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www philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es....
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.... |
|
Date: |
Fri, 16 Oct 2009 20:26:25 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 09/10/16 20:26:25
Modified files:
philosophy/po : misinterpreting-copyright.es.po
misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po
misinterpreting-copyright.pot
Added files:
fun/jokes/po : evilmalware.pot
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/fun/jokes/po/evilmalware.pot?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.pot?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
Patches:
Index: philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.po,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.po 8 Jan 2009 15:24:06
-0000 1.5
+++ philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.es.po 16 Oct 2009 20:26:21
-0000 1.6
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: misinterpreting-copyright\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-01-07 04:28-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-16 16:26-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-01-08 17:18+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Enrique Errea <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Spanish <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
"Foundation (FSF)"
# type: Content of: <h2>
-msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
msgstr "Malinterprentando los derechos de autor"
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -32,14 +34,24 @@
"por <a href=\"http://stallman.org/\";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the U."
-"S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who read "
-"books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not for the "
-"sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to "
-"reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for "
-"their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding more restrictions, "
-"and trying to frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the "
+#| "U.S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who "
+#| "read books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not "
+#| "for the sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend "
+#| "increasingly to reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on "
+#| "them “for their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding "
+#| "more restrictions, and trying to frighten the public into obedience with "
+#| "harsh new penalties."
+msgid ""
+"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US "
+"Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, "
+"listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of "
+"publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and "
+"disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own "
+"benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to "
+"frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
msgstr ""
"Algo extraño y peligroso está ocurriendo en la legislación que regula los "
"derechos de autor. Según la Constitución de los Estados Unidos, los
derechos "
@@ -52,11 +64,17 @@
"más severas penalidades."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their "
+#| "stated purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that "
+#| "purpose? To understand, we should start by looking at the root of United "
+#| "States copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
msgid ""
"How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their stated "
"purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that purpose? To "
"understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States "
-"copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
+"copyright law: the US Constitution."
msgstr ""
"¿Cómo llegaron a ser las polÃticas de los derechos de autor tan "
"diametralmente opuestas a su intención inicial? ¿Y cómo podrÃamos volver
a "
@@ -65,15 +83,25 @@
"la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de América."
# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
msgstr "Derechos de autor en la Constitución de Estados Unidos de América"
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled "
-"to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The founders of "
-"our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural "
-"right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were "
+#| "entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The "
+#| "founders of our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is "
+#| "not a natural right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them "
+#| "for the sake of progress. The Constitution gives permission for a "
+#| "copyright system with this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgid ""
+"When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to "
+"a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders of our "
+"country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural right "
+"of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
"progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with "
"this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
msgstr ""
@@ -97,10 +125,15 @@
"exclusivo sobre sus creaciones y descubrimientos."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
+#| "benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film v. "
+#| "Doyal, the court said,"
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
-"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film v. "
-"Doyal, the court said,"
+"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film v. "
+"Doyal</em>, the court said,"
msgstr ""
"El Tribunal Supremo ha afirmado en varias ocasiones que el desarrollo del "
"progreso implica favorecer a los usuarios de obras provistas de derechos de "
@@ -117,9 +150,18 @@
"generales hacia el público que se derivan del trabajo de los autores."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> "
+#| "by the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why "
+#| "it is supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were "
+#| "a natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, "
+#| "nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of "
+#| "time, any more than everyone's house should become public property after "
+#| "a certain lapse of time from its construction."
msgid ""
"This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by "
-"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why it is "
+"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is "
"supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a "
"natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing "
"could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any "
@@ -128,18 +170,29 @@
msgstr ""
"Esta decisión fundamental explica porque los derechos de autor no son una "
"parte obligatoria en la Constitución, sino que son admitidos como una
opción "
-"(y por qué están concebidos para durar un «tiempo limitado»). Si los "
-"derechos de autor fuesen un derecho natural, es decir, algo que los autores "
-"tuviesen porque lo merecen, nada podrÃa justificar el poner fin a este "
-"derecho transcurrido un cierto periodo de tiempo, algo asà como decir que la
"
-"casa de cualquiera pasarÃa a ser de dominio público después de un tiempo,
de "
-"haber sido construida."
+"(y por qué están concebidos para durar un «tiempo limitado»). Si los
derechos "
+"de autor fuesen un derecho natural, es decir, algo que los autores tuviesen "
+"porque lo merecen, nada podrÃa justificar el poner fin a este derecho "
+"transcurrido un cierto periodo de tiempo, algo asà como decir que la casa de
"
+"cualquiera pasarÃa a ser de dominio público después de un tiempo, de haber
"
+"sido construida."
