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www licenses/translations.fr.html licenses/tran...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www licenses/translations.fr.html licenses/tran... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 15 Nov 2011 01:34:35 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/11/15 01:34:35
Modified files:
licenses : translations.fr.html translations.pl.html
licenses/po : translations.pl-en.html
philosophy : categories.ar.html categories.ca.html
categories.pl.html categories.ru.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : categories.ca-en.html categories.pl-en.html
categories.ru-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/translations.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.66&r2=1.67
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/translations.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.94&r2=1.95
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/translations.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.pl.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/categories.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.ca-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.pl-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/categories.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: licenses/translations.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.66
retrieving revision 1.67
diff -u -b -r1.66 -r1.67
--- licenses/translations.fr.html 3 Sep 2011 09:16:53 -0000 1.66
+++ licenses/translations.fr.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:01 -0000 1.67
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@
<meta http-equiv="keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Copyleft, Licences" />
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/po/translations.fr.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/licenses/po/translations.fr.po</a>' -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/licenses/translations.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.fr.html" -->
<h2>Traductions non officielles</h2>
<h3 id="UnofficialTranslations">À propos des traductions non
officielles</h3>
@@ -319,7 +325,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/09/03 09:16:53 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/translations.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/translations.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.94
retrieving revision 1.95
diff -u -b -r1.94 -r1.95
--- licenses/translations.pl.html 6 Nov 2011 09:34:52 -0000 1.94
+++ licenses/translations.pl.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:01 -0000 1.95
@@ -155,9 +155,9 @@
<code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
-->
-<li><!-- RT #709555 -->
+<li><!-- RT #710854 -->
<code>[cs]</code> TÅumaczenie GPL na <a
-href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/v3";>czeski</a></li>
+href="http://jxself.org/translations/gpl-3.cz.shtml";>czeski</a></li>
<li><code>[nl]</code> TÅumaczenie GPL na <a
href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>
holenderski</a> (PDF)</li>
@@ -516,7 +516,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/11/06 09:34:52 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:01 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/translations.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/translations.pl-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- licenses/po/translations.pl-en.html 6 Nov 2011 09:35:00 -0000 1.1
+++ licenses/po/translations.pl-en.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:10 -0000 1.2
@@ -132,8 +132,9 @@
<li><code>[zh-tw]</code> <a
href="http://www.certifiedchinesetranslation.com/openaccess/gnuv3-tc.html";>
Chinese (Traditional)</a> translation of the GPL</li>
-->
- <li><code>[cs]</code> <!-- RT #709555 -->
- <a href="http://www.gnugpl.cz/v3";>Czech</a> translation of the GPL</li>
+ <li><code>[cs]</code> <!-- RT #710854 -->
+ <a href="http://jxself.org/translations/gpl-3.cz.shtml";>Czech</a>
+ translation of the GPL</li>
<li><code>[nl]</code> <a
href="http://bartbeuving.files.wordpress.com/2008/07/gpl-v3-nl-101.pdf";>
Dutch</a> translation of the GPL (PDF)</li>
<!-- link to browsehappy.com; other links
@@ -438,7 +439,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/06 09:35:00 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:10 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/categories.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/categories.ar.html 14 Nov 2011 17:01:17 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/categories.ar.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:17 -0000 1.17
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
value='<a href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.ar.po";>
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/categories.ar.po</a>' -->
-<!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html" -->
-<!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE" value="/philosophy/categories.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ar.html" -->
<h2>تصاÙÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙغÙر اÙØرة</h2>
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2011/11/14 17:01:17 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:17 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- philosophy/categories.ca.html 22 Oct 2011 16:37:43 -0000 1.22
+++ philosophy/categories.ca.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:18 -0000 1.23
@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@
<p>Vegeu també <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.ca.html">Paraules confuses
que convé evitar</a>.</p>
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
<p id="diagram" class="c">
-
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_BASE" value="/philosophy/category" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_EXT" value=".png" -->
-<!--#if expr="-A ${DOCUMENT_ROOT}${IMAGE_BASE}${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}${IMAGE_EXT}"
