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www/philosophy open-source-misses-the-point.ar....
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy open-source-misses-the-point.ar.... |
|
Date: |
Sat, 14 Nov 2009 09:26:26 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/11/14 09:26:26
Modified files:
philosophy : open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html
open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html
open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html
open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html
open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html
shouldbefree.ca.html shouldbefree.fr.html
shouldbefree.sr.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
Patches:
Index: open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html 6 Sep 2009 08:25:37 -0000
1.9
+++ open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:16 -0000
1.10
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ar.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÙÙ
اذا Ùا تÙ٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© بغرض
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة - Ù
شرÙع غÙÙ - Ù
ؤسسة
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة (Ø¥Ù​إس​Ø¥Ù)</title>
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ar.html" -->
-<h2>ÙÙ
اذا Ùا تÙÙ ”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“
بغرض اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة</h2>
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
<p>بÙÙÙ
<strong>رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
Ù</strong></p>
@@ -16,208 +16,236 @@
اÙأربع</a>:ØرÙØ© تشغÙÙÙ Ùدراست٠ÙتغÙÙرÙ
Ùإعادة تÙزÙع Ùسخ Ù
ÙÙ Ù
ع أ٠بدÙÙ
تغÙÙرات. إذا ÙاÙØ£Ù
ر Ù
تعÙ٠باÙØرÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙس
اÙسعر.</p>
-<p>Ùذ٠اÙØرÙات ضرÙرÙØ© Ø¬Ø¯Ø§Ø ÙÙ٠أساسÙØ©Ø ÙÙس
ÙØ£ÙÙا Ù
جرد Ù
Ø·Ùب ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠أÙØ±Ø§Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ù
-ÙØ£ÙÙا تعزÙز اÙتÙاÙ٠اÙاجتÙ
اعٗاÙÙ
تÙ
Ø«Ù
Ù٠اÙÙ
شارÙØ© ÙاÙتعاÙÙ. ØªØµØ¨Ø ÙØ°Ù
-اÙØرÙات Ø£Ùثر Ø£ÙÙ
ÙØ© Ù
ع دخÙ٠اÙتÙÙÙØ© Ø´Ùئا
ÙØ´Ùئا ÙÙ ÙشاطاتÙا اÙØ«ÙاÙÙØ©
-ÙاÙØÙاتÙØ©. Ù٠عاÙÙ
اÙأصÙات ÙاÙصÙر ÙاÙÙ
ÙاÙات اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©Ø ØªØµØ¨Ø Ø§ÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-بشÙÙ Ù
ضطرد أشب٠Ù
اتÙÙ٠باÙØرÙØ© Ù٠اÙØÙاة
اÙÙاÙعÙØ©.</p>
-
-<p>Ù
ÙاÙÙ٠اÙأشخاص ØÙ٠اÙعاÙÙ
ÙستخدÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ
دارس٠ÙÙ Ù
ÙاطÙ
-Ù
٠اÙÙÙد ÙإسباÙÙا تعÙÙÙ
جÙ
Ùع اÙØ·Ùاب
استخداÙ
ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØر <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ar.html">غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس</a>. ÙÙÙ Ù
عظÙ
ÙؤÙاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
-ÙÙ
ÙسÙ
عÙا ÙÙÙ
ا ع٠اÙأسباب اÙأخÙاÙÙØ© Ùراء
تطÙÙر Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
ÙبÙاء Ù
جتÙ
ع
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙØ£Ù Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
ÙØ°Ù٠اÙÙ
جتÙ
ع ÙÙشار Ø¥ÙÙÙÙ
ا اÙÙÙÙ
باسÙ
-”اÙÙ
صادراÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“Ø ÙÙÙÙسبا٠إÙÙ
ÙÙسÙØ© أخر٠تذÙر باÙÙاد ÙØ°Ù
-اÙØرÙات.</p>
-
-<p>Ø´ÙÙÙÙت ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùأج٠ØرÙØ© Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙØاسÙب Ù
ÙØ° عاÙ
1983. Ù٠عاÙ
-1984 أطÙÙÙا تطÙÙر ÙظاÙ
اÙتشغÙ٠اÙØر غÙÙØ ÙÙتÙ
ÙÙ Ù
٠تجÙب Ø£ÙظÙ
Ø© اÙتشغÙ٠غÙر
-اÙØرة اÙت٠تÙ
Ùع اÙØرÙØ© ع٠Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙا. Ø®ÙاÙ
اÙØ«Ù
اÙÙÙÙØ§ØªØ Ø·ÙÙرÙا Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ÙÙÙات
-Ùذا اÙÙظاÙ
Ø Ø¨Ø§ÙإضاÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ <a
href="/licenses/gpl.html">رخصة غÙ٠اÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ©</a>Ø
-اÙرخصة اÙÙ
صÙ
Ù
Ø© خصÙصا ÙØÙ
اÙØ© ØرÙØ© جÙ
Ùع Ù
ستخدÙ
٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙتÙ٠جÙ
Ùع Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ù
ع Ø£Ùدا٠ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙ٠عاÙ
1998 اÙØ´Ùت Ù
جÙ
Ùعة ع٠Ù
جتÙ
ع
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùبدأت اÙدعاÙØ© ÙاسÙ
-”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“. Ø£ÙÙØªØ±Ø Ø§ÙاسÙ
ÙÙ
اÙبداÙØ© ÙتجÙب اÙÙ
غاÙطة
-اÙÙ
ØتÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙاتجة ع٠Ù
صطÙØ ”Free Software“
Ù٠اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©Ø
-ÙÙÙ٠سرعا٠Ù
ا رÙبط بعد Ø°Ù٠بآراء ÙÙسÙÙØ©
تختÙ٠تÙ
اÙ
ا ع٠آراء ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة.</p>
-
-<p>بعض Ù
ؤÙد٠”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“
اعتبرÙÙا ”ØÙ
ÙØ© تسÙÙÙ
-ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“Ø ÙØ£ÙÙا سÙ٠تجذب رجاÙ
اÙأعÙ
ا٠ع٠طرÙ٠اÙترÙÙز عÙÙ
-اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© Ù
ع تجÙب أطرÙØات اÙصÙاب Ø£Ù
اÙخطأ اÙت٠Ùد Ùا ÙرÙدÙ٠سÙ
اعÙاØ
-ÙÙ٠اÙجزء اÙآخر Ù
٠اÙÙ
ؤÙدÙÙ ÙرÙضÙ٠تÙ
اÙ
ا
ÙÙÙ
ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙأخÙاÙÙØ©
-ÙاÙاجتÙ
اعÙØ©. عÙدÙ
ا ÙدعÙ٠إÙÙ ”اÙÙ
صادر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ -Ø£ÙÙا ÙاÙت
-تÙجÙاتÙÙ
- ÙØ¥ÙÙÙ
Ùا ÙØ´ÙرÙ٠أ٠ÙداÙعÙ٠ع٠ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙÙÙ
Ù
Ø·ÙÙا. Ø£ØµØ¨Ø Ù
صطÙØ
-”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ Ù
ربÙطا بشÙÙ Ù
تسارع بعادة اÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙÙÙ
-اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© ÙÙØ·Ø Ù
ث٠بÙاء برÙ
جÙات ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
ÙØ«ÙÙØ©. Ù
عظÙ
داعÙ
Ù ”اÙÙ
صادر
-اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ ÙصÙÙا Ø¥ÙÙÙا ÙÙذا اÙØ³Ø¨Ø¨Ø ÙÙذا
اÙربط Ù٠اÙØ°Ù ÙعترÙÙ٠ب٠ÙÙØ·.</p>
-
-<p>تÙرÙبا Ù٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© ØØ±Ø©Ø ÙÙÙا اÙÙ
صطÙØÙÙ ÙصÙا٠تÙرÙبا ÙÙس Ùئة
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات. ÙÙÙÙÙ
ا ÙستÙدا٠إÙÙ ÙÙÙ
Ù
ختÙÙØ© تÙ
اÙ
ا. تشÙ٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©
-استراتÙجÙØ© تطÙÙØ±Ø Ø¨ÙÙÙ
ا تÙ
ث٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة ØرÙØ© اجتÙ
اعÙØ©. باÙÙسبة ÙØرÙØ©
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ØªÙ
ث٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
Ùاجبا أخÙاÙÙØ§Ø Ùأ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-ÙØدÙا تØترÙ
ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙعÙ٠اÙجاÙب
اÙØ¢Ø®Ø±Ø ÙÙسÙØ© اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© تÙظر
-Ø¥Ù٠اÙØ£Ù
Ùر Ù
٠جاÙب ÙÙÙÙØ© جع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
”Ø£Ùضٓ— Ù
٠جاÙب
-عÙ
Ù٠بØت. تدع٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة ØÙ
Ø£ÙÙ Ù
ثاÙÙØ©. ÙÙ٠باÙÙسبة ÙØرÙØ©
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙبرÙ
جÙات غÙر اÙØرة Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© اجتÙ
اعÙØ©Ø ÙاÙاÙتÙا٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة Ù٠اÙØÙ.</p>
-
-<p>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة. اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©. إذا
ÙاÙت ÙÙس اÙبرÙ
جÙØ§ØªØ Ø£ÙÙÙ
أ٠اسÙ
Ù
-تستخدÙ
Ø ÙعÙ
Ø Ùأ٠اÙÙÙÙ
ات اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ© تعÙس Ù
بادئÙا Ù
ختÙÙØ©. عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أÙ
-اÙبرÙاÙ
ج اÙØر Ø£Ùا Ùا٠اسÙ
٠سÙعطÙÙ ÙÙس
اÙØرÙØ© اÙÙÙÙ
Ø Ø¥Ùا أ٠ترسÙØ® اÙØرÙØ© عÙÙ
-أساس ثابت ÙعتÙ
د ÙÙÙ ÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¡ عÙ٠تعÙÙÙ
اÙÙاس
ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙØرÙØ©. إذا أردت اÙÙ
ساعدة ÙÙ
-Ø°ÙÙØ Ù
٠اÙضرÙر٠أ٠تتØدث ع٠”اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة“.</p>
-
-<p>ÙØÙ ÙÙ ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة Ùا Ùعتبر ØÙ
ÙØ©
اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© عدÙØ§Ø Ø§Ùعد٠ÙÙ
-اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© (غÙر اÙØرة). ÙÙÙÙا ÙÙد
Ù
٠اÙÙاس Ø£Ù ÙعرÙÙا Ø£ÙÙا ÙداÙع عÙ
-اÙØرÙØ©Ø Ùذا ÙØ¥ÙÙا Ùا ÙÙب٠أ٠ÙÙص٠خطأÙ
بداعÙ
٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©.</p>
-
-<h3>إساءة ÙÙÙ
شائعة ٔاÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“
-ٔاÙÙ
صادراÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“</h3>
-
-<p>Ù٠اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©Ø ÙÙÙ
صطÙØ ”free
software“ Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ© إساءة تÙسÙر:
-اÙÙ
عÙ٠غÙر اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب -”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙتÙ
تستطÙع اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙÙا Ù
جاÙا“-
-ÙÙائÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ ÙÙ
ا ÙÙائÙ
٠اÙÙ
صطÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب
”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠تعط٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
-ØرÙات Ù
عÙÙØ©“. ØÙÙÙا Ùذ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© بÙشر
تعرÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø ÙبÙÙÙÙا
--Ù٠اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©- ”Think of free speech, not free
beer“. Ùذا
-ÙÙس ØÙا Ù
ثاÙÙØ§Ø Ùا ÙÙ
Ù٠أ٠ÙØ٠اÙÙ
Ø´ÙÙØ© تÙ
اÙ
ا. استخداÙ
Ù
صطÙØ ÙØ§Ø¶Ø ØµØÙØ Ø³ÙÙÙÙ
-Ø£ÙضÙØ Ø¥Ø°Ø§ ÙÙ
ÙØÙÙ Ù
شاÙÙÙا أخرÙ.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙأسÙØ Ø¬Ù
Ùع اÙبدائ٠Ù٠اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ©
ÙÙÙا Ù
شاÙ٠بذاتÙا. بØØ«Ùا Ù٠اÙبدائÙ
-اÙترØÙا اÙÙØ§Ø³Ø ÙÙÙ ÙÙس Ù
ÙÙا Ù
صطÙØ
”صØÙØ“ سÙÙÙ٠اÙتØÙÙ٠إÙÙÙ
-Ø®Ùارا صائبا. (عÙ٠سبÙ٠اÙÙ
ثاÙØ ÙÙ
ÙÙ Ù٠بعض
اÙسÙاÙات استخداÙ
اÙÙÙÙ
Ø©
-اÙÙرÙسÙØ©/اÙإسباÙÙØ© "libre" ÙÙ٠اÙÙÙÙد Ùا
ÙعرÙÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙÙÙÙ
Ø© Ù
Ø·ÙÙÙا) Ù٠بدÙÙ
-Ù
ÙØªØ±Ø ”ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ ÙÙÙ Ù
Ø´ÙÙØ©
بÙاغÙØ©—بÙ
ا ÙÙ Ø°ÙÙ
-”اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙ
صدر“.</p>
-
-<p><a href= "http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>تعرÙÙ ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ©
-اÙÙ
صدر“ اÙرسÙ
Ù</a> (اÙÙ
ÙØ´Ùر بÙاسطة Ù
بادرة
اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© ÙاÙأطÙÙ Ù
Ù
-Ø£Ù ÙØ°Ùر ÙÙا) Ù
شت٠Ù
Ù Ù
عاÙÙرÙا ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة. ÙÙس Ù
طابÙا ÙÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ù ÙÙ ÙضÙاض
-ÙÙعا Ù
ا-Ù
ع ÙاÙ
٠اÙاØتراÙ
-Ø ÙØ°ÙÙ ÙÙبÙ٠داعÙ
Ù
اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© رخصا ÙÙÙÙØ©
-اعتبرÙاÙا Ù
ÙÙÙدة ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بشÙ٠غÙر Ù
ÙبÙÙ. ÙÙÙ Ù
ع Ø°ÙÙØ Ùعتبر عÙ
ÙÙا ÙرÙبا Ù
Ù
-تعرÙÙÙا.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙ٠اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙ
باشر ÙتعبÙر ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙ
صدر“ Ù٠أÙ
-”تستطÙع Ù
شاÙدة اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرٓ ÙÙبدÙ
Ø£Ù Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس ÙعتÙدÙ٠أ٠Ùذا
-Ù
عÙاÙ. Ùذا Ù
صطÙØ Ø£Ø¶Ø¹Ù Ø¨ÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙÙ
صطÙØ
اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙز٠”Free
-Software“Ø Ùأضع٠بÙØ«Ùر Ù
٠اÙتعرÙ٠اÙرسÙ
Ù ÙÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©Ø ÙÙÙ ÙتضÙ
Ù
-برÙ
جÙات ÙØ«Ùرة ÙÙست Øرة ÙÙا Ù
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙ
صدر.</p>
-
-<p>بÙ
ا أ٠اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙصرÙØ ”ÙÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ Ùا ÙØ´Ùر Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙعÙÙÙ
-Ù
ÙاصرÙÙØ§Ø Ùإ٠اÙÙتÙجة Ø£Ù Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس
سÙسÙئÙÙ ÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
صطÙØ. ÙÙا ÙÙÙ Ùتب
-NealStephenson Ù
ÙعرÙÙا ”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“:</p>
-
- <blockquote><p>ÙÙÙÙس ”Ù
ÙتÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
صدر“ Ùذا
ÙعÙÙ -ببساطة- أ٠أ٠شخص Ùادر عÙ٠اÙØصÙÙ
-عÙÙ ÙÙد٠اÙÙ
صدرÙ.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>Ùا أعتÙد Ø£Ù٠تعÙ
د رÙض Ø£Ù Ù
عارضة اÙتعرÙÙ
”اÙرسÙ
Ù“. أعتÙد Ø£Ù٠طبÙÙ
-ببساطة تعابÙر اÙÙغة اÙØ¥ÙجÙÙزÙØ© ÙÙضع
تعرÙÙÙا ÙÙÙ
صطÙØ. Ùشرت ÙÙاÙØ© ÙÙساس تعرÙÙا
-Ù
شابÙا:</p>
-
-<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf,
-but that page is no longer available. -->
-<blockquote><p>استÙد Ù
٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙ
صدر.
اÙبرÙ
جÙات Ù
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙ
صدر برÙ
جÙات ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙدÙا
-اÙÙ
صدر٠Ù
تØا بشÙÙ Ù
جاÙÙ ÙعÙ
ÙÙ
ÙØ Ø¹Ø¨Ø±
اتÙاÙÙØ© ترخÙص تبÙÙ Ù
ا ÙسÙ
Ø ÙÙشخص ÙعÙÙ
-باÙÙÙد.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p><a
-href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>ÙسÙعت
-ÙÙÙÙÙر٠تاÙÙ
ز اÙÙ
صطÙØ</a> ÙÙص٠إÙ٠اÙإشارة
Ø¥Ù٠اختبار اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙÙسخ
-اÙبÙتا—ÙÙ٠جع٠عدد Ù
٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ ÙجربÙÙ
إصدارÙا Ù
بÙرÙا ÙÙدÙÙا بÙ
ÙاØظات
-سرÙØ©— اÙØ£Ù
ر اÙØ°Ù Ù
ارس٠Ù
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙعÙÙد.</p>
-
-<p>ÙØاÙ٠داعÙ
٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù
عاÙجة Ùذا
ع٠طرÙ٠اÙإشارة Ø¥Ù٠تعرÙÙÙا اÙرسÙ
ÙØ
-ÙÙÙ ÙÙج اÙتصØÙØ Ùذا Ø£ÙÙ ÙجاØا Ù
عÙÙ
Ù
Ù ÙجاØÙ
Ù
عÙا. ÙÙ
صطÙØ ”Free
-Software“ Ù
عÙÙÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙÙØ Ø£ØدÙا Ù٠اÙÙ
عÙ٠اÙÙ
Ø·ÙÙب. ÙÙذا اÙسبب اÙشخص
-اÙØ°Ù ÙÙÙÙ
ÙÙرة ”free speech, not free beer“ ÙÙ
Ùخطئ Ù
جددا. ÙÙÙ
-”ÙÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ Ù
عÙÙ ØÙÙÙÙÙا
ÙاØدÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙ ÙختÙ٠عÙ
ا ÙرÙدÙ
-داعÙ
ÙÙا. Ùذا Ùا ÙÙجد طرÙÙØ© Ù
ختصرة ÙشرØ
ÙتبرÙر اÙتعرÙ٠اÙرسÙ
Ù ”ÙÙÙ
صادر
-اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“. Ùذا ÙÙÙدÙا Ø¥Ù٠تضÙÙ٠أسÙØ£.</p>
-
-<p>إساءة ÙÙÙ
أخر٠”ÙÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“
Ù٠اÙاعتÙاد Ø£ÙÙا تعÙÙ
-”عدÙ
استخداÙ
غÙ٠ج٠ب٠إٓ. Ùذا ÙÙتضÙ
إساءة ÙÙÙ
”ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة“Ø Ø£Ù Ø£ÙÙا تÙاÙئ ”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙ
غطاة بجÙ٠ج٠بÙ
-إٓ. ÙÙاÙÙ
ا خطأ Ùأ٠غÙ٠ج٠ب٠إ٠تعتبر
رخصة Ù
صادر Ù
ÙتÙØØ©Ø ÙÙ
عظÙ
رخص
-اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© تعتبر رخص برÙ
جÙات Øرة.</p>
-
-<h3>اÙÙÙÙ
اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ© Ùد تÙÙد Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙاÙات Ù
تشابÙØ©…ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس دائÙ
ا</h3>
-
-<p>أشتÙرت اÙØرÙات اÙرادÙÙاÙÙØ© Ù٠اÙستÙÙÙات
باÙØ®ÙاÙ: بعض اÙÙ
ÙظÙ
ات اÙØ´Ùت بسبب
-اختÙاÙات ØÙ٠تÙاصÙ٠اÙاستراتÙجÙØ©Ø ÙاÙÙ
جÙ
Ùعتا٠اÙÙاشئتا٠اعتبرت ÙÙ Ù
ÙÙÙ
ا
-اÙأخر٠عدÙا عÙ٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أ٠ÙدÙÙÙ
ا ÙÙس
اÙØ£Ùدا٠اÙأساسÙØ© ÙاÙÙÙÙ
. استÙاد
-اÙتÙار اÙÙÙ
ÙÙÙ ÙØ«Ùرا Ù
Ù ÙØ°Ø§Ø Ùأخذ ÙÙتÙد
اÙتÙار اÙÙسار٠ÙاÙ
Ùا.</p>
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the
+individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
+social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
+digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
+becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
+schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of
+these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
+developed this system and built the free software community, because
+nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open
+source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
+freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
+1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
+so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
+their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
+components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license
+designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
+of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software
+community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open
+source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
+misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became
+associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing
+campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives
+by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
+of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters
+flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
+Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
+nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly
+became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
+such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the
+supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe
+almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
+fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology;
+free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free
+software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
+users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
+in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical
+sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
+practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
+to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
+convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
+above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this,
+it is essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
+enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to
+know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
+source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open
+Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an
+unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits
+the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives
+the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the
+definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect
+solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and
+correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
+We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
+“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
+instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre”
+works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed
+replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic
+problem—and this includes “open source software.”</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
+from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little
+looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
+licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
+Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion
+is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
+official definition of open source. It includes many programs that are
+neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning
+that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
+term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open
+source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
+source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
+dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied
+the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use
+of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is
+freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
+beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give
+confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have
+practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
+definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
+is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings,
+one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
+of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again.
+But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which
+is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no
+succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for
+worse confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it
+means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another
+misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered
+software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
+as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
+free software licenses.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
+two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
+basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to
+criticize the entire left.</p>
<p>ÙØاÙ٠اÙبعض اÙاستخÙا٠بØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة بÙ
ÙارÙØ© Ø®ÙاÙÙا Ù
ع اÙÙ
صادر
اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© بخÙاÙات Ùذ٠اÙØرÙات اÙرادÙÙاÙÙØ©.