# type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The “copyright bargain”"
msgstr "El acuerdo de los derechos de autor"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
+#| "publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, "
+#| "it does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for "
+#| "authors to write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends "
+#| "the public's natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to "
+#| "bring the public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept "
+#| "the “copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of "
+#| "a highway or an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the "
+#| "government spends our freedom instead of our money."
msgid ""
"The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
"publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, it "
@@ -148,7 +201,7 @@
"natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the "
"public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the “"
"copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a highway or "
-"an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the government spends our "
+"an airplane using taxpayers' money, except that the government spends our "
"freedom instead of our money."
msgstr ""
"El sistema de los derechos de autor funciona otorgando privilegios y, por lo "
@@ -198,21 +251,29 @@
"con su vertiente de mito, este artÃculo se refiere a los editores en vez de "
"los autores, como los verdaderos titulares de los poderes de los derechos de "
"autor. Además, se refiere a los usuarios de las obras con derechos de autor "
-"como «los lectores», incluso cuando usarlos no significa leerlos, ya que "
-"«los usuarios» este otro término es más lejano y abstracto."
+"como «los lectores», incluso cuando usarlos no significa leerlos, ya que
«los "
+"usuarios» este otro término es más lejano y abstracto."
# type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "The first error: “striking a balance”"
msgstr "El primer error: «ajustando un equilibrio»"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
+#| "public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
+#| "means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
+#| "qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
+#| "purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level "
+#| "of importance as the readers."
msgid ""
"The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
"public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
"means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
-"qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
-"purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level of "
-"importance as the readers."
+"thus qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting "
+"the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same "
+"level of importance as the readers."
msgstr ""
"El acuerdo de los derechos de autor sitúa al público en primer lugar: las "
"ventajas para el los lectores son un fin en sà mismo; las ventajas (si las "
@@ -223,8 +284,15 @@
"a los editores y a los lectores. "
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+#| "balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those "
+#| "who cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic "
+#| "position stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be "
+#| "equivalent to the copyright bargain."
msgid ""
-"It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+"It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a "
"balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who "
"cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position "
"stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent "
@@ -238,14 +306,26 @@
"equivalente a la acuerdo de los derechos de autor."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
+#| "conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
+#| "assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
+#| "only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give "
+#| "them, and in what actions they apply to. The term “"
+#| "stakeholders” is often used to frame the issue in this way; it "
+#| "assumes that all kinds of interest in a policy decision are equally "
+#| "important. This view rejects the qualitative distinction between the "
+#| "readers' and publishers' interests which is at the root of the "
+#| "government's participation in the copyright bargain."
msgid ""
"But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
"conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
"assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
-"only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give them, "
-"and in what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is "
-"often used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of "
-"interest in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
+"only quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in "
+"what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often "
+"used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest "
+"in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
"qualitative distinction between the readers' and publishers' interests which "
"is at the root of the government's participation in the copyright bargain."
msgstr ""
@@ -262,11 +342,21 @@
"acuerdo de los derechos de autor."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
+#| "protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+#| "copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, "
+#| "never in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the “"
+#| "balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
+#| "regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in "
+#| "other words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can "
+#| "be justified in the name of someone other than the public."
msgid ""
"The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
-"protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+"protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that "
"copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never "
-"in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the “"
+"in the name of the publishers—is discarded by the “"
"balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
"regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other "
"words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can be "
@@ -283,13 +373,24 @@
"nombre de alguien que no sea el público."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” "
+#| "concept is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in "
+#| "copyright law. The copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers "
+#| "to convince the readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance "
+#| "reverses this burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no "
+#| "doubt that publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless "
+#| "harm to the readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” "
+#| "this benefit, we are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to "
+#| "almost any privilege they request."
msgid ""
"As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” concept "
"is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright law. The "
"copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the "
"readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this "
"burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that "
-"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless harm to the "
+"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the "
"readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we "
"are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege "
"they request."
@@ -321,9 +422,14 @@
msgstr "¿Equilibrando qué?"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of "
+#| "the public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal "
+#| "— best for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
msgid ""
"When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of the "
-"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal — best "
+"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best "
"for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
msgstr ""
"Cuando el gobierno adquiere bienes para el pueblo, el gobierno actúa en "
@@ -403,12 +509,19 @@
"sistema de incentivos."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
+#| "stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” "
+#| "between the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word "
+#| "“balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be "
+#| "confusing — we need another term."
msgid ""
"The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
"stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between "
"the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word “"
-"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing "
-"— we need another term."