-->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}" -->
-<!--#endif -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LINK"
- value="<img src=\"${IMAGE_BASE}${IMAGE_LANG}${IMAGE_EXT}\" />" -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="IMAGE_LINK" -->
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
</p>
<p>Aquest diagrama original de Chao-Kuei i posteriorment actualitzat per
altres
@@ -436,11 +428,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traducció: David, 24 d'abril de 2000<br />Darrera revisió: <a
href="http://www.puigpe.org/";>puigpe</a>, 5 de setembre de 2011.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2011/10/22 16:37:43 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.pl.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.pl.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/categories.pl.html 22 Oct 2011 16:37:43 -0000 1.42
+++ philosophy/categories.pl.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:18 -0000 1.43
@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@
<p>ZwróÄcie też uwagÄ na <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">MylÄ
ce
sÅowa, których prawdopodobnie wolelibyÅcie unikaÄ</a>.</p>
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
<p id="diagram" class="c">
-
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_BASE" value="/philosophy/category" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_EXT" value=".png" -->
-<!--#if expr="-A ${DOCUMENT_ROOT}${IMAGE_BASE}${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}${IMAGE_EXT}"
-->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}" -->
-<!--#endif -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LINK"
- value="<img src=\"${IMAGE_BASE}${IMAGE_LANG}${IMAGE_EXT}\" />" -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="IMAGE_LINK" -->
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
</p>
<p>Ten diagram, autorstwa Chao-Kuei a niedawno zaktualizowany przez
kilka
@@ -458,11 +450,13 @@
TÅumaczenie: Wojciech Kotwica 2001; poprawki: Wojciech Kotwica 2001, 2002,
2003, 2004, 2005, RadosÅaw MoszczyÅski 2004, Marcin Wolak 2010, 2011, Jan
Owoc 2010, 2011.</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Aktualizowane:
-$Date: 2011/10/22 16:37:43 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/categories.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/categories.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/categories.ru.html 22 Oct 2011 16:37:43 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/categories.ru.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:18 -0000 1.11
@@ -12,17 +12,9 @@
<p>См. Ñакже <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">СбиваÑÑие Ñ ÑолкÑ
Ñлова,
коÑоÑÑÑ
вам ÑÑоило Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°ÑÑ</a>.</p>
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.ru.png -->
<p id="diagram" class="c">
-
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_BASE" value="/philosophy/category" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="" -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_EXT" value=".png" -->
-<!--#if expr="-A ${DOCUMENT_ROOT}${IMAGE_BASE}${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}${IMAGE_EXT}"
-->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LANG" value="${LANGUAGE_SUFFIX}" -->
-<!--#endif -->
-<!--#set var="IMAGE_LINK"
- value="<img src=\"${IMAGE_BASE}${IMAGE_LANG}${IMAGE_EXT}\" />" -->
-<!--#echo encoding="none" var="IMAGE_LINK" -->
+<img src="/philosophy/category.ru.png" alt="" />
</p>
<p>ÐÑа диагÑамма иллÑÑÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑноÑение
ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
каÑегоÑий пÑогÑамм дÑÑг к
@@ -421,11 +413,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2011/10/22 16:37:43 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html 3 Sep 2011
09:18:05 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.html 15 Nov 2011
01:34:18 -0000 1.4
@@ -7,6 +7,12 @@
Software Liber (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ro.html" -->
+<!--#set var="PO_FILE"
+ value='<a
href="http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.po";>
+ http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.ro.po</a>'
-->
+ <!--#set var="ORIGINAL_FILE"
value="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html" -->
+ <!--#set var="DIFF_FILE" value="" -->
+ <!--#include virtual="/server/outdated.ro.html" -->
<h2>Pe cine serveÈte cu adevÄrat acel server?</h2>
<p>de <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -307,7 +313,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
ActualizatÄ:
-$Date: 2011/09/03 09:18:05 $
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/categories.ca-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/categories.ca-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/categories.ca-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/categories.ca-en.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:24 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html";>tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium releases X11 with
+ distribution terms that make it noncopylefted free
+ software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those
+ distribution terms and is free. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The GNU
+ system includes all the GNU software, as well as many other
+ packages such as the X Window System and TeX which are not GNU
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system has to be free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+ components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does
+ include noncopylefted free software such as the X Window
+ System that were developed by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copylefted</a> , but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its
+ sole user has full rights to it.</p>
+ <p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program
+ and not release it. There are occasions when a program is so useful
+ that withholding it from release is treating humanity badly.