استغÙÙÙا بشÙÙ Ù
عاÙس. ÙØÙ ÙختÙÙ Ù
ع
ØÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù٠اÙØ£Ùدا٠اÙأساسÙØ©
ÙاÙÙÙÙ
Ø ÙÙ٠آراءÙÙ
ÙآراءÙا تÙÙدÙا
ÙÙ ØاÙات ÙØ«Ùرة Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙخطÙات اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ©—Ù
ث٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة.</p>
-<p>ÙÙتÙجة ÙØ°ÙÙØ ÙعÙ
٠اÙأشخاص Ù
Ù ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙ
Ù ØÙ
ÙØ© اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©
-Ù
عا ÙÙ Ù
شارÙع عÙ
ÙÙØ© Ù
ث٠تطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ù
Ù
اÙجدÙر Ø°Ùر٠أ٠Ù
Ø«Ù Ùذ٠اÙآراء
-اÙÙÙسÙÙØ© اÙÙ
ختÙÙØ© تدÙع عادة Ø£ÙاسÙا Ù
ختÙÙÙÙ ÙÙاÙضÙ
اÙ
Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙس اÙÙ
شارÙع. ÙÙ
ع
-Ø°ÙÙØ ÙØ¥Ù ÙØ°Ù٠اÙرأÙب٠Ù
ختÙÙØ§Ù Ø¬Ø¯Ø§Ø ÙØ«Ù
Ùت
ØاÙات Ùادا Ø¥Ù٠تصرÙات Ù
ختÙÙØ© جدا.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙرة اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù٠أ٠اÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠بتغÙÙر Ùإعادة تÙزÙع اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-سÙÙ ÙجعÙÙا Ø£ÙÙÙ ÙØ£Ùثر اعتÙ
ادÙØ©. ÙÙÙ Ùذا ÙÙس
Ù
ضÙ
ÙÙا. ÙÙ
Ø·Ùر٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙسÙا باÙضرÙرة ضعÙاء. Ø£ØÙاÙا
ÙÙتجÙ٠براÙ
ج ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙ
Ù٠اÙاعتÙ
اد
-عÙÙÙØ§Ø Ø¹Ù٠اÙرغÙ
Ù
٠أÙÙا Ùا تØترÙ
ØرÙØ© اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ. ÙÙ٠سÙتصر٠Ùاشط ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙØرة ÙÙ
تعصب ÙÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù
ع Ùذ٠اÙÙ
سأÙØ©Ø</p>
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
+often work together on practical projects such as software development. It
+is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
+different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there
+are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
+different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
+the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not
+guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
+incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
+reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software
+activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
<p>Ù
تعصب اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© اÙخاÙØµØ Ø§ÙØ°Ù Ùا
ÙؤÙ
٠بÙÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة سÙÙ ÙÙÙÙ:
”Ø£Ùا Ù
تÙاجئ Ù
٠أÙ٠استطعت Ø¥Ùشاء اÙبرÙاÙ
ج بطرÙÙØ© Ù
Ù
تازة بدÙ٠استخداÙ
طرÙÙتÙا Ù٠اÙتطÙÙØ±Ø ÙÙ٠أستطÙع اÙØصÙ٠عÙÙ
Ùسخةؓ Ùذا اÙÙ
ÙÙ٠سÙÙ ÙدعÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
اÙØ°Ù ÙسÙب ØرÙتÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙدÙا Ø¥ÙÙ
ÙÙداÙÙا.</p>
-<p>Ùاشط اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة سÙÙÙÙ: ”برÙاÙ
ج٠Ù
Ø°ÙÙ Ø¬Ø¯Ø§Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس بثÙ
Ù
-ØرÙتÙ. Ùذا Ùجب عÙÙ٠اÙعÙ
٠بدÙÙÙ. ÙبدÙا Ù
Ù
Ø°ÙÙØ Ø³Ù٠أدعÙ
Ù
شرÙعا ÙتطÙÙر بدÙÙ
-Øر“. إذا ÙدÙرÙا ØرÙتÙØ§Ø ÙستطÙع صÙÙÙا
ÙاÙدÙاع عÙÙا.</p>
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive,
+but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will
+support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our
+freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
-<h3>اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙÙÙÙØ© اÙÙ
عتÙ
د عÙÙÙا Ùد تÙÙÙ
سÙئة</h3>
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
<p>Ù
بدأ Ø£ÙÙا ÙرÙد برÙ
جÙات ÙÙÙØ© ÙÙÙعتÙ
Ùد
عÙÙÙا ÙادÙ
Ù Ù
Ù ÙرضÙØ© أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
Ù
صÙ
ÙÙ
Ø© ÙخدÙ
Ø© Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙا. إذا Ùا٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
ÙÙÙا ÙÙÙعتÙ
Ùد عÙÙÙØ ÙÙذا ÙعÙ٠أÙÙ
ÙخدÙ
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
بشÙ٠أÙضÙ.</p>
-<p>ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
Ù٠اÙÙÙ٠أ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات تخدÙ
Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙا ÙÙØ· إذا اØترÙ
ت ØرÙتÙÙ
. Ù
اذا ÙÙ
-Ùا٠اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ù
صÙÙ
Ù
Ùا ÙتÙÙÙد Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ
ØÙÙÙا تتØÙ٠اÙÙÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ ÙÙÙد٠أÙثر
-تÙÙØ¯Ø§Ø ÙاÙاعتÙ
ادÙØ© Ø¥Ù٠صعÙبة Ù٠إزاÙØ© ÙØ°Ù
اÙÙÙÙد. اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙخبÙثة Ù
ث٠اÙتجسس
-عÙ٠اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ ÙتÙÙÙد اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ
ÙاÙأبÙاب اÙØ®ÙÙÙØ©Ø ÙاÙترÙÙات اÙإجبارÙØ© ÙÙ
-Ø£Ù
Ùر٠Ù
Ùتشرة Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© Ùبعض
داعÙ
٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© ÙرÙدÙÙ
-تطبÙ٠اÙأسÙÙب ذاتÙ.</p>
-
-<p>تØت ضغط Ù
٠شرÙات اÙØ£ÙÙاÙ
ÙاÙتسجÙÙØ Ø£ØµØ¨Øت
برÙ
جÙات اÙØ£Ùراد تÙصÙ
ÙÙ
خصÙصا
-ÙتÙÙÙدÙÙ
.Ùذ٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙخبÙثة تÙعر٠باسÙ
DRM
Ø£Ù ”إدارة اÙÙÙÙد
-اÙرÙÙ
ÙØ©“ (راجع<a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>)Ø ÙÙÙ
تÙاÙض
-ÙÙ Ù
بدئÙا اÙØرÙØ© اÙت٠تÙد٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
Ø¥Ù٠تÙدÙÙ
Ùا. اÙÙ
ÙضÙع ÙÙس ÙÙ
-اÙÙ
بدأ ÙØسب: بÙ
ا Ø£Ù Ùد٠DRM Ù٠اÙÙزÙ٠بØرÙتÙ
Ø¥Ù٠اÙØضÙØ¶Ø ÙÙد٠Ù
Ø·Ùر٠DRM Ø¥ÙÙ
-جع٠تغÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙت٠تطبÙÙ DRM صعبا ÙÙ
ستØÙÙا ب٠ÙØت٠غÙر ÙاÙÙÙÙ.</p>
-
-<p>Ù
ؤخرا اÙØªØ±Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶ داعÙ
٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©
برÙ
جÙات ”DRM Ù
ÙتÙØØ©
-اÙÙ
صدر“. ÙدÙÙÙ
ÙÙ Ùشر اÙÙÙد اÙÙ
صدرÙ
ÙÙبراÙ
ج اÙÙ
صÙ
Ù
Ø© ÙتÙÙÙد ÙصÙÙ٠إÙÙ
-اÙÙسائط اÙÙ
عÙ
Ø§Ø©Ø ÙاÙسÙ
Ø§Ø ÙÙآخرÙÙ
بتغÙÙرÙØ§Ø ÙÙ
Ù Ø«Ù
سÙÙ ÙÙتشرÙ٠برÙ
جÙات Ø£ÙÙÙ
-ÙØ£Ùثر اعتÙ
ادÙØ© ÙتÙÙÙد اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠أÙ
ثاÙÙ.
ØÙÙÙا سÙ٠تÙرس٠إÙÙÙ Ù٠أجÙزة Ùا
-ÙÙسÙ
Ø Ù٠بتغÙÙر برÙ
جÙاتÙا.</p>
-
-<p>Ùد ÙÙÙÙ Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج ”Ù
ÙتÙØ Ø§ÙÙ
صدر“Ø ÙÙد ÙÙÙ٠اتبع أسÙÙب تطÙÙر
-اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©Ø ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙ ÙÙÙ٠برÙاÙ
جا
ØØ±Ø§Ø ÙØ£ÙÙ ÙÙ ÙØترÙ
ØرÙØ© Ù
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
-اÙØÙÙÙÙÙÙ. إذا ÙØ¬Ø Ø£Ø³ÙÙب تطÙÙر اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© Ù٠جع٠Ùذا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج Ø£ÙÙÙ
-ÙØ£Ùثر اعتÙ
ادÙØ© ÙتÙÙÙدÙØ Ùذا سÙÙ ÙجعÙÙ
أسÙØ£.</p>
-
-<h3>اÙØ®ÙÙ Ù
٠اÙØرÙØ©</h3>
-
-<p>اÙداÙع اÙرئÙس٠ÙÙ
صطÙØ ”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ Ù٠أ٠اÙÙ
بادئ اÙأخÙاÙÙØ©
-”ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ تجع٠اÙبعض Ù
ÙزعجÙÙ. اÙØÙÙÙØ© Ù٠أÙ: اÙØدÙØ« عÙ
-اÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙضاÙا اÙأخÙاÙÙØ© ÙاÙÙ
سؤÙÙÙات
ÙاÙÙ
صاÙØ Ø§ÙشخصÙØ© Ùعد Ø·ÙبÙا ÙÙÙاس Ø£Ù
-ÙÙÙرÙا Ù٠أÙ
Ùر Ùد Ùا ÙØبÙÙÙØ§Ø ØªÙ
اÙ
Ùا ÙÙÙاش
أخÙاÙÙØ© تصر٠Ù
عÙÙ. Ùذا Ùد Ùسبب
-اÙØ¥Ø²Ø¹Ø§Ø¬Ø ÙÙد ÙغÙ٠اÙبعض آذاÙÙÙ
ع٠اÙاستÙ
اع
Ø¥ÙÙÙ. ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ùا ÙعÙ٠أÙÙا Ùجب Ø£Ù
-ÙتÙÙ٠ع٠اÙØدÙØ« ع٠Ùذ٠اÙØ£Ù
Ùر.</p>
-
-<p>ÙÙÙ Ùذا Ù
ا ÙرÙر٠Ùادة ”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“. اÙتشÙÙا Ø£ÙÙÙ
إذا
-ابتعدÙا ÙÙÙا ع٠اÙأخÙاÙÙات ÙاÙØرÙØ©Ø
ÙتØدثÙا ÙÙØ· ع٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙÙÙرÙØ©
-ÙبرÙاÙ
ج Øر Ù
عÙÙØ Ø£ÙÙÙ
Ùد ÙÙÙÙÙÙ ÙادرÙ٠عÙÙ
”بÙع“ اÙبرÙ
جÙات بشÙÙ
-Ø£Ùثر ÙعاÙÙØ© ÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ Ù
عÙÙÙÙØ ÙخصÙصا رجاÙ
اÙأعÙ
اÙ.</p>
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
+freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
+powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
+they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
+restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
+proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
+in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM”
+software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
+designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
+to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
+restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in
+devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
+model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
+the users that actually run it. If the open source development model
+succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
+you, that will make it even worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
+the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free
+software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical
+issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
+ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not
+follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They
+figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
+about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business.</p>
<p>Ùذ٠اÙخطÙØ© أثبتت ÙعاÙÙتÙا Ù٠تØÙÙÙ
Ø£ÙداÙÙا. Ø£ÙÙعت اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© اÙÙØ«Ùر Ù
Ù
رجا٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠ÙاÙØ£Ùراد عÙ٠استخداÙ
بÙ
ÙتطÙÙر اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø§ÙØ£Ù
ر اÙØ°Ù ÙسÙع
@@ -227,43 +255,47 @@
اÙØرÙØ©. Ùذا Ø£Ù
ر جÙد Ø¥ÙÙ Øد Ù
عÙÙØ ÙÙÙÙ ÙÙس
ÙاÙÙا Ùجع٠اÙØرÙØ© Ø¢Ù
ÙØ©. جذب
اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة ÙÙÙدÙÙ
ÙÙØ·
Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
Ùتص٠طرÙ٠دÙاعÙÙ
ع٠ØرÙتÙÙ
.</p>
-<p>عاجÙا أ٠آجÙا سÙÙ ÙÙدع٠ÙؤÙاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
Ø¥Ù٠اÙتØÙÙ٠إÙ٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
-اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙغاÙØ© عÙ
ÙÙØ© أ٠أخرÙ. عدد Ùا ÙØصÙ
Ù
٠اÙشرÙات تسع٠ÙتÙدÙÙ
Ùذا
-اÙØ¥ØºØ±Ø§Ø¡Ø Ø§Ùبعض ÙÙÙر ÙسخÙا Ù
جاÙÙØ© ØتÙ. ÙÙ
اذا سÙرÙض اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙØ Ø³ÙرÙضÙÙ ÙÙØ·
-إذا تعÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙÙ
Ø© اÙØرÙØ© اÙت٠تÙ
ÙØÙا Ø¥ÙÙاÙÙ
اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØØ±Ø©Ø Ø¥Ø°Ø§ تعÙÙ
Ùا ÙÙÙ
Ø©
-اÙØرÙØ© ÙÙ
ا Ù٠بدÙا Ù
٠اÙÙ
زاÙا اÙتÙÙÙØ© ÙاÙعÙ
ÙÙØ© اÙت٠ÙÙ
ÙØÙا اÙبرÙاÙ
ج
-اÙØر. ÙÙشر Ùذا اÙÙ
Ø¨Ø¯Ø£Ø Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙتØدث عÙ
اÙØرÙØ©. خطÙات٠Ù
عدÙدةÙ
-”ÙÙتÙرب“ Ù
٠رجا٠اÙأعÙ
ا٠Ùد تÙÙÙ Ù
ÙÙدة ÙÙ
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø ÙÙÙÙا خطرة إذا
-أصبØت شائعة بØÙØ« ÙØµØ¨Ø Ø§Ùسع٠Ùراء اÙØرÙØ© Ø£Ù
رÙا شاذÙÙا.</p>
-
-<p>Ùذا اÙÙضع اÙخطر ÙÙ Ù
ا ÙØ٠عÙÙ٠اÙØ¢Ù. Ù
عظÙ
اÙÙاس اÙÙ
ÙخرطÙÙ Ù٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة
-ÙتØدثÙÙ ÙÙÙÙا ع٠اÙØرÙØ©—عادة ÙØ£ÙÙÙ
ÙرÙدÙ٠أ٠ÙÙÙÙÙا ”Ø£Ùثر ÙبÙÙا
-Ù
٠رجا٠اÙأعÙ
آ. Ù
Ùزع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات خصÙصا
ÙجسدÙÙ Ùذ٠اÙصÙرة. تÙرÙبا ÙÙ
-تÙزÙعات غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس تضÙÙ ØزÙ
Ùا اØتÙارÙØ© Ø¥ÙÙ
ÙظاÙ
Ùا اÙأساس٠اÙØØ±Ø ÙÙØ·ÙبÙÙ Ù
Ù
-اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
Ù٠اعتبارÙا Ù
Ùزة٠تÙÙÙØ©ÙØ Ø¨Ø¯Ùا Ù
Ù
تÙاز٠ع٠اÙØرÙØ©.</p>
-
-<p>اÙإضاÙات اÙاØتÙارÙØ© ÙÙبرÙ
جÙات ÙتÙزÙعات
غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس غÙر اÙØرة جزئÙا تجد بÙئة
-خصبة ÙØ£Ù Ù
عظÙ
Ø£Ùراد Ù
جتÙ
عÙا Ùا ÙصرÙÙ٠عÙÙ
ØرÙØ© اÙبرÙ
جÙات. Ùذا ÙÙ
ÙÙÙ
-Ù
صادÙØ©. Ù
عظÙ
Ù
ستخدÙ
٠غÙÙ/ÙÙÙÙس ÙÙدÙÙ
Ùا Ø¥ÙÙ
اÙÙظاÙ
ع٠طرÙÙ ÙÙاش ”Ù
ÙتÙØ
-اÙÙ
صدر“ ÙÙ
ÙتØدث ÙØ· ع٠أ٠اÙØرÙØ© ÙدÙ.