+"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing. "
+"We need another term."
msgstr ""
"El término «equilibrio», en el ámbito de los derechos de autor, es el "
"empleado muy resumidamente cuando se quiere decir «ajustar un equilibrio» "
@@ -435,11 +548,18 @@
msgstr "El segundo error: maximizando la producción"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
+#| "maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
+#| "works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” "
+#| "elevated the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error "
+#| "places them far above the readers."
msgid ""
"The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
-"maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
-"works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated "
-"the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
+"maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. "
+"The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the "
+"publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
"above the readers."
msgstr ""
"El segundo error en la regulación de los derechos de autor es tener como "
@@ -449,13 +569,22 @@
"encima de estos últimos."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
+#| "stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
+#| "purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and "
+#| "choosing a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The "
+#| "principle of diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on "
+#| "one particular good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; "
+#| "we generally choose to keep some money for another use."
msgid ""
"When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
"stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
"purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing "
"a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of "
"diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular "
-"good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
+"good is likely to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
"choose to keep some money for another use."
msgstr ""
"Cuando realizamos una compra, generalmente no adquirimos todas las "
@@ -468,16 +597,27 @@
"para otros usos."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. "
+#| "The first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, "
+#| "while giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+#| "additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+#| "bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+#| "literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well "
+#| "say it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a "
+#| "bargain whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, "
+#| "but not to the utmost possible extent."
msgid ""
"Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. The "
-"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, while "
-"giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade additional "
-"freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a bigger "
-"sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in literary "
-"activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say it is not "
-"worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain whose overall "
-"result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to the utmost "
-"possible extent."
+"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose "
+"sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+"additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+"bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+"literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say "
+"it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain "
+"whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to "
+"the utmost possible extent."
msgstr ""
"El principio económico de los rendimientos decrecientes se aplica a los "
"derechos de autor, como a cualquier otra adquisición. Las primeras "
@@ -493,11 +633,17 @@
"trabajos publicados, pero sin alcanzar nunca su máximo posible."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, "
+#| "more advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public "
+#| "must cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a "
+#| "little more publication."
msgid ""
"Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more "
-"advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public must "
-"cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little "
-"more publication."
+"advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must cede "
+"nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more "
+"publication."
msgstr ""
"Si se asume como meta la maximización de las obras editadas, se descarta de "
"aquà en adelante, la utilización de la totalidad de estos acertados y "
@@ -510,6 +656,19 @@
msgstr "La retórica de la maximización"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
+#| "freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
+#| "copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, "
+#| "the publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term "
+#| "designed to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking "
+#| "a ship. (This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe "
+#| "publishers who found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its "
+#| "modern use by the publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric "
+#| "directly rejects the Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents "
+#| "itself as representing the unquestioned tradition of the American legal "
+#| "system."
msgid ""
"In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
"freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
@@ -519,7 +678,7 @@
"(This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who "
"found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the "
"publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the "
-"Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
+"constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
"unquestioned tradition of the American legal system."
msgstr ""
"En la practica, el objetivo de maximizar la publicación a costa de la "
@@ -537,14 +696,24 @@
"tradición del sistema legal norteamericano."
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it blankets "
-"the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is effective "
-"because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we can never "
-"object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to do so. In "
-"other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers should not "
-"receive some additional power, the most important reason of all — "
-"“We want to copy” — is disqualified in advance."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it "
+#| "blankets the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is "
+#| "effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, "
+#| "we can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our "
+#| "freedom to do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show "
+#| "why publishers should not receive some additional power, the most "
+#| "important reason of all — “We want to copy” — is "
+#| "disqualified in advance."
+msgid ""
+"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so "
+"pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is "
+"effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we "
+"can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to "
+"do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers "
+"should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of "
+"all—“We want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
msgstr ""
"La retórica «pirata» normalmente se acepta porque todos los medios de "
"comunicación la usan y, por lo tanto, poca gente se da cuenta de su "
@@ -556,9 +725,15 @@
"descartada por adelantado."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except "
+#| "using side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today "
+#| "almost exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
+#| "distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
msgid ""
"This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except using "
-"side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
+"side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
"exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
"distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
msgstr ""
@@ -570,13 +745,21 @@
"legÃtimo."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to "
+#| "argue that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we "
+#| "think it might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some "
+#| "unknown amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led "
+#| "to the outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by "
+#| "publishers' sales: What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
msgid ""
"As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to argue "
-"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we think it "
-"might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown "
-"amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the "
-"outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: "
-"What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
+"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it "
+"might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, "
+"and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous "
+"conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's "
+"good for General Media is good for the USA."
