do develop some other free "
+"software packages that they've contributed to the community. That's a real "
"contribution."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"They are also developing many non-free programs to make them run with the "
+"They are also developing many nonfree programs to make them run with the "
"GNU/Linux system and that is not a contribution. And they are publicizing "
-"the system, well, it's not a primary contribution, but it does help. You "
-"know, having more user is not our primary goal. But it's nice if more "
+"the system, well, it's not a primary contribution but it does help, you "
+"know. Having more users is not our primary goal. But it's nice, if more "
"people would try our software, so that does help, but then they're "
"mistakenly calling this Linux which is not quite right, and they're lobbying "
-"for software patents in Europe, which is bad, so, yeah IBM is doing many "
-"different things, some are good and some are bad, and if you want to have a "
-"full view, it's important to look at the individual actions. Do not try to "
-"add it up because that just means you're missing the important aspects of "
-"the situation."
+"for software patents in Europe, which is bad. So, you know, IBM is doing "
+"many different things. Some are good and some are bad, and if you want to "
+"have a thoughtful view, it's important to look at the individual actions. "
+"Do not try to add it up because that just means you're missing the important "
+"aspects of the situation."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "Are there any more questions?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: [...]"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"<b>A</b>: I can't hear you at all, I'm sorry [...] whispering. I'm a little "
+"bit hard of hearing, and when you combine that with the noise of the fans, "
+"and with the unusual accent, all three of those things together make very "
+"hard for me to make out the words."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: This question is not about patent or copyright or anything like "
"that. But this is one example what you said about — if statement and "
"while statement — that you said something about the differences in the "
-"field of computer science and differences other sciences, that is other "
+"field of computer science and differences with other sciences, that is other "
"engineering sciences. You said that if I change something in the if loop "
"that's if statement, there won't be any effect, that you said…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: No I didn't say that."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: You said that! You said that there isn't any heating effect. I "
"remember that…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I know what I said. I said something that's partly "
"similar to that…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: I'll tell the exact statement: you said there won't any heating "
"effect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Any whating effect?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Heating effect. Heating…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: Oh yes we don't have to worry about how much heat is…"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid ""
+"<b>A</b>: Oh yes we don't have to worry about how much heat the if "
+"statement…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Yeah, yeah, exactly. Then what is it that cascading effect? If I "
-"change the structure of the loop, there will be an effect."
+"<b>Q</b>: Yeah, yeah, exactly. Then what is it that cascading effect is? If "
+"I change the structure of the loop, there will be an effect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Oh sure. The program will behave differently when you change it, "
-"but I'm not saying that writing every program is easy that we never make "
+"but I'm not saying that writing every program is easy, or that we never make "
"mistakes. I listed a lot of specific kinds of problems, that would plague a "
-"mechanical or electrical engineer at every little detail, even if each "
-"detail gets to be very hard for them. Worse for us, the problems are "
+"mechanical or electrical engineer at every little detail. Even each one "
+"detail gets to be very hard for them. Whereas for us, the problems are "
"because we do so much, we're doing it so fast, we don't think carefully "
"about each one thing. So we make mistakes."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: So you admit that there's an effect."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Of course. I never said otherwise, I'm sorry if you thought so. "
-"Sure if you change a program it's going to do different things."
+"Sure if you change your program it's going to do different things."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir, can you comment on the commercial distributions?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, you asked me to comment on the commercial distributions of "
+"<b>A</b>: Well, you asked me to comment on the commercial distribution of "
"GNU/Linux systems? Well, I think that's fine. That's one of the freedoms "
-"Free Software gives you — the freedom to use it in business, the "
-"freedom to distribute it as part of the business, the freedom to sell copies "
+"that free software gives you — the freedom to use it in business, the "
+"freedom to distribute it as part of a business, the freedom to sell copies "
"in exchange for money. These are all legitimate."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"Now, one thing I'm unhappy about is what the companies do this is that they "
-"add some non-free software to it."
+"Now, one thing I am unhappy about is when the companies that do this add "
+"some nonfree software to it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: That's the installation program?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Yeah, any non-free software. Because the goal was you should be "
-"able to get a completely free operating system. Well, if I have a thing in "
-"a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system, the public says Linux, but "
-"inside it there are some non-free programs, now you're not getting something "
-"that's entirely free anymore. It doesn't entirely respect your freedom. So "
-"the real goal for which we wrote the system is being lost."
+"<b>A</b>: Yeah, any nonfree software. Because the goal was: you should be "
+"able to get a completely free operating system. Well, if they have a thing "
+"in a store which says I'm the GNU/Linux system — of course it says "
+"Linux — but inside of it there are some nonfree programs, now you're "
+"not getting something that is entirely free anymore. It doesn't entirely "
+"respect your freedom. So the real goal for which we wrote the system is "
+"being lost."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So that's a major problem our community faces now. The tendency to put free "
-"software together with non-free software and make these non-free overall "
-"systems. And then, you know, it might seem that the software is a success "
-"because many people are using it. But if you look at our real goal, our "
-"real goal is not popularity. Our real goal is to spread a community of "
-"freedom and we're not succeeding in doing that if the people are using "
-"non-free software systems."
+"So that's a major problem that our community faces now, the tendency to put "
+"free software together with nonfree software and make these nonfree overall "
+"systems. And then, you know, it might seem that our software is a success "
+"because there are many people using it. But if you look at our real goal, "
+"our real goal is not popularity. Our real goal is to spread a community of "
+"freedom, and we're not succeeding in doing that if the people are using "
+"nonfree software still."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
"Unfortunately, I couldn't give both speeches. I can give a speech about "
"software patents, or I can give a speech about free software. They're very "
-"different and each one of them is a long speech. So unfortunately what it "
-"means is that I can't explain about Free Software and the GNU project here. "
-"Am I giving anther speech in Kochi? Am I giving the Free Software speech in "
-"Kochi?"
+"different and each one of them is a long speech. So unfortunately what that "
+"means is that I can't fully explain about free software and the GNU project "
+"here. Am I giving another speech in Kochi? Am I giving the free software "
+"speech in Kochi?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: No."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Oh well. I gave that speech in Trivandrum."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So I'll answer five more questions and then I have to call it quits because "
-"it gets to be quite draining to answer so many."
+"So I'll answer five more questions and then I'll have to call it quits "
+"because it gets to be quite draining to answer so many."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Excuse me sir, question from me again. Sir, this is a personal "
"question. Me, as such, I love programming. I spend a lot of time in front "
@@ -2478,180 +2755,180 @@
"goodwill among them. They used to share code, they used to develop on it."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Well, a specific community of programmers which I belonged to. "
-"This was not all programmers. This was one specific community. Continue."
+"This was not all programmers. It was one specific community. Continue."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Yes sir. In that context, I feel particularly, me as such, I feel "
-"very hurt when I see the so called interaction among programmers today. "
-"Because many of us are very good programmers but we look at each other in "
+"very hurt when I see the so-called interaction among programmers today. "
+"Because many of us are very good programmers, but we look at each other in "
"different colors depending upon the tools we use — “hey, he's a "
-"windows guy”, “hey, he's a GNU/Linux guy”, “hey, "
-"he's into Solaris systems”, “he's a network programmer”. "
-"And unfortunately most of this prejudice come from a lot of "
-"misinterpretation out of things like this. None of these guys promote Free "
-"Software as such, and it hurts me as a programmer and many of my colleagues, "
-"and I work in an environment…"
+"windows guy,” “hey, he's a GNU/Linux guy,” “hey, "
+"he's into Solaris systems,” “he's a network programmer.” "
+"And unfortunately most of this prejudice comes from a lot of "
+"misinterpretation out of things like this. None of these people promote "
+"free software as such, and it hurts me as a programmer and many of my "
+"colleagues, and I work in an environment…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Could you speak a bit more slowly, I am hearing most of it, but "
-"there was one point that I miss, so you speak slowly."
+"there was one point that I miss, so if you speak slowly I will…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Yeah, and that here that we work with in an environment you are "
-"judged according to the tools you use rather than the quality of work."
+"<b>Q</b>: Yeah, here we work with in an environment where you are judged "
+"according to the tools you use rather than the quality of work."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: To me that, well, in one sense there is a situation where in a "
"limited way that is rational. If there is a tool which is normally used for "
-"doing fairly easy jobs and there are lot of people who now had to do it than "
-"I would imagine now, I wouldn't want, I might not pay as much to them as "
-"somebody who does very hard jobs with a different tool that's used for hard "
-"jobs. But it's true if you're talking about hard jobs, it makes no sense "
-"that you prejudice about what tools people are using. Good programmers can "
-"use any tools."
+"doing fairly easy jobs and there are lot of people who now had to do it, "
+"then I would imagine now, I wouldn't want, I might not pay as much to them "
+"as somebody who does very hard jobs with a different tool that's used for "
+"hard jobs. But it's true if you're talking about hard jobs, it makes no "
+"sense that you'd be prejudiced about what tools people are using. The good "
+"programmers can use any tools."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: That was not the focus here. The focus was that here it's a "
-"question of goodwill. Goodwill amongst programmers these days seems to be "
-"melted down into the, you know little boxes of this system and that system "
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid ""
+"<b>Q</b>: That was not the focus here. The focus was that here it is a "
+"question of goodwill. Goodwill amongst programmers these days seems to be, "
+"you know, melted out into these little boxes of this system and that system, "
"and that hurts."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I agree we should encourage people to study more different things "
-"and we should never be prejudiced against people because of some detail, you "
-"know the fact that this person likes Prolog and this person likes C, why "
-"should they hate each other…"
+"<b>A</b>: I agree we should encourage people to learn about more different "
+"things and we should never be prejudiced against people because of some "
+"detail, you know the fact that this person likes Perl and this person likes "
+"C, why should they hate each other…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: It's not even that distinct. It's like this person works on "
-"GNU/Linux and this person works on Windows, which are the major operating "
-"systems today in India at least."
+"GNU/Linux and this person works on Windows, which are the two major "
+"operating systems today in India at least."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, in that case, though it's not just a prejudice. You see "
-"Windows is a system, a social system, that keeps people helpless and "
-"devoid. Whereas, GNU/Linux is an alternative that is created specifically "
-"to liberate people and to encourage them to collaborate. So to sum it then, "
-"it's not like where you born in this country or that country, no this is "
-"like your choice of politics. And it does make to criticize people for "
-"their choices about important issues."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, in that case, though, it's not just a prejudice, you see. "
+"Windows is a system, a social system, that keeps people helpless and divided "
+"[applause], whereas GNU/Linux is an alternative that was created "
+"specifically to liberate people and to encourage them to cooperate. So to "
+"some extent, this is not like: “where you born in this country or that "
+"country?” No, this is like your choice of politics. And it does make "
+"sense to criticize people for their choices about important issues."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"So, I would say, a person who's using Windows, well, either he's actively "
-"supporting this power structure or at least may be he's trapped in it and "
+"So, I would say, a person who's using Windows, well, either he is actively "
+"supporting this power structure, or at least maybe he's trapped in it and "
"doesn't have the courage to get out. In that case you can forgive him, I "
-"guess, and encourage him. You know there are different situations in any "
-"place where people're different. Some people are making more or less effort "
-"to try to improve things. I believe in judging people as individuals, not "
-"as lumping them together by their groups."
+"guess, and encourage him. You know, there are different situations of "
+"people; in any place there are people… different. Some people are "
+"making more or less effort to try to improve things. I believe in judging "
+"people as individuals, not as lumping them together by their groups."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"But this is, in this one case it is, somewhat alike political choice with "
-"political consequences for society and that's exactly what makes sense to "
-"criticize people."