تÙتشر اÙÙ
Ù
ارسات اÙت٠Ùا تدعÙ
-اÙØرÙØ© ÙاÙÙÙÙ
ات اÙت٠ÙاتشÙر Ø¥Ù٠اÙØرÙØ© Ù
Ù
شخص Ø¥ÙÙ Ø´Ø®ØµØ ÙÙÙ Ùشجع
-اÙآخر. ÙÙÙتصر ÙØ٠بØاجة Ø¥Ù٠اÙÙ
زÙد -ÙÙÙس
اÙØ£ÙÙ- Ù
٠اÙØدÙØ« ع٠اÙØرÙØ©.</p>
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
+software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer
+such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
+value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
+convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk
+about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to
+business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
+so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with
+free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
+find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
+with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were
+introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which
+doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom
+and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
+the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
<h3>اÙختاÙ
</h3>
-<p>بÙÙÙ
ا ÙعÙ
Ù Ù
Ùاصر٠اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ© عÙÙ
جذب Ù
ستخدÙ
Ù٠جدد Ø¥ÙÙ Ù
جتÙ
عÙØ§Ø ÙتعÙÙ
-عÙÙÙا ÙØÙ Ùاشط٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة اÙعÙ
٠بشÙÙ
Ø£Ùبر Ùجذب اÙتÙ
اÙ
ÙؤÙاء اÙÙ
ستخدÙ
ÙÙ
-Ø¥ÙÙ ÙضاÙا اÙØرÙØ©. Ùجب Ø£Ù ÙÙÙÙ: ”Ø¥Ù٠برÙاÙ
ج Øر ÙÙÙ ÙÙ
ÙØÙ
-اÙØرÙØ©!“—بشÙ٠أÙثر ÙأعÙ٠صÙتا ÙÙ
ا ÙÙ
ÙÙع٠Ù
Ù ÙبÙ. ÙÙ ÙÙ Ù
رة تÙÙÙ
-”اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة“ بدÙا Ù
Ù ”اÙÙ
صادر اÙÙ
ÙتÙØØ©“ Ø£Ùت
-تساعدÙا ÙÙ ØÙ
ÙتÙا.</p>
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
+software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
+to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives
+you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say
+“free software” rather than “open source,” you help
+our campaign.</p>
<h4>اÙÙاÙ
Ø´</h4>
<p>
-Ùتب Joe Barr Ù
ÙاÙا باسÙ
<a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>عÙØ´ ÙاترÙ
-اÙرخصة</a> Ù
ÙعطÙا ÙجÙØ© Ùظر٠ع٠اÙبرÙ
جÙات
اÙØرة.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
أظÙرت ÙرÙØ© Lakhani Ù Wolf ع٠<a
@@ -289,11 +321,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ar.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ù
Ù ÙضÙ٠أرس٠ÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù ÙÙاستÙسارات
غÙÙ Ù<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÙÙجد Ø£Ùضا <a
-href="/contact/">طر٠أخر٠ÙÙاتصاÙ</a>
باÙØ¥Ù‌إس‌Ø¥Ù. <br /> Ù
Ù
-ÙضÙ٠أرس٠اÙÙصÙات اÙÙ
ÙÙطعة Ùأ٠تصØÙØات Ø£Ù
اÙتراØات Ø¥ÙÙ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر © 2007 رÙتشارد ستÙÙÙ
ا٠<br />
اÙÙسخ ÙاÙتÙزÙع اÙØرÙÙ ÙÙ
دخÙØ©
@@ -311,7 +343,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ØÙدÙثت:
-$Date: 2009/09/06 08:25:37 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -327,7 +359,7 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [At]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a hreflang="bg"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000
1.6
+++ open-source-misses-the-point.fa.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000
1.7
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fa.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Úرا Ù
تÙâباز Ùد٠اصÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد
را برآÙرد٠ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©Ùد - پرÙÚÙ Ú¯ÙÙ - بÙÛاد
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯</title>
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fa.html" -->
-<h2>Úرا ”Ù
تÙâباز“ Ùد٠اصÙÛ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد را برآÙرد٠ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©Ùد</h2>
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
<p>ÙÙÛسÙد٠<strong>رÛÚارد استاÙÙ
Ù</strong></p>
@@ -18,149 +18,154 @@
Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø³Øª Ù ÙÙ ÙÛÙ
ØªØ Ù
ÙÙÙÙ
آ٠را ÙÙ
اÙÙد
”Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨Ûآ در Ùظر
بگÛرÛد Ù ÙÙ ”آبج٠Ù
جاÙÛ.“</p>
-<p>اÛ٠آزادÛâÙا ØÛØ§ØªÛ ÙستÙد. Ø¢ÙÙا Ù٠تÙÙا
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ùرد Ùرد کاربرا٠ضرÙØ±Û ÙستÙدØ
-بÙÚ©Ù ÙÙØ¹Û ÙÙ
Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ø§Ø¬ØªÙ
Ø§Ø¹Û Ø±Ø§ ÙÛز ترÙÛج Ù
ÛâدÙÙد — تعاÙ٠٠ب٠اشتراک
-گذارÛ. ÙÙ
ÛÙ Ø·Ùر Ú©Ù ÙرÙÙÚ¯ Ù
ا بÛشتر ب٠سÙ
ت
دÛجÛتاÙÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ù¾ÛØ´ Ù
ÛâرÙد اÙÙ
Ûت اÛÙ
-آزادÛâÙا ÙÛز بÛشتر Ù
Ûâگردد. ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد پدÛد Ø¢Ù
د٠تا در دÙÛاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø§ØµÙاتØ
-تصاÙÛر Ù Ú©ÙÙ
ات دÛجÛتاÙÛ ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø±Ø§
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¹Ù
ÙÙ
تاÙ
ÛÙ Ú©Ùد.</p>
-
-<p>بÛØ´ از دÙâÙا Ù
ÛÙÛÙÙ ÙÙر در سرتاسر جÙا٠از
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد استÙاد٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
-اکÙÙÙ Ù
دارس ÙÙدÙستا٠٠اسپاÙÛا ب٠داÙØ´ Ø¢Ù
Ùزا٠خÙد Ù
ÛâØ¢Ù
ÙزÙد Ú©Ù ÚÚ¯ÙÙ٠از <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">سÛستÙ
âعاÙ
Ù Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس</a>
استÙاد٠کÙÙد. اÙ
ا
-بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² اÛÙ Ù
ردÙ
از دÙاÛ٠اخÙاÙÛ Ú©Ù Ù
ا
اÛ٠سÛستÙ
را تÙسع٠داد٠٠جاÙ
عÙÙ
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد را ب٠ÙجÙد Ø¢ÙردÛÙ
بÛâاطÙاع
ÙستÙØ¯Ø Úرا ک٠اÙ
رÙز٠اÛ٠سÛستÙ
Ù
-جاÙ
ع٠با عÙÙا٠”Ù
تÙâباز“ خطاب Ùرار Ù
ÛâÚ¯Ûرد Ù ÙÙسÙÙ٠دÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø±Ø§
-بÛا٠Ù
Ûâدارد ک٠در آ٠تÙرÛبا از Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø³Ø®ÙÛ
ÙرÙت٠است.</p>
-
-<p>جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد از سا٠۱۹۸۳ Ù
بارزÙÙ
Ø®Ùد را Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø¢ØºØ§Ø² ÙÙ
ÙدÙ
-است. در Û±Û¹Û¸Û´ Ù
ا آغاز ب٠تÙسعÙ٠سÛستÙ
âعاÙ
ÙÙ
آزاد Ú¯Ù٠کردÛÙ
تا از
-سÛستÙ
âعاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û ØºÛر Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ÛÙ
کاربرا٠خÙد را ÙÙÛ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد اجتÙاب
-ÙرزÛÙ
. در دÙÙÙ Û¸Û° Ù
ا تÙرÛبا تÙ
اÙ
Ù
ؤÙÙÙâÙاÛ
ÚÙÛ٠سÛستÙ
عاÙ
ÙÛ Ø±Ø§ تÙسعÙ
-دادÛÙ
. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ
جاÙ
ع ٠عÙ
ÙÙ
Û Ú¯ÙÙ</a>
-را پدÛد Ø¢ÙردÛÙ
. اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù Ø·Ùر
خاص Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¯Ùاع از Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ØªÙ
اÙ
کاربراÙ
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¨Ùد.</p>
-
-<p>ب٠Ùر ØاÙØ ØªÙ
اÙ
کاربرا٠٠تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگاÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد با اÙدا٠جÙبش
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ù
ÙاÙÙ ÙبÙدÙد. در Û±Û¹Û¹Û¸ گرÙÙÛ
از جاÙ
عÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد جدا شدÙد
-تا Ù
بارزÙ٠دÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ù ÙاÙ
”Ù
تÙâباز“ را
آغاز Ú©ÙÙد. در ØÙÛÙت اÛÙ
-اصطÙØ§Ø Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¬ÙÙÚ¯ÛØ±Û Ø§Ø² سÙØ¡ تÙاÙÙ
در Ù
Ùرد
عبارت ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد“
-پدÛد Ø¢Ù
د٠بÙØ¯Ø (در زبا٠اÙÚ¯ÙÛØ³Û Ù
Ù
ک٠است
عبارت Free Software با ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-راÛگا٠اشتبا٠گرÙت٠شÙد .Ù
) اÙ
ا ب٠زÙØ¯Û ÙÙعÛ
دÛدگا٠ÙÙسÙÛ٠کاÙ
Ùا Ù
تÙاÙت از
-جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ù¾Ûدا کرد.</p>
-
-<p>ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² ØاÙ
Ûا٠”Ù
تÙâباز“ آ٠را
ÙÙØ¹Û ”Ù
بارزÙ٠بازارÛابÛ
-Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد“ Ù
ÛâÙ¾ÙدارÙد Ú©Ù
ÙÙØ¹Û Ù
Ø¬Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ù Ø§Ø¬Ø±Ø§ درآÙردÙ
-اÙØ¯Ø§Ù ØªØ¬Ø§Ø±Û Ù
ØسÙب Ù
ÛâØ´ÙØ¯Ø Ø¯Ø± ØاÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø§Ø²
عÙاÛد درست Ûا غÙØ·Û Ú©Ù ÙÙ
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÙد
-بشÙÙÙد اجتÙاب Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. دÛگر طرÙدارا٠بÙ
Ø·Ùر Ú©ÙÛ Ø¬Ùبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ù
-ارزشâÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ÙاÙÛ Ù Ø§Ø¬ØªÙ
Ø§Ø¹Û Ø¢Ù Ø±Ø§ ÙÙÛ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. دÛدگا٠آÙâÙا ÙرÚ٠ک٠باشدØ
-ÙÙگاÙ
Ù
Ø¨Ø§Ø±Ø²Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ”Ù
تÙâباز“ اÛÙ
ارزشâÙا را ذکر Ùکرد٠٠از Ø¢ÙâÙا
-دÙاع ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. اصطÙØ§Ø ”Ù
تÙâباز“ بÙ
سرعت با ارزشâÙØ§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Û
-ÙÙ
اÙÙد ساخت٠ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù
اÙعطاÙâپذÛر Ù¾ÛÙÙد Ø®Ùرد. اکثر ØاÙ
ÛاÙ
-”Ù
تÙâباز“ بعد از پدÛد Ø¢Ù
د٠ÚÙÛÙ
دÛدگاÙÛ Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ù Ù¾ÛÙستÙâاÙد ٠اÛÙ
-دÛØ¯Ú¯Ø§Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Û Ø¢Ù ÚÛØ²Û Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠آÙاÙ
پذÛرÙتÙâاÙد.</p>
-
-<p>تÙرÛبا تÙ
اÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ù
تÙâباز ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ÙÛز Ù
ØسÙب Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙØ¯Ø Ùر دÙ
-عبارت تÙرÛبا ÛÚ© دست٠از ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙا را
تÙصÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. Ù
تÙâباز اصÙÙÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û
-ÙØÙÙ٠تÙسعÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار بÛا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙØ¯Ø ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ÙÙØ¹Û Ø¬Ùبش اجتÙ
Ø§Ø¹Û Ø§Ø³Øª. در
-جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ÙÙعÛ
اص٠اخÙاÙÛ Ø¶Ø±ÙØ±Û Ù
ØسÙب Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد Úرا
-ک٠تÙÙا ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù
اØتراÙ
Ù
Ûâگذارد. در Ù
Ùاب٠Ù
تÙâباز
-رÙØ´Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø³Ø§Ø®Øª ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û ”بÙتر“ را
بÛا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد — تÙÙا از
-دÛØ¯Ú¯Ø§Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Û Ø¢Ù. Ù
تÙâباز Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛد Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار غÛر آزاد ÛÚ© راÙâØÙ Ú©Ù
تر
-Ù
Ø·ÙÙب است. Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¬Ùبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø ÙرÙ
âاÙزار غÛر آزاد ÛÚ© Ù
شک٠اجتÙ
اعÛ
-Ù
ØسÙب Ù
Ûâگردد ٠جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد
راÙâØ٠آ٠است.</p>
-
-<p>ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد. Ù
تÙâباز. اگر Ùرد٠ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار باشÙØ¯Ø Ø¢Ûا اÙÙ
ÛØªÛ Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯ Ú©Ù ÚÙ
-ÙاÙ
Û Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ù Ø¨Ø¯ÙÛÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙÙØ Úرا Ú©Ù Ú©ÙÙ
ات Ù
تÙاÙت
عÙاÛد Ù
تÙاÙØªÛ Ø±Ø§ بÛاÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. اگر ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ø¨Ø§ Ùر ÙاÙ
دÛگرÛØ Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد اÙ
رÙز ب٠شÙ
ا ÙÙ
اÙ
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø±Ø§ اعطا Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ø±Ù¾Ø§Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨Ù Ø·Ùر
پاÛÙدÙØ Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ù
Ùزش درست Ù
ردÙ
براÛ
-ارزش Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø®Ùدشا٠Ùابست٠است. اگر Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÛد ب٠اÛ٠اÙ
ر Ú©Ù
Ú© Ú©ÙÛدØ
-ضرÙØ±Û Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù ÙاÚÙÙ ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد“
را ب٠کار بگÛرÛد.</p>
-
-<p>Ù
ا در جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ب٠Ù
تÙâباز بÙ
عÙÙا٠ÛÚ© دشÙ
Ù Ùگا٠ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
Ø Ø¯Ø´Ù
Ù Ù
ا
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ (غÛر آزاد) است. اÙ
ا Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÛÙ
Ù
ردÙ
بداÙÙد Ú©Ù Ù
ا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û
-اÛØ³ØªØ§Ø¯Ú¯Û Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
Ø Ø¨ÙابراÛÙ ÙÙ
اÙÙد ØاÙ
ÛاÙ
Ù
تÙâباز اÛ٠دÛدگا٠اشتبا٠را
-ÙÙ
ÛâپذÛرÛÙ
.</p>
-
-<h3>سÙØ¡ تÙاÙÙ
ات Ù
عÙ
Ù٠در Ù
Ùرد ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد“ Ù
-”Ù
تÙâباز“</h3>
-
-<p>ÙاÚÙÙ “free software” را Ù
ÛâتÙا٠ب٠دÙ
صÙرت Ù
عÙÛ Ú©Ø±Ø¯: ÛÚ© Ù
عÙÛ Ú©Ù
-Ù
Ùرد Ùظر Ù
ا ÙÛØ³ØªØ ”ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد آ٠را بدÙ٠پرداخت Ùج٠بÙ
-دست Ø¢ÙرÛدؓ Ù Ù
عÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ù
ا در Ùظر دارÛÙ
Ø
”ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±
-آزادÛâÙاÛÛ Ø±Ø§ اعطا Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد.“ Ù
ا با اÛÙ Ù
شک٠ب٠ÙسÛÙÙ٠اÙتشار Ù
عÙØ§Û free
-software Ù Ú¯Ùت٠اÛÙÚ©Ù ”Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨ÛاÙ
بÛاÙدÛØ´Ûد Ù Ù٠آبج٠Ù
جاÙÛ“
-برخÙرد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
. اÛÙ ÛÚ© راÙâØ٠کاÙ
Ù ÙÛست Ù
ÙÙ
ÛâتÙاÙد کاÙ
Ùا اÛÙ Ù
شک٠را از
-Ù
Ûا٠بردارد. ÙاÚÙâØ§Û Ú©Ù Ù
عÙØ§Û Ø¯ÙÙ¾ÙÙÙ
Ùداشت٠باشد راÙâØ٠بÙØªØ±Û Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¨Ø§ اÛÙ
-شرط Ú©Ù Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات دÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ù ÙجÙد ÙÛاÙرد.</p>
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the
+individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
+social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
+digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
+becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
+schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of
+these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
+developed this system and built the free software community, because
+nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open
+source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
+freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
+1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
+so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
+their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
+components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license
+designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
+of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software
+community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open
+source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
+misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became
+associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing
+campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives
+by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
+of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters
+flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
+Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
+nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly
+became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
+such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the
+supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe
+almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
+fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology;
+free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free
+software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
+users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
+in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical
+sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
+practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
+to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
+convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
+above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this,
+it is essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
+enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to
+know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
+source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open
+Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an
+unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits
+the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives
+the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the
+definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect
+solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and
+correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
-We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, but none is so
-clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
-instance, in some contexts the French/Spanish word "libre" can be used, but
-people in India do not recognize the word at all.) Every proposed
+We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
+“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
+instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre”
+works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed
replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic
problem—and this includes “open source software.”</p>
-<p><a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>تعرÛ٠رسÙ
Û ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-Ù
تÙâباز“</a> (ب٠طÙØ±Û Ú©Ù ØªÙسط Ù
بتکر Ù
تÙâباز عÙÙا٠گردÛد٠٠طÙÙاÙÛâتر
-از آ٠است ک٠بخÙاÙÛÙ
آ٠را در اÛÙجا بÛاÙرÛÙ
)
Ù
ستÙÛÙ
ا از Ù
عÛارÙØ§Û Ù
ا براÛ
-ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ù
شت٠شد٠بÙد. اÙ
ا دÙÛÙا با
Ø¢Ù Ûکسا٠ÙÛØ³ØªØ Ø§Ø² Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ø¬ÙبÙâÙا
-سÙÙâÚ¯ÛراÙÙâتر است. بÙابراÛÙ ØاÙ
Ûا٠Ù
تÙâباز ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø¬Ø§Ø²ÙâÙاÙ
٠را پذÛرÙتÙâاÙد
-Ú©Ù Ù
ا Ø¢ÙÙا را Ù
ØدÙدÛتâÙØ§Û ØºÛر Ùاب٠ÙبÙÙ
Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ù
ÛâÙاÙ
ÛÙ
. با اÛÙ ÙجÙدØ
-Ù
تÙâباز در عÙ
٠بسÛار شبÛÙ Ù
ÙاÙÛÙ
Ù
ا است.</p>
-
-<p>ب٠Ùر ØاÙØ ÙاضØâترÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ٠عبارت٠”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ù
تÙâباز“ اÛ٠است Ú©Ù
-”Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛد ب٠کد Ø¢Ù Ùگا٠کÙÛد.“ Ù
ب٠Ùظر Ù
Ûâرسد اÛÙ Ù
عÙاÛÛ
-است ک٠اکثر Ù
ردÙ
Ù
ÛâÙ¾ÙدارÙد. ٠اÛ٠ضعÛÙâتر
از Ù
عÛارÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ø Ù
-بسÛار ضعÛÙâتر از تعرÛ٠رسÙ
Û Ù
تÙâباز است.
اÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ Ø´Ø§Ù
٠بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø² ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙا
-Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد Ú©Ù Ù٠آزاد ÙستÙد Ù ÙÙ Ù
تÙâباز.</p>
-
-<p>از Ø¢ÙجاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø§ÛÙ Ù
عÙاÛÙ ÙØ§Ø¶Ø Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ”Ù
تÙâباز“ Ø¢Ù ÚÛØ²Û ÙÛست Ú©Ù
-طرÙداراÙØ´ در Ùظر دارÙØ¯Ø ÙتÛج٠اÛÙ Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد
ک٠اکثر Ù
ردÙ
در Ù
Ùرد آ٠دÚار سÙØ¡
-تÙاÙÙ
Ù
ÛâØ´ÙÙد. ÙÛ٠استÙÙÙÙسÙÙ ”Ù
تÙâباز“ را اÛÙâÚ¯ÙÙ٠تعرÛÙ
-Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد:</p>
-
- <blockquote><p>ÙÛÙÙکس Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ”Ù
تÙâباز“ ب٠اÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ ÙستÙد Ú©Ù Ùر شخصÛ
-Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد ÛÚ© Ùسخ٠از Ù
ت٠برÙاÙ
Ù٠آÙÙا را
داشت٠باشد.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>Ù
Ù Ùکر ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÙ
ک٠ا٠تعÙ
دا٠Ùصد Ù
بارز٠Ù
ÙÙÛ ØªØ¹Ø±ÛÙ ”رسÙ
ۓ را
-داشت٠است. Ùکر Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙ
ا٠تÙÙا عرÙ٠زباÙ
اÙÚ¯ÙÛØ³Û Ø±Ø§ در Ù
Ùرد Ù
عÙÛ ÙاÚ٠ب٠کار
-گرÙت٠است. اÛاÙت کاÙزاس ÙÛز تعرÛÙ Ù
شابÙÛ Ø±Ø§
ارائ٠Ù
ÛâدÙد:</p>
-
-<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf,
-but that page is no longer available. -->
-<blockquote><p>از ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ù
تÙâباز (OSS) Ú©Ù
Ú©
بگÛرÛد. OSS ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠کد٠آ٠آزاداÙÙ
-در دسترس ÙÙ
گا٠Ùرار Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯Ø Ø§Ùبت٠اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ù
ختÙÙÛ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ù ÙجÙد دارد Ú©Ù
-تعÛÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد اشخاص اختÛار اÙجاÙ
Ú٠اعÙ
اÙÛ Ø±Ø§ در Ù
Ùرد کد دارÙد.</p></blockquote>
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
+from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little
+looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
+licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
+Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion
+is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
+official definition of open source. It includes many programs that are
+neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning
+that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
+term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open
+source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
+source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
+dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied
+the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use
+of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is
+freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
-<p>The New York Times has <a
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
-stretched the term</a> to refer to user beta testing — letting a few
-users try an early version and give confidential feedback — which
-proprietary software developers have practiced for decades.</p>
-
-<p>ØاÙ
Ûا٠Ù
تÙâباز Ø³Ø¹Û Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد با اشار٠بÙ
تعرÛ٠رسÙ
Û Ø¨Ø§ اÛ٠اÙ
ر برخÙرد Ú©ÙÙدØ
-اÙ
ا ب٠اÙدازÙÙ Ú©Ø§Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ù
ا اÙجاÙ
Ù
ÛâدÙÛÙ
ÙتÛج٠بخش ÙÛست. عبارت “free
-software” د٠Ù
عÙØ§Û Ø·Ø¨ÛØ¹Û Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯ Ù ÛÚ©Û Ø§Ø² Ø¢ÙÙا Ù
عÙØ§Û Ù
Ùرد Ùظر Ù
ا
-است. بÙابراÛÙ Ø´Ø®ØµÛ Ú©Ù ”Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø¨Ûا٠٠ÙÙ
آبج٠Ù
جاÙÛ“ را درک کردÙ
-باشد Ùرگز دÙبار٠اشتبا٠ÙØ®ÙاÙد کرد. اÙ
ا Ù
تÙâباز تÙÙا ÛÚ© Ù
عÙØ§Û Ø·Ø¨ÛØ¹Û Ø¯Ø§Ø±Ø¯ Ú©Ù
-بسÛار Ù
تÙاÙتâتر از Ø¢Ù ÚÛØ²Û Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù ØاÙ
ÛاÙØ´
اظÙار Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. عدÙ
ÙجÙد شرØÛ Ú©ÙتاÙ
-Ù Ù
Ùجز در Ù
Ùرد تعرÛ٠رسÙ
Û ”Ù
تÙâباز“ Ù
Ùجر ب٠اشتبا٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد.</p>
-
-<p>سÙØ¡ تÙاÙÙ
دÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ú©Ù Ø¯Ø± Ù
Ùرد ”Ù
تÙâباز“ ÙجÙد دارد Ù
ربÙØ· ب٠اÛÙ
-اعتÙاد Ø¢ÙÙا است Ú©Ù ”ÙباÛد از GNU GPL
استÙاد٠کرد“. اÛ٠اÙ
ر Ù
Ùجر
-ب٠برÙز سÙØ¡ تÙاÙÙ
Û Ø¯Ø± Ù
Ùرد ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد“ ÙÛز Ù
ÛâÚ¯Ø±Ø¯Ø¯Ø Ø§ÛÙ Ú©Ù
-آ٠را Ù
عاد٠”ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û ØªØت ØÙاظتÙ
GPL“ در Ùظر Ù
ÛâÚ¯Ûرد. Ùر دÙÛ
-اÛÙâÙا کاÙ
Ùا اشتبا٠ÙستÙØ¯Ø Úرا Ú©Ù GNU GPL Ù
عاد٠ÛÚ© اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ù
تÙâباز Ù
-اکثر اجازÙâÙاÙ
ÙâÙØ§Û Ù
تÙâباز Ù
عاد٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد در Ùظر گرÙت٠شدÙâاست.</p>
-
-<h3>ارزشâÙØ§Û Ù
ختÙÙ Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÙد ب٠ÙتÛجÙÙ
ÛکساÙÛ Ù
Ùجر Ø´ÙÙد… اÙ
ا ÙÙ ÙÙ
ÛØ´Ù</h3>
-
-<p>گرÙÙâÙØ§Û Ø§ÙØ±Ø§Ø·Û Ø¯Ø± دÙÙÙ Û±Û¹Û¶Û° ب٠خاطر
تÙرÙÙâاÙØ¯Ø§Ø²Û Ù
Ø´ÙÙر بÙدÙد: Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ø§Ø²
-سازÙ
اÙâÙا ب٠خاطر عدÙ
تÙاÙ٠در بعضÛ
جزئÛات٠استراتÚÛ Ø®Ùد از ÙÙ
Ù
ÛâپاشÛدÙØ¯Ø Ù
-د٠گرÙÙÙ Ø®ÙاÙر در ØاÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø§ÙØ¯Ø§Ù Ø§Ø³Ø§Ø³Û Ù
ارزشâÙاÛشا٠Ûکسا٠بÙØ¯Ø ÛکدÛگر را
-دشÙ
٠خطاب Ù
ÛâکردÙد. جÙØ§Ø Ø±Ø§Ø³Øª از اÛ٠اÙ
ر
استÙادÙ٠بسÛار برد ٠جÙØ§Ø ÚÙ¾ را بÙ
-Ø·Ùر کاÙ
٠ب٠ÙÙد Ú©Ø´Ûد.</p>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
+beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give
+confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have
+practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
+definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
+is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings,
+one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
+of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again.