msgstr ""
"En la práctica, el objetivo de la maximización habilita a los editores a "
"esgrimir como argumento que «una práctica, la que sea, está disminuyendo "
@@ -592,15 +775,25 @@
msgstr "El tercer error: maximizando el poder de los editores"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
+#| "publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
+#| "requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+#| "cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool "
+#| "such as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This "
+#| "goal, which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the "
+#| "“right of first sale,” is being pressed at every available "
+#| "level of government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
msgid ""
"Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
"publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
-"requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+"requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright "
"cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such "
"as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, "
"which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right "
"of first sale,” is being pressed at every available level of "
-"government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
+"government, from states of the US to international bodies."
msgstr ""
"Cuando los editores consigan el beneplácito que tiene como objetivo "
"principal la maximización en la edición y publicación de obras a cualquier
"
@@ -609,16 +802,23 @@
"autor cubran cualquier aspecto imaginable del uso de una obra, o permitiendo "
"aplicar a estas herramientas legales como las licencias tipo «envoltorio» o
"
"de efectos equivalentes. Este objetivo, el cual impondrÃa la abolición de
un "
-"«uso legÃtimo» y el «derecho a primera venta», se intenta imponer a
todos "
-"los niveles de la administración que van desde cada estado de los EE.UU a "
+"«uso legÃtimo» y el «derecho a primera venta», se intenta imponer a
todos los "
+"niveles de la administración que van desde cada estado de los EE.UU a "
"organismos internacionales."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the "
+#| "creation of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the "
+#| "plots of some of his plays from other plays published a few decades "
+#| "before, so if today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would "
+#| "have been illegal."
msgid ""
"This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the creation "
"of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of some "
-"of his plays from other plays published a few decades before, so if today's "
-"copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+"of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if "
+"today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
msgstr ""
"Este paso es erróneo, ya que la estricta normativa que regula los derechos "
"de autor, impide la creación de nuevas y útiles obras. Por ejemplo, "
@@ -682,12 +882,20 @@
"obras creativas."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+#| "the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
+#| "benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase "
+#| "now the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a "
+#| "freedom that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute "
+#| "books from that era."
msgid ""
-"This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+"This bill extended the copyright on already published works written since "
"the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
"benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now "
"the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom "
-"that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute books from that "
+"that is meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that "
"era."
msgstr ""
"Esta proyecto de ley extendió los derechos de autor a trabajos ya escritos y
"
@@ -699,12 +907,20 @@
"aquella época."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For "
+#| "works made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present "
+#| "75 years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new "
+#| "works; but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
+#| "substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
msgid ""
"The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For works "
"made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75 "
"years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; "
-"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
-"substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
+"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be "
+"required substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years "
+"in the future."
msgstr ""
"El mismo proyecto de ley también extendió los derechos de autor de los "
"trabajos todavÃa no elaborados. Para obras realizadas para alquilar, los "
@@ -748,20 +964,32 @@
"detenerse sobre este punto en su próxima reunión."
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the law "
-"on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
-"Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the "
+#| "law on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
+#| "Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on the "
+"grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's "
+"goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its "
+"responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution "
+"requires only lip service."
msgstr ""
"El tribunal supremo accedió a celebrar la vista que buscaba el invalidar "
"esta ley desde sus cimientos basándose en que el carácter retroactivo no "
"servÃa el objetivo de la Constitución de promover el progreso."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+#| "copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just "
+#| "to be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
msgid ""
-"Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+"Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
"copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to "
-"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
+"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
msgstr ""
"Otra de estas leyes, de 1996, consiguió que se considerara el hecho de "
"realizar un número determinado de copias de cualquier trabajo publicado como
"
@@ -793,14 +1021,25 @@
"les dota de mecanismos de cifrado o licencias de uso, para su cumplimiento."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
+#| "recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated "
+#| "by the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization "
+#| "dominated by copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid "
+#| "of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+#| "increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+#| "country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the "
+#| "treaty required."
msgid ""
"One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
"recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by "
-"the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization dominated by "
-"copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid of pressure "
-"from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only increases copyright "
-"power, whether it serves the public interest in any country is doubtful. In "
-"any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty required."