+"But this is, in this one case it is, somewhat of a political choice with "
+"political consequences for society, and that's exactly where it makes sense "
+"to criticize people."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sorry to continue again on this, but I'm a little persistent about "
"this. It's…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: This is your last chance."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Yes sir, thank you. Generally when statements like these are made "
-"people who are not so much, you know, in connection with these things tend "
-"to assume that cooperative communities and sharing of source code and "
-"sharing of ideas and things like that don't exist in other environments but "
+"<b>Q</b>: Yes sir, thank you. Generally when statements like these are "
+"made, people who are not so much, you know, in connection with these things "
+"tend to assume that cooperative communities and sharing of source code and "
+"sharing of ideas and things like that don't exist in other environments, but "
"they do, and that's very unfortunate that they think so."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry … “that don't exist in other "
-"environments”, I don't know which other environments that you're "
-"talking about I don't understand."
+"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry… <em>What</em> don't exist in other environments? "
+"I don't know which other environments you're talking about. I don't "
+"understand."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Other programming environments, other operating systems."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well may be there are some users developing some Free Software "
-"that runs on Windows, in fact I'm sure…"
+"<b>A</b>: Well may be there are some users developing some free software "
+"that runs on Windows, in fact I'm sure there are…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
-"<i>Note: At this point, there was a short blackout, and both the recording "
-"and the transcript is incomplete here.</i>"
+"<em>Note: At this point, there was a short blackout, and both the recording "
+"and the transcript is incomplete here.</em>"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, may be there, are there any questions? Could you speak "
+"<b>A</b>: Well, may be there, are there anymore questions? Could you speak "
"louder? I can't hear you at all."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Sir may I ask you a question?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid "<b>A</b>: Okay you can, sure."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: In Free Software System we will be distributing the source code "
+"<b>Q</b>: In free software system we will be distributing the source code "
"also together with the software. So a person is entitled to change whatever "
"he can in the source code. So don't you think there will be too many "
"software versions of a particular software and this will in turn cause "
"problems for a layman to find out which will suit him the most."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Practical experience is that this is not a problem and "
-"occasionally it happens. But not very often. Now, you see that the reason "
-"is that the users want interoperability and with Free Software the users are "
-"ultimately in control and what they want they tend to get. The Free "
-"Software developers realize that they had better — if they are going "
+"<b>A</b>: Practical experience is that this is not a problem. And "
+"occasionally it happens, but not very often. Now, you see, the reason is "
+"that the users want interoperability and with free software the users are "
+"ultimately in control, and what they want they tend to get. The free "
+"software developers realize that they had better — if they are going "
"to make incompatible changes they are likely to make users unhappy and their "
"versions are not going to be used. So they generally draw the obvious "
"conclusion and pay a lot of attention to interoperability."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: What I feel is that like I'll be just loading a software into my "
"computer and the next morning I'll find a better version then again I'll "
@@ -2659,153 +2936,164 @@
"source code and that's a better version, so don't you…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: In general you are not going be finding a better version everyday "
-"and the reason is that typically for any given program there is usually only "
-"one version that is widely used. May be there will be two, once in a while "
-"there will be three — when there is no good maintainer that might "
-"happen. So you are just not going to keep finding out about more versions "
-"that are good everyday; there aren't so many. There won't be that many "
-"popular versions. There is one situation where you can get a new version "
-"everyday. That is, when there is one team doing a lot of work on "
-"development then every day you can get the latest version. That you can "
-"do. But there is only one version at any given time."
+"<b>A</b>: In general you are not going be finding a better version every day "
+"and the reason is that typically for any given program, there is usually "
+"only one version that is widely used. Maybe there will be two, once in a "
+"while there will be three — when there is no good maintainer that "
+"might happen. So you are just not going to keep finding out about more "
+"versions that are good every day; there aren't so many. There won't be that "
+"many popular versions. There is one situation where you can get a new "
+"version every day. That is when there is one team doing a lot of work on "
+"development then every day you can get their latest version. That you can "
+"do. But that's only one version at any given time."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Sir, don't you think we will have to implement an organization "
"which will take into consideration all these updations and it will just "
-"provide a single software which will have all the updations right."
+"provide a single software which will have all the updations right?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I'm sorry, I didn't hear that. Shouldn't we have an organization "
-"that would do something with all these versions … but i don't know "
-"what."
+"that would do something with all these versions, but I don't know what."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Like, say I have developed a version of…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Did anyone else hear what she said? Could anyone else tell me what "
"she said?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: The thing is that…"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: It's a very valuable skill to learn to speak slowly and clearly. "
-"If you ever want to give a speech which as part of your career you will, "
+"If you ever want to give a speech, which as part of your career you will, "
"it's very helpful to learn to enunciate clearly and slowly."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Thank you sir. Sir the thing is that don't you feel that we "
+"<b>Q</b>: Thank you, Sir. Sir, the thing is that, don't you feel that we "
"require an organization which will just perform a number of updations "
-"together and make available a software which will club all the updations "
-"until that date?"
+"together and make available a software which will club all the updations up "
+"to that date?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: You are saying, take various different applications and put them "
"together?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Yes Sir."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: I will tell you a lot of organizations are doing that; in fact "
+"<b>A</b>: I will tell you. A lot of organizations are doing that; in fact "
"every one of the GNU/Linux distributions is exactly that. Debian does that, "
"Red Hat does that… We to some extent do that also for the GNU "
"packages. We work on making sure they work together."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"<b>Q</b>: Excuse me Sir, we have talked lot against patents. In US "
+"<b>Q</b>: Excuse me Sir. We have talked lot against patents. In US "
"conditions have you ever been forced to put forward any applications for "
"patents?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
-msgid "<b>A</b>: No. But no one can force me to make a patent
application…"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
+msgid "<b>A</b>: No. But no one can force me to make a patent application."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid "<b>Q</b>: Also do you own any patents?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: I do not own any patents. Now, I have considered the possibility "
-"of applying for patents to use them as part of a mutual strategic defense "
-"alliance."
+"of applying for patents to use them as part of a <em>mutual strategic "
+"defense alliance</em>."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"<b>Q</b>: Do you mean to say that if I have twenty patents with me, I donate "
"it to the FSF and you maintain it for me?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
-"<b>A</b>: Well, not the FSF, it would be a separate specialized organization "
-"that would exist specifically so that we would all contribute are patents "
-"and that organizations would use all of these patents to shelter anyone who "
-"wishes shelter. So anyone can join the organization, even somebody who has "
-"no patents. And that person gets shelter of this organization. But then we "
-"all do try to get patents so as to make the organization stronger so it can "
-"protect us all better. That is the idea, but so far no one has been able to "
-"get this started. It's not an easy thing to do, and part of the reason is "
-"that applying for the patent is very expensive. And a lot of work as well."
+"<b>A</b>: Well, not the FSF. It would be a separate specialized "
+"organization that would exist specifically, so that we would all contribute "
+"our patents and the organization would use all of these patents to shelter "
+"anyone who wishes shelter. So anyone can join the organization, even "
+"somebody who has no patents. And that person gets the shelter of this "
+"organization. But then we all do try to get patents so as to make the "
+"organization stronger so it can protect us all better. That's the idea, but "
+"so far no one has been able to get this started. It's not an easy thing to "
+"do, and part of the reason is that applying for a patent is very expensive "
+"— and a lot of work as well."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "So this will be the last question."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
-msgid "<b>Q</b>: Why can't the Free Software foundation start its own
distribution?"
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
+msgid "<b>Q</b>: Why can't the Free Software Foundation start its own
distribution?"
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
+#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
"<b>A</b>: Oh well, the reason is that Debian is almost what we want, and it "
"seems better to be friends with Debian and try to convince them to change it "
-"a little rather than to say, “Well, we are not going to use it; we are "
-"going to make our own thing”. And also it seems likely to be more "
-"successful too because, after all there are a lot of people working on "
+"a little, rather than say “well, we are not going to use it; we are "
+"going to make our own thing.” And also it seems likely to be more "
+"successful too because, after all, there are a lot of people working on "
"Debian already. Why try to make an alternative to that large community. "
-"Much better to work with them and convince them to support our goals "
-"better. If it works, of course, and we have our ways to go in that."
+"Much better to work with them and convince them to support our goals better "
+"— if it works, of course, and we have our ways to go on that."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"So that was the last question, I can't stay all day answering questions, I'm "
-"sorry. So at this point I am going to have to call a halt and get going and "
-"go have lunch. So thank you for listening."
+"sorry. So at this point I am going to have to call a halt and get going, "
+"and go have lunch. So thank you for listening."
msgstr ""
-#. type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "[Applause]."
msgstr ""
+#. type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Footnote"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid ""
+"<a href=\"#Note1-rev\" id=\"Note1\">[1]</a> In 2012, the petition against "
+"software patents is at <a "
+"href=\"http://www.nosoftwarepatents.com\";>www.nosoftwarepatents.com</a>."
+msgstr ""
+
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
@@ -2813,15 +3101,15 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
@@ -2832,7 +3120,7 @@
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgid "Copyright © 2001, 2008, 2009, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr ""
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html 2 Feb 2012 02:13:03
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/the-danger-of-ebooks.fr-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:58
-0000 1.2
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/02/02 02:13:03 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:58 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: server/po/tasks.de.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.de.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- server/po/tasks.de.po 10 Oct 2011 08:42:17 -0000 1.15
+++ server/po/tasks.de.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:05 -0000 1.16
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-10-10 03:34+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Joerg Kohne <joeko (AT) online (PUNKT) de>\n"
"Language-Team: German <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -105,10 +106,15 @@
"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
+#| "texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
+#| "They could then be easily included in:"
+msgid ""
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
"Schreiben Sie die verschiedenen philosophischen Seiten und Bulletins in <a "
"href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo.html\" hreflang=\"en\">Texinfo</a> und "
Index: server/po/tasks.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- server/po/tasks.es.po 20 Sep 2011 17:20:29 -0000 1.15
+++ server/po/tasks.es.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.16
@@ -8,13 +8,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-09-18 17:06+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Xavier Reina <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"Language: es\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
@@ -122,10 +123,15 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
+#| "texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
+#| "They could then be easily included in:"
+msgid ""
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
"Reescribir las diversas páginas de filosofÃa y los boletines en <a href=\"/"
"software/texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> y convertirlos a HTML usando "
Index: server/po/tasks.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- server/po/tasks.fr.po 23 Jan 2012 01:39:40 -0000 1.13
+++ server/po/tasks.fr.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.14
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-10-02 10:10+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -106,10 +107,18 @@
"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+# | Rewrite the various philosophy pages [-and bulletins-] in <a
+# | href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML
+# | using texi2html. They could then be easily included in:
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
+#| "texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
+#| "They could then be easily included in:"
+msgid ""
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
"Réécrire les diverses pages et articles sur la philosophie en <a href=\"/"
"software/texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> et les convertir en HTML en "
Index: server/po/tasks.ja.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.ja.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- server/po/tasks.ja.po 31 Jan 2012 09:29:18 -0000 1.2
+++ server/po/tasks.ja.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.3
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-23 11:52+0900\n"
"Last-Translator: NIIBE Yutaka <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Japanese <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"Language: ja\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -103,10 +104,15 @@
"org\"><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§é£çµ¡ãã ãã(è±èª)ã"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
+#| "texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
+#| "They could then be easily included in:"
+msgid ""
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
"å²å¦ã®ãã¼ã¸ã®ææ¸ãä¼å ±ã<a
href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo.html"
"\">Texinfo</a>ã«æ¸ãç´ããtexi2htmlã§HTMLã«å¤æãã¦ãã
ãããããããã°ãä¸è¨"
Index: server/po/tasks.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- server/po/tasks.pot 20 Sep 2011 17:20:29 -0000 1.9
+++ server/po/tasks.pot 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.10
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a "
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a "
"href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML "
"using texi2html. They could then be easily included in:"
msgstr ""
Index: server/po/tasks.ro.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.ro.po,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- server/po/tasks.ro.po 20 Sep 2011 17:20:29 -0000 1.6
+++ server/po/tasks.ro.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.7
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2010-08-24 17:38+05\n"
"Last-Translator: LaurenÈiu Buzdugan <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Romanian <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -94,12 +94,11 @@
"send mail to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
Index: server/po/tasks.sq.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.sq.po,v
retrieving revision 1.17
retrieving revision 1.18
diff -u -b -r1.17 -r1.18
--- server/po/tasks.sq.po 24 Dec 2011 01:26:41 -0000 1.17
+++ server/po/tasks.sq.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.18
@@ -6,13 +6,14 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-12-23 13:51+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Besnik Bleta <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Shqip <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -119,10 +120,15 @@
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
+#| "texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
+#| "They could then be easily included in:"
+msgid ""
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
"Të rishkruhen faqe të ndryshme të filozofisë dhe buletineve në <a
href=\"/"
"software/texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> dhe të shndërrohen në HTML
duke "
Index: server/po/tasks.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/po/tasks.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- server/po/tasks.uk.po 20 Sep 2011 17:20:29 -0000 1.8
+++ server/po/tasks.uk.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:06 -0000 1.9
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: tasks.uk\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2011-09-20 12:31-0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-02-07 04:25-0500\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2008-08-28 11:26+0300\n"
"Last-Translator: Evgeniy Sudyr <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -96,12 +96,11 @@
"send mail to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
-# type: Content of: <ul><li>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
-"Rewrite the various philosophy pages and bulletins in <a href=\"/software/"
-"texinfo/texinfo.html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. "
-"They could then be easily included in:"
+"Rewrite the various philosophy pages in <a href=\"/software/texinfo/texinfo."