+But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which
+is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no
+succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for
+worse confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it
+means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another
+misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered
+software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
+as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
+free software licenses.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
+two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
+basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to
+criticize the entire left.</p>
<p>Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ø§Ø´Ø®Ø§Øµ با Ù
ÙاÛسÙ٠عدÙ
Ù
ÙاÙÙت Ù
ا با Ù
تÙâباز ٠اختÙاÙات آ٠گرÙÙâÙØ§Û Ø§ÙراطÛ
Ø³Ø¹Û Ø¯Ø± بÛâاعتبار کرد٠جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد
Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. اÙ
ا Ø¢ÙÙا Ù
ÙضÙع را ÙارÙÙÙ
@@ -168,19 +173,19 @@
Ø¢ÙÙا Ù Ù
ا در اکثر Ù
Ùارد ب٠رÙتار ÛکساÙÛ Ø®ØªÙ
Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد — ÙÙ
اÙÙد تÙسعÙÙ
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد.</p>
-<p>ب٠عÙÙا٠ÛÚ© دستâØ¢ÙØ±Ø¯Ø Ø§Ùراد٠جÙبش ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ù Ù
تÙâباز اغÙب در Ú©Ùار
-ÛکدÛگر ٠بر رÙÛ Ù¾Ø±ÙÚÙâÙØ§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø¯ÛÙ ÛکساÙÛ
ÙÙ
اÙÙد تÙسعÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد کار
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. جاÙب تÙج٠است Ú©Ù ÚÙÛ٠دÛدگاÙâÙاÛ
ÙÙسÙÛÙ Ù
تÙاÙØªÛ Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد Ù
Ùجر بÙ
-اÙÚ¯Ûزش اÙراد Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø± بر رÙÛ Ù¾Ø±ÙÚÙâÙاÛ
Ûکسا٠شÙد. با اÛÙ ÙجÙد اÛ٠دÛدگاÙâÙا
-بسÛار Ù
تÙاÙت ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø´Ø±Ø§ÛØ·Û ÙجÙد دارد Ú©Ù Ù
Ù
ک٠است ب٠رÙتارÙØ§Û Ø¨Ø³Ûار Ù
تÙاÙتÛ
-Ù
Ùجر Ø´Ùد.</p>
-
-<p>طرز تÙکر Ù
تÙâباز ک٠ب٠کاربرا٠اجاز٠دÙد
ÙرÙ
âاÙزار را تغÛÛر داد٠٠دÙبارÙ
-Ù
Ùتشر سازÙد آ٠را بسÛار ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. اÙ
ا اÛ٠اÙ
ر تضÙ
Û٠شدÙ
-ÙÛست. تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار اختصاصÛ
ÙزÙÙ
ا٠ÙاشاÛست٠ÙÛستÙد. گاÙÛ Ø¢ÙÙا
-برÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛÛ ØªÙÙÛد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ú©Ù ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù
Ùاب٠اعتÙ
اد ÙستÙØ¯Ø ØØªÛ Ø§Ú¯Ø± ب٠آزادÛ
-کاربرا٠اØتراÙ
ÙگذارÙد. ÙعاÙا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد ٠طرÙدارا٠Ù
تÙâباز ÚÚ¯ÙÙÙ Ùسبت
-ب٠آ٠عکسâاÙعÙ
Ù Ùشا٠خÙاÙÙد دادØ</p>
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
+often work together on practical projects such as software development. It
+is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
+different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there
+are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
+different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
+the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not
+guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
+incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
+reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software
+activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
<p>ÛÚ© طرÙدار اصÛÙ Ù
تÙâØ¨Ø§Ø²Ø Ø´Ø®ØµÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù ÙÛÚ
Ùج٠تØت تاثÛر اÛدÙâØ¢ÙâÙØ§Û ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد ÙÛØ³ØªØ Ø®ÙاÙد Ú¯Ùت ”باعث Ø´Ú¯ÙØªÛ Ù
٠است
Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا تÙاÙستÙâاÛد بدÙÙ
@@ -189,61 +194,64 @@
باشÙ
Ø“ اÛ٠طرز برخÙرد ب٠تÙطئÙâØ§Û Ù
Ùجر
Ø®ÙاÙد شد Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù
ا ÙØ·Ù
Ù
Ùارد Ø¢Ùرد٠٠آ٠را از بÛÙ Ù
Ûâبرد.</p>
-<p>ÙعاÙا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد Ø®ÙاÙÙد Ú¯Ùت
”برÙاÙ
ÙÙ Ø´Ù
ا بسÛار جذاب است اÙ
ا ارزش
-Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù
٠را Ùدارد. بÙابراÛÙ Ù
جبÙرÙ
بدÙ٠آÙ
اداÙ
٠دÙÙ
. در عÙض تÙسعÙ٠پرÙÚÙâاÛ
-را ØÙ
اÛت Ø®ÙاÙÙ
کرد ک٠بتÙاÙد جاÛگزÛ٠آÙ
باشد.“ اگر Ù
ا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø®ÙÛØ´
-ارزش Ùائ٠شÙÛÙ
Ø Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÛÙ
از Ø¢Ù ØÙاظت Ù
دÙاع Ú©ÙÛÙ
.</p>
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive,
+but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will
+support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our
+freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
-<h3>ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙا٠Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد بد باشد</h3>
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
<p>اÛ٠طرز تÙکر Ú©Ù Ù
ا ÙرÙ
âاÙØ²Ø§Ø±Û ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù
Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙا٠Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÛÙ
Ù
ÛâتÙاÙد از
اÛ٠تصÙر ÙØ§Ø´Û Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯ Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ب٠Ù
ÙظÙر خدÙ
ت ب٠کاربراÙØ´ طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù
است. ÙدرتÙ
Ùد Ù Ùاب٠اطÙ
ÛÙا٠بÙد٠آ٠ب٠اÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠خدÙ
ات بÙØªØ±Û Ø§Ø±Ø§Ø¦Ù
Ù
ÛâدÙد.</p>
-<p>اÙ
ا تÙÙا ÙÙگاÙ
Û Ù
ÛâتÙا٠گÙت ÛÚ© ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ب٠کاربراÙØ´ خدÙ
ت Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد ک٠ب٠آزادÛ
-Ø¢Ùا٠اØتراÙ
بگذارد. اگر ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¨Ù
زÙجÛر Ú©Ø´Ûد٠کاربرا٠طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯Ù Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯
-ÚÙØ Ø¢Ùگا٠ÙدرتÙ
ÙØ¯Û ØªÙÙا ب٠اÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù
زÙجÛرÙا تÙÚ¯âتر ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø§Ø·Ù
ÛÙاÙ
-ÛعÙÛ Ø¬Ø¯Ø§ ساخت٠آÙÙا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùâتر است. خصÙصÛات
بداÙدÛشاÙÙâØ§Û ÙÙ
ÚÙ٠جاسÙØ³Û Ú©Ø§Ø¨Ø±Ø§ÙØ
-Ù
ØدÙد ساخت٠آÙاÙØ Ø¯Ø±ÙØ§Û Ù¾Ø´ØªÛØ Ù ØªØÙ
Û٠کردÙ
ÙسخÙâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø¯Ûد در بÛÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛ
-Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ù
عÙ
ÙÙ ÙستÙد. Ù ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² ØاÙ
Ûا٠Ù
تÙâباز ÙÛز Ù
ÛâØ®ÙاÙÙد ÚÙÛ٠کارÛ
-اÙجاÙ
دÙÙد.</p>
-
-<p>زÛر Ùشار شرکتâÙØ§Û ØµÙØªÛ Ù ØªØµÙÛرÛØ Ø±Ùز بÙ
رÙز بر تعداد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ù Ø·Ùر
-خاص Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ØدÙد ساخت٠اشخاص طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯ÙâاÙد
اÙزاÛØ´ Ù
ÛâÛابد. اÛÙ ÙابÙÛت
-بداÙدÛشاÙ٠با عÙÙا٠DRM Ù Ûا Ù
دÛرÛت٠Ù
ØدÙدÛتâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛجÛتاÙÛ Ø´Ùاخت٠Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد. (بÙ
-<a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> Ù
راجعÙ
-Ú©ÙÛد) ٠اÛ٠با Ù
اÙÛت Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ù Ùد٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد ÙراÙÙ
Ø¢ÙØ±Ø¯Ù Ø¢Ù Ø§Ø³ØªØ Ø¯Ø± تضاد
-است. Ù ÙÙ ÙÙØ· در Ù
اÙÛت: از Ø¢ÙجاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ùد٠DRM
پاÛÙ
Ø§Ù Ø³Ø§Ø®ØªÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø´Ù
ا استØ
-تÙسعÙâدÙÙدگا٠آ٠ÙÛراÛØ´ ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛÛ Ø±Ø§
ک٠با DRM Ù¾ÛØ§Ø¯Ù Ø³Ø§Ø²Û Ø´Ø¯ÙâاÙد سختØ
-غÛر Ù
Ù
Ú©Ù Ù ØØªÛ ØºÛر ÙاÙÙÙÛ Ø³Ø§Ø®ØªÙâاÙد.</p>
-
-<p>در عÛÙ Øا٠ØاÙ
Ûا٠Ù
تÙâباز ”DRM Ù
تÙâباز“ را Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙاد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. طرز
-تÙکر Ø¢ÙÙا اÛ٠است ک٠با اÙتشار کد Ù
Ùبع برÙاÙ
ÙâÙاÛÛ Ú©Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ØدÙد کردÙÙ
-دسترسÛÙ Ø´Ù
ا ب٠رساÙÙâÙØ§Û Ø±Ù
Ø²Ú¯Ø°Ø§Ø±Û Ø´Ø¯Ù
طراØÛ Ø´Ø¯ÙâاÙØ¯Ø Ù Ø¯Ø± اختÛار گذاشتÙ
-اجازÙÙ ÙÛراÛØ´ آ٠ب٠دÛگراÙØ Ù
ÛâتÙاÙÙد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û ÙدرتÙ
Ùدتر Ù ÙابÙ
-اعتÙ
Ø§Ø¯ØªØ±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ù
ØدÙد شدÙâØ§Û ÙÙ
ÚÙÙ
Ø´Ù
ا تÙÙÛد Ú©ÙÙد. سپس اÛ٠برÙاÙ
٠در
-ÙاÙب دستگاÙâÙاÛÛ Ø¨Ù Ø¯Ø³Øª Ø´Ù
ا Ø®ÙاÙد رسÛد Ú©Ù
اجازÙ٠تغÛÛر آ٠را ÙØ®ÙاÙÛد داشت.</p>
-
-<p>اÛÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ù
Ù
ک٠است ”Ù
تÙâباز“
بÙد٠٠از Ù
د٠تÙسعÙ٠آ٠استÙادÙ
-Ú©ÙØ¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ÙØ®ÙاÙد بÙØ¯Ø Úرا Ú©Ù
Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§ÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø¢Ù Ø±Ø§ اجرا
-Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد اØتراÙ
ÙÙ
Ûâگذارد. اگر Ù
د٠تÙسعÙÙ Ù
تÙâباز بتÙاÙد در ساخت ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
-ÙدرتÙ
Ùدتر Ù Ùاب٠اعتÙ
Ø§Ø¯ØªØ±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
ØدÙد کردÙ
Ø´Ù
ا Ù
ÙÙÙ Ø´ÙØ¯Ø Ø¢Ù Ø±Ø§ بدتر ÙÛز
-Ø®ÙاÙد کرد.</p>
-
-<h3>ترس از آزادÛ</h3>
-
-<p>Ù
ÙÙ
ترÛ٠٠ابتداÛÛâترÛ٠اÙÚ¯ÛزÙ٠عبارت
”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار Ù
تÙâباز“ اÛ٠است
-ک٠عÙاÛد اخÙاÙÛ ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد“ Ù
ردÙ
را Ù
ضطرب Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد. اÛÙ ØÙÛÙت
-دارد: صØبت دربارÙ٠آزادÛØ Ø¯Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø±ÙÙ Ù
سائÙ
اخÙاÙÛØ Ø¯Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø±ÙÙ Ù
سئÙÙÛØªØ Ø¯Ø±Ø³Øª ÙÙ
اÙÙد
-آسÙدگÛØ Ø¨Ù Ø§ÛÙ Ù
عÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠از Ù
ردÙ
بخÙاÙÛÙ
دربارÙÙ Ù
سائÙÛ Ú©Ù Ù
Ù
ک٠است ترجÛØ
-دÙÙد بدÙ٠تÙج٠از Ú©Ùارشا٠بگذرÙØ¯Ø ÙÙ
اÙÙد
اÛÙک٠آÛا رÙتارشا٠اخÙاÙÛ Ø§Ø³Øª Ûا
-ÙÙØ Ø¨ÛاÙدÛØ´Ùد.</p>
-
-<p>ب٠Ùر Øا٠اÛÙ ÚÛØ²Û Ø§Ø³Øª ک٠رÙبر “Ù
تÙâباز“ تصÙ
ÛÙ
ب٠اÙجاÙ
آ٠گرÙتÙ
-است. Ø¢ÙÙا Øساب کردÙâاÙد ک٠با سکÙت دربارÙÙ
اخÙØ§Ù Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ù Ù
ØدÙد کردÙ
-صØبتâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد ب٠ÙÙاÛد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ Ù
Ø´Ø®ØµØ Ùادر Ø®ÙاÙÙد بÙد ÙرÙ
âاÙزار را
-ب٠طÙر Ù
ÙØ«Ø±ØªØ±Û Ø¨Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ù
شخصÛ
”بÙرÙØ´Ùد.“ خصÙصا در Ù
Ùرد تجارت.</p>
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
+freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
+powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
+they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
+restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
+proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
+in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM”
+software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
+designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
+to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
+restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in
+devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
+model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
+the users that actually run it. If the open source development model
+succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
+you, that will make it even worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
+the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free
+software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical
+issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
+ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not
+follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They
+figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
+about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business.</p>
<p>اÛ٠رÙÛکرد در Ø¬Ø§Û Ø®Ùد Ù
Ùثر است. ÙصاØت بÛاÙ
Ù
تÙâباز باعث شد٠تا بسÛØ§Ø±Û Ø§Ø²
اشخاص ٠تجار ب٠استÙاد٠٠ØØªÛ ØªÙسعÙÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد رÙÛ Ø¨ÛاÙرÙØ¯Ø Ú©Ù Ø®Ùد
@@ -254,48 +262,47 @@
Ù
ØÙÙظ Ø¯Ø§Ø´ØªÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ú©Ø§ÙÛ ÙÛست. جذب کرد٠Ù
ردÙ
ب٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد تÙÙا Ø¨Ø®Ø´Û Ø§Ø²
Ù
سÛر تبدÛ٠کرد٠آÙا٠ب٠Ù
داÙعا٠آزادÛ
Ø®Ùدشا٠است.</p>
-<p>دÛر Ûا زÙد اÛ٠اÙراد ب٠خاطر Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û Ù
زÛتâÙØ§Û Ø¹Ù
ÙÛ Ø¨Ù Ø³Ù
ت ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ
-جذب Ø®ÙاÙÙد شد. شرکتâÙØ§Û Ø¨ÛâØ´Ù
Ø§Ø±Û Ø¨Ù Ø¯ÙباÙ
ارائÙÙ ÚÙÛÙ ÙسÙسÙâÙاÛÛ ÙستÙØ¯Ø Ø¨Ø¹Ø¶Û
-از Ø¢Ùا٠ØØªÛ ÙسخÙâÙØ§Û Ø±Ø§Ûگا٠را Ù¾ÛØ´Ú©Ø´ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. Úرا باÛد کاربرا٠اÙ
تÙاع ÙرزÙدØ
-تÙÙا در صÙØ±ØªÛ Ú©Ù Ûاد گرÙت٠باشÙد براÛ
آزادÛâØ§Û Ú©Ù ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد در
-اختÛارشا٠Ùرار Ù
ÛâدÙد ارزش Ùائ٠شÙÙØ¯Ø Ûاد
گرÙت٠باشÙد Ø¨Ù Ø¬Ø§Û Ø¢Ù Ø¢Ø³ÙدگÛÙ
-تکÙÛÚ©Û Ù Ø¹Ù
ÙÛÙ ØªØ¹Ø¯Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø² ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙاÛ
Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Ù Ø®Ø§ØµØ ÚÙÛÙ Ø§Ø±Ø²Ø´Û Ø±Ø§ Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û
-Ùائ٠شÙÙد. Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
Ùتشر ساخت٠اÛ٠طرز تÙÚ©Ø±Ø Ù
ا باÛد دربارÙÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø³Ø®Ù
-بگÙÛÛÙ
. Ú©Ù
Û Ø±ÙÛکرد ”Ù
سکÙت گذارۓ در
تجارت Ù
Ù
ک٠است Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ø¬Ø§Ù
عÙ
-Ù
ÙÛد Ø¨Ø§Ø´Ø¯Ø Ø§Ù
ا اگر اÙÙدر Ù
عÙ
ÙÙ Ø´Ùد ک٠عشÙ
Ø¨Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ÙÙØ¹Û Ø¨ÛâÙØ§Ø¹Ø¯Ú¯Û Ù
ØسÙب
-Ú¯Ø±Ø¯Ø¯Ø Ø®Ø·Ø±Ùاک Ø®ÙاÙد بÙد.</p>
-
-<p>اÛ٠شراÛØ· خطرÙاک دÙÛÙا ÙÙ
ا٠ÚÛØ²Û Ø§Ø³Øª Ú©Ù Ù
ا ÙÙ
اکÙÙ٠در Ø¢Ù Ùرار دارÛÙ
. اÙرادÛ
-ک٠درگÛر ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ÙستÙد زÛاد
دربارÙÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø³Ø®Ù ÙÙ
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÙد —
-Ù
عÙ
ÙÙا ب٠اÛ٠دÙÛ٠ک٠ب٠دÙبا٠”بÛشتر
پذÛرÙت٠شد٠در بازار“
-ÙستÙد. تÙزÛعâÚ©ÙÙدگا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار ب٠طرز
ÙاØØ´Û Ø§Û٠خصÛص٠را برÙز
-Ù
ÛâدÙÙد. تÙرÛبا تÙ
اÙ
تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ø³ÛستÙ
âعاÙ
Ù Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس بستÙâÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø±Ø§ بÙ
-سÛستÙ
٠آزاد پاÛÙ Ù
ÛâاÙزاÛÙØ¯Ø Ù Ú©Ø§Ø±Ø¨Ø±Ø§Ù Ø±Ø§
تشÙÛÙ Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد تا ب٠آ٠ب٠عÙÙا٠ÛÚ©
-Ù
زÛت Ùگا٠کÙÙد Ù ÙÙ ÙدÙ
Û Ø±Ù Ø¨Ù Ø¹Ùب ٠دÙر شدÙ
از آزادÛ.</p>
-
-<p>ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø§Ø®ØªØµØ§ØµÛ Ø§Ø¶Ø§Ù٠شد٠Ù
تÙزÛعâÙØ§Û Ø¬Ø²Ø¦Û-غÛر آزاد زÙ
ÛÙÛ ØاصÙØ®Ûز
-ÛاÙتÙâاÙد Úرا Ú©Ù Ù
ا ÚÙدا٠بر رÙÛ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ÛÙ ÙÙ
را٠اÛÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار تاکÛد
-ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÛÙ
. اÛ٠اتÙاÙÛ ÙÛست. Ú¯ÙÙ/ÙÛÙÙکس بÙ
اکثر کاربرا٠با عÙÙاÙ
-”Ù
تÙâباز“ Ù
عرÙÛ Ù
ÛâØ´Ùد ٠سخÙÛ Ø§Ø²
اÛÙÚ©Ù Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ÛÚ© Ùد٠است
-ÙÙ
ÛâرÙد. اعÙ
اÙÛ Ú©Ù Ø§Ø² Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û ØÙ
اÛت ÙÙ
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد Ù Ú©ÙÙ
Ø§ØªÛ Ú©Ù Ø§Ø² Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø³Ø®Ù
-ÙÙ
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÙد دست ب٠دست Ù
ÛâگردÙØ¯Ø Ù ÛکدÛگر
را ترÙÛج Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙد. Ù
ا Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û Ù
غÙÙب
-ساخت٠اÛ٠گراÛØ´ اØتÛاج دارÛÙ
ک٠بÛØ´ØªØ±Ø Ù ÙÙ
Ú©Ù
ØªØ±Ø Ø¯Ø±Ø¨Ø§Ø±ÙÙ Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø³Ø®Ù Ø¨Ú¯ÙÛÛÙ
.</p>
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
+software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer
+such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
+value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
+convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk
+about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to
+business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
+so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with
+free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
+find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
+with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were
+introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which
+doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom
+and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
+the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
<h3>ÙتÛج٠گÛرÛ</h3>
-<p>ÙÙ
اÙØ·Ùر Ú©Ù ØاÙ
Ûا٠Ù
تÙâباز کاربراÙ
بÛØ´ØªØ±Û Ø±Ø§ ب٠جاÙ
عÙÙ Ù
ا Ùارد Ù
ÛâÚ©ÙÙØ¯Ø Ù
ا
-ÙعاÙا٠ÙرÙ
âاÙزار آزاد ØØªÛ Ø¨Ø§Ûد بÛشتر
بکÙØ´ÛÙ
تا تÙج٠آÙا٠را ب٠Ù
بØØ« آزادÛ
-جÙب Ú©ÙÛÙ
. Ù
ا باÛد بگÙÛÛÙ
”اÛÙ ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد است ک٠ب٠شÙ
ا Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯Û Ø§Ø¹Ø·Ø§
-Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد!“ — بÛشتر ٠بÙÙدتر از ÙÙ
ÛØ´Ù. Ùر
بار Ú©Ù Ø´Ù
ا ب٠جاÛ
-”Ù
تÙâباز“ Ù
ÛâÚ¯ÙÛÛد ”ÙرÙ
âاÙزار
آزاد“Ø Ø¨Ù Ù
بارزÙÙ Ù
ا
-Ú©Ù
Ú© کردÙâاÛد.</p>
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
+software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
+to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives
+you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say
+“free software” rather than “open source,” you help
+our campaign.</p>
<h4>پاÙÙÛسâÙا</h4>
<p>
-ج٠بار Ù
ÙاÙÙâØ§Û Ø¨Ø§ ÙاÙ
<a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>زÙدگÛ
Ú©ÙÛد Ù
-آزاد باشÛد</a> ÙÙشت٠است ک٠دÛدگا٠ا٠را در
رابط٠با اÛÙ Ù
ÙضÙع بÛا٠Ù
ÛâÚ©Ùد.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÛادداشتÛ
@@ -314,11 +321,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fa.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÙØ·Ùا سÙاÙات ٠پرسشâÙØ§Û Ø®Ùد در رابط٠با Ú¯ÙÙ
٠بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ را بÙ
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارساÙ
Ú©ÙÛد. ÙÙ
ÚÙÛÙ <a
-href="/contact/">راÙâÙØ§Û Ø¯ÛÚ¯Ø±Û Ø¨Ø±Ø§Û ØªÙ
اس</a> با
بÙÛاد ÙرÙ
âاÙزارÙØ§Û Ø¢Ø²Ø§Ø¯ ÙجÙد
-دارد. <br /> ÙØ·Ùا ÙÛÙÚ©âÙØ§Û Ø®Ø±Ø§Ø¨ Ù Ûا Ù
Ø´Ú©Ùات
دÛگر Ûا Ù¾ÛØ´ÙÙادات Ø®Ùد را ب٠<a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> ارسا٠کÙÛد.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br /> ÙØ³Ø®Ù Ø¨Ø±Ø¯Ø§Ø±Û Ú©ÙÙ
٠ب٠کÙÙ
Ù Ù
@@ -335,7 +342,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
آخرÛ٠ب٠رÙز رساÙÛ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -351,7 +358,7 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [At]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a hreflang="bg"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000
1.14
+++ open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000
1.15
@@ -3,13 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>Pourquoi l'« open source » passe à
coté
-du problème que soulève le logiciel libre - GNU Project - Free
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2>Pourquoi l'« open source » passe à coté
-du problème que soulève le logiciel libre</h2>
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
<p>par <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
@@ -23,207 +21,154 @@
à « bière gratuite »<sup><a
href="#TransNote2"></a></sup>.</p>
-<p>Ces libertés sont d'une importance vitale. Elles sont essentielles,
-pas juste pour les enjeux individuels des utilisateurs, mais parce qu'elles
-promeuvent la solidarité sociale, que sont le partage et la
-coopération. Elles deviennent encore plus importantes à mesure
-que de plus en plus notre culture et les activités quotidiennes sont
-numérisés. Dans un monde de sons, d'images et de mots
-numériques, le logiciel libre devient de plus en plus
-nécessaire pour la liberté en général.</p>
-
-<p>Des dizaines de millions de personnes à travers le monde utilisent
-maintenant le logiciel libre ; les écoles des régions de
-l'Inde et de l'Espagne enseignent maintenant à tous les
-étudiants à utiliser le <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html">système d'exploitation libre
-GNU/Linux</a>. Mais la plupart des utilisateurs n'ont jamais entendu parler
-des raisons éthiques pour lesquelles nous avons
-développé ce système et bâti la communauté
-du logiciel libre, parce qu'aujourd'hui ce système et la
-communauté sont plus souvent décrits comme « open
-source »<sup><a href="#TransNote3">3</a></sup> et
-attribués à une philosophie différente dans laquelle
-ces libertés sont à peine mentionnées.</p>
-
-<p>Le mouvement du logiciel libre a fait campagne pour la liberté des
-utilisateurs d'ordinateur depuis 1983. En 1984 nous avons lancé le
-développement du système d'exploitation libre GNU, pour
-pouvoir ainsi éviter d'utiliser un système qui refuse la
-liberté à ses utilisateurs. Durant les années 80, nous
-avons développé la majeure partie des composants essentiels
-d'un tel système, tout autant que la <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
-General Public License</a>, une licence conçue spécifiquement
-pour protéger la liberté pour tous les utilisateurs d'un
-programme.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et les développeurs de logiciel
-libre n'étaient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du logiciel
-libre. En 1998, une partie de la communauté du logiciel libre s'est
-mise à part et a commencé à faire campagne au nom de
-l'« open source ». Le terme fut originellement
-proposé pour éviter une possible incompréhension du
-terme « logiciel libre » (ndt : « free
-software ») mais il fut bientôt associé avec des
-points de vue philosophique complètement différents de ceux du
-mouvement du logiciel libre.</p>
-
-<p>Certains des partisans de l'« open source »
-considéraient cela comme « une campagne marketing pour le
-logiciel libre » qui plairait aux cadres des entreprises en
-citant les avantages pratiques, tout en évitant les idées de
-bien ou de mal qu'ils pourraient ne pas aimer entendre. D'autres partisans
-rejetèrent catégoriquement les valeurs morales et sociales du
-mouvement du logiciel libre. Quel que fut leur point de vue, pendant leur
-campagne sur l'« open source » ils ne
-mentionnèrent ou ne préconisèrent pas ces valeurs. Le
-terme « open source » devint rapidement associé
-avec la pratique de ne citer que les valeurs pratiques, tel que faire des
-logiciels puissants et fiables. La plupart des défenseurs de
-l'« open source » se sont ralliés à
-celui-ci depuis, et cette pratique est celle dont ils se servent.</p>
-
-<p>Pratiquement tous les logiciels « open source » sont
-des logiciels libres ; les deux termes décrivent pratiquement la
-même catégorie de logiciel. Mais ils représentent des
-vues basées sur des valeurs fondamentalement
-différentes. L'« open source » est une
-méthodologie de développement ; le logiciel libre est un
-mouvement social. Pour le mouvement du logiciel libre, le logiciel libre est
-un impératif éthique, parce que seul le logiciel libre
-respecte la liberté de l'utilisateur. En revanche, la philosophie de
-l'« open source » considère uniquement les
-questions pratiques en termes de performance. Cela signifie que les
-logiciels non-libres sont des solutions sous-optimales. Pour le mouvement du
-logiciel libre cependant, les logiciels non-libres sont un problème
-social et migrer vers les logiciels libres est une solution.</p>
-
-<p>« Logiciel libre ». « Open
-source ». Si ce sont les mêmes logiciels, le nom
-utilisé pour les qualifier est-il important ? Oui, parce que des
-mots différents véhiculent des idées
-différentes. Bien qu'un programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom
-vous donnerait la même liberté aujourd'hui,
-l'établissement de la liberté de manière durable
-dépend par dessus tout de l'enseignement de la valeur de la
-liberté. Si vous voulez aider à faire cela, il est essentiel
-de parler de « logiciel libre ».</p>
-
-<p>Nous, dans le mouvement du logiciel libre, nous ne considérons pas le
-mouvement « open source » comme un ennemi ;
-l'ennemi est le logiciel propriétaire. Mais nous voulons que les gens
-sachent que nous représentons la liberté, alors nous
-n'acceptons pas d'être incorrectement assimilés aux
-défenseurs de l'« open source ».</p>
-
-<h3>Malentendus courants sur le « logiciel libre » et
-l'« open source »<sup><a
-href="#TransNote4">4</a></sup></h3>
-
-<p>Le terme de « free sofware » souffre d'un
-problème de mauvaise interprétation : une signification
-fortuite, « un logiciel que vous pouvez avoir
-gratuitement » correspond au terme aussi bien que la
-signification voulue, « un logiciel qui donne certaines
-libertés à l'utilisateur ». Nous traitons ce
-problème en publiant la définition de logiciel libre, et en
-disant « Pensez à la liberté d'expression, pas
-à la bière gratuite »<sup><a
-href="#TransNote5">5</a></sup>. Ce n'est pas une solution parfaite, cela ne
-peut pas complètement éliminer le problème. Un terme
-correct non ambigu serait meilleur, s'il n'avait pas d'autres
-problèmes.</p>
-
-<p>Malheureusement, toutes les alternatives en anglais ont leurs propres
-problèmes. Nous avons étudié de nombreuses alternatives
-que les gens nous ont proposées, mais aucune n'est aussi clairement
-« juste » pour que changer soit une bonne
-idée. (Par exemple, dans certains contextes, le mot français/espagnol
-« libre » peut être utilisé, mais les gens en Inde ne
-reconnaissent pas le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements
-suggérés pour « free software » ont des
-problèmes de sémantique, ce qui inclut « open
-source software ».</p>
-
-<p>La <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>définition officielle
-d'un « logiciel open source »</a> (qui est
-publiée par l'Open Source Initiative est trop longue pour être
-citée ici) était indirectement dérivée de nos
-critères pour le logiciel libre. Ce n'est pas la même :
-elle est un peu plus laxiste à quelques égards, en
-conséquence de quoi les défenseurs de l'open source ont
-accepté quelques licences que nous considérons inadmissibles
-par les restrictions qu'elles imposent aux utilisateurs. Néammoins,
-elle est assez près de notre définition dans la pratique.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, la signification évidente de « logiciel open
-source » est « Vous pouvez regardez le code
-source » et la plupart des gens semble penser que c'est ce que
-cela signifie. C'est un critère beaucoup plus faible que celui du
-logiciel libre, et beaucoup plus faible que la définition officielle
-de l'open source. Elle inclut beaucoup de programmes qui ne sont ni libres,
-ni open source.</p>
-
-<p>Puisque cette signification évidente d'« open
-source » n'est pas la signification que ceux qui la
-préconisent entendent, le résultat est que la plupart des gens
-se méprennent sur le terme. Voilà comme Neal Stephenson
-définit l'« open source » :</p>
-
- <blockquote><p>Linux est la signification du logiciel « open
-source », simplement que quiconque peut obtenir des copies des
-fichiers de son code source.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>Je ne pense pas qu'il a délibérément cherché
-à rejeter ou contester la définition officielle. Je pense
-qu'il a simplement appliqué les conventions de l'anglais pour trouver
-une signification du terme. L'état du Kansas à publié
-une définition similaire :</p>
-
-<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf,
-but that page is no longer available. -->
-<blockquote><p>Utiliser le logiciel open source. Le logiciel open source est