+ However, most programs are not that important, so not releasing them
+ is not particularly harmful. Thus, there is no conflict between the
+ development of private or custom software and the principles of the
+ free software movement.</p>
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a
+ business which aims to make money from the use of the
+ software. “Commercial” and
+ “proprietary” are not the same thing! Most
+ commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the emphasis is in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; whether
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:24 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/categories.pl-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/categories.pl-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/categories.pl-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/categories.pl-en.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:25 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html";>tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium releases X11 with
+ distribution terms that make it noncopylefted free
+ software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those
+ distribution terms and is free. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The GNU
+ system includes all the GNU software, as well as many other
+ packages such as the X Window System and TeX which are not GNU
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system has to be free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+ components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does
+ include noncopylefted free software such as the X Window
+ System that were developed by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copylefted</a> , but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its
+ sole user has full rights to it.</p>
+ <p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program
+ and not release it. There are occasions when a program is so useful
+ that withholding it from release is treating humanity badly.
+ However, most programs are not that important, so not releasing them
+ is not particularly harmful. Thus, there is no conflict between the
+ development of private or custom software and the principles of the
+ free software movement.</p>
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a
+ business which aims to make money from the use of the
+ software. “Commercial” and
+ “proprietary” are not the same thing! Most
+ commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the emphasis is in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; whether
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:25 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/categories.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/categories.ru-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/categories.ru-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/categories.ru-en.html 15 Nov 2011 01:34:25 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Categories of Free and Nonfree Software - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/categories.translist" -->
+<h2>Categories of free and nonfree software</h2>
+
+<p>Also see <a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing
+ Words which You Might Want to Avoid</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /philosophy/category.png -->
+<p id="diagram" class="c">
+<img src="/philosophy/category.png" alt="" />
+</p>
+
+ <p>This diagram, originally by Chao-Kuei and updated by several
+ others since, explains the different categories of software. It's
+ available as a <a href="/philosophy/category.svg">Scalable Vector
+ Graphic</a> and as an <a href="/philosophy/category.fig">XFig
+ document</a>, under the terms of any of the GNU GPL v2 or later,
+ the GNU FDL v1.2 or later, or the Creative Commons
+ Attribution-Share Alike v2.0 or later.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FreeSoftware">Free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Free software is software that comes with permission for
+ anyone to use, copy, and/or distribute, either verbatim or with
+ modifications, either gratis or for a fee. In particular, this
+ means that source code must be available. “If it's not
+ source, it's not software.” This is a simplified
+ description; see also
+ the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">full
+ definition</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free, then it can potentially be included
+ in a free operating system such as GNU, or free versions of
+ the <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+ system</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>There are many different ways to make a program free—many
+ questions of detail, which could be decided in more than one way
+ and still make the program free. Some of the possible variations
+ are described below. For information on specific free software
+ licenses, see the <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">license
+ list</a> page.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is a matter of freedom, not price. But
+ proprietary software companies typically use the term
+ “free software” to refer to price. Sometimes they
+ mean that you can obtain a binary copy at no charge; sometimes
+ they mean that a copy is bundled with a computer that you are
+ buying, and the price includes both. Either way, it has
+ nothing to do with what we mean by free software in the GNU
+ project.</p>
+
+ <p>Because of this potential confusion, when a software company
+ says its product is free software, always check the actual
+ distribution terms to see whether users really have all the
+ freedoms that free software implies. Sometimes it really is free
+ software; sometimes it isn't.</p>
+
+ <p>Many languages have two separate words for
+ “free” as in freedom and “free” as in
+ zero price. For example, French has “libre” and
+ “gratuit”. Not so English; there is a word
+ “gratis” that refers unambiguously to price, but
+ no common adjective that refers unambiguously to freedom. So
+ if you are speaking another language, we suggest you translate
+ “free” into your language to make it clearer. See
+ our list of <a href= "/philosophy/fs-translations.html">
+ translations of the term “free software”</a> into
+ various other languages.</p>
+
+ <p>Free software is often <a href="/software/reliability.html">more
+ reliable</a> than nonfree software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="OpenSource">Open source software</h3>
+
+ <p>
+ The term “open source” software is used by some
+ people to mean more or less the same category as free
+ software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they
+ accept some licenses that we consider too restrictive, and
+ there are free software licenses they have not
+ accepted. However, the differences in extension of the
+ category are small: nearly all free software is open source,
+ and nearly all open source software is free.</p>
+ <p>We prefer the term “<a href=
+ "/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">free
+ software</a>” because it refers to
+ freedom—something that the term “open
+ source“ does not do.</p>
+
+<h3 id="PublicDomainSoftware">Public domain
+ software</h3>
+
+ <p>Public domain software is software that is not copyrighted. If
+ the source code is in the public domain, that is a special case of
+ <a href="#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted free
+ software</a>, which means that some copies or modified versions
+ may not be free at all.</p>
+
+ <p>In some cases, an executable program can be in the public domain
+ but the source code is not available. This is not free software,
+ because free software requires accessibility of source code.