+"html\">Texinfo</a> and convert to HTML using texi2html. They could then be "
+"easily included in:"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <ul><li><ul><li>
Index: software/devel.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/devel.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- software/devel.ca.html 1 Nov 2011 16:35:48 -0000 1.14
+++ software/devel.ca.html 7 Feb 2012 09:29:24 -0000 1.15
@@ -143,19 +143,29 @@
href="http://nixos.org/nix/";>Nix</a>. Els administradors d'<a
href="http://hydra.nixos.org/";>Hydra de la Universitat de Tecnologia
Delft</a> han ofert generosament <a
-href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu";>espais per al projecte GNU</a>.</p>
-
-<p>Actualment es pot construir programari en GNU/Linux (i686 and x86_64), a
més
-de FreeBSD, Darwin i Cygwin, i també per GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux en altres
-arquitectures i MinGW. Es proporcionen informes sobre el codi utilitzant
-LCOV. A més dels paquets de Nix, es poden construir paquets per a
-distribucions basades en <code>deb</code>- i <code>RPM</code>-. Els paquets
-es poden construir sobre les últimes versions de les seves dependències; per
-exemple, GnuTLS es construeix utilitzant les darreres versions de
-GNU libtasn1 i GNU libgcrypt. Finalment, a més de la interfÃcie
-web, Hydra pot enviar notificacions per correu quan l'estat de construcció
-del projecte canvia (per exemple, de <code>SUCCEEDED</code> a
-<code>FAILED</code>).</p>
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu";>espais per al projecte GNU</a>. A
+Hydra, els projectes es reconstrueixen <em>després de cada enviament</em> o
+canvi en les seves dependències, el que passi primer (les dependències
+<em>inclouen</em> l'entorn de construcció està ndard que s'estigui
+utilitzant, que pot contenir al seu torn versions recents de GCC,
+GNU make, etc.)</p>
+
+<p>Actualment es pot construir programari en GNU/Linux (<tt>i686</tt> and
+<tt>x86_64</tt>), a més de FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris i Cygwin, i també per
+GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux en altres arquitectures i MinGW. Es proporcionen
+informes sobre el codi utilitzant LCOV. A més dels paquets de Nix, es poden
+construir paquets per a distribucions basades en <code>deb</code>- i
+<code>RPM</code>-. Els paquets es poden construir sobre les últimes
+versions de les seves dependències; per exemple, GnuTLS es construeix
+utilitzant les darreres versions de GNU libtasn1 i GNU libgcrypt.</p>
+
+<p>A més de la interfÃcie web, Hydra pot enviar notificacions per correu quan
+l'estat de construcció del projecte canvia (per exemple, de
+<code>SUCCEEDED</code> a <code>FAILED</code>). Quan la compilació falla, es
+pot accedir als registres d'errors i a l'arbre de construcció a través d'una
+interfÃcie web, que permet també generar fitxers (per exemple,
+<code>config.log</code> or <code>testsuite.log</code>) amb la idea que es
+puguin inspeccionar, facilitant aixà la depuració d'errors.</p>
<p>Qualsevol paquet de programari GNU pot sol·licitar un espai a Hydra. Cada
paquet ha de proporcionar la seva "recepta de construcció" escrita en
@@ -166,7 +176,7 @@
ara Automake i Autoconf, la recepta normalment és bastant simple. Vegeu, com
a exemple, la <a
href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git/tree/patch/release.nix";>recepta
-per patch</a>. Podeu demanar assessorament a <a
+per GNU patch</a>. Podeu demanar assessorament a <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. </p>
<p>Després de preparar la vostra recepta de construcció, escriviu a <a
@@ -186,6 +196,28 @@
href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixpkgs/trunk/tarball/latest/download/2/manual.html";>el
manual de Nixpkgs</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="platform-testers">comprovadors de plataformes: test manual de
portabilitat</h3>
+
+<p>Una altra opció útil per a les verificacions prèvies a la publicació es
la
+<a href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers";>llista de
+correus de comprovadors de plataformes</a>. Si el temps ho permet, la gent
+d'aquestes llistes pot construir versions de prova per a una à mplia varietat
+de plataformes. (Necessitem més voluntaris per fer aquesta mena de proves;
+hi esteu convidats!)</p>
+
+<p>A diferència de l'eina d'Hydra descrita abans, els comprovadors de
+plataformes treballen essencialment de forma manual, de manera que cada
+mètode té els seus avantatges i inconvenients. Per altra banda, l'equip de
+comprovadors de plataformes té accés a una varietat més à mplia de
+plataformes i compiladors que Hydra.</p>
+
+<p>De manera que, si teniu una versió a punt de publicar, podeu escriure a la
+llista de correu, proporcionant (1) la url, (2) la data prevista
+de publicació y (3) l'adreça de correu a la que s'han d'enviar els
+informes. Els voluntaris de la llista fan a mà les compilacions i els
+informes.</p>
+
<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
@@ -214,85 +246,29 @@
href="/server/standards/translations/ca/">Equip de traducció</a> per
col·laborar en la traducció al català del web de GNU.</p>
-<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Aquesta pà gina es troba sota la <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ca";>Llicència
Creative Commons Reconeixement-SenseObraDerivada 3.0 Estats Units
-d'Amèrica</a>.
-</p>
+d'Amèrica</a>.</p>
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera revisió: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 1 de novembre
-de 2011.</div>
+Darrera revisió: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer de
+2012.</div>
+
+
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/11/01 16:35:48 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:29:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-
-<!-- <div id="translations">
- -->
-<!-- <h4>
-Translations of this page</h4> -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
-<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
-<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
-<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
-<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
-<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
-<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
-<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
-<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
-<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
-<!-- -->
-<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
- -->
-<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
-<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
-<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
-<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
-<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
-<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
-<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
-<!-- Albanian -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a href="/software/devel.sq.html">shqip</a> [sq]</li> -->
-<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a
href="/software/devel.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
-<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<!-- <li>
-<a
href="/software/devel.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul>
- -->
-<!-- </div>
- -->
</div>
</body>
</html>
Index: software/software.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/software.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.27
retrieving revision 1.28
diff -u -b -r1.27 -r1.28
--- software/software.ca.html 1 Nov 2011 16:35:49 -0000 1.27
+++ software/software.ca.html 7 Feb 2012 09:29:24 -0000 1.28
@@ -18,17 +18,27 @@
distribucions GNU/Linux completament lliures</a>.</span></p>
</div>
+<p><a href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html#TheGNUsystem">El sistema operatiu
+GNU</a> és un sistema operatiu a l'estil d'Unix, de carà cter completament
+lliure, que hem estat desenvolupant al Projecte GNU des de 1984. El sistema
+GNU conté tots els <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.ca.html#GNUsoftware">paquets oficials de
+GNU</a> (en trobareu una llista a sota), i també inclou mot programari
+lliure que no és de GNU, com ara el sistema X Window. El sistema GNU no és
+un paquet està tic de programes; els usuaris i distribuïdors poden
+seleccionar diferents programes segons les seves necessitats i desitjos. El
+resultat és encara una variant del sistema GNU.</p>
+
<p>Si esteu buscant un sistema complet per instal·lar, vegeu la nostra <a
href="/distros/free-distros.ca.html">llista de distribucions GNU/Linux
completament lliures</a>.</p>
-<p>Per buscar paquets de programari lliure, siguin o no siguin de <acronym
-title="GNU's Not Unix!">GNU</acronym>, vegeu si us plau el <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Directori de programari lliure</a>: una
-base de dades de programari lliure organitzada per categories. La <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> manté activament
-aquest directori i hi inclou enllaços als webs dels programes si estan
-disponibles, a més d'entrades per a <a
+<p>Per buscar paquets de programari lliure, siguin o no siguin de GNU, vegeu si
+us plau el <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Directori de programari
+lliure</a>: una base de dades de programari lliure organitzada per
+categories. La <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>
+manté activament aquest directori i hi inclou enllaços als webs dels
+programes si estan disponibles, a més d'entrades per a <a
href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU/";>tots els paquets de GNU</a>. A
sota trobareu una altra llista de <a href="#allgnupkgs">tots els paquets de
GNU</a>. En una llista apart trobareu <a href="/doc/doc.ca.html">enllaços a
@@ -99,7 +109,7 @@
</ul>
-<h3><a name="allgnupkgs" id="allgnupkgs">Tots els paquets de GNU</a></h3>
+<h3><a id="allgnupkgs">Tots els paquets de GNU</a></h3>
<p>Aquà teniu una llista ordenada alfabèticament de tots els paquets de GNU,
que anomenem amb els seus identificadors en lloc dels seus noms llargs per
@@ -193,12 +203,14 @@
<div class="translators-credits">
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
-Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 1 de
-novembre de 2011.</div>
+Darrera actualització: <a href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 10 de
+gener de 2012.</div>
+
+
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/11/01 16:35:49 $
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:29:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: software/po/devel.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/devel.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.23
retrieving revision 1.24
diff -u -b -r1.23 -r1.24
--- software/po/devel.ca.po 6 Feb 2012 10:51:49 -0000 1.23
+++ software/po/devel.ca.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:33 -0000 1.24
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
"Language-Team: Catalan <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -319,13 +319,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"http://nixos.org/hydra/\";>Hydra</a> is a free continuous build "
-#| "tool based on the <a href=\"http://nixos.org/nix/\";>Nix</a> package "
-#| "manager. Administrators of the <a href=\"http://hydra.nixos.org/\";>Hydra "
-#| "instance at the Delft University of Technology</a> have generously "
-#| "offered <a href=\"http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu\";>slots for the GNU "
-#| "Project</a>."
msgid ""
"<a href=\"http://nixos.org/hydra/\";>Hydra</a> is a free continuous build "
"tool based on the <a href=\"http://nixos.org/nix/\";>Nix</a> package "
@@ -341,22 +334,15 @@
"contÃnua basada en el paquet de gestió <a href=\"http://nixos.org/nix/";
"\">Nix</a>. Els administradors d'<a href=\"http://hydra.nixos.org/\";>Hydra "
"de la Universitat de Tecnologia Delft</a> han ofert generosament <a href="
-"\"http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu\";>espais per al projecte GNU</a>. A
Hydra, els projectes es reconstrueixen <em>després de cada enviament</em> o
canvi en les seves dependències, el que passi primer (les dependències
<em>inclouen</em> l'entorn de construcció està ndard que s'estigui utilitzant,
que pot contenir al seu torn versions recents de GCC, GNU make, etc.)"