+"the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, "
+"an organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with "
+"the aid of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+"increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+"country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty "
+"required."
msgstr ""
"Uno de los argumentos que ofrece esta ley es el de que podrÃa implementar un
"
"reciente acuerdo encaminado a incrementar los poderes de los derechos de "
@@ -814,12 +1053,22 @@
"tratado."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
+#| "aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair "
+#| "use.” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat "
+#| "Schroeder, now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, "
+#| "said that the publishers “could not live with what [the libraries "
+#| "are] asking for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve "
+#| "part of the status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers "
+#| "had survived until the present day."
msgid ""
"Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
"aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair use."
"” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, "
"now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the "
-"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries are] asking for."
+"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking for."
"” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status "
"quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until "
"the present day."
@@ -835,9 +1084,23 @@
"nuestros dÃas."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed "
+#| "this bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has "
+#| "been disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, "
+#| "were needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” "
+#| "as well as the “music industry” and other “industries."
+#| "” I asked him, “But is this in the public interest?” "
+#| "His response was telling: “Why are you talking about the public "
+#| "interest? These creative people don't have to give up their rights for "
+#| "the public interest!” The “industry” has been "
+#| "identified with the “creative people” it hires, copyright has "
+#| "been treated as its entitlement, and the Constitution has been turned "
+#| "upside down."
msgid ""
"Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this "
-"bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has been "
+"bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been "
"disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were "
"needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well "
"as the “music industry” and other “industries.” I "
@@ -892,13 +1155,22 @@
"de cifrado propuesto para restringir el acceso a música grabada."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
+#| "traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
+#| "your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a "
+#| "library, to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, "
+#| "even the freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict "
+#| "all these activities — you can read them only with special secret "
+#| "software designed to restrict you."
msgid ""
"We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
-"traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
-"your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, "
-"to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the "
-"freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
-"activities — you can read them only with special secret software "
+"traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your "
+"friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy "
+"it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to "
+"read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
+"activities—you can read them only with special secret software "
"designed to restrict you."
msgstr ""
"Empezamos a ver libros electrónicos que nos privan de muchas de nuestras "
@@ -922,13 +1194,21 @@
"tradicional de papel, ¡no lo acepte!"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
+#| "risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested "
+#| "in 2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
+#| "written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now "
+#| "Russia is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union "
+#| "recently adopted one."
msgid ""
"Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
"risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in "
-"2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
-"written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia "
-"is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently "
-"adopted one."
+"2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written "
+"such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is "
+"preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted "
+"one."
msgstr ""
"Cualquiera que independientemente libere aplicaciones informáticas que "
"permitan leer libros electrónicos restringidos, se arriesga a una denuncia. "
@@ -939,13 +1219,26 @@
"Europea adoptó una similar recientemente."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not "
+#| "because readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for "
+#| "other reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy "
+#| "surfaces to read from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect "
+#| "us in the long term; the next attempt to promote e-books will use “"
+#| "electronic paper” — book-like objects into which an "
+#| "encrypted, restricted e-book can be downloaded. If this paper-like "
+#| "surface proves more appealing than today's display screens, we will have "
+#| "to defend our freedom in order to keep it. Meanwhile, e-books are making "
+#| "inroads in niches: NYU and other dental schools require students to buy "
+#| "their textbooks in the form of restricted e-books."
msgid ""
"Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not because "
"readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other "
"reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read "
"from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; "
-"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper” "
-"— book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
+"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper”"
+"—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
"downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's "
"display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it. "
"Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental "
@@ -968,12 +1261,27 @@
"de sus libros de texto en formato de libro electrónico."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded "
+#| "Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems "
+#| "Standards and Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</"
+#| "a>, which would require all computers (and other digital recording and "
+#| "playback devices) to have government-mandated copy restriction systems. "
+#| "That is their ultimate goal, but the first item on their agenda is to "
+#| "prohibit any equipment that can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed "
+#| "to be impossible for the public to “tamper with” (i.e., "
+#| "modify for their own purposes). Since free software is software that "
+#| "users can modify, we face here for the first time a proposed law that "
+#| "explicitly prohibits free software for a certain job. Prohibition of "
+#| "other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this rule, existing free "
+#| "software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
msgid ""
"The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded Senator "
"Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and "
"Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would "
"require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to "
-"have government-mandated copy restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
+"have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
"goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that "
"can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public "
"to “tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since "
@@ -1184,6 +1492,22 @@
"de productos son aún más reducidos."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some "
+#| "ways of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally "
+#| "permitted even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in "
+#| "reducing this dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional "
+#| "private small-quantity noncommercial copying and distribution among "
+#| "individuals. This would eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police "
+#| "into people's private lives, but would probably have little effect on the "
+#| "sales of published works. (It may be necessary to take other legal steps "
+#| "to ensure that shrink-wrap licenses cannot be used to substitute for "
+#| "copyright in restricting such copying.) The experience of Napster shows "
+#| "that we should also permit noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the "
+#| "general public — when so many of the public want to copy and share, "
+#| "and find it so useful, only draconian measures will stop them, and the "
+#| "public deserves to get what it wants."