un le logiciel
-pour lequel le code source est librement et publiquement disponible, bien
-que les accords de licence spécifiques changent quant à ce qui
-est permis de faire avec ce code.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>Le New York Times a <a
-href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>étendu
-le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests d'utilisateur — laisser
-quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-version et donner un retour
-confidentiel — ce que les développeurs de logiciels propriétaires
-pratiquent depuis des décennies.</p>
-
-<p>Les supporters de l'open source essaient de traiter ceci en renvoyant
-à leur définition officielle, mais cette approche corrective
-est moins efficace pour eux qu'elle ne l'est pour nous. Le terme
-« free software » a deux significations naturelles,
-l'une d'entre elle est la signification escomptée, ainsi une personne
-qui aura saisi l'idée de « free speech, not free
-beer » ne pourra plus dès lors se tromper sur son
-sens. Ainsi il n'y a aucune manière succincte d'expliquer et de
-justifier la définition officielle d'« open
-source ». Cela rend encore pire la confusion.</p>
-
-<p>Un autre malentendu de l'« open source », est
-l'idée que cela signifie « ne pas utiliser la GNU
-GPL ». Cela tend à accompagner le malentendu de
-« logiciel libre” égale « logiciel
-couvert par la GPL ». Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL
-est considérée comme une licence open source, et la plupart
-des licences open source sont considérées comme des licences
-de logiciels libres.</p>
-
-<h3>Des valeurs différentes peuvent amener à des conclusions
-similaires… mais pas toujours</h3>
-
-<p>Les groupes radicaux dans les années 60 avaient une réputation
-pour le sectarisme : quelques organismes se sont scindés en deux
-en raison des désaccords sur des détails de stratégie
-et les deux groupes résultants se sont traités l'un l'autre
-comme des ennemis en dépit du fait qu'ils aient les mêmes buts
-et des valeurs de base semblables. La droite a fait grand cas de ceci et a
-utilisé cela pour critiquer la gauche toute entière.</p>
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the
+individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
+social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
+digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
+becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
+schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of
+these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
+developed this system and built the free software community, because
+nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open
+source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
+freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
+1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
+so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
+their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
+components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license
+designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
+of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software
+community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open
+source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
+misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became
+associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing
+campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives
+by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
+of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters
+flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
+Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
+nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly
+became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
+such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the
+supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe
+almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
+fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology;
+free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free
+software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
+users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
+in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical
+sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
+practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
+to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
+convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
+above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this,
+it is essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
+enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to
+know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
+source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open
+Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an
+unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits
+the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives
+the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the
+definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect
+solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and
+correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
+We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
+“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
+instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre”
+works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed
+replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic
+problem—and this includes “open source software.”</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
+from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little
+looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
+licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
+Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion
+is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
+official definition of open source. It includes many programs that are
+neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning
+that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
+term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open
+source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
+source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
+dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied
+the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use
+of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is
+freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
+beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give
+confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have
+practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
+definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
+is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings,
+one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
+of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again.
+But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which
+is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no
+succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for
+worse confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it
+means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another
+misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered
+software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
+as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
+free software licenses.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
+two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
+basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to
+criticize the entire left.</p>
<p>Certains essaient de déprécier le mouvement du logiciel libre
en comparant notre désaccord avec l'open source avec les
@@ -233,23 +178,19 @@
nôtres mènent dans beaucoup de cas au même comportement
pratique, comme développer du logiciel libre.</p>
-<p>En conséquence, les gens du mouvement du logiciel libre et du camp de
-l'open source travaillent souvent ensemble sur des projets pratiques tels
-que le développement de logiciel. Il est remarquable que de telles
-différences de point de vue philosophiques puissent tellement souvent
-motiver des personnes différentes à participer aux mêmes
-projets. Néanmoins, ces vues sont très différentes et
-il y a des situations où elles mènent à des actions
-très différentes.</p>
-
-<p>L'idée de l'open source c'est que permettre aux utilisateurs de
-modifier et redistribuer le logiciel le rendra plus puissant et fiable.Mais
-ce n'est pas garanti. Les développeurs de logiciel
-propriétaire ne sont pas nécessairement
-incompétents. Parfois il produisent un programme qui est puissant et
-fiable, bien qu'il ne respecte pas les libertés des
-utilisateurs. Comment les activistes du logiciel libre et les supporters de
-l'open source vont réagir à cela ?</p>
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
+often work together on practical projects such as software development. It
+is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
+different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there
+are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
+different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
+the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not
+guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
+incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
+reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software
+activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
<p>Un supporter de l'open source, un qui n'est pas du tout influencé par
les idéaux du logiciel libre, dira, « Je suis surpris que
@@ -259,73 +200,63 @@
d'attitude incite des arrangements qui emportent avec eux notre
liberté, la menant à sa perte.</p>
-<p>L'activiste du logiciel libre dira « Votre programme est vraiment
-attrayant, mais pas au prix de ma liberté. Je dois donc faire
-sans. Au lieu de cela je soutiendrai un projet pour développer un
-remplacement libre. Si nous accordons de la valeur à notre
-liberté, nous pouvons agir pour la maintenir et la défendre.</p>
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive,
+but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will
+support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our
+freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
-<h3>Le logiciel puissant et fiable peut être mauvais</h3>
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
<p>L'idée que nous voulons que le logiciel soit puissant et fiable vient
de la supposition que le logiciel est fait pour servir ses
utilisateurs. S'il est puissant et fiable, il les sert mieux.</p>
-<p>Mais on ne peut dire d'un logiciel qu'il sert ses utilisateurs seulement
-s'il respecte leur liberté. Que dire si le logiciel est conçu
-pour enchaîner ses utilisateurs ? La fiabilité ne signifie
-alors uniquement que les chaînes sont plus difficiles à
-retirer.</p>
-
-<p>Sous la pression des compagnies de film et de disque, les logiciels à
-usage individuel sont de plus en plus conçus spécifiquement
-pour imposer des restrictions. Ce dispositif malveillant est connu sous le
-nom de DRM, ou Digital Restrictions Management (ndt : Gestion
-Numérique des Droits) (voir <a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et c'est
-l'antithèse dans l'esprit de la liberté que le logiciel libre
-vise à fournir. Et pas simplement dans l'esprit : puisque le but
-des DRM est de piétiner votre liberté, les concepteurs de DRM
-essayent de rendre difficile, impossible ou même illégal pour
-vous de modifier le logiciel qui met en application les DRM.</p>
-
-<p>Pourtant quelques défenseurs de l'open source ont proposé des
-logiciels « DRM open source ». Leur idée est
-qu'en publiant le code source de leur programme conçu pour
-restreindre votre accès aux medias chiffrés, et en autorisant
-d'autres à le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel pluspuissant et
-plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme vous. Il vous sera
-alors livré dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent pas de le
-changer.</p>
-
-<p>Ce logiciel pourrait être « open source » et
-utiliser le modèle de développement open source ; mais il
-ne sera pas un logiciel libre, étant donné qu'il ne respectera
-pas la liberté des utilisateurs qui l'utiliseront. Si le
-modèle de développement open source réussi à
-réaliser un logiciel plus puissant et fiable pour limiter vos droits,
-cela le rendra encore pire.</p>
-
-<h3>La crainte de la liberté</h3>
-
-<p>La principale motivation initiale pour le terme « logiciel open
-source » est que les idées éthiques du
-« logiciel libre » rend certaines personnes mal
-à l'aise. C'est vrai : parler de liberté, de
-problèmes d'éthique, de responsabilités aussi bien que
-de commodités, c'est demander aux gens de penser à des choses
-qu'ils préféreraient ignorer, comme leur conduite est-elle
-éthique ou non. Ceci peut déclencher un malaise et certains
-peuvent simplement fermer leurs esprits à cela. Il ne s'en suit pas
-que nous devrions cesser de parler de ces choses.</p>
-
-<p>Cependant, c'est ce que les dirigeants de l'« open
-source » ont décidé de faire. Ils se sont
-figuré qu'en passant sous silence l'éthique et la
-liberté, et en ne parlant que des bénéfices
-immédiats de certains logiciels libres, ils seraient à
-même de « vendre » le logiciel plus efficacement
-à certains utilisateurs, particulièrement aux entreprises.</p>
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
+freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
+powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
+they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
+restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
+proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
+in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM”
+software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
+designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
+to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
+restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in
+devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
+model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
+the users that actually run it. If the open source development model
+succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
+you, that will make it even worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
+the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free
+software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical
+issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
+ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not
+follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They
+figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
+about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business.</p>
<p>Cette approche à prouvé son efficacité, dans ses
propres termes. La rhétorique de l'open source à convaincu
@@ -342,62 +273,47 @@
partie du chemin pour devenir des défenseurs de leur propre
liberté.</p>
-<p>Tôt ou tard, ces utilisateurs seront invités à retourner
-vers le logiciel propriétaire pour quelques avantages
-pratiques. D'innombrables compagnies cherchent à offrir une telle
-tentation, certaines offrent même des copies gratuites. Pourquoi les
-utilisateurs refuseraient-ils ? C'est seulement s'ils ont appris la
-valeur de la liberté que le logiciel libre leur donne, la valeur de
-cette liberté en tant que telle plutôt que la commodité
-technique et pratique de logiciels libres spécifiques. Pour diffuser
-cette idée, nous devons parler de logiciel libre. Une certaine
-quantité de l'approche « passer sous silence
- » avec les entreprises peut être utile pour la
-communauté, mais elle est dangereuse si elle devient si commune que
-l'amour de la liberté en vient à sembler comme une
-excentricité.</p>
-
-<p>Cette dangereuse situation est exactement ce que nous avons. La plupart des
-gens impliqué dans le logiciel libre en disent peu sur la
-liberté, habituellement parce qu'ils cherchent à sembler
-« plus acceptables pour les entreprises ». Les
-distributeurs de logiciel montrent particulièrement ce
-modèle. Pratiquement tous les distributeurs de système
-d'exploitation GNU/Linux ajoutent des paquetages propriétaires au
-système de base libre, et ils invitent les utilisateurs à
-considérer cela comme un avantage, plutôt qu'un pas en
-arrière vis-à-vis de la liberté.</p>
-
-<p>Les greffons logiciels propriétaires et particulièrement les
-distributions non-libres GNU/Linux, trouvent un sol fertile parce que notre
-communauté n'insiste pas sur la liberté de ses logiciels. Ce
-n'est pas une coïncidence. La plupart des utilisateurs GNU/Linux furent
-introduits au système par un discours « open
-source » qui ne leur a pas dit que la liberté était
-le but. Les aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la liberté et les
-discours qui ne parlent pas de liberté vont de pair, l'un favorisant
-l'autre. Pour surmonter cette tendance, nous avons besoin de plus parler de
-liberté, pas l'inverse.</p>
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
+software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer
+such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
+value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
+convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk
+about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to
+business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
+so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with
+free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
+find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
+with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were
+introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which
+doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom
+and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
+the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
<h3>Conclusion</h3>
-<p>Alors que ceux qui préconisent l'open source amènent de
-nouveaux utilisateurs dans notre communauté, nous, activistes du
-logiciel libre, devons travailler encore plus pour porter l'attention de ces
-nouveaux utilisateurs sur les problèmes de liberté. Nous
-devons leur dire « C'est le logiciel libre et il te donne la
-liberté ! » plus souvent et plus fort que
-jamais. Chaque fois que vous dites « logiciel libre »
-plutôt qu'« open source » vous aidez notre
-campagne.</p>
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
+software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
+to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives
+you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say
+“free software” rather than “open source,” you help
+our campaign.</p>
<h4>Apostille</h4>
<p>
-Joe Barr a écrit un article intitulé <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and let
-license</a><sup><a href="#TransNote6">6</a></sup> qui donne sa perspective
-sur cette question.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
L'<a href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>article sur
@@ -429,12 +345,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.fr.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman <br />La reproduction exacte et la
@@ -452,7 +367,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -468,7 +383,7 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [At]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a hreflang="bg"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- German -->
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1.6
+++ open-source-misses-the-point.ml.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000
1.7
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ml.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´¶à´¯à´
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
വിà´àµà´àµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ - à´àµà´¨àµ à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´ -
à´«àµà´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´«àµà´£àµà´àµà´·à´¨àµâ (FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ml.html" -->
-<h2>à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´¶à´¯à´
“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ”
-വിà´àµà´àµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ</h2>
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
<p><strong>à´à´´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ: <a
href="http://www.stallman.org";>റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâà´¡àµ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ </a></strong></p>
@@ -23,184 +22,154 @@
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à´à´¾à´·à´£à´)- âà´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµ “à´«àµà´°àµ
ബിയരàµâ ”
(à´¸àµà´à´¨àµà´¯ à´à´àµà´·à´£à´)à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµ à´
à´²àµà´².</p>
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à´¸àµà´ªàµà´àµà´àµ-à´¨àµ
-പറàµà´±à´¿ à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ à´«àµà´°àµ
ബിയറിനൠപറàµà´±à´¿à´¯à´²àµà´² ”
à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯ à´²à´àµ
-വിശദàµà´à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´à´£àµàµ à´ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´¨àµà´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ. à´ªà´àµà´·àµ
-à´
à´¤àµà´¾à´°àµ à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ പരിഹാരമലàµà´²;
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´
തിനàµàµ
-à´à´´à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´². à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´ വരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ പദà´
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´¨àµà´¤àµà´àµà´¾âà´£àµà´àµà´ നലàµà´²à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ à´µàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´®àµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ.</p>
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the
+individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
+social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
+digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
+becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
+schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of
+these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
+developed this system and built the free software community, because
+nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open
+source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
+freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
+1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
+so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
+their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
+components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license
+designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
+of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software
+community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open
+source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
+misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became
+associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing
+campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives
+by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
+of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters
+flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
+Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
+nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly
+became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
+such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the
+supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe
+almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
+fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology;
+free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free
+software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
+users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
+in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical
+sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
+practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
+to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
+convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
+above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this,
+it is essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
+enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to
+know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
+source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open
+Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an
+unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits
+the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives
+the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the
+definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect
+solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and
+correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
-We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, but none is so
-clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
-instance, in some contexts the French/Spanish word "libre" can be used, but
-people in India do not recognize the word at all.) Every proposed
+We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
+“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
+instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre”
+works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed
replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic
problem—and this includes “open source software.”</p>
<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
-Source Initiative and too long to cite here) was derived indirectly from our
-criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little looser in
-some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few licenses that
-we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users. Nonetheless, it is
-fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´, “നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´àµà´¡àµ വായിà´àµà´à´¾à´ ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾âà´£àµàµ
-“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ ” à´à´¨àµà´¨
പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´±àµà´±
-à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ വിശദàµà´à´°à´£à´.