+"\"http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu\";>espais per al projecte GNU</a>. A "
+"Hydra, els projectes es reconstrueixen <em>després de cada enviament</em> o "
+"canvi en les seves dependències, el que passi primer (les dependències "
+"<em>inclouen</em> l'entorn de construcció està ndard que s'estigui "
+"utilitzant, que pot contenir al seu torn versions recents de GCC, GNU "
+"make, etc.)"
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Currently it can build software on GNU/Linux (i686 and x86_64) as well as "
-#| "FreeBSD, Darwin, and Cygwin, and can cross-build for GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux "
-#| "on other architectures, and MinGW. It can provide code coverage reports "
-#| "produced using LCOV. In addition to source tarballs and Nix packages, it "
-#| "can build packages for <code>deb</code>- and <code>RPM</code>-based "
-#| "distributions. Packages can be built against the latest versions of "
-#| "their dependencies; for instance, GnuTLS is built using GNU libtasn1 "
-#| "and GNU libgcrypt builds corresponding to their latest revision. "
-#| "Finally, in addition to the web interface, Hydra can send notifications "
-#| "by email when the build status of a project changes (e.g., from "
-#| "<code>SUCCEEDED</code> to <code>FAILED</code>.)"
msgid ""
"Currently it can build software on GNU/Linux (<tt>i686</tt> and <tt>x86_64</"
"tt>) as well as FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris, and Cygwin, and can cross-build "
@@ -368,12 +354,14 @@
"libtasn1 and GNU libgcrypt builds corresponding to their latest "
"revision."
msgstr ""
-"Actualment es pot construir programari en GNU/Linux (<tt>i686</tt> and
<tt>x86_64</tt>), a més de FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris i Cygwin, i també per
GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux en altres arquitectures i MinGW. Es proporcionen informes
sobre el codi utilitzant "
-"LCOV. A més dels paquets de Nix, es poden construir paquets per a "
-"distribucions basades en <code>deb</code>- i <code>RPM</code>-. Els paquets "
-"es poden construir sobre les últimes versions de les seves dependències;
per "
-"exemple, GnuTLS es construeix utilitzant les darreres versions de GNU "
-"libtasn1 i GNU libgcrypt."
+"Actualment es pot construir programari en GNU/Linux (<tt>i686</tt> and "
+"<tt>x86_64</tt>), a més de FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris i Cygwin, i també per "
+"GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux en altres arquitectures i MinGW. Es proporcionen "
+"informes sobre el codi utilitzant LCOV. A més dels paquets de Nix, es poden
"
+"construir paquets per a distribucions basades en <code>deb</code>- i "
+"<code>RPM</code>-. Els paquets es poden construir sobre les últimes "
+"versions de les seves dependències; per exemple, GnuTLS es construeix "
+"utilitzant les darreres versions de GNU libtasn1 i GNU libgcrypt."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -384,21 +372,17 @@
"accessible from the web interface; the latter allows generated files (for "
"example, <code>config.log</code> or <code>testsuite.log</code>) to be "
"inspected, which provides debugging hints."
-msgstr "A més de la interfÃcie web, Hydra pot enviar notificacions per
correu quan l'estat de construcció del projecte canvia (per exemple, de
<code>SUCCEEDED</code> a <code>FAILED</code>). Quan la compilació falla, es
pot accedir als registres d'errors i a l'arbre de construcció a través d'una
interfÃcie web, que permet també generar fitxers (per exemple,
<code>config.log</code> or <code>testsuite.log</code>) amb la idea que es
puguin inspeccionar, facilitant aixà la depuració d'errors."
+msgstr ""
+"A més de la interfÃcie web, Hydra pot enviar notificacions per correu quan "
+"l'estat de construcció del projecte canvia (per exemple, de
<code>SUCCEEDED</"
+"code> a <code>FAILED</code>). Quan la compilació falla, es pot accedir als "
+"registres d'errors i a l'arbre de construcció a través d'una interfÃcie
web, "
+"que permet també generar fitxers (per exemple, <code>config.log</code> or "
+"<code>testsuite.log</code>) amb la idea que es puguin inspeccionar, "
+"facilitant aixà la depuració d'errors."
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <p>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Any GNU software package can request a slot on Hydra. Each package must "
-#| "provide its own “build recipe” written in the Nix language (a "
-#| "<em>Nix expression</em>, in Nix parlance). <a href=\"http://git.savannah.";
-#| "gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git\">Nix expressions for GNU projects</a> are "
-#| "available via Git. For simple projects using standard GNU build tools "
-#| "such as Automake and Autoconf, the recipe is usually fairly simple. For "
-#| "example, see the <a href=\"http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.";
-#| "git/tree/patch/release.nix\">recipe for Patch</a>. You are welcome to "
-#| "ask for guidance on <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>hydra-"
-#| "address@hidden</a>."
msgid ""
"Any GNU software package can request a slot on Hydra. Each package must "
"provide its own “build recipe” written in the Nix language (a "
@@ -419,8 +403,9 @@
"projectes simples que utilitzen eines de construcció està ndard de GNU com "
"ara Automake i Autoconf, la recepta normalment és bastant simple. Vegeu, com
"
"a exemple, la <a href=\"http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git/";
-"tree/patch/release.nix\">recepta per GNU patch</a>. Podeu demanar
assessorament "
-"a <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>. "
+"tree/patch/release.nix\">recepta per GNU patch</a>. Podeu demanar "
+"assessorament a <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</"
+"a>. "
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -461,7 +446,6 @@
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid "Hydra: Continuous builds and portability testing"
msgid "platform-testers: Manual portability testing"
msgstr "comprovadors de plataformes: test manual de portabilitat"
@@ -473,7 +457,12 @@
"variety of platforms upon request. (Additional volunteers for making the "
"test builds are most welcome!)"
msgstr ""
-"Una altra opció útil per a les verificacions prèvies a la publicació es
la <a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers\";>llista de
correus de comprovadors de plataformes</a>. Si el temps ho permet, la gent
d'aquestes llistes pot construir versions de prova per a una à mplia varietat
de plataformes. (Necessitem més voluntaris per fer aquesta mena de proves; hi
esteu convidats!)"
+"Una altra opció útil per a les verificacions prèvies a la publicació es
la "
+"<a href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers\";>llista de "
+"correus de comprovadors de plataformes</a>. Si el temps ho permet, la gent "
+"d'aquestes llistes pot construir versions de prova per a una à mplia varietat
"
+"de plataformes. (Necessitem més voluntaris per fer aquesta mena de proves; "
+"hi esteu convidats!)"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -481,7 +470,12 @@
"works essentially by hand, so each method has its advantages and "
"disadvantages. Also, the platform-testers crew has access to a wider "
"variety of platforms and compilers than the Hydra setup."
-msgstr "A diferència de l'eina d'Hydra descrita abans, els comprovadors de
plataformes treballen essencialment de forma manual, de manera que cada mètode
té els seus avantatges i inconvenients. Per altra banda, l'equip de
comprovadors de plataformes té accés a una varietat més à mplia de
plataformes i compiladors que Hydra."
+msgstr ""
+"A diferència de l'eina d'Hydra descrita abans, els comprovadors de "
+"plataformes treballen essencialment de forma manual, de manera que cada "
+"mètode té els seus avantatges i inconvenients. Per altra banda, l'equip de "
+"comprovadors de plataformes té accés a una varietat més à mplia de "
+"plataformes i compiladors que Hydra."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -490,7 +484,11 @@
"and (3) the email address to which build reports should be sent. The "
"builds and reports are made by hand by the volunteers on the list."
msgstr ""
-"De manera que, si teniu una versió a punt de publicar, podeu escriure a la
llista de correu, proporcionant (1) la url, (2) la data prevista de
publicació y (3) l'adreça de correu a la que s'han d'enviar els
informes. Els voluntaris de la llista fan a mà les compilacions i els
informes."
+"De manera que, si teniu una versió a punt de publicar, podeu escriure a la "
+"llista de correu, proporcionant (1) la url, (2) la data prevista "
+"de publicació y (3) l'adreça de correu a la que s'han d'enviar els "
+"informes. Els voluntaris de la llista fan a mà les compilacions i els "
+"informes."
# type: Content of: <div>
#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
@@ -532,7 +530,6 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
@@ -551,7 +548,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><div>
msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
msgstr ""
-"Darrera revisió: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer
de 2012."