+ Meanwhile, most free software is not in the public domain; it is
+ copyrighted, and the copyright holders have legally given
+ permission for everyone to use it in freedom, using a free software
+ license.</p>
+
+ <p>Sometimes people use the term “public domain”
+ in a loose fashion to
+ mean <a href="#FreeSoftware">“free”</a> or
+ “available gratis.” However, “public
+ domain” is a legal term and means, precisely, “not
+ copyrighted”. For clarity, we recommend using
+ “public domain” for that meaning only, and using
+ other terms to convey the other meanings.</p>
+
+ <p>Under the Berne Convention, which most countries have
+ signed, anything written down is automatically
+ copyrighted. This includes programs. Therefore, if you want a
+ program you have written to be in the public domain, you must
+ take some legal steps to disclaim the copyright on it;
+ otherwise, the program is copyrighted.</p>
+
+<h3 id="CopyleftedSoftware">Copylefted software</h3>
+
+ <p>Copylefted software is free software whose distribution
+ terms ensure that all copies of all versions carry more or
+ less the same distribution terms. This means, for instance,
+ that copyleft licenses generally disallow others to add
+ additional requirements to the software (though a limited set
+ of safe added requirements can be allowed) and require making
+ source code available. This shields the program, and its
+ modified versions, from some of the common ways of making a
+ program proprietary.</p>
+
+ <p>Some copyleft licenses, such as GPL version 3, block
+ other means of turning software proprietary, such as <a
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html";>tivoization</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>In the GNU Project, we copyleft almost all the software we
+ write, because our goal is to give <em>every</em> user the freedoms
+ implied by the term “free software.” See our <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft article</a> for more explanation of
+ how copyleft works and why we use it.</p>
+
+ <p>Copyleft is a general concept; to copyleft an actual program,
+ you need to use a specific set of distribution terms. There are
+ many possible ways to write copyleft distribution terms, so in
+ principle there can be many copyleft free software licenses.
+ However, in actual practice nearly all copylefted software uses the
+ <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU General Public
+ License</a>. Two different copyleft licenses are usually
+ “incompatible”, which means it is illegal to merge
+ the code using one license with the code using the other
+ license; therefore, it is good for the community if people use
+ a single copyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">Noncopylefted free software</h3>
+
+ <p>Noncopylefted free software comes from the author with
+ permission to redistribute and modify, and also to add additional
+ restrictions to it.</p>
+
+ <p>If a program is free but not copylefted, then some copies
+ or modified versions may not be free at all. A software
+ company can compile the program, with or without
+ modifications, and distribute the executable file as
+ a <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a> software
+ product.</p>
+
+ <p>The <a href="http://www.x.org";>X Window System</a>
+ illustrates this. The X Consortium releases X11 with
+ distribution terms that make it noncopylefted free
+ software. If you wish, you can get a copy which has those
+ distribution terms and is free. However, there are nonfree
+ versions as well, and there are (or at least were) popular
+ workstations and PC graphics boards for which nonfree
+ versions are the only ones that work. If you are using this
+ hardware, X11 is not free software for
+ you. <a href="/philosophy/x.html">The developers of X11 even
+ made X11 nonfree</a> for a while; they were able to do this
+ because others had contributed their code under the same
+ noncopyleft license.</p>
+
+<h3 id="LaxPermissiveLicensedSoftware">Lax permissive licensed software</h3>
+
+ <p>Lax permissive licenses include the X11 license and the
+ <a href="bsd.html">two BSD licenses</a>. These licenses permit
+ almost any use of the code, including distributing proprietary