à´àµà´±àµà´¯àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°àµâ à´
à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµ
വിà´à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
-സാധàµà´¯à´¤à´¯àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
നിബനàµà´§à´¨, à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµ
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµà´¯àµ à´à´§à´¿à´à´¾à´°à´¿à´
വിശദàµà´à´°à´£à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´
à´ªàµà´àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
വളരൠശàµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´
à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ à´à´àµà´àµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµà´ ഠനിബനàµà´§à´¨à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´ªàµà´àµà´.</p>
-
-<p>“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ” à´à´¨àµà´¨
പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´à´±àµà´±
à´¨àµà´àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´
-à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ
à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´²àµà´² à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ, à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²à´¾à´³àµà´à´³àµà´
-à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¦àµà´§à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
സാധàµà´¯à´¤à´¯àµà´£àµà´àµàµ. à´¨àµà´²àµâ
à´¸àµà´±àµà´±àµà´«àµà´¨àµâസണàµâ (Neal
-Stephenson)“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµ ”
നിരàµâà´µà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ à´à´àµà´à´¨àµ:</p>
-
- <blockquote><p>ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ “à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ” à´à´£àµàµ, ലളിതമായി
പറà´àµà´à´¾à´²àµâ,
-à´à´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´µàµà´£à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´àµà´¡à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµàµ à´²à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>“à´à´§à´¿à´à´¾à´°à´¿à´ ” നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´
നിഷàµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´ à´
à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
തരàµâà´àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´².
à´à´à´àµà´²àµà´·àµ
-à´à´¾à´·à´¾à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿à´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ ലളിതമായ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¹à´
പറà´àµà´à´¤àµàµ. à´à´¨àµâസാസàµ
-(Kansas)à´¸à´à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´ à´
à´¤àµà´ªàµà´²àµ à´à´°àµ
നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´ à´àµà´¾à´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµ:</p>
-
-<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf,
-but that page is no longer available. -->
-<blockquote><p>à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµ. à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´àµà´¡àµ,
à´¸àµà´à´¨àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
à´²à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´£àµàµ
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ, à´ à´àµà´¡àµ
-à´à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
നിഷà´à´°àµâà´·à´¤à´à´³àµâ
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´®àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´.</p></blockquote>
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
+from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little
+looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
+licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
+Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion
+is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
+official definition of open source. It includes many programs that are
+neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning
+that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
+term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open
+source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
+source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
+dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied
+the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use
+of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is
+freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
-<p>The New York Times has <a
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
-stretched the term</a> to refer to user beta testing — letting a few
-users try an early version and give confidential feedback — which
-proprietary software developers have practiced for decades.</p>
-
-<p>à´ à´ªàµà´°à´¶àµà´¨à´ à´¨àµà´°à´¿à´à´¾à´¨àµâ,
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´§à´¿à´à´¾à´°à´¿à´
നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
-വിരലàµâà´àµà´£àµà´àµà´ à´à´¨àµà´¨
മാരàµâà´àµà´à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¤àµàµ.
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
-തിരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´£àµà´ തിരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´²à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´
à´¤àµà´° ഫലവതàµà´¤à´²àµà´². à´«àµà´°àµ
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´¨àµà´¨
പദതàµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¾ à´°à´£àµà´àµàµ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´ വരാà´, à´
തിലàµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ,
-നമàµà´®à´³àµâ à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´àµà´ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´
തായതàµàµ à´«àµà´°àµ
à´¸àµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¾à´£àµ(à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´à´¾à´·à´£à´)
-à´«àµà´°àµ ബിയറലàµà´² (à´¸àµà´à´¨àµà´¯ à´à´àµà´·à´£à´)
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ മനസàµà´¸à´¿à´²à´¾à´¯
à´à´°à´¾à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ പിനàµà´¨àµ
-à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´²àµà´². à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¤àµà´¯à´¾
à´à´±àµà´±
-à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´®àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³àµ. à´
à´¤àµàµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ
à´à´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´
തായതàµàµ
-à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´§à´¿à´à´¾à´°à´¿à´ നിരàµâà´µà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ
വിശദàµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´¸à´à´àµà´·à´¿à´ªàµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯ à´à´°àµ à´°àµà´ªà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´¤àµàµ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´´à´ªàµà´ªà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
വഴിവയàµà´àµà´àµà´.</p>
-
-<p>“ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ “à´àµà´¨àµ à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµ
സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµàµ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ മറàµà´±àµà´¾à´°àµ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¦àµà´§à´¾à´°à´£. “à´«àµà´°àµ
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ” à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
“à´àµà´¨àµ സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¦àµà´§à´¾à´°à´£à´¯àµà´àµ
à´¤àµà´à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£à´¤àµàµ. à´à´µ à´°à´£àµà´àµà´
-à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´²àµ à´
ബദàµà´§à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´àµà´¨àµ
à´ªàµà´¾à´¤àµ സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´
à´à´àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´
-സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµ തനàµà´¨àµ à´à´¾à´°à´£à´.
à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ മിà´àµà´ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
-സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
സമàµà´®à´¤à´ªà´¤àµà´°à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<h3>à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´à´°àµ
നിà´à´®à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
-നയിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´…à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¯à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´²àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
മാതàµà´°à´</h3>
-
-<p>1960-à´à´³à´¿à´²àµ à´¤àµà´µà´¾à´¤àµà´¤àµà´µà´¿à´
à´¸à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´àµà´°àµà´ªàµà´ªàµâവഴà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
-à´ªàµà´°àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ: തനàµà´¤àµà´°
പരമായ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¿à´²àµâ à´à´¿à´²
-à´¸à´à´à´à´¨à´à´³àµâ
à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´°à´¿à´àµà´à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´ വലിയ
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¾à´¸à´®àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
à´
വരàµâ പരസàµà´ªà´°à´ ശതàµà´°àµà´àµà´à´³à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´°àµà´¤à´¿. വലതàµ
-à´ªà´àµà´·à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´à´¤à´¿à´²àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµà´
à´¸àµà´°à´·àµà´à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ, à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ à´à´à´¤àµ
à´ªà´àµà´·à´àµà´à´¾à´°àµ à´®àµà´´àµà´µà´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´àµà´±àµà´±à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´à´¤àµà´¾à´àµà´àµ à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯àµà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¤àµ.</p>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
+beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give
+confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have
+practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
+definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
+is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings,
+one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
+of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again.
+But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which
+is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no
+succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for
+worse confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it
+means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another
+misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered
+software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
+as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
+free software licenses.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
+two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
+basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to
+criticize the entire left.</p>
<p>à´à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ വിയàµà´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµàµ à´
à´¸à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´ªà´®à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´
വഹàµà´³à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
@@ -210,22 +179,19 @@
à´¸àµà´µà´à´¾à´µà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµ
നയിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£à´
à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯ à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ.</p>
-<p>à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ തനàµà´¨àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµà´, à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµà´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£à´
à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯ à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´
à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
-à´à´°àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¤àµà´° à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯
à´®àµà´²àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´³àµà´³
-à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤ à´à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâ à´à´°àµ
à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¦à´¿à´¤à´°à´¾à´à´¾à´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´¶àµà´°à´¦àµà´§àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´°àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµà´ à´
à´à´¾à´´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ വളരàµ
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ,
-à´à´µ à´°à´£àµà´àµà´ തിà´à´àµà´àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´¤àµà´¯à´¸àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯
à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
നയിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
-സാഹà´à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ മാറàµà´±à´
വരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´, വിതരണà´
à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´µà´¾à´¨àµà´
-പറàµà´±àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´ വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´ à´à´àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ
-à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´à´¶à´¯à´.
à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
തിനàµàµ
à´à´±à´ªàµà´ªàµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´¿à´²àµà´². à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ
സാമരàµâà´¤àµà´¥àµà´¯à´ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´µà´°à´¾à´à´£à´
-à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´². à´à´¿à´²à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
വരàµà´
à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´ വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´ à´à´¯
à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´±àµà´£àµà´àµàµ, à´
à´µ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
-മാനിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´.
à´
തിനàµà´àµàµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµà´
-à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµà´
à´à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´
à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´?</p>
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
+often work together on practical projects such as software development. It
+is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
+different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there
+are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
+different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
+the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not
+guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
+incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
+reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software
+activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
<p>à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´à´¶à´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ വിശàµà´µà´¸à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°àµâà´£àµà´£ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¨àµâ
പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´àµà´à´¨àµ
à´à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´: “à´à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
വിà´à´¸à´¨ മാതàµà´
@@ -235,72 +201,64 @@
à´à´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´à´³à´¯à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´¶àµà´°à´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
പദàµà´§à´¤à´¿à´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´àµà´¦à´¨à´®à´¾à´àµà´, à´
à´¤àµàµ
നഷàµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´
വഴിവàµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´.</p>
-<p>à´
തൠസമയഠà´à´°àµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´¾à´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´¨àµâ പറയàµà´:
-“നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¯àµà´à´ വളരàµ
à´à´à´°àµâà´·à´£àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ, à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
à´¤àµà´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
വിലയàµà´àµà´à´²àµà´². à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¨à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¤àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-പറàµà´±à´¿à´²àµà´². à´ªà´à´°à´ à´
തിനàµà´¾à´°àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´¾à´¯ à´ªà´à´°à´àµà´à´¾à´°à´¨àµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
-à´¸à´à´°à´à´à´¤àµà´¤àµ സഹായിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´¾à´¨àµâ തയàµà´¯à´¾à´±à´¾à´£àµàµ”à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´£àµàµ.
നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ നമàµà´®à´³àµâ
മാനിയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ, à´
à´¤àµàµ നിലനിരàµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµà´
-à´ªàµà´°à´¤à´¿à´°àµà´§à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
നമàµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´.</p>
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive,
+but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will
+support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our
+freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
-<h3>à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´, വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´ à´à´¯
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´
à´¦àµà´·à´¿à´àµà´à´¤à´¾à´à´¾à´</h3>
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
<p>à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´µà´¿à´¨àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨
ധാരണയിലാണàµàµ à´
à´¤àµàµ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´
വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´ à´à´à´£à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ à´
വരàµâ
à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´ വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´
à´à´£àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´®àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´³àµà´³ à´¸àµà´µà´¨à´ à´
à´¤àµàµ
à´²à´àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-<p>à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´à´°àµ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
-മാനിയàµà´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ മാതàµà´°à´®àµ à´
à´¤àµàµ à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµàµ
പറയാനàµâ
-à´à´´à´¿à´¯àµ. à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´à´àµà´à´²à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµ?à´
à´ªàµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´®à´¾à´¯
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ
-à´
തിനàµà´±àµ à´à´àµà´à´²à´à´³àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´àµà´°àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´,
വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¾à´²àµâ à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´´à´¿à´µà´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¯à´¾à´¸à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´®àµà´²àµâ
à´à´¾à´°à´ªàµà´ªà´£à´¿
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´, à´
വരàµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´,
പിനàµâവാതിലàµà´à´³àµâ à´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´,
നിരàµâബനàµà´§à´¿à´¤
-നവàµà´à´°à´£à´ à´¨à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´ à´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´¿à´¯
à´¦àµà´·àµà´à´²à´¾à´àµà´àµà´àµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³
à´à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´²àµâ
സാധാരണമാണàµàµ, à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ à´à´¿à´²
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâà´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´
-à´
à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´à´àµà´°à´¹à´®àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>Under the pressure of the movie and record companies, software for
-individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them.
-This malicious feature is known as DRM, or Digital Restrictions Management
-(see <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), and
-it is the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to
-provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your
-freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for
-you to change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
-
-<p>à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´à´¿à´² à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ “
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
-DRM” à´®àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´àµà´àµàµ
വയàµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. നിà´àµà´¢à´µà´¤àµà´à´°à´¿à´àµà´
മാധàµà´¯à´®à´àµà´à´³àµ(encrypted
-media) നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
-à´àµà´¡àµ à´à´µà´°àµâ
à´ªàµà´°à´¸à´¿à´¦àµà´§àµà´à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´
à´¤àµàµ തിരàµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ മറàµà´±àµà´³àµà´³à´µà´°àµ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´µà´´à´¿
നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¨àµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´³àµà´³
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´µàµà´
വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´µàµà´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
പിനàµà´¨àµà´àµàµ à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
മാറàµà´±à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´
à´¨àµà´µà´¦à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´à´ªà´à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²à´¾à´¯à´¿ à´
à´¤àµàµ
നിà´àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´ªà´àµà´à´²àµâ തനàµà´¨àµ
à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¿à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´,”
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
-à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£
മാതàµà´à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ à´
à´¤àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´. à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
à´¤àµàµ ശരിà´àµà´àµà´
-à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´
à´²à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´²
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¾à´à´¿à´²àµà´².
à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ നിരàµâà´®àµà´®à´¾à´£
മാതàµà´ à´
തിനàµ
-à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´¶à´àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´
വിശàµà´µà´¸àµà´¤à´¤à´¯àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´à´¿ നിà´àµà´à´³àµ
നിയനàµà´¤àµà´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´ªàµà´¤à´®à´¾à´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´à´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ
à´
à´¤àµàµ à´à´±àµà´±à´µàµà´ പരിതാപà´à´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<h3>à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¾à´àµà´³àµà´³
à´ªàµà´à´¿</h3>
-
-<p>“à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ”
സനàµà´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´à´ªà´°à´®à´¾à´¯
à´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ
-à´à´¿à´²à´°àµà´àµ
സമാധാനà´à´àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ “à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ” à´à´¨àµà´¨ പദà´
-à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¨àµà´¨àµ വരാനàµà´³àµà´³
à´®àµà´àµà´¯à´à´¾à´°à´£à´. à´
à´¤àµà´¶à´°à´¿à´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´,
-സനàµà´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¤à´¯àµà´ªà´±àµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´,
à´à´¤àµà´¤à´°à´µà´¾à´¦à´¿à´¤àµà´µà´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´,
à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´
-à´à´àµà´àµ പറയàµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ à´
വരàµâ à´
à´µà´à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´àµà´°à´¹à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
വിഷയà´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´ à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´àµà´à´¾à´-à´
വരàµà´àµ
സനàµà´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´à´®à´¾à´¯ à´¨à´à´ªà´à´¿à´à´³àµâ
ശരിയാണàµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´ മറàµà´±àµà´. à´
à´¤àµàµ
-à´
à´¸àµà´µà´¸àµà´¥à´¤à´¯àµà´£àµà´à´¾à´àµà´à´¾à´, à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâ
à´ à´à´¾à´à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´àµà´àµà´
à´à´¿à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâതനàµà´¨àµ
-തയàµà´¯à´¾à´±à´¾à´µà´¿à´²àµà´². à´
à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµà´¾à´¨àµà´¨àµà´ à´à´¤àµàµ
à´à´°àµâà´àµà´ à´àµà´¯àµà´¯à´°àµà´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´².</p>
-
-<p>à´à´¨àµà´¤à´¾à´¯à´¾à´²àµà´
“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâà´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ”
à´¨àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´àµà´à´¿à´¨àµà´¯à´¾à´£àµàµ
-നിശàµà´à´¯à´¿à´àµà´à´¤àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´
സനàµà´®à´¾à´°àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´à´¤à´¯àµ പറàµà´±à´¿à´¯àµà´
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
-പറയാതàµ, à´à´¿à´² à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ വളരൠà´
à´àµà´¤àµà´¤ à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ à´«à´²à´àµà´à´³àµ
പറàµà´±à´¿
-മാതàµà´°à´ à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´àµà´àµà´, à´
വരàµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-“വിലàµâà´àµà´à´¾à´” à´à´¨àµà´¨à´µà´°àµâ
à´âà´£àµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¿, à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´ªà´°à´.</p>
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
+freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
+powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
+they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
+restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
+proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
+in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM”
+software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
+designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
+to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
+restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in
+devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
+model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
+the users that actually run it. If the open source development model
+succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
+you, that will make it even worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
+the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free
+software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical
+issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
+ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not
+follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They
+figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
+about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business.</p>
<p>à´
തിനàµà´±àµà´¤à´¾à´¯ à´à´¾à´°à´£à´àµà´à´³à´¿à´²àµâ à´
സമàµà´ªà´¨à´ ഫലപàµà´°à´¦à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¸à´à´à´ªà´¾à´à´µà´
പല à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¯àµà´
à´µàµà´¯à´àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´¯àµà´ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµà´,
@@ -316,56 +274,47 @@
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´³à´¿à´¯à´¾à´µàµà´à´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµà´±àµ
പാതിവഴി വരàµà´¯àµ
âà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´³àµà´³àµ.</p>
-<p>താമസàµà´¸à´¿à´¯à´¾à´¤àµ, à´à´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´
à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´ à´®àµà´àµà´à´ à´à´¾à´°âണഠà´à´¤àµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ, à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´à´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
à´àµà´·à´£à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´.
à´à´£à´àµà´à´¿à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
-à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
à´àµà´à´¨àµ à´à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´²àµà´à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ സനàµà´¨à´¦àµà´§à´¤
-à´ªàµà´°à´à´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´£àµà´àµàµ.
à´à´¿à´²à´°àµâ à´¸àµà´à´¨àµà´¯ à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´³àµâ
തനàµà´¨àµ വാà´àµà´¦à´¾à´¨à´
-à´àµà´¯àµà´¯àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ. à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµâ
à´à´¨àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¤àµàµ à´µàµà´£àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ
à´µàµà´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´?à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµâ
നലàµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨ à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
മാനിയàµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ à´
വരàµâ
-പഠിà´àµà´àµà´àµà´à´¿à´²àµâ മാതàµà´°à´,
സാà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¿à´à´®àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯àµà´à´¿à´à´®àµ à´à´¯
à´¸àµà´à´°àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµà´ªà´°à´¿
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´
തിനàµà´±àµ
വിശാലമായ à´
à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¥à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ
തനàµà´¨àµ മനസàµà´¸à´¿à´²à´¾à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ
-മാതàµà´°à´. à´ à´à´¶à´¯à´
à´ªàµà´°à´à´°à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ നമàµà´®à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿
-à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´.
à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµàµ à´à´°àµ
പരിധിവരàµà´¯àµà´³àµà´³ “ നിശബàµà´¦à´®à´¾à´¯
”
-സമàµà´ªà´¨à´, സമàµà´¹à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
നലàµà´²à´¤à´¾à´£àµàµ. à´ªà´àµà´·àµ à´
à´¤àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµà´¾à´àµà´³àµà´³
à´¸àµà´¨àµà´¹à´
-à´à´¿à´±àµà´àµà´à´¾à´£àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ à´¤àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´°àµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ വിപàµà´²à´®à´¾à´àµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ à´
à´ªà´à´à´à´°à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ.</p>
-
-<p>à´ à´à´ªà´¤àµà´à´àµà´à´®à´¾à´£àµàµ
നമàµà´®à´³àµâà´àµà´à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµà´´àµà´³àµà´³à´¤àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
-à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±âà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´ªà´¯àµà´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´ªàµà´°àµà´
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµà´
-പറയാതàµà´¤ à´
വസàµà´¥ - മിà´àµà´à´µà´¾à´±àµà´
“à´µàµà´¯à´µà´¸à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ à´
താണàµàµ à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
-à´¸àµà´µàµà´à´¾à´°àµà´¯à´¤ ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´à´¾à´£à´¤àµàµ.
à´à´¤à´¾âà´£àµà´àµàµ à´à´²àµà´²à´¾ à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
-à´µà´à´àµà´¦à´àµà´à´³àµà´, à´
à´à´¿à´¸àµà´¥à´¾à´¨
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸à´à´µà´¿à´§à´¾à´¨à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨àµàµ
à´ªàµà´±à´®àµ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´à´à´à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´àµà´°àµâà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.