+"Darrera revisió: <a href=\"http://www.puigpe.org/\";>puigpe</a>, 6 de febrer "
+"de 2012."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. timestamp start
Index: software/po/software.ca.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/software/po/software.ca.po,v
retrieving revision 1.49
retrieving revision 1.50
diff -u -b -r1.49 -r1.50
--- software/po/software.ca.po 6 Feb 2012 10:51:50 -0000 1.49
+++ software/po/software.ca.po 7 Feb 2012 09:29:33 -0000 1.50
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
"Language-Team: Catalan <address@hidden>\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -255,7 +255,6 @@
# type: Content of: <h3>
#. type: Content of: <h3>
-#| msgid "<a name=\"allgnupkgs\" id=\"allgnupkgs\">All GNU packages</a>"
msgid "<a id=\"allgnupkgs\">All GNU packages</a>"
msgstr "<a id=\"allgnupkgs\">Tots els paquets de GNU</a>"
Index: education/edu-cases.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-cases.ja.html
diff -N education/edu-cases.ja.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-cases.ja.html 7 Feb 2012 09:27:06 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+
+
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ã㣠- GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-contents.html">æè²ã³ã³ãã³ã</a></li>
+ <li class="active"><a
href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">æè²åããªã½ã¼ã¹</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">æè²ããã¸ã§ã¯ã</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-team.html">æè²ãã¼ã </a></li>
+ </ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">æè²</a> → ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</p>
+
+<p>æ°éã»å
¬ç«ã®æè²æ©é¢ã®äºä¾ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ããã¾ã使ã£ãéå
¬å¼ãªæè²ç°å¢ã®ä¸ççãªèª¿æ»ããããªã£ã¦ãã¾ãããããã«ã¤ãã¦ç·åçãªãã¼ã¿ãã¼ã¹ãæ§ç¯ãããã¨ããããã§ã¯ããã¾ãããããããç¹å®ã®æåä¾ããç´¹ä»ãããã¨ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®å°å
¥ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¸ã®ç§»è¡ãã¯ããã¦æ¤è¨ãã¦ãã人ã
ãå¾æ¼ãããã®ã ã¨èãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p>ããã§ç´¹ä»ã§ãããããªäºä¾ããåãã§ãããã<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
ã¾ã§ãç¥ãããã ããã</p>
+
+<!-- Begin country-wise Index. Add countries in alphabetical order -->
+<!-- End of Country-wise Index -->
+<!-- Begin country-wise Section. Add new countries in alphabetical order -->
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-argentina.html">ã¢ã«ã¼ã³ãã³</a> | <a
+href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">ã¤ã³ã</a>
+
+
+
+
+
+<h3 id="Argentina">ã¢ã«ã¼ã³ãã³</h3>
+
+<!-- Add entries under corresponding country in alphabetical order by the name
of the school -->
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-argentina-ecen.html">Escuela Cristiana
+Evangélica de Neuquén (ECEN)</a> <br />
+ãã¾ãæè¡ã¹ãã«ã®ãªãå°å¦æ ¡ã®å
çãä¸äººã§ãäºåãå³æ¸é¤¨ããµãããå¦æ ¡å
ã®å
¨ã¯ã¼ã¯ã¹ãã¼ã·ã§ã³ã®ç§»è¡ã管çãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3 id="India">ã¤ã³ã</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html">Ambedkar Community
+Computing Center (AC3)</a> <br />
+ãã³ã¬ãã¼ã«ã®èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢æ¯æå£ä½ãèªç±ã·ã¹ãã
ã¨ããã°ã©ã ã
ãã使ã£ã¦ãæµã¾ããªãåä¾ãã¡ã«ã³ã³ãã¥ã¼ã¿ã¹ãã«ãæãã¦ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html">Vocational Higher
+Secondary School Irimpanam (VHSS Irimpanam)</a> <br />
address@hidden</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ja.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>FSFããã³GNUã¸ã®ã質åã¯ã<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ãããFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãã<br />
+ãªã³ã¯åãããã®ä»ä¿®æ£ãææ¡ã¯ã<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã</p>
+
+<p>ãã®æç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®èª¿æ´ãæåºã«é¢ãã¦ã¯ã<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻訳
README</a>ãã覧ãã ããã</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯ã<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+æçµæ´æ°:
+
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:27:06 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
Index: education/edu-contents.ja.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-contents.ja.html
diff -N education/edu-contents.ja.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-contents.ja.html 7 Feb 2012 09:27:07 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ja.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨æè² - ç®æ¬¡ - GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ã -
ããªã¼ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ãã¡ã¦ã³ãã¼ã·ã§ã³</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ja.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-contents.translist" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã¨æè² - ç®æ¬¡</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+<li class="active">
+<a href="/education/edu-contents.html">æè²ã³ã³ãã³ã</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-resources.html">æè²åããªã½ã¼ã¹</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-projects.html">æè²ããã¸ã§ã¯ã</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-team.html">æè²ãã¼ã </a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="education-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="/education/education.html">æè²</a>
→ æè²ã³ã³ãã³ã</p>
+
+<p>GNUããã¸ã§ã¯ãã®æè²ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ã¯ããã¹ã¦ã®æè²æ©é¢ã«ããã¦èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã®ã¿ã使ã£ã¦æãããã¨ã®éè¦æ§ã«ã¤ãã¦èª¬æãã¾ããä¸çä¸ã®å¦æ
¡ã大å¦ã§èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã使ã£ãæåä¾ãæ室ã§æ師ã«ãå¦çã«ãããªãããã«ä½¿ããåã°ãã¦ããèªç±ããã°ã©ã
ã®äºä¾ãã¾ããä¸çä¸ã§ããããªå£ä½ãæ¿åºã«ãã£ã¦å®æ½ããã¦ããèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢æè²ããã¸ã§ã¯ãã«ã¤ãã¦ã®è¨äºãç´¹ä»ãã¾ãã</p>
+
+<h3>ç®æ¬¡</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/education/education.html">æè²ã¡ã¤ã³ãã¼ã¸</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">ã±ã¼ã¹ã¹ã¿ãã£</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-argentina.html">ã¢ã«ã¼ã³ãã³</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href=
"/education/edu-cases-argentina-ecen.html">Escuela Cristiana
+Evangélica de Neuquén (ECEN)</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">ã¤ã³ã</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html">Ambedkar Community
+Computer Center (AC3)</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html">VHSS
Irimpanam</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">èªç±ãªå¦ç¿ãªã½ã¼ã¹</a></p>
+
+<p><a
href="/education/edu-software.html">æè²åèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-software-gcompris.html">GCompris</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html">Tux Paint</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">ãã®ä»ã®æè²ããã¸ã§ã¯ã</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-team.html">æè²ãã¼ã </a> </p>
+
+<p><strong>è¨äº</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>æè²æ©é¢ãèªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã
ããã¤ãã£ã¦æè²ãã¹ã<a
href="/education/edu-why.html">çç±</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">ãªãå¦æ
¡ã§èªç±ã½ããã¦ã§ã¢ã ãã使ãã¹ãã </a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-system-india.html">ã¤ã³ãã®æè²ã·ã¹ãã
</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ja.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>FSF ããã³ GNU ã«é¢ããåãåããã¯<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãé¡ããã¾ã(è±èª)
ãFSFã¸ã®é£çµ¡ã¯<a
+href="/contact/">ä»ã®æ¹æ³</a>ãããã¾ãã<br />
+ãªã³ã¯åãããã®ä»ä¿®æ£ããææ¡ã¯ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>ã¾ã§ãéããã
ããã</p>
+
+<p>ãã®æç« ã®ç¿»è¨³ã«ã¤ãã¦ã®èª¿æ´ãæåºã«é¢ããæ
å
±ã¯ã<a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻訳 README</a>
ãã覧ãã ããã</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>ãã®ãã¼ã¸ã¯ã<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States
License</a>ã®æ¡ä»¶ã§è¨±è«¾ããã¾ãã</p>
+
+
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ </div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+æçµæ´æ°:
+
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:27:07 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations">
+ -->
+<!-- <h4>
+Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-contents.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/education/edu-contents.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
+<!-- </div>
+ -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
Index: education/po/edu-cases.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-cases.ja-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-cases.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-cases.ja-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:27:18 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+ <title>Case Studies - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-cases.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Case Studies</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education
Contents</a></li>
+ <li class="active"><a
href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The
Education Team</a></li>
+ </ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> → Case Studies</p>
+
+<p>We perform worldwide research to examine cases of private and public
+educational institutions as well as informal educational environments
+that have successfully implemented the use of Free Software. We do not
+attempt to build a comprehensive database here. Instead, we present
+specific cases of success, in the belief that testimony will be
+inspiring to anyone considering first time installation or migration to
+Free Software.</p>
+
+<p>If you know of a case that could be included here, please contact us
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>
+to let us know.</p>
+
+<!-- Begin country-wise Index. Add countries in alphabetical order -->
+
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-argentina.html">Argentina</a> |
+<a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">India</a>
+
+<!-- End of Country-wise Index -->
+
+<!-- Begin country-wise Section. Add new countries in alphabetical order -->
+
+<h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3>
+
+<!-- Add entries under corresponding country in alphabetical order by the name
of the school -->
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-argentina-ecen.html">Escuela
+Cristiana Evangélica de Neuquén (ECEN)</a> <br />
+An elementary teacher with little technical skills manages to get her
+school to migrate all work stations, including the administration
+offices and the library.</p>
+
+<h3 id="India">India</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html">Ambedkar Community
+Computing Center (AC3)</a> <br />
+A group of Free Software advocates in Bangalore teaches computer skills
+to underprivileged children using exclusively Free systems and
+programs.</p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html">Vocational Higher
+Secondary School Irimpanam (VHSS Irimpanam)</a> <br />
+One of the several thousand schools that migrated completely to Free
+Software under the government's project address@hidden</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:27:18 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
Index: education/po/edu-contents.ja-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-contents.ja-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-contents.ja-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-contents.ja-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:27:19 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.57 -->
+
+ <title>Free Software and Education - Table of Contents -
+ GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-contents.translist" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+<h2>Free Software and Education - Table of Contents</h2>
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+<li class="active">
+<a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+
+<li>
+<a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="education-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb"><a href="/education/education.html">Education</a>
→
+Education Contents</p>
+
+<p>The Education section of the GNU Project is about the importance of
+using and teaching exclusively Free Software in all educational
+institutions. It presents articles on the subject, cases of success in
+implementing Free Software in schools and universities around the world,
+examples of Free programs used in the classroom to the benefit of
+teachers and students alike, and Free Software education projects
+carried out by organizations and governments worldwide.</p>
+
+<h3>Table of Contents</h3>
+
+<p><a href="/education/education.html">Education Main Page</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases-argentina.html">Argentina</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href=
"/education/edu-cases-argentina-ecen.html">Escuela
+ Cristiana Evangélica de Neuquén</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases-india.html">India</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-cases-india-ambedkar.html">Ambedkar
+ Community Computer Center</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.html">VHSS
+ Irimpanam</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Free Learning Resources</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-software.html">Educational Free Software</a></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a
href="/education/edu-software-gcompris.html">GCompris</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-software-tuxpaint.html">Tux Paint</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Other Education Groups
+Projects</a></p>
+
+<p><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a> </p>
+
+<p><strong>Articles</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-why.html">Reasons Why</a>
educational
+institutions should use and teach exclusively Free Software.</li>
+
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-schools.html">Why Schools Should
+Exclusively Use Free Software</a></li>
+
+ <li><a href="/education/edu-system-india.html">The Education System in
+India</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:27:19 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- See also '(web-trans)Capitalization': -->
+<!--
http://gnu.org/software/trans-coord/manual/web-trans/html_node/Capitalization.html
-->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li>
-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+
Index: philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/fs-motives.ca-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:57 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Motives For Writing Free Software</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/fs-motives.translist" -->
+<h2>Motives For Writing Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+These are some of the motives for writing free software.
+</p>
+
+<dl>
+<dt>Fun.</dt>
+<dd>For some people, often the best programmers,
+writing software is the greatest fun, especially when there is no boss
+to tell you what to do.<br />
+Nearly all free software developers share this motive.</dd>
+
+<dt>Political idealism.</dt>
+<dd>The desire to build a world of
+freedom, and help computer users escape from the power of software
+developers.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>To be admired.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful, useful
+free program, the users will admire you. That feels very good.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Professional reputation.</dt>
+<dd>If you write a successful,
+useful free program, that will suffice to show you are a good
+programmer.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Gratitude.</dt>
+<dd>If you have used the community's free
+programs for years, and it has been important to your work, you feel
+grateful and indebted to their developers. When you write a program
+that could be useful to many people, that is your chance to pay it
+forward.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Hatred for Microsoft.</dt>
+<dd>
+It is a mistake to focus our
+criticism <a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">narrowly on
+Microsoft</a>. Indeed, Microsoft is evil, since it makes non-free
+software. Even worse, it implements
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Digital Restrictions Management</a>
+in that software. But many other companies do one or both of these.<br />
+
+Nonetheless, it is a fact that many people utterly despise Microsoft,
+and some contribute to free software based on that feeling.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Money.</dt>
+<dd>A considerable number of people are paid to
+develop free software or have built businesses around it.
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Wanting a better program to use.</dt>
+<dd>People often work on improvements in programs they use, in order to
+make them more convenient. (Some commentators recognize no motive
+other than this, but their picture of human nature is too narrow.)
+</dd>
+
+<dt>Education.</dt>
+
+<dd>If you write free software, it is often
+an opportunity to dramatically improve both your technical
+and social skills; if you are a teacher, encouraging your
+students to take part in an existing free software project or
+organizing them into a free software project may
+provide an excellent opportunity for them.</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<p>Human nature is complex, and it is quite common for a person to
+have multiple simultaneous motives for a single action.</p>
+
+<p>Free software projects, and policies that affect software development
+(such as laws), can't limit themselves to maximising the profit motive.
+When encouraging software development is the goal, all these motivations
+have to be considered, not just any particular one.</p>
+
+<p>Each person is different, and there could be other motives that are
+missing from this list. If you know of other motives not listed here,
+please send email to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. If
+we think the other motives are likely to influence many developers, we
+will add them to the list.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:57 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/fs-motives.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Romanian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/fs-motives.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.pl-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/no-ip-ethos.translist" -->
+
+ <h2>Don't Let ‘Intellectual Property’ Twist Your Ethos</h2>
+
+ <p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M.