+ binaries with or without changing the source code.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GPL-CoveredSoftware">GPL-covered software</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/copyleft/gpl.html">GNU GPL (General Public
+ License)</a> is one specific set of distribution terms for
+ copylefting a program. The GNU Project uses it as the distribution
+ terms for most GNU software.</p>
+
+ <p>To equate free software with GPL-covered software is therefore
+ an error.</p>
+
+<h3 id="TheGNUsystem">The GNU operating system</h3>
+
+ <p>The <a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU operating system</a> is the
+ Unix-like operating system, which is entirely free software, that
+ we in the GNU Project have developed since 1984.</p>
+
+ <p>A Unix-like operating system consists of many programs. The GNU
+ system includes all the GNU software, as well as many other
+ packages such as the X Window System and TeX which are not GNU
+ software.</p>
+
+ <p>The first test release of the complete GNU system was in
+ 1996. This includes the GNU Hurd, our kernel, developed since
+ 1990. In 2001 the GNU system (including the GNU Hurd) began
+ working fairly reliably, but the Hurd still lacks some
+ important features, so it is not widely used. Meanwhile,
+ the <a href= "/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux system</a>,
+ an offshoot of the GNU operating system which uses Linux as
+ the kernel instead of the GNU Hurd, has been a great success
+ since the 90s.</p>
+
+ <p>Since the purpose of GNU is to be free, every single
+ component in the GNU operating system has to be free
+ software. They don't all have to be copylefted, however; any
+ kind of free software is legally suitable to include if it
+ helps meet technical goals. And it isn't necessary for all the
+ components to be GNU software, individually. GNU can and does
+ include noncopylefted free software such as the X Window
+ System that were developed by other projects.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUprograms">GNU programs</h3>
+
+ <p>“GNU programs” is equivalent
+ to <a href="#GNUsoftware">GNU software.</a> A program Foo is a
+ GNU program if it is GNU software. We also sometimes say it
+ is a “GNU package”.</p>
+
+<h3 id="GNUsoftware">GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p><a href="/software/software.html">GNU software</a> is
+ software that is released under the auspices of the <a href=
+ "/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>. If a program is GNU
+ software, we also say that it is a GNU program or a GNU
+ package. The README or manual of a GNU package should say it
+ is one; also, the <a href="/directory">Free Software
+ Directory</a> identifies all GNU packages.</p>
+
+ <p>Most GNU software is <a href=
+ "/copyleft/copyleft.html">copylefted</a> , but not all; however,
+ all GNU software must be <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+ software</a>.</p>
+
+ <p>Some GNU software was written by <a href=
+ "http://www.fsf.org/about/staff/";>staff</a> of
+ the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software
+ Foundation</a>, but most GNU software comes from many
+ <a href="/people/people.html">volunteers</a>. (Some of these
+ volunteers are paid by companies or universities, but they are
+ volunteers for us.) Some contributed software is copyrighted
+ by the Free Software Foundation; some is copyrighted by the
+ contributors who wrote it.</p>
+
+<h3 id="FSF-CopyrightedGNUSoftware">FSF-copyrighted GNU software</h3>
+
+ <p>The developers of GNU packages can transfer the copyright
+ to the FSF, or they can keep it. The choice is theirs.</p>
+
+ <p>If they have transfered the copyright to the FSF, the program
+ is FSF-copyrighted GNU software, and the FSF can enforce
+ its license. If they have kept the copyright, enforcing the license
+ is their responsibility.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-freeSoftware">Nonfree software</h3>
+
+ <p>Nonfree software is any software that is not free.
+ Its use, redistribution or modification is prohibited, or
+ requires you to ask for permission, or is restricted so much
+ that you effectively can't do it freely.</p>
+
+<h3 id="ProprietarySoftware">Proprietary software</h3>
+
+ <p>Proprietary software is another name for nonfree software.