à´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµ à´
à´¤àµà´¾à´°àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´¤àµà´¯àµà´à´¤à´¯à´¾à´¯à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
à´à´¾à´£à´¾à´¨à´¾à´£à´µà´°àµâ
-à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµàµ
പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµàµ-à´
à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നിനàµà´¨àµàµ
-പിനàµà´¨à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµà´³àµà´³ à´à´°àµ
à´àµà´µà´àµà´µàµà´ªàµà´ªà´¾à´¯à´²àµà´².</p>
-
-<p>à´ à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ à´
ധിà´à´µàµà´
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´¨à´¾à´¯à´¿
-നിലà´àµà´¾à´³àµà´³à´¾à´àµà´à´¤àµà´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµàµ,
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±àµà´à´³àµà´àµ à´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´ à´
à´¨àµà´¬à´¨àµà´§à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´à´¾à´à´¿à´à´®à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°à´®à´²àµà´²à´¾à´¤àµà´¤à´¤àµà´®à´¾à´¯
à´àµà´¨àµ/ ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ വിതരണà´àµà´à´³àµâ à´
വിà´àµ നലàµà´² വിളനിലà´
-à´à´£àµà´àµ. à´à´¤àµàµ യാദàµà´¶àµà´à´¿à´à´®à´²àµà´².
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´àµà´¨àµ/ലിനà´àµà´¸àµ
à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµà´àµà´¯àµà´
-à´®àµà´®àµà´ªà´¿à´²àµâ à´
വതരിപàµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´ªàµà´ªàµà´àµà´à´¤àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´ à´à´°àµ à´²à´àµà´·àµà´¯à´®à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´à´²àµà´ªà´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ “ à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ
à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ”
-à´à´°àµâà´àµà´à´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ.
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ
à´à´¯à´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´ªàµà´ªà´¿à´à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤
à´àµà´¯àµà´¤à´¿à´à´³àµà´
-à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ പറàµà´±à´¿
à´¸à´à´¸à´¾à´°à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¤àµà´¤ വാà´àµà´àµà´à´³àµà´
പരസàµà´ªà´°à´ªàµà´°à´à´àµà´à´³à´¾à´¯à´¿
-à´
à´¨àµà´¯àµà´¾à´¨àµà´¯à´ സഹായിà´àµà´àµ. à´
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´£à´¤à´¯àµ മറിà´à´à´àµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´¤àµà´¤àµ à´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµàµ
-à´àµà´±à´µà´²àµà´² à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ
à´à´°àµâà´àµà´à´à´³à´¾à´£àµàµ നമàµà´àµà´à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´</p>
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
+software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer
+such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
+value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
+convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk
+about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to
+business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
+so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with
+free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
+find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
+with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were
+introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which
+doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom
+and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
+the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
<h3>പരിസമാപàµà´¤à´¿</h3>
-<p>à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ
à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ
à´àµà´àµà´à´¾à´¯àµà´®à´¯à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ
à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯
-à´à´ªà´àµà´àµà´¤à´¾à´àµà´à´³àµ
à´àµà´¾à´£àµà´àµà´µà´°àµà´®àµà´ªàµà´³àµâ, നമàµà´®à´³àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´° à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ
-à´ªàµà´°à´µà´°àµâà´¤àµà´¤à´à´°àµâ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´ à´à´¨àµà´¨ വിഷയà´
à´ªàµà´¤à´¿à´¯à´µà´°àµà´àµ à´¶àµà´°à´¦àµà´§à´¯à´¿à´²àµâ
à´ªàµà´àµà´¤àµà´¤à´¾à´¨àµâ
-à´àµà´àµà´¤à´²àµâ à´¶àµà´°à´®à´¿à´¯àµà´àµà´à´£à´.
“à´à´¤àµàµ à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´±à´¾à´£àµàµ à´à´¤àµàµ
-നിà´àµà´à´³àµâà´àµà´àµàµ
à´¸àµà´µà´¾à´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°àµà´¯à´ നലàµâà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ! ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨àµàµ à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤àµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¾à´³àµà´
-à´à´àµà´à´¤àµà´¤à´¿à´²àµâ നാഠപറയâà´£à´.
“à´à´ªàµà´ªà´£àµâ à´¸àµà´´àµà´¸àµ ”
à´à´¨àµà´¨à´¤à´¿à´¨àµ à´ªà´à´°à´
-“à´¸àµà´µà´¤à´¨àµà´¤àµà´°
à´¸àµà´«àµà´±àµà´±àµâà´µàµà´¯à´°àµâ ” à´à´¨àµà´¨àµ
പറയàµà´¨àµà´¨ à´à´°àµ à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´µà´¶àµà´¯à´µàµà´
-നിà´àµà´à´³àµâ നമàµà´®àµà´àµ സമരതàµà´¤àµ
സഹായിà´àµà´àµà´¨àµà´¨àµ.</p>
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
+software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
+to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives
+you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say
+“free software” rather than “open source,” you help
+our campaign.</p>
<h4>à´
à´à´¿à´àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´ªàµà´ªàµàµ</h4>
<p>
-Joe Barr wrote an article called <a
-href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Live and let
-license</a> that gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
Lakhani and Wolf's <a
@@ -385,12 +334,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ml.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-à´à´«àµ à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµ -നൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´ à´àµà´¨àµ
-വിനൠà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´®àµà´³àµà´³
à´àµà´¦àµà´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´¸à´à´¶à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>
à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´
യയàµà´àµà´àµà´. à´à´«àµ
-à´à´¸àµ à´à´«àµà´®à´¾à´¯à´¿ ബനàµà´§à´ªàµà´ªàµà´à´¾à´¨àµâ <a
href="/contact">മറàµà´±àµ വഴിà´à´³àµà´ à´à´£àµà´àµàµ </a>.
<br
-/>à´¤àµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´¯ à´à´£àµà´£à´¿à´à´³àµà´àµà´±à´¿à´àµà´àµà´
മറàµà´±àµàµ നിരàµâà´¦àµà´¦àµà´¶à´àµà´à´³àµà´ à´
à´à´¿à´ªàµà´°à´¾à´¯à´àµà´à´³àµà´ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a> à´à´¨àµà´¨
-വിലാസതàµà´¤à´¿à´²àµà´¯àµà´àµà´àµàµ à´à´´àµà´¤àµà´
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>à´ªà´à´°àµâà´ªàµà´ªà´µà´à´¾à´¶à´ © 2007
റിà´àµà´à´¾à´°àµâഡൠസàµà´±àµà´±à´¾à´³àµâമാനàµâ<br
/>à´
@@ -409,7 +357,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
à´ªàµà´¤àµà´àµà´à´¿à´¯à´¤àµàµ:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -425,7 +373,7 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [At]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a hreflang="bg"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:40 -0000
1.8
+++ open-source-misses-the-point.ru.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000
1.9
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑй код пÑоигÑÑваеÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑпеÑениÑ
-- ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (FSF)</title>
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
+Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “оÑкÑÑÑÑй код” пÑоигÑÑваеÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммномÑ
-обеÑпеÑениÑ</h2>
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
<p><strong>РиÑаÑд СÑоллмен</strong></p>
@@ -20,197 +19,154 @@
напÑимеÑ, “free speech - ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑ”,
но “free beer
- беÑплаÑное пиво”.</p>
-<p>Такие ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ необÑ
одимÑ. Ðни
ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑ, не ÑолÑко Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
-индивидÑÑма, но и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑодвижениÑ
обÑеÑÑвенной ÑолидаÑноÑÑи — как
-Ñазделение и ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво. ÐажноÑÑÑ
Ñвобод ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñем болÑÑе, Ñем бÑÑÑÑее
-наÑа кÑлÑÑÑÑа и Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð² Ñелом
“оÑиÑÑовÑваÑÑÑÑ”. РмиÑе ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
-звÑков, изобÑажений, Ñлов, Ñвободное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение ÑÑановиÑÑÑ
-ÑÑезвÑÑайно пÑиÑавненнÑм к Ñвободе в
обÑем.</p>
-
-<p>ÐеÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð² лÑдей по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ
иÑполÑзÑÑÑ Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение: ÑколÑ, в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑегионаÑ
Ðндии и ÐÑпании ÑепеÑÑ ÑÑаÑ
-ÑÑÑденÑов ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² Ñвободной <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">
-опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux</a>. Ðо
болÑÑинÑÑво из ÑÑиÑ
полÑзоваÑелей
-никогда не ÑлÑÑали о ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑиÑинаÑ
Ñади коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ñазвиваем ÑÑÑ
-ÑиÑÑемÑ
-и ÑÑÑоим cообÑеÑÑво cвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
ÑегоднÑ
-ÑÑа ÑиÑÑема и ÑообÑеÑÑво опиÑÑваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
“open source”
-(пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм кодом)
и пÑипиÑÑваеÑÑÑ Ðº дÑÑгой
-ÑилоÑоÑии,
-где ÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи не ÑпоминаÑÑÑÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Ðвижение за Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение ÑÑо ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð° ÑвободÑ
-полÑзоваÑелей, оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² 1983 годÑ. Ð 1984
Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали ÑазÑабоÑкÑ
-Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, Ñак мÑ
могли избежаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
-опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑе оÑвеÑгаÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей. Ð 80-е
-года, Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑали болÑÑинÑÑво
ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
компоненÑов Ñакой ÑиÑÑемÑ,
-а Ñакже <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">General Public License</a>,
лиÑензиÑ,
-ÑозданнÑÑ ÑпеÑиалÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
заÑиÑиÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей
-пÑогÑаммÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Ðднако, не вÑе полÑзоваÑели и
ÑазÑабоÑÑики Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑоглаÑилиÑÑ Ñ ÑелÑми движениÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑениÑ.
-Ð 1998 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑкололаÑÑ
-и
-возглавила движение под названием “open
source”. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑмин бÑл
-избÑан изнаÑалÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ
возможной пÑÑаниÑÑ Ñ ÑеÑмином “free
-software”, но оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑÑо он вÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ наÑал
аÑÑоÑииÑоваÑÑÑÑ Ñ
-ÑилоÑоÑÑкими взглÑдами движениÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.</p>
-
-<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе ÑÑоÑонники “open source”
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑивали ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ
-“маÑкеÑинговой компанией длÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑениє,
-коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¸Ð»Ð° на пÑакÑике полÑÑиÑÑ
опÑеделÑннÑе пÑеимÑÑеÑÑва
-пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑм, и избегаÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑли по
Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑо пÑавилÑно, а ÑÑо неÑ,
-коÑоÑÑе
-Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не Ñ
оÑели ÑлÑÑаÑÑ. ÐÑÑгие
ÑÑоÑонники наоÑÑез оÑказÑвалиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
-ÑÑиÑеÑкой
-и ÑоÑиалÑной знаÑимоÑÑи движениÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.
Ðакими
-Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ бÑли иÑ
взглÑдÑ, но когда они
ÑаÑовали за “open source”,
-они не пÑиводили и не оÑÑÑаивали идеи
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑениÑ. ТеÑмин “open source” бÑÑÑÑо
ÑÑал аÑÑоÑииÑоваÑÑÑÑ
-ÑолÑко Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑеÑким пÑименением, Ñаким,
как напÑимеÑ, Ñоздание моÑного,
-надÑжного пÑогÑаммно обеÑпеÑениÑ.
ÐолÑÑинÑÑво ÑÑоÑонников “open source
-” бÑло за ÑÑо Ñ Ñамого оÑнованиÑ, и
именно ÑÑа пÑакÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑоÑона
-длÑ
-ниÑ
важна.</p>
-
-<p>ÐоÑÑи вÑе пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение c
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
-ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением. Ðба
ÑеÑмина опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи одинаковÑе
-каÑегоÑии пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ. Ðо
они ÑÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазнÑÑ
взглÑдаÑ
,
-оÑнованнÑÑ
на изнаÑалÑно пÑоÑивоположнÑÑ
ÑенноÑÑÑÑ
. “Open source
-” - ÑÑо меÑодика ÑазÑабоÑки, Ñвободное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение -
-обÑеÑÑвенное движение. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
-Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение ÑÑо
ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимоÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
-ÑолÑко Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей.
-ÐапÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑаÑÑа — ÑилоÑоÑиÑ
“open source”
-ÑаÑÑмаÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑделаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение лÑÑÑе —
-ÑолÑко в пÑакÑиÑеÑком знаÑении. Ðно
говоÑиÑ, ÑÑо неÑвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение ÑÑо ÑÑбопÑималÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема.
Ðднако, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñвободного
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, ÑÑо
-ÑоÑиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема и движение к Ñвободе в
миÑе Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного,
-ÑÑо ÑеÑение ÑÑой пÑоблемÑ.</p>
-
-<p>Свободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, или
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
-кодом — еÑли ÑÑо одно и Ñо же
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, Ñазве Ñак важно
-какой из двÑÑ
ÑеÑминов Ð²Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзÑеÑе? Ðа.
ÐоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑÑи ÑазнÑе Ñлова
-подÑазÑмеваÑÑ ÑазнÑе идеи. Ðока ÑолÑко
ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, а не именÑÑÑиеÑÑ
-по дÑÑгомÑ, даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑже ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑегоднÑ;
ÑÑÑановление ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑазлиÑнÑми
-пÑÑÑми завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñего, ÑÑо ÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð»Ñдей
ÑенноÑÑи ÑвободÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе
-помоÑÑ
-ÑÑомÑ, Ñогда ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно важно говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
“Ñвободном пÑогÑаммном
-обеÑпеÑении”.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑ, ÑÑаÑÑники Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ, не дÑмаем о
-лагеÑе
-open source как о вÑагаÑ
: вÑаг —
пÑопÑиеÑаÑное (не Ñвободное)
-пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение. Ðо Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»Ñди знали,
ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑÑоим за ÑвободÑ, Ñакже
-мÑ
-не допÑÑкаем невеÑного ÑÐ¾Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ наÑ,
как о ÑÑоÑонникаÑ
open source.</p>
-
-<h3>ÐбÑие недоÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениє и
-“
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом”</h3>
-
-<p>ТеÑмин “Ñвободное пÑогÑамное
обеÑпеÑение” ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
-невеÑного ÑолкованиÑ: неÑмÑÑленного
мнениÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение,
-коÑоÑое Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе полÑÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° нÑлевÑÑ
ÑенÑ, подÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¶Ðµ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑмин ÑолÑко к
-знаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ,
коÑоÑое даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ некоÑоÑÑе
-ÑвободÑ.
-ÐÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑаемÑÑ Ðº ÑÑой пÑоблеме пÑбликÑÑ
опÑеделение “Ñвободного
-пÑогÑамного обеÑпеÑениє, и говоÑим
“ÐÑмайÑе о Ñвободной ÑеÑи, а
-не о беÑплаÑном пиве”. ÐÑо не лÑÑÑее
ÑеÑение, ÑÑо не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ
-ÑÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ. ÐднознаÑнÑй,
пÑавилÑнÑй ÑеÑмин лÑÑÑе, еÑли он не имееÑ
-дÑÑгиÑ
пÑоблем.</p>
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just for the
+individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they promote
+social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly
+digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free software
+becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software; the
+schools of regions of India and Spain now teach all students to use the free
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating system</a>. Most of
+these users, however, have never heard of the ethical reasons for which we
+developed this system and built the free software community, because
+nowadays this system and community are more often spoken of as “open
+source,”, attributing them to a different philosophy in which these
+freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users' freedom since
+1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free operating system GNU,
+so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems that deny freedom to
+their users. During the 1980s, we developed most of the essential
+components of the system and designed the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU
+General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to release them under—a license
+designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software agreed with the goals
+of the free software movement. In 1998, a part of the free software
+community splintered off and began campaigning in the name of “open
+source.” The term was originally proposed to avoid a possible
+misunderstanding of the term “free software,” but it soon became
+associated with philosophical views quite different from those of the free
+software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a “marketing
+campaign for free software,” which would appeal to business executives
+by highlighting the software's practical benefits, while not raising issues
+of right and wrong that they might not like to hear. Other supporters
+flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and social values.
+Whichever their views, when campaigning for open source, they neither cited
+nor advocated those values. The term “open source” quickly
+became associated with ideas and arguments based only on practical values,
+such as making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the
+supporters of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms describe
+almost the same category of software, but they stand for views based on
+fundamentally different values. Open source is a development methodology;
+free software is a social movement. For the free software movement, free
+software is an ethical imperative, because only free software respects the
+users' freedom. By contrast, the philosophy of open source considers issues
+in terms of how to make software “better”—in a practical
+sense only. It says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the
+practical problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move
+to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software, does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words
+convey different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends
+above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this,
+it is essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source camp as an
+enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But we want people to
+know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being mislabeled as open
+source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open
+Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation: an
+unintended meaning, “software you can get for zero price,” fits
+the term just as well as the intended meaning, “software which gives
+the user certain freedoms.” We address this problem by publishing the
+definition of free software, and by saying “Think of ‘free
+speech,’ not ‘free beer.’” This is not a perfect
+solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and
+correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems.</p>
<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of their own.
-We've looked at many alternatives that people have suggested, but none is so
-clearly “right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
-instance, in some contexts the French/Spanish word "libre" can be used, but
-people in India do not recognize the word at all.) Every proposed
+We've looked at many that people have suggested, but none is so clearly
+“right” that switching to it would be a good idea. (For
+instance, in some contexts the French and Spanish word “libre”
+works well, but people in India do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed
replacement for “free software” has some kind of semantic
problem—and this includes “open source software.”</p>
-<p><a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>ÐÑиÑиалÑное
опÑеделение
-пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом</a>
(коÑоÑое опÑбликовано ÐниÑиаÑивной
-гÑÑппой пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом и ÑлиÑком
-длинное,
-ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиводиÑÑ Ð·Ð´ÐµÑÑ) пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ
коÑвенно из наÑиÑ
кÑиÑеÑиев о Ñвободном
-пÑогÑаммном обеÑпеÑении. Ðо оно не одно и
Ñоже, оно немного пÑоигÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²
-некоÑоÑÑÑ
аÑпекÑаÑ
, Ñак как ÑÑоÑонники open
source пÑинÑли неÑколÑко
-лиÑензий,
-коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ ÑÑиÑаем неопÑавданно
огÑаниÑиваÑÑими полÑзоваÑелей. Тем не
менее,
-оно вÑе же доÑÑаÑоÑно близко к наÑемÑ
опÑÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑакÑике.</p>
-
-<p>Ðднако, оÑевидное знаÑение вÑÑажениÑ
“пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение Ñ
-оÑкÑÑÑÑм
-иÑÑ
однÑм кодом” — “ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
поÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй
-код”,
-и болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, поÑ
оже, дÑмаÑÑ ÑÑо оно
ÑÑо и ознаÑаеÑ. ÐÑо на много
-Ñлабое
-опÑеделение, Ñем Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение и более Ñлабое, Ñем
-оÑиÑиалÑное опÑеделение open source. Так под
него Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво
-пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе не ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸
ÑвободнÑми, ни Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом.</p>
-
-<p>Ð ÑвÑзи Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо оÑевиднÑй ÑмÑÑл “open
source” не ознаÑаеÑ, Ñо
-ÑÑо он пÑизван оÑÑÑаиваÑÑ, болÑÑинÑÑво
лÑдей не понимаÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑмин. ÐоÑ
-как
-пиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ðил СÑеÑенÑон опÑеделил ÑеÑмин
“open source”:</p>
-
- <blockquote><p>Linux â ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм кодом, ознаÑаÑÑее,
-ÑлеменÑаÑно,
-ÑÑо лÑбой Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ñайлов его
иÑÑ
однÑÑ
кодов.</p></blockquote>
-
-<p>Я не дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо он ÑознаÑелÑно ÑÑÑемилÑÑ
оÑпоÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ оÑвеÑгнÑÑÑ “
-оÑиÑиалÑное” опÑеделение. Я дÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð½
пÑоÑÑо пÑименил ÑоглаÑование
-английÑкого ÑзÑка Ñо знаÑением ÑеÑмина.
ШÑÐ°Ñ ÐÐ°Ð½Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñбликовал аналогиÑное
-опÑеделение:</p>
-
-<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf,
-but that page is no longer available. -->
-<blockquote><p>ÐÑполÑзование пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом (OSS).
OSS
-— ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, иÑÑ
однÑй
код коÑоÑого Ñвободно и
-пÑблиÑно
-доÑÑÑпен, поÑÑедÑÑвом ÑпеÑиалÑного
лиÑензионного ÑоглаÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñнного Ñак,
-ÑÑо оно ÑазÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑо делаÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим
кодом.</p></blockquote>
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived indirectly
+from our criteria for free software. It is not the same; it is a little
+looser in some respects, so open source supporters have accepted a few
+licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive of the users.
+Nonetheless, it is fairly close to our definition in practice.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That criterion
+is much weaker than the free software definition, much weaker also than the
+official definition of open source. It includes many programs that are
+neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the meaning
+that its advocates intend, the result is that most people misunderstand the
+term. According to writer Neal Stephenson, “Linux is ‘open
+source’ software meaning, simply, that anyone can get copies of its
+source code files.” I don't think he deliberately sought to reject or
+dispute the “official” definition. I think he simply applied
+the conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition: “Make use
+of open-source software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is
+freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
-<p>The New York Times has <a
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i> has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
-stretched the term</a> to refer to user beta testing — letting a few
-users try an early version and give confidential feedback — which
-proprietary software developers have practiced for decades.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑди из open source пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим
ÑказÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° иÑ
оÑиÑиалÑное
-опÑеделение, но ÑÑа коÑÑекÑиÑовка менее
ÑÑÑекÑивна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
, Ñем Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ.
-ТеÑмин “Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение” Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð´Ð²Ð°
-еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
знаÑениÑ, одно из коÑоÑÑÑ
пÑедполагаеÑ, ÑÑо Ñеловек, коÑоÑÑй
-Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ñ “ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑ, а не
беÑплаÑное пиво”, никогда
-не воÑпÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ непÑавилÑно. Ðо “open
source” Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑолÑко одно
-еÑÑеÑÑвенное знаÑение, коÑоÑое оÑлиÑно оÑ
знаÑениÑ, коÑоÑое в него
-вкладÑваÑÑ
-его акÑивиÑÑÑ. Ðе ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑкого
пÑÑи, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑниÑÑ Ð¸ опÑавдаÑÑ
-оÑиÑиалÑное опÑеделение “open source”.
ÐÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº
-неÑазбеÑиÑ
е.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾ заблÑждение, ÑÑо “open source”
не иÑполÑзÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑензиÑ
-GNU GPL. РведÑÑ Ð·Ð° Ñобой дÑÑгое заблÑждение,
ÑÑо Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
под покÑовиÑелÑÑÑвом GPL. ÐÑо
-одинаково оÑибоÑно ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU GPL
лиÑензией open source, и еÑÑ
-болÑÑе ÑÑиÑаÑÑ open source лиÑензии лиÑензиÑми
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑениÑ.</p>
-
-<h3>РазлиÑнÑе ÑенноÑÑи могÑÑ Ð¿ÑивеÑÑи к
подобнÑм заклÑÑениÑм… но не
-вÑегда</h3>
-
-<p>РадикалÑнÑе гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ Ð² 1960-е Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ»Ð¸
ÑепÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑакÑионалиÑÑов: некоÑоÑÑе
-оÑганизаÑии ÑазделÑлиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·-за
неÑоглаÑованноÑÑи в деÑалÑÑ
ÑÑÑаÑегии,
заÑем
-две
-доÑеÑние гÑÑÐ¿Ð¿Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑалиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом
как вÑаги, неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑо они
-имели одни и Ñе же оÑновнÑе Ñели и
ÑенноÑÑи. ÐÑавое кÑÑло добилоÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð³Ð¾,
-и иÑполÑзовало ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÑиÑики левÑÑ
.</p>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to user
+beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and give
+confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers have
+practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their official
+definition, but that corrective approach is less effective for them than it
+is for us. The term “free software” has two natural meanings,
+one of which is the intended meaning, so a person who has grasped the idea
+of “free speech, not free beer” will not get it wrong again.
+But the term “open source” has only one natural meaning, which
+is different from the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no
+succinct way to explain and justify its official definition. That makes for
+worse confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea that it
+means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to accompany another
+misunderstanding that “free software” means “GPL-covered
+software.” These are equally mistaken, since the GNU GPL is accepted
+as an open source license and most of the open source licenses qualify as
+free software licenses.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy, and the
+two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite having similar
+basic goals and values. The right wing made much of this and used it to
+criticize the entire left.</p>
<p>ÐекоÑоÑÑе пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾Ð¾ÑениваÑÑ
движение Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ,
@@ -222,24 +178,19 @@
ÑазвиÑие
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ.</p>
-<p>Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе, лÑди из движениÑ
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ из
-лагеÑÑ
-open source ÑаÑÑо ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑе над
пÑакÑиÑеÑкими пÑоекÑами, Ñакими как
-ÑазвиÑие пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ. ÐÑо
замеÑаÑелÑно, ÑÑо Ñакие ÑазнÑе
-ÑилоÑоÑÑкие взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ñак ÑаÑÑо
моÑивиÑоваÑÑ ÑазнÑÑ
лÑдей на ÑÑаÑÑие в
-ÑакиÑ
-пÑоекÑаÑ
. Тем не менее, ÑÑи взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð¾ÑенÑ
ÑазлиÑнÑ, и бÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑаÑии, когда
-они
-пÑиводÑÑ Ðº оÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑазнÑм дейÑÑвиÑм.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом, в Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
-позволÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм изменÑÑÑ Ð¸
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение,
-Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ более моÑнÑм и надÑжнÑм. Ðо ÑÑо
не гаÑанÑиÑовано. РазÑабоÑÑики
-пÑопÑиеÑаÑного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ
необÑзаÑелÑно некомпеÑенÑнÑ. Ðногда
-они ÑоздаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе более
моÑнÑе и надÑжнÑе, даже неÑмоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñо,
-ÑÑо они не ÑважаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей.
Ðак акÑивиÑÑÑ Ñвободного
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑнÑÑзиаÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
-иÑÑ
однÑм кодом ÑеагиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо?</p>
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open source camp
+often work together on practical projects such as software development. It
+is remarkable that such different philosophical views can so often motivate
+different people to participate in the same projects. Nonetheless, there
+are situations where these fundamentally different views lead to very
+different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and redistribute
+the software will make it more powerful and reliable. But this is not
+guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are not necessarily
+incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that is powerful and
+reliable, even though it does not respect the users' freedom. Free software
+activists and open source enthusiasts will react very differently to that.</p>
<p>ЧиÑÑÑй ÑнÑÑзиаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом,
пока он
не
@@ -252,78 +203,64 @@
и
пÑивÑÐ´Ñ Ðº ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑеÑе.</p>
-<p>ÐкÑивиÑÑ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑкажеÑ: “ÐаÑа пÑогÑамма
-оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑивлекаÑелÑна, но не ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹
ÑвободÑ. Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· неÑ.
-ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑÐ¶Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑ, коÑоÑÑй
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ
-ваÑей пÑогÑамме.” ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñеним наÑÑ
ÑвободÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ дейÑÑвоваÑÑ
-Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐµÐµ поддеÑÐ¶Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ заÑиÑÑ.</p>
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very attractive,
+but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program. Instead I will
+support a project to develop a free replacement.” If we value our
+freedom, we can act to maintain and defend it.</p>
-<h3>ÐоÑное, надÑжное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð¾Ñ
им</h3>
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
<p>ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑнÑм и надÑжнÑм идÑÑ Ð¸Ð·
пÑедположениÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение ÑоздаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑлÑÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
полÑзоваÑелÑм. ÐÑли оно моÑное и надÑжное,
ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо оно ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð¼
лÑÑÑе.</p>
-<p>Ðо ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
ÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ñвоим полÑзоваÑелÑм, можно
-ÑолÑко Ñогда, когда оно ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
ÑвободÑ.
ЧÑо, еÑли пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение
-ÑоздаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÑÑÑ Ñепи на
его полÑзоваÑелей? Тогда
-моÑноÑÑÑ,
-ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо Ñепи жмÑÑ ÑилÑно, и надÑжно, и
иÑ
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñложнее ÑнÑÑÑ.
-ÐÑедоноÑнÑе ÑÑнкÑии, Ñакие как Ñпионаж за
полÑзоваÑелÑми, огÑаниÑение
-полÑзоваÑелей, лазейки (backdoors), и
навÑзÑваемÑе Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ
-пÑопÑиеÑаÑнÑм пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением и
некоÑоÑÑе ÑÑоÑонники open source
-Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ñоже Ñамое.</p>
-
-<p>Ðод пÑеÑÑом видео- и аÑдио-запиÑÑваÑÑиÑ
компаний, ÑоздаÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑаÑÑнÑÑ
лиÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
. ÐÑа
-злонамеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑнкÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑна как DRM, или
УпÑавление ÑиÑÑовÑми
-огÑаниÑениÑми
-(Digital Restrictions Management) (ÑмоÑÑиÑе <a
-href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), и ÑÑо
-анÑиÑÐµÐ·Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
Ñ ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ñвободное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение вÑбÑало
-Ñвоей
-ÑелÑÑ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавиÑÑ. Рне ÑолÑко дÑÑ
Ñ: ÑелÑ
DRM ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ
-ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ, ÑазÑабоÑÑики DRM ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑделаÑÑ ÑложнÑм, невозможнÑм или
-даже нелегалÑнÑм возможноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ
вами пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, коÑоÑое
-ÑеализÑÐµÑ DRM.</p>
-
-<p>Ð Ñже некоÑоÑÑе ÑÑоÑонники open source
пÑедложили пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
-“open source DRM”. ÐÑ
Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑобÑ
пÑбликÑÑ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй код
-пÑогÑамм ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ
, ÑÑобÑ
огÑаниÑиваÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп к кодиÑованнÑм
-ноÑиÑелÑм,
-и позволÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим менÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑоздаÑÑ
более моÑное, надÑжное пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑениÑ
полÑзоваÑелей, ÑакиÑ
как вÑ. РпоÑом оно
бÑдеÑ
-доÑÑавлено вам в виде ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв, коÑоÑÑе
не бÑдÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ позволÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑо пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ
“open source,”, и
-иÑполÑзоваÑÑ open source Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки, но
оно не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑм
-пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾
не ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей,
-коÑоÑÑе ÑакÑиÑеÑки запÑÑÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾. ÐÑли open
source Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки
-пÑеÑÑпееÑ
-в ÑазÑабоÑке Ñакого пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ моÑного и надÑжного
-огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ, Ñо ÑÑо ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ еÑÑ Ñ
Ñже.</p>
-
-<h3>ÐоÑÐ·Ð½Ñ ÑвободÑ</h3>
-
-<p>ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÑиваÑÐ¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑмина
“пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
-иÑÑ
однÑм кодом” заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо
ÑÑиÑеÑкие идеи Ñвободного
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑиводÑÑ
некоÑоÑÑÑ
лÑдей в ÑÑевожное ÑоÑÑоÑние.
-ÐÑо пÑавда: ÑазговоÑÑ Ð¾ Ñвободе, об
ÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
вопÑоÑаÑ
, об оÑвеÑÑÑвенноÑÑи,
-а заодно и ÑдобÑÑве заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
дÑмаÑÑ Ð¾ веÑаÑ
, коÑоÑÑе они возможно
-пÑедпоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ð³Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑоваÑÑ, незавиÑимо оÑ
ÑÑиÑноÑÑи иÑ
поведениÑ. ÐÑо можеÑ
-вÑзÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑкомÑоÑÑ, и некоÑоÑÑе лÑди
могÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо закÑÑÑÑ Ñвой ÑазÑм длÑ
-Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¹ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ. Ðо из ÑÑого не ÑледÑеÑ,
-ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑÑаÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑиÑ
веÑаÑ
.</p>
-
-<p>Тем не менее, именно ÑÑо ÑеÑили ÑделаÑÑ
лидеÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ “пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом”.
Ðни поÑÑиÑали, ÑÑо ÑмалÑиваÑ
-об ÑÑике и Ñвободе, и говоÑÑ ÑолÑко о
мгновеннÑÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑваÑ
-опÑеделÑнного Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ, они ÑмогÑÑ
-“пÑодаваÑÑ” пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
более ÑÑÑекÑивно
-опÑеделÑннÑм
-полÑзоваÑелÑм, оÑобенно бизнеÑменам.</p>
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects their
+freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its users? Then
+powerfulness means the chains are more constricting, and reliability that
+they are harder to remove. Malicious features, such as spying on the users,
+restricting the users, back doors, and imposed upgrades are common in
+proprietary software, and some open source supporters want to implement them
+in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for individuals
+to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict them. This
+malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a> and is the
+antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims to provide. And
+not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to trample your freedom, DRM
+developers try to make it hard, impossible, or even illegal for you to
+change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source DRM”
+software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code of programs
+designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by allowing others
+to change it, they will produce more powerful and reliable software for
+restricting users like you. The software would then be delivered to you in
+devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open source development
+model, but it won't be free software since it won't respect the freedom of
+the users that actually run it. If the open source development model
+succeeds in making this software more powerful and reliable for restricting
+you, that will make it even worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source camp from
+the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of “free
+software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising ethical
+issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer to
+ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It does not
+follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source decided to do. They
+figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and freedom, and talking only
+about the immediate practical benefits of certain free software, they might
+be able to “sell” the software more effectively to certain
+users, especially business.</p>
<p>ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
од оказалÑÑ ÑÑÑекÑивнÑм Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑобÑÑвенной ÑоÑки зÑениÑ. РиÑоÑика
Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом Ñбедила многие
@@ -342,74 +279,47 @@
ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑÑи ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑниками иÑ
ÑобÑÑвенной ÑвободÑ.</p>
-<p>Рано или поздно Ñаким полÑзоваÑелÑм
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñедложено веÑнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
-ÑобÑÑвенниÑеÑкое
-пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение из-за какиÑ
-либо
пÑакÑиÑеÑкиÑ
-пÑеимÑÑеÑÑв. ÐеÑÑиÑленное
-колиÑеÑÑво компаний иÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ
пÑедложиÑÑ Ñакое иÑкÑÑение, а некоÑоÑÑе
-даже
-пÑедлагаÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
полÑзованиÑ. Ðогда полÑзоваÑели ÑмогÑÑ
-оÑклонÑÑÑ
-ÑÑи пÑедложениÑ? ТолÑко Ñогда, когда они
наÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑениÑÑ ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ
-Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð¼
-Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение, ÑениÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑаковÑÑ Ð²ÑÑе, Ñем
-ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие
-и пÑакÑиÑеÑкие ÑдобÑÑва конкÑеÑного
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ. ÐлÑ
-ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой идеи Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾ Ñвободе. ÐеболÑÑое ÑоÑ
Ñанение
-молÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ñакже не повÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ
ÑообÑеÑÑва, но вÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ ÑвÑзана Ñ Ñем,
-ÑÑобÑ
-лÑÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ðº Ñвободе не ÑÑала поÑ
ожа на
ÑкÑÑенÑÑиÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
-
-<p>ÐÑа опаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾
Ñем, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÐ¼. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей
-вовлеÑÑннÑÑ
в Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное
обеÑпеÑение говоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾ о
-Ñвободе—
-обÑÑно по пÑиÑине ÑÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ðµ к
бизнеÑÑ. ÐÑобенно ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаниÑели
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑÑемÑÑÑÑ
ÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ. ÐÑакÑиÑеÑки вÑе
-диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux
добавлÑÑÑ ÑобÑÑвенниÑеÑкие
-пакеÑÑ
-пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² изнаÑалÑно
ÑвободнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, и они пÑиглаÑаÑÑ
-полÑзоваÑелей ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑÑо как
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво, нежели Ñем как Ñаг назад
-оÑ
-ÑвободÑ.</p>
-
-<p>СобÑÑвенниÑеÑкое добавоÑное
пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение и пÑакÑиÑеÑки не
-ÑвободнÑе
-диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux
наÑ
одÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑвÑ
-поÑомÑ,
-ÑÑо болÑÑинÑÑво наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва не
наÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð° Ñвободе Ñвоего
-пÑогÑаммного
-обеÑпеÑениÑ. ÐÑо не ÑлÑÑайно. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво
полÑзоваÑелей GNU/Linux бÑли
-ознакомленÑ
-Ñ ÑиÑÑемой ÑеÑез ÑазговоÑÑ Ð¾
“пÑогÑаммном обеÑпеÑении Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм
-иÑÑ
однÑм кодом”,
-коÑоÑое не говоÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ñвобода â ÑÑо ÑелÑ.
ÐÑакÑики коÑоÑÑе не оÑÑÑаиваÑÑ
-ÑвободÑ
-и Ñлова коÑоÑÑе не говоÑÑÑ Ð¾ Ñвободе идÑÑ
ÑÑка об ÑÑкÑ, пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½
-дÑÑгого.
-ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑевзойÑи ÑÑÑ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
болÑÑе, а не менÑÑе, говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
-Ñвободе.</p>
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to proprietary
+software for some practical advantage. Countless companies seek to offer
+such temptation, some even offering copies gratis. Why would users decline?
+Only if they have learned to value the freedom free software gives them, to
+value freedom in and of itself rather than the technical and practical
+convenience of specific free software. To spread this idea, we have to talk
+about freedom. A certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to
+business can be useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes
+so common that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people involved with
+free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux distributions
+find fertile ground because most of our community does not insist on freedom
+with its software. This is no coincidence. Most GNU/Linux users were
+introduced to the system through “open source” discussion, which
+doesn't say that freedom is a goal. The practices that don't uphold freedom
+and the words that don't talk about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting
+the other. To overcome this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about
+freedom.</p>
<h3>ÐаклÑÑение</h3>
-<p>Чем болÑÑе ÑÑоÑонники “пÑогÑамнного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм
-кодом” пÑивлекаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей
в наÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво, Ñем,
-мї
-акÑивиÑÑÑ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑабоÑаÑÑ ÐµÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе,
-ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑивлеÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ ÑÑиÑ
новÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей к Ñвободе. ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
-говоÑиÑÑ:
-“ÐÑо Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение
и оно даÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼
-ÑвободÑ!”—
-болÑÑе и гÑомÑе, Ñем обÑÑно. ÐаждÑй Ñаз,
когда Ð²Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑе
-“Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение”
вмеÑÑо “пÑогÑаммное
-обеÑпеÑение Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм кодом”
Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑе наÑей кампании.</p>
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community, we free
+software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue of freedom
+to their attention. We have to say, “It's free software and it gives
+you freedom!”—more and louder than ever. Every time you say
+“free software” rather than “open source,” you help
+our campaign.</p>
<h4>ÐамеÑки</h4>
<p>
-Ðжо ÐаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ названием
-<a href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>Ðиви и
дай
-лиÑензиÑ</a>,
-коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ ÑоÑÐºÑ Ð·ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑ
ÑемÑ.</p>
+Joe Barr's article, <a
+href="http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/350/LWD010523vcontrol4/";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
<p>
<a
href="http://freesoftware.mit.edu/papers/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>ÐокÑменÑ</a>
@@ -432,12 +342,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.ru.html" -->
<div id="footer">
<p>
-ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе вопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ FSF и GNU по
ÑлекÑÑонной поÑÑе на
-адÑÐµÑ <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Ðли
-ÑвÑжиÑеÑÑ Ñ FSF <a href="/contact/">дÑÑгим
ÑпоÑобом</a>. <br />
-ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе неÑабоÑие ÑÑÑлки и
дÑÑгие пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
-<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em>
-</a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman<br />
@@ -455,7 +364,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:40 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -471,7 +380,7 @@
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [At]</li>
<!-- Bulgarian -->
<li><a hreflang="bg"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
<!-- German -->
Index: shouldbefree.ca.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- shouldbefree.ca.html 15 Oct 2009 08:25:57 -0000 1.6
+++ shouldbefree.ca.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000 1.7
@@ -870,11 +870,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Envieu les vostres preguntes sobre la FSF i GNU a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. També hi ha <a
-href="/contact/">altres formes de contactar</a> amb la FSF. <br /> Envieu
-els enllaços trencats i d'altres correccions o suggeriments a <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -884,10 +884,8 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc.,
+Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>Es permet realitzar i distribuir còpies literals d'aquest article en
qualsevol medi sense pagament de drets, sempre que es conservi aquesta
nota.
@@ -902,7 +900,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Updated:
-$Date: 2009/10/15 08:25:57 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -911,19 +909,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traduccions d'aquesta pà gina</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
@@ -931,11 +933,11 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">Suomi</a> [fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
@@ -943,13 +945,13 @@
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: shouldbefree.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- shouldbefree.fr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:42 -0000 1.22
+++ shouldbefree.fr.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000 1.23
@@ -1036,12 +1036,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF. <br /> Veuillez
-envoyer les liens orphelins ou d'autres suggestions sur cette page Web aux
-<a href="/people/webmeisters.html">webmestres de GNU</a> Ã l'adresse <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1052,10 +1051,8 @@
</p>
<p>
-Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation,
-Inc.,
+Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>La reproduction exacte et la distribution intégrale de cet article est
permise sur n'importe quel support d'archivage, pourvu que cette notice soit
préservée.
@@ -1071,7 +1068,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:42 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1080,19 +1077,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>Traductions de cette page</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
@@ -1100,11 +1101,11 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">Suomi</a> [fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
@@ -1112,13 +1113,13 @@
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
Index: shouldbefree.sr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- shouldbefree.sr.html 2 Aug 2009 20:29:42 -0000 1.10
+++ shouldbefree.sr.html 14 Nov 2009 09:26:18 -0000 1.11
@@ -798,11 +798,11 @@
<div id="footer">
<p>
-Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð° ÑаÑеÑе пиÑаÑа Ñ Ð²ÐµÐ·Ð¸ Ñа
ÐСС-ом и ÐÐУ-ом на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. ÐоÑÑоÑе и <a
-href="/contact/">дÑÑги наÑини да Ñе обÑаÑиÑе</a>
ÐСС-Ñ.<br />Ðолимо Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð°
-ÑаÑеÑе неиÑпÑавне везе и дÑÑге иÑпÑавке
(или пÑедлоге) на адÑеÑÑ <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send
+broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
@@ -812,10 +812,8 @@
</p>
<p>
-<b>ÐÑÑоÑÑка пÑава:</b><br />Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001,
2006, 2007
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
+Copyright © 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
</p>
-<address>51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA</address>
<p>ÐозвоÑено Ñе доÑловно ÑмножаваÑе и
ÑаÑподела овог Ñелог Ñланка ÑиÑом ÑвеÑа,
без надокнаде, на било коÑем медиÑÑмÑ, Ñз
ÑÑлов да ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑвани ово обавеÑÑеÑе
и обавеÑÑеÑе о аÑÑоÑÑким пÑавима.
@@ -836,7 +834,7 @@
гÑеÑака</a> <a
href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-sr/";>пÑоÑекÑа
пÑевода <tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки</a>. Ðа
допÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑпÑком
пÑеводÑ, коÑиÑно Ñе да погледаÑе и
-докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
+докÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ <a
href="http://alas.matf.bg.ac.rs/~mr99164/uput/kakoda-prevodim-gnu-ov-veb.html";>ÐÐÐÐÐÐ
пÑeводим ÐÐУ-ов веб</a>, коÑи ÑадÑжи ÑмеÑниÑе
коÑиÑ
Ñе ÑÑеба
пÑидÑжаваÑи пÑи пÑевоÑеÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑа
<tt>www.gnu.org</tt>-а на ÑÑпÑки
Ñезик.</p>
@@ -844,7 +842,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
ÐжÑÑиÑано:
-$Date: 2009/08/02 20:29:42 $
+$Date: 2009/11/14 09:26:18 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -853,19 +851,23 @@
<div id="translations">
<h4>ÐÑеводи ове ÑÑÑаниÑе</h4>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
-<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is Deutsch.-->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
-<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
-<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right versus -->
-<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
-<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<ul class="translations-list">
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li>
<!-- Czech -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
<!-- German -->
@@ -873,11 +875,11 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- Finnish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">Suomi</a> [fi]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fi.html">suomi</a> [fi]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Hebrew -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
<!-- Indonesian -->
@@ -885,13 +887,13 @@
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Polish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">Polski</a> [pl]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li>
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">Русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
<!-- Serbian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">Српски</a> [sr]</li>
+<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
<!-- Tamil -->
<li><a
href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
<!-- Chinese(Simplified) -->
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