+ Stallman</a><br />
+ June 09, 2006</p>
+
+ <p>Most free software licenses are based on copyright law, and
+ for good reason: Copyright law is much more uniform among
+ countries than contract law, which is the other possible
+ choice.</p>
+
+ <p>There's another reason not to use contract law: It would
+ require every distributor to get a user's formal assent to the
+ contract before providing a copy. To hand someone a CD without
+ getting his signature first would be forbidden. What a pain in
+ the neck!</p>
+
+ <p>It's true that in countries like China, where copyright law is
+ generally not enforced, we may also have trouble enforcing free
+ software license agreements, as Heather Meeker suggests in her
+ recent LinuxInsider column, <a href=
+ "http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/50421.html";>“Only in
+ America? Copyright Law Key to Global Free Software
+ Model”</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>However, this is not a reason to press for more copyright
+ enforcement in China. Although we would use it to protect
+ people's freedom, we have to recognize that mostly it would be
+ used by the likes of Microsoft, Disney and Sony to take it
+ away.</p>
+
+ <p>Ironically, we might have more success enforcing copyright in
+ China than Microsoft, Disney and Sony — because what we would
+ want to do is easier.</p>
+
+ <p>Disney wishes to stamp out semi-underground organizations that
+ sell exact copies. With free software, regardless of precisely which
+ free license is used, that kind of copying is legal. What we want to prevent,
+ when the free software license is the
+ GNU <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GPL</a>, is the release of
+ proprietary software products based on our code. That kind of abuse
+ is at its worst when carried out by large, well-known companies
+ — and they are easier targets for enforcement. So GPL
+ enforcement in China is not a lost cause, though it won't be
+ easy.</p>
+
+ <h3>No Chinese Laundry</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonetheless, Meeker's claim that this leads to a global
+ problem is simply absurd. You can't “launder”
+ material copyrighted in the U.S. by moving it through China, as
+ she ought to know.</p>
+
+ <p>If someone violates the GNU GPL by distributing a non-free
+ modified version of GCC in the U.S., it won't make any difference
+ if it was obtained or modified in China. U.S. copyright law will
+ be enforced just the same.</p>
+
+ <p>Although this error might seem to be the central point of
+ Meeker's article, it is not. The real central point of the article
+ is the perspective embodied in her use of the term
+ “intellectual property”. She uses this term pervasively
+ as though it refers to something coherent — something it makes
+ sense to talk about and think about. If you believe that, you have
+ accepted the article's hidden assumption.</p>
+
+ <h3>Loose Language</h3>
+
+ <p>Sometimes Meeker switches between “intellectual
+ property” and “copyright” as if they were two
+ names for the same thing. Sometimes she switches between
+ “intellectual property” and “patents” as if they were
+ two names for the same thing. Having studied those two laws,
+ Meeker knows they are vastly different; all they have in common
+ is an abstract sketch of their form.</p>
+
+ <p>Other “intellectual property” laws don't even
+ share that much with them. The implication that you can treat
+ them all as the same thing is fundamentally misleading.</p>
+
+ <p>Along with the term “intellectual property” goes a
+ false understanding of what these laws are for. Meeker speaks of
+ an “ethos” of “intellectual property”
+ that exists in the U.S. because “intellectual property is
+ in the Constitution.” That's the mother of all
+ mistakes.</p>
+
+ <p>What is really in the U.S. Constitution? It doesn't mention
+ “intellectual property”, and it says nothing at all
+ about most of the laws that term is applied to. Only two of them —
+ copyright law and patent law — are treated there.</p>
+
+ <p>What does the Constitution say about them? What is its ethos?
+ It is nothing like the “intellectual property ethos”
+ that Meeker imagines.</p>
+
+ <h3>Failure to Execute</h3>
+
+ <p>What the Constitution says is that copyright law and patent law
+ are optional. They need not exist. It says that if they do exist,
+ their purpose is to provide a public benefit — to promote
+ progress by providing artificial incentives.</p>
+
+ <p>They are not rights that their holders are entitled to; they
+ are artificial privileges that we might, or might not, want to
+ hand out to encourage people to do what we find useful.</p>
+
+ <p>It's a wise policy. Too bad Congress — which has to carry
+ it out on our behalf — takes its orders from Hollywood and
+ Microsoft instead of from us.</p>
+
+ <p>If you appreciate the U.S. Constitution's wisdom, don't let
+ “intellectual property” into your ethos; don't let
+ the “intellectual property” meme infect your
+ mind.</p>
+
+ <p>Practically speaking, copyright and patent and trademark law
+ have only one thing in common: Each is legitimate only as far as
+ it serves the public interest. Your interest in your freedom is a
+ part of the public interest that must be served.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+</p>
+<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</address>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:58 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+<!-- All pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical, and in the original -->
+<!-- language if possible, otherwise default to English -->
+<!-- If you do not have it English, please comment what the -->
+<!-- English is. If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - in /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
+<!-- http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/no-ip-ethos.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/right-to-read.ca-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:28:58 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,458 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>The Right to Read - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/right-to-read.translist" -->
+<h2>The Right to Read</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 110%;text-shadow: 0 0 0.2em #fff;
width: 300px; float: right; margin: 12px; background-color: #a0f112; color:
#353831; padding: 1em;"><a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/ebooks.html";>Join
our mailing list about the dangers of eBooks</a>.</div>
+
+<p>
+<em>This article appeared in the February 1997 issue
+of <strong>Communications of the ACM</strong> (Volume 40, Number
+2).</em></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+ From <cite>The Road To Tycho</cite>, a collection of
+ articles about the antecedents of the Lunarian
+ Revolution, published in Luna City in 2096.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+For Dan Halbert, the road to Tycho began in college—when Lissa
+Lenz asked to borrow his computer. Hers had broken down, and unless
+she could borrow another, she would fail her midterm project. There
+was no one she dared ask, except Dan.</p>
+
+<p>
+This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her—but if he lent
+her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that
+you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read
+your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had
+been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and
+wrong—something that only pirates would do.</p>
+
+<p>
+And there wasn't much chance that the SPA—the Software
+Protection Authority—would fail to catch him. In his software
+class, Dan had learned that each book had a copyright monitor that
+reported when and where it was read, and by whom, to Central
+Licensing. (They used this information to catch reading pirates, but
+also to sell personal interest profiles to retailers.) The next time
+his computer was networked, Central Licensing would find out. He, as
+computer owner, would receive the harshest punishment—for not
+taking pains to prevent the crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, Lissa did not necessarily intend to read his books. She
+might want the computer only to write her midterm. But Dan knew she
+came from a middle-class family and could hardly afford the tuition,
+let alone her reading fees. Reading his books might be the only way
+she could graduate. He understood this situation; he himself had had
+to borrow to pay for all the research papers he read. (Ten percent of those
+fees went to the researchers who wrote the papers; since Dan aimed for
+an academic career, he could hope that his own research papers, if
+frequently referenced, would bring in enough to repay this loan.)</p>
+
+<p>
+Later on, Dan would learn there was a time when anyone could go to the
+library and read journal articles, and even books, without having to
+pay. There were independent scholars who read thousands of pages
+without government library grants. But in the 1990s, both commercial
+and nonprofit journal publishers had begun charging fees for access.
+By 2047, libraries offering free public access to scholarly literature
+were a dim memory.</p>
+
+<p>
+There were ways, of course, to get around the SPA and Central
+Licensing. They were themselves illegal. Dan had had a classmate in
+software, Frank Martucci, who had obtained an illicit debugging tool,
+and used it to skip over the copyright monitor code when reading
+books. But he had told too many friends about it, and one of them
+turned him in to the SPA for a reward (students deep in debt were
+easily tempted into betrayal). In 2047, Frank was in prison, not for
+pirate reading, but for possessing a debugger.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan would later learn that there was a time when anyone could have
+debugging tools. There were even free debugging tools available on CD
+or downloadable over the net. But ordinary users started using them
+to bypass copyright monitors, and eventually a judge ruled that this
+had become their principal use in actual practice. This meant they
+were illegal; the debuggers' developers were sent to prison.</p>
+
+<p>
+Programmers still needed debugging tools, of course, but debugger
+vendors in 2047 distributed numbered copies only, and only to
+officially licensed and bonded programmers. The debugger Dan used in
+software class was kept behind a special firewall so that it could be
+used only for class exercises.</p>
+
+<p>
+It was also possible to bypass the copyright monitors by installing a
+modified system kernel. Dan would eventually find out about the free
+kernels, even entire free operating systems, that had existed around
+the turn of the century. But not only were they illegal, like
+debuggers—you could not install one if you had one, without
+knowing your computer's root password. And neither
+the <abbr title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</abbr> nor
+Microsoft Support would tell you that.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan concluded that he couldn't simply lend Lissa his computer. But he
+couldn't refuse to help her, because he loved her. Every chance to
+speak with her filled him with delight. And that she chose him to ask
+for help, that could mean she loved him too.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dan resolved the dilemma by doing something even more
+unthinkable—he lent her the computer, and told her his password.
+This way, if Lissa read his books, Central Licensing would think he
+was reading them. It was still a crime, but the SPA would not
+automatically find out about it. They would only find out if Lissa
+reported him.</p>
+
+<p>
+Of course, if the school ever found out that he had given Lissa his
+own password, it would be curtains for both of them as students,
+regardless of what she had used it for. School policy was that any
+interference with their means of monitoring students' computer use was
+grounds for disciplinary action. It didn't matter whether you did
+anything harmful—the offense was making it hard for the
+administrators to check on you. They assumed this meant you were
+doing something else forbidden, and they did not need to know what it
+was.</p>
+
+<p>
+Students were not usually expelled for this—not directly.
+Instead they were banned from the school computer systems, and would
+inevitably fail all their classes.</p>
+
+<p>
+Later, Dan would learn that this kind of university policy started
+only in the 1980s, when university students in large numbers began
+using computers. Previously, universities maintained a different
+approach to student discipline; they punished activities that were
+harmful, not those that merely raised suspicion.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lissa did not report Dan to the SPA. His decision to help her led to
+their marriage, and also led them to question what they had been
+taught about piracy as children. The couple began reading about the
+history of copyright, about the Soviet Union and its restrictions on
+copying, and even the original United States Constitution. They moved
+to Luna, where they found others who had likewise gravitated away from
+the long arm of the SPA. When the Tycho Uprising began in 2062, the
+universal right to read soon became one of its central aims.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="AuthorsNote">Author's Note</h3>
+
+<p>[This note has been updated several times since the first
+publication of the story.]</p>
+
+<p>
+The right to read is a battle being fought today. Although it may
+take 50 years for our present way of life to fade into obscurity, most
+of the specific laws and practices described above have already been
+proposed; many have been enacted into law in the US and elsewhere. In
+the US, the 1998 Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) established the legal
+basis to restrict the reading and lending of computerized books (and
+other works as well). The European Union imposed similar restrictions
+in a 2001 copyright directive. In France, under the DADVSI law
+adopted in 2006, mere possession of a copy of DeCSS, the free program
+to decrypt video on a DVD, is a crime.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001, Disney-funded Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the
+SSSCA that would require every new computer to have mandatory
+copy-restriction facilities that the user cannot bypass. Following
+the Clipper chip and similar US government key-escrow proposals, this
+shows a long-term trend: computer systems are increasingly set up to
+give absentees with clout control over the people actually using the
+computer system. The SSSCA was later renamed to the unpronounceable
+CBDTPA, which was glossed as the “Consume But Don't Try
+Programming Act”.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Republicans took control of the US senate shortly thereafter.