+ In the past we subdivided nonfree software into
+ “semifree software”, which could be modified and
+ redistributed noncommercially, and “ proprietary
+ software”, which could not be. But we have dropped that
+ distinction and now use “proprietary software” as
+ synonymous with nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>The Free Software Foundation follows the rule that we cannot
+ install any proprietary program on our computers except temporarily
+ for the specific purpose of writing a free replacement for that
+ very program. Aside from that, we feel there is no possible excuse
+ for installing a proprietary program.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, we felt justified in installing Unix on our
+ computer in the 1980s, because we were using it to write a free
+ replacement for Unix. Nowadays, since free operating systems are
+ available, the excuse is no longer applicable; we do not use any
+ nonfree operating systems, and any new computer we install
+ must run a completely free operating system.</p>
+
+ <p>We don't insist that users of GNU, or contributors to GNU, have
+ to live by this rule. It is a rule we made for ourselves. But we
+ hope you will follow it too, for your freedom's sake.</p>
+
+
+<h3 id="freeware">Freeware</h3>
+
+ <p>The term “freeware” has no clear accepted
+ definition, but it is commonly used for packages which permit
+ redistribution but not modification (and their source code is
+ not available). These packages are <em>not</em> free software,
+ so please don't use “freeware” to refer to free
+ software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="shareware">Shareware</h3>
+
+ <p>Shareware is software which comes with permission for people to
+ redistribute copies, but says that anyone who continues to use a
+ copy is <em>required</em> to pay a license fee.</p>
+
+ <p>Shareware is not free software, or even semifree. There are two
+ reasons it is not:</p>
+
+ <ul>
+ <li>For most shareware, source code is not available; thus, you
+ cannot modify the program at all.</li>
+ <li>Shareware does not come with permission to make a copy and
+ install it without paying a license fee, not even for individuals
+ engaging in nonprofit activity. (In practice, people often
+ disregard the distribution terms and do this anyway, but the terms
+ don't permit it.)</li>
+ </ul>
+
+<h3 id="PrivateSoftware">Private software</h3>
+ <p>Private or custom software is software developed for one user
+ (typically an organization or company). That user keeps it and uses
+ it, and does not release it to the public either as source code or
+ as binaries.</p>
+ <p>A private program is free software in a trivial sense if its
+ sole user has full rights to it.</p>
+ <p>In general we do not believe it is wrong to develop a program
+ and not release it. There are occasions when a program is so useful
+ that withholding it from release is treating humanity badly.
+ However, most programs are not that important, so not releasing them
+ is not particularly harmful. Thus, there is no conflict between the
+ development of private or custom software and the principles of the
+ free software movement.</p>
+ <p>Nearly all employment for programmers is in development of
+ custom software; therefore most programming jobs are, or could be,
+ done in a way compatible with the free software movement.</p>
+
+<h3 id="commercialSoftware">Commercial software</h3>
+
+ <p>Commercial software is software being developed by a
+ business which aims to make money from the use of the
+ software. “Commercial” and
+ “proprietary” are not the same thing! Most
+ commercial software
+ is <a href="#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>, but there
+ is commercial free software, and there is noncommercial
+ nonfree software.</p>
+
+ <p>For example, GNU Ada is developed by a company. It is always
+ distributed under the terms of the GNU GPL, and every copy is
+ free software; but its developers sell support contracts. When
+ their salesmen speak to prospective customers, sometimes the
+ customers say, “We would feel safer with a commercial
+ compiler.” The salesmen reply, “GNU
+ Ada <em>is</em> a commercial compiler; it happens to be free
+ software.”</p>
+ <p>For the GNU Project, the emphasis is in the other order:
+ the important thing is that GNU Ada is free software; whether
+ it is commercial is just a detail. However, the additional
+ development of GNU Ada that results from its being commercial
+ is definitely beneficial.</p>
+ <p>Please help spread the awareness that free commercial
+ software is possible. You can do this by making an effort not
+ to say “commercial” when you mean
+ “proprietary.”</p>
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
+<!-- all pages on the GNU web server should have the section about -->
+<!-- verbatim copying. Please do NOT remove this without talking -->
+<!-- with the webmasters first. -->
+<!-- Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the document -->
+<!-- and that it is like this "2001, 2002" not this "2001-2002." -->
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are
+also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/11/15 01:34:25 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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