+They are less tied to Hollywood than the Democrats, so they did not
+press these proposals. Now that the Democrats are back in control,
+the danger is once again higher.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 2001 the US began attempting to use the proposed Free Trade Area of
+the Americas (FTAA) treaty to impose the same rules on all the countries in
+the Western Hemisphere. The FTAA is one of the so-called free
+trade treaties, which are actually designed to give business
+increased power over democratic governments; imposing laws like the
+DMCA is typical of this spirit. The FTAA was effectively killed by
+Lula, President of Brazil, who rejected the DMCA requirement and
+others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Since then, the US has imposed similar requirements on countries such
+as Australia and Mexico through bilateral “free trade”
+agreements, and on countries such as Costa Rica through another
+treaty, CAFTA. Ecuador's President Correa refused to sign a
+“free trade” agreement with the US, but I've heard Ecuador
+had adopted something like the DMCA in 2003.</p>
+
+<p>
+One of the ideas in the story was not proposed in reality until 2002.
+This is the idea that the <abbr>FBI</abbr> and Microsoft will keep the
+root passwords for your personal computers, and not let you have
+them.</p>
+
+<p>
+The proponents of this scheme have given it names such as
+“trusted computing” and “Palladium”. We call
+it <a href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.html">“treacherous
+computing”</a> because the effect is to make your computer obey
+companies even to the extent of disobeying and defying you. This was
+implemented in 2007 as part of <a href="http://badvista.org/";>Windows
+Vista</a>; we expect Apple to do something similar. In this scheme,
+it is the manufacturer that keeps the secret code, but
+the <abbr>FBI</abbr> would have little trouble getting it.</p>
+
+<p>
+What Microsoft keeps is not exactly a password in the traditional
+sense; no person ever types it on a terminal. Rather, it is a
+signature and encryption key that corresponds to a second key stored
+in your computer. This enables Microsoft, and potentially any web
+sites that cooperate with Microsoft, the ultimate control over what
+the user can do on his own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+Vista also gives Microsoft additional powers; for instance, Microsoft
+can forcibly install upgrades, and it can order all machines running
+Vista to refuse to run a certain device driver. The main purpose of
+Vista's many restrictions is to impose DRM (Digital Restrictions
+Management) that users can't overcome. The threat of DRM is why we
+have established the <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>
+Defective by Design</a> campaign.</p>
+
+<p>
+When this story was first written, the SPA was threatening small
+Internet service providers, demanding they permit the SPA to monitor
+all users. Most ISPs surrendered when threatened, because they cannot
+afford to fight back in court. One ISP, Community ConneXion in
+Oakland, California, refused the demand and was actually sued. The
+SPA later dropped the suit, but obtained the DMCA, which gave them the
+power they sought.</p>
+
+<p>
+The SPA, which actually stands for Software Publishers Association,
+has been replaced in its police-like role by the Business
+Software Alliance. The BSA is not, today, an official police force;
+unofficially, it acts like one. Using methods reminiscent of the
+erstwhile Soviet Union, it invites people to inform on their coworkers
+and friends. A BSA terror campaign in Argentina in 2001 made
+slightly veiled threats that people sharing software would be raped.</p>
+
+<p>
+The university security policies described above are not imaginary.
+For example, a computer at one Chicago-area university displayed this
+message upon login:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+This system is for the use of authorized users only. Individuals using
+this computer system without authority or in the excess of their authority
+are subject to having all their activities on this system monitored and
+recorded by system personnel. In the course of monitoring individuals
+improperly using this system or in the course of system maintenance, the
+activities of authorized user may also be monitored. Anyone using this
+system expressly consents to such monitoring and is advised that if such
+monitoring reveals possible evidence of illegal activity or violation of
+University regulations system personnel may provide the evidence of such
+monitoring to University authorities and/or law enforcement officials.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+This is an interesting approach to the Fourth Amendment: pressure most
+everyone to agree, in advance, to waive their rights under it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="BadNews">Bad News</h3>
+
+<p>
+The battle for the right to read is already in progress,
+The enemy is organized, while we are not, so it is going against us.
+Here are articles about bad things that have happened since the
+original publication of this article.</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Today's commercial ebooks <a href="/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.html">
+ abolish readers' traditional freedoms.</a></li>
+<li><a href="http://www.nature.com/nature_education/biology.html";>
+ A "biology textbook" web site</a> that you can access only by signing
+ a <a href="http://www.nature.com/principles/viewTermsOfUse";>
+ contract not to lend it to anyone else</a>, which the publisher can
+ revoke at will.</li>
+<li><a href="http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-103151.html";>Electronic
+ Publishing:</a> An article about distribution of books in
+ electronic form, and copyright issues affecting the right to read
+ a copy.</li>
+<li><a
href="http://channels.microsoft.com/presspass/press/1999/Aug99/SeyboldPR.asp";>Books
+ inside Computers:</a> Software to control who can read
+ books and documents on a PC.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>If we want to stop the bad news and create some good news, we need
+to organize and fight. The
+FSF's <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org";> Defective by Design</a>
+campaign has made a start — subscribe to the campaign's mailing
+list to lend a hand. And <a href="http://www.fsf.org/associate";>join
+the FSF</a> to help fund our work.
+</p>
+
+<h3 id="References">References</h3>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The administration's “White Paper”: Information
+ Infrastructure Task Force, Intellectual Property [<a
+ href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">sic</a>] and the
+ National Information Infrastructure: The Report of the Working
+ Group on Intellectual Property [sic] Rights (1995).</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/white.paper_pr.html";>An
+ explanation of the White Paper:
+ The Copyright Grab</a>, Pamela Samuelson, Wired, Jan. 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.law.duke.edu/boylesite/sold_out.htm";>Sold Out</a>,
+ James Boyle, New York Times, 31 March 1996</li>
+
+ <li><a
href="http://www.interesting-people.org/archives/interesting-people/199611/msg00012.html";>Public
Data or Private Data</a>,
+ Washington Post, 4 Nov 1996. </li>
+
+ <li><a href="http://www.public-domain.org/";>Union for the Public
+ Domain</a>—an organization which aims to resist and
+ reverse the overextension of copyright and patent powers.</li>
+</ul>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</h4>
+
+<p><strong>Other Texts to Read</strong></p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li><a href="/philosophy/philosophy.html">Philosophy of the
+ GNU Project</a></li>
+ <li><a
href="http://www.computerworld.com/managementtopics/management/opinion/story/0,10801,49358,00.html";
+ id="COPYPROCTECTION">Copy Protection: Just Say No</a>,
+ Published in Computer World.</li>
+</ul>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 2002, 2007, 2009, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:28:58 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Bulgarian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ca.html">Català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.html">English</a> [en]</li>
-->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- Finnish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Hebrew -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- Hungarian -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li>
-->
+<!-- Italian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- Japanese -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- Korean -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/right-to-read.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- Slovenian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
+<!-- Serbian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Swedish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- Turkish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/right-to-read.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: software/po/devel.ca-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/devel.ca-en.html
diff -N software/po/devel.ca-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/devel.ca-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:29:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>GNU Development Resources - GNU Project - Free Software
+Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/devel.translist" -->
+<h2>GNU Development Resources</h2>
+
+<p>This page describes the development services available for GNU
+developers on GNU Project machines. For full details of the privileges
+and responsibilities of GNU maintainers, please see the <a
+href="/prep/maintain/">Information for GNU Maintainers</a> document, and
+also follow the <a href="/prep/standards/">GNU Coding Standards</a>.
+Also interesting to review may be the <a
+href="/help/evaluation.html#whatmeans">overview of what it means to be a
+GNU package</a>.</p>
+
+<p>With the abundance of inexpensive computers that can run <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, as well as the greater
+availability of Internet access, many GNU volunteers today have all the
+computer facilities they need. However, there are still advantages to
+having central computers where GNU volunteers can work together without
+having to make their own machines accessible to others.</p>
+
+<p>For that reason, the Free Software Foundation strongly encourages GNU
+software projects to use the machines at <code>gnu.org</code> as a home
+base. Using these machines also benefits the GNU Project indirectly, by
+increasing public awareness of GNU, and spreading the idea of working
+together for the benefit of everyone.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="CVS">Savannah and version control</h3>
+
+<p>If you are developing an official GNU package, we strongly recommend
+using a public source control repository on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>Savannah</a>, the GNU hosting server.
+To do this, first <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/account/register.php";>create yourself an
+account</a> and then <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/register/";>register your GNU package</a>.
+After it is created, you will be able to choose a version control
+system, create web pages for your package, manage permissions for
+contributors to the pages, and many other features.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="MailLists">Mailing lists</h3>
+
+<p>We operate mailing lists for GNU software packages as needed,
+including both hand-managed lists and automatically managed lists.</p>
+
+<p>When a GNU package is registered on <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>Savannah</a>, a web interface allows
+developers to create and manage mailing lists dedicated to their
+package.</p>
+
+<p>Each GNU package <em>name</em> ought to have at least a bug-reporting
+list with the canonical name <code>bug-<em>name</em>@gnu.org</code>,
+plus any aliases that may be useful. Using Savannah, you can create
+lists for your package with names like this. Some packages share the
+list address@hidden but we now encourage packages to set up their
+own individual lists.</p>
+
+<p>Packages can have other lists for announcements, asking for help,
+posting source code, for discussion among users, or whatever the package
+maintainer finds to be useful.</p>
+
+<p>Mailing list archives for automatically-managed lists are available
+at <a href="http://lists.gnu.org/";>http://lists.gnu.org</a>, as well as
+through the list manager. Archives for hand-maintained lists are
+generally kept in <code>/com/archive</code> on the GNU machines.</p>
+
+<p>When a mailing list becomes large enough to justify it, we can set up
+a <code>gnu.*</code> newsgroup with a two-way link to the mailing
+list.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="WebServer">Web pages</h3>
+
+<p>The master GNU web server is <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/";>http://www.gnu.org/</a>. We very strongly
+recommend that GNU packages use
+<tt>http://www.gnu.org/software/</tt><i>package</i> as their primary
+home page.</p>
+
+<p>Using Savannah, developers can create and maintain their own pages at
+that url via a CVS “web repository”, separate from the
+package's main source repository (which can use any supported version
+control system). <a href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Web-Pages">More
+information on maintaining GNU web pages</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="FTP">FTP</h3>
+
+<p>The primary ftp site for GNU software on <a
+href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu";><code>http://ftp.gnu.org/</code></a>,
+which is <a href="/prep/ftp.html">mirrored worldwide</a>. We very
+strongly recommend that all GNU packages upload their releases here (in
+addition to any other location you find convenient).</p>
+
+<p>We use a different server for test releases, so that people won't
+install them thinking they are ready for prime time. This server is <a
+href="ftp://alpha.gnu.org/";><code>ftp://alpha.gnu.org/</code></a>.</p>
+
+<p>The <a
+href="/prep/maintain/maintain.html#Automated-FTP-Uploads">Information
+for GNU Maintainers</a> document has complete details on the ftp upload
+process, which is the same for both servers.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="LoginAccounts">Login accounts</h3>
+
+<p>We provide shell login access to GNU machines to people who need them
+for work on GNU software. Having a login account is both a privilege and
+a responsibility, and they should be used only for your work on GNU.
+<a href="README.accounts.html">Instructions for obtaining an account
+machines</a> are written separately.</p>
+
+<p>On the general login machine, the <a href="/software/gsrc/">gsrc</a>
+package developers maintain a hierarchy of the current GNU package
+releases (<tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live</tt>), compiled from the original
+sources. To use it, source <tt>/gd/gnu/gnusys/live/setup</tt>.</p>
+
+<p>You can also <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/about/systems/sending-mail-via-fencepost";>use a
+GNU account for email</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="Hydra">Hydra: Continuous builds and portability testing</h3>
+
+<p>Continuous build tools (often referred to as continuous integration
+tools) allow programming errors to be spotted soon after they are
+introduced in a software project, which is particularly useful for
+cooperatively developed software.</p>
+
+<p><a href="http://nixos.org/hydra/";>Hydra</a> is a free continuous
+build tool based on the <a href="http://nixos.org/nix/";>Nix</a> package
+manager. Administrators of the <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/";>Hydra
+instance at the Delft University of Technology</a> have generously
+offered <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu";>slots for the GNU
+Project</a>. Projects on Hydra get re-built <em>at each commit</em>
+or change in their dependencies, whichever comes first (dependencies
+<em>include</em> the standard build environment being used, which
+itself contains recent released versions of GCC, GNU make,
+etc.)</p>
+
+<p>Currently it can build software on GNU/Linux (<tt>i686</tt> and
+<tt>x86_64</tt>) as well as FreeBSD, Darwin, Solaris, and Cygwin, and
+can cross-build for GNU/Hurd, GNU/Linux on other architectures, and
+MinGW. It can provide code coverage reports produced using LCOV. In
+addition to source tarballs and Nix packages, it can build packages for
+<code>deb</code>- and <code>RPM</code>-based distributions. Packages
+can be built against the latest versions of their dependencies; for
+instance, GnuTLS is built using GNU libtasn1 and GNU libgcrypt
+builds corresponding to their latest revision.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the <a href="http://hydra.nixos.org/project/gnu";>web
+interface</a>, Hydra can send notifications by email when the build
+status of a project changes—e.g., from <code>SUCCEEDED</code> to
+<code>FAILED</code>. When a build fails, its log and build tree are
+accessible from the web interface; the latter allows generated files
+(for example, <code>config.log</code> or <code>testsuite.log</code>) to
+be inspected, which provides debugging hints.</p>
+
+<p>Any GNU software package can request a slot on Hydra. Each package
+must provide its own “build recipe” written in the Nix
+language (a <em>Nix expression</em>, in Nix parlance). <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git";>Nix
+expressions for GNU projects</a> are available via Git. For simple
+projects using standard GNU build tools such as Automake and Autoconf,
+the recipe is usually fairly simple. For example, see the <a
+href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/hydra-recipes.git/tree/patch/release.nix";>recipe
+for GNU Patch</a>. You are welcome to ask for guidance on <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>.</p>
+
+<p>After constructing your build recipe, email <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/hydra-users";>address@hidden</a>
+and ask to be included in Hydra. Also make sure to become a member of
+the <a
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/hydra-recipes/";><code>hydra-recipes</code>
+project at Savannah</a>. This will allow you to customize your
+project's build job directly.</p>
+
+<p> For technical information about Hydra, please consult the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc/manual";>
+manual of Hydra</a> (<a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/hydra/trunk/tarball/latest/download-by-type/doc-pdf/manual";>PDF</a>).
+For more details, please refer to the <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nix/trunk/tarball/latest/download/1/nix/manual.html";>Nix
+manual</a> and <a
+href="http://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixpkgs/trunk/tarball/latest/download/2/manual.html";>the
+Nixpkgs manual</a>.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="platform-testers">platform-testers: Manual portability testing</h3>
+
+<p>Another useful option for pre-release testing is the <a
+href="http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/platform-testers";>platform-testers
+mailing list</a>. Time permitting, the people on this list build
+pre-releases on a wide variety of platforms upon request. (Additional
+volunteers for making the test builds are most welcome!)</p>
+
+<p>In contrast to the Hydra tool described above, the platform-testers
+list works essentially by hand, so each method has its advantages and
+disadvantages. Also, the platform-testers crew has access to a wider
+variety of platforms and compilers than the Hydra setup.</p>
+
+<p>So, if you have a pre-release, you can write to the mailing list,
+providing (1) the url to the tarball, (2) the planned date of
+the release, and (3) the email address to which build reports
+should be sent. The builds and reports are made by hand by the
+volunteers on the list.</p>
+
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general,
+ all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about
+ verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking
+ with the webmasters first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document
+ and that it is like this: "2001, 2002", not this: "2001-2002". -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:29:32 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: software/po/software.ca-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: software/po/software.ca-en.html
diff -N software/po/software.ca-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ software/po/software.ca-en.html 7 Feb 2012 09:29:33 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Software - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/software/po/software.translist" -->
+
+<h2>Download GNU</h2>
+
+<div style="width: 300px; padding: 15px; margin: 15px; float: right; border:
6px solid #bd0;">
+<h4 class="center">Download distributions</h4>
+<p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html"><img
src="/graphics/gnu-and-penguin-color-300x276.jpg" alt="GNU and Linux" /></a></p>
+<p><span class="highlight">If you're looking for a whole system to
+install, see
+our <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">list of
+GNU/Linux distributions which are entirely free software</a>.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p><a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating
+system</a> is the Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free
+software, that we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984. The GNU
+system contains all of the <a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">official GNU software
+packages</a> (which are listed below), and also includes much non-GNU
+free software, such as the X Window System. Also, the GNU system is not
+a single static set of programs; users and distributors may select
+different packages according to their needs and desires. The result is
+still a variant of the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>If you're looking for a whole system to install, see our <a
+href="/distros/free-distros.html">list of GNU/Linux distributions which
+are entirely free software</a>.</p>
+
+<p>To look for individual free software packages, both GNU and non-GNU,
+please see the <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+Directory</a>: a categorized, searchable database of free software. The
+Directory is actively maintained by the <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> and includes
+links to program home pages where available, as well as entries for <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/GNU/";>all GNU packages</a>. Another
+list of <a href="#allgnupkgs">all GNU packages</a> is below. <a
+href="/doc/doc.html">Free software documentation links</a> are listed
+separately.</p>
+
+<p>We also maintain a list of <a
+href="http://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority.html";>high-priority free
+software projects</a>. Please help with these projects if you can. For
+other ways to contribute to GNU, including taking over unmaintained GNU
+packages and helping with development, see the <a
+href="/help/help.html">GNU help wanted</a> page.</p>
+
+<p>If you are developing a GNU package, or you are thinking of starting,
+you may be interested in <a href="/software/devel.html">GNU Software
+Developer Resources</a>. If you'd like to make your software an
+official GNU package, see the <a href="/help/evaluation.html">evaluation
+information and submission form</a>. For information on the licenses
+used for GNU software, and on other free software licenses, see our <a
+href="/licenses/licenses.html">Licenses</a> page.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, we have a <a href="/software/for-windows.html">short list of
+free software for Microsoft Windows</a>, for the Windows user who would
+like to try free software.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="getgnu">How to get GNU software</h3>
+
+<p>GNU software is available by several different methods:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>Download a <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">wholly free
+GNU/Linux distribution</a>.</li>
+
+<li>Buy a computer with a wholly free GNU/Linux system preinstalled
+from <a href="/links/companies.html">one of the companies</a> that
+offers this.</li>
+
+<li><a href="/order/ftp.html">Download individual packages from the web
+or via FTP</a>: we provide source code for all GNU software as <a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free software</a>, and free of
+charge. (Please also make a <a href="/help/donate.html">donation</a> to
+the FSF, if you can, to help us write more free software.)</li>
+
+<li>Get a copy from a friend. (Likewise please make a donation if you
+can.)</li>
+
+<li>Use the <a href="/software/gsrc/gsrc.html">GNU GSRC</a> package to
+easily install many of the latest GNU package releases on their own,
+without conflicting with any system versions.</li>
+
+<li>Use the
+<a
+href="https://launchpad.net/~dns/+archive/gnu?field.series_filter=";>GNU
+PPA</a> or <a
+href="https://launchpad.net/~dns/+archive/gnustep?field.series_filter=";>GNUstep
+PPA</a> (Personal Package Archive) on Trisquel, gNewSense, or related
+distros to get the latest releases suitably packaged.</li>
+
+<li>Get the development sources for a package and build them, to help
+with development. Many GNU packages keep their development sources at
+the GNU hosting site <a
+href="http://savannah.gnu.org/";>savannah.gnu.org</a>. Some packages use
+other source repositories, or have none at all. Each package's web
+pages should give the specifics.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+
+<h3><a id="allgnupkgs">All GNU packages</a></h3>
+
+<p>Here is a list of all current GNU packages, using their package
+identifiers (rather than long names) for brevity, and sorted
+alphabetically. If you have corrections to or questions about this
+list, please email <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>There are also comprehensive lists of <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">documentation for GNU packages</a> (arranged
+by category), and <a href="/graphics/package-logos.html">GNU package
+logos</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- regenerate when official list changes, via
+ gm generate packages html (or see the Makefile)
+ in the womb/gnumaint CVS source directory on savannah. -->
+<!--#include virtual="/software/allgnupkgs.html" -->
+
+
+<h3>Decommissioned GNU packages</h3>
+
+<p>GNU packages are occasionally decommissioned, generally because
+they've been superseded by, or integrated into, other packages. If
+you have time and interest in resurrecting any of these, please
+contact <<tt>address@hidden</tt>>. Here is the list; we
+leave the old project pages up (when they existed):
+
+<a href="aroundme/">aroundme</a>,
+<a href="gnu3dkit/">3dkit</a>,
+<a href="abcsh/">abcsh</a>,
+<a href="awacs/">awacs</a>,
+<a href="cfs-el/">cfs-el</a>,
+<a href="checker/">checker</a>,
+<a href="cons/">cons</a>,
+<a href="dgs/">dgs</a> (display ghostscript),
+<a href="dld/">dld</a>,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/DrGenius/";>dr.genius</a>,
+<a href="elib/">elib</a>,
+<a href="ffp/">ffp</a>,
+<a href="fhp/">fhp</a>,
+<a href="free/">free (gnu.free)</a>,
+<a href="gcron/">gcron</a> (see <a href="mcron/">mcron</a>),
+<a href="gfe/">gfe</a>,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/GNU/ggv.html";>ggv</a> (see <a
href="gv/">gv</a>),
+gicqd,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/giptables/";>giptables</a>,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnochive/";>gnochive</a>,
+gnotary,
+<a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/gnotepad/";>gnotepad+</a>,
+gnubios,
+gnucad,
+<a href="gnufi/">gnufi</a>,
+gnupedia (see <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>wikipedia</a>),
+<a href="gnusql">gnusql</a>,
+<a href="gnustep-db/">gnustep-db</a>,
+<a href="gnuts/">gnuts</a>,
+<a href="goose/">goose</a>,
+<a href="gphoto/">gphoto</a>,
+<a href="graphics/">graphics</a>,
+grover,
+<a href="gtkeditor/">gtkeditor</a>,
+<a href="gtkeyboard/">gtkeyboard</a>,
+<a href="guss/">guss</a>,
+<a href="hegemonie/">hegemonie</a>,
+<a href="lengualibre">lengualibre</a>,
+leonardo,
+libopts (see <a href="autogen/">autogen</a>),
+mana,
+<a href="messenger/">messenger</a>,
+<a href="mgcp/">mgcp</a>,
+<a href="mll2html/">mll2html</a>,
+<a href="obst/">obst</a>,
+<a href="octal/">octal</a>,
+p2c,
+<a href="patchwork/">patchwork</a>,
+<a href="pips/">pips</a>,
+<a href="poc/">poc</a>,
+<a href="rat/">rat</a>,
+<a href="songanizer/">songanizer</a>,
+<a href="sweater/">sweater</a>,
+<a href="toutdoux/">toutdoux</a>,
+<a href="webpublish/">webpublish</a>,
+<a href="xbase/">xbase</a>,
+<a href="xinfo/">xinfo</a>,
+<a href="xmhtml/">xmhtml</a>,
+<a href="zebra/">zebra</a>.
+</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/02/07 09:29:33 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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