msgid ""
"Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some ways "
"of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted "
@@ -1195,7 +1519,7 @@
"may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap "
"licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such "
"copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should also permit "
-"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public — when so "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public—when so "
"many of the public want to copy and share, and find it so useful, only "
"draconian measures will stop them, and the public deserves to get what it "
"wants."
@@ -1256,12 +1580,20 @@
"su juego todavÃa es rentable y es el único al que jugar."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
+#| "companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
+#| "would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions "
+#| "on copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what "
+#| "mass-market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of "
+#| "the U.S. legal system."
msgid ""
"As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
"companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
"would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on "
"copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what mass-"
-"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the U.S. "
+"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the US "
"legal system."
msgstr ""
"Al tiempo que tenemos en cuenta recortes en el poder de los derechos de "
@@ -1278,15 +1610,25 @@
msgstr "Un apunte personal"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned "
+#| "with copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of "
+#| "computer networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers "
+#| "and networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, "
+#| "and the ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic "
+#| "mystique of the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers "
+#| "to justify increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will "
+#| "then sign away to publishers."
msgid ""
"I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with "
"copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer "
"networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers and "
"networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the "
"ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of "
-"the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers to justify "
-"increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will then sign away to "
-"publishers."
+"the author as semidivine <a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</"
+"a>, often cited by publishers to justify increased copyright powers for "
+"authors—powers which these authors will then sign away to publishers."
msgstr ""
"Soy diseñador de aplicaciones informáticas, no un experto jurista. Mi "
"preocupación en lo concerniente a todo lo relacionado con los derechos de "
@@ -1300,13 +1642,21 @@
"ceden a los editores en su nombre."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, "
+#| "and proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to "
+#| "accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve "
+#| "special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the "
+#| "software or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a check "
+#| "— but please don't surrender your freedom in my name."
msgid ""
"Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, and "
"proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to accept "
"one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power "
"over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have "
-"written, I would gratefully accept a check — but please don't "
-"surrender your freedom in my name."
+"written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender "
+"your freedom in my name."
msgstr ""
"La mayor parte de este articulo se compone de hechos y razonamientos que "
"usted mismo puede comprobar, y propuestas sobre las que formarse su propia "
@@ -1329,14 +1679,20 @@
msgstr ""
"<a id=\"footnote1\">[1]</a>Cuando se lo denominó con el impronunciable "
"CBDTPA, para el cual una adecuadamnemotecnia es «consume pero no intentes "
-"programarlo de ninguna manera», aunque realmente signifique «Acta "
-"promocional de televisión digital y banda ancha para consumidores»."
+"programarlo de ninguna manera», aunque realmente signifique «Acta
promocional "
+"de televisión digital y banda ancha para consumidores»."
# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web "
+#| "sites <a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and "
+#| "<a href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
msgid ""
"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web sites "
-"<a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href="
-"\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a href="
+"\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href=\"http://";
+"www.eff.org\">www.eff.org</a>."
msgstr ""
"<a id=\"footnote2\">[2]</a> Si desea ayudar, le recomiendo las siguientes "
"direcciones de Internet <a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org";
@@ -1366,12 +1722,19 @@
msgstr " "
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
-"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
+#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+#| "corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
msgstr ""
"Por favor, envÃe sus preguntas sobre la <acronym title=\"Free Software "
"Foundation\">FSF</acronym> y el proyecto GNU a <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
@@ -1391,14 +1754,12 @@
"web del <a href=\"/spanish/\">Equipo de traducción al español de GNU</a>."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr ""
"Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
@@ -1422,3 +1783,7 @@
# type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Translations of this page"
msgstr "Traducciones de esta página"
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#~ msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+#~ msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
Index: philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po 9 Jan 2009 09:29:16
-0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.fr.po 16 Oct 2009 20:26:21
-0000 1.3
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: misinterpreting-copyright.html\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-01-07 04:28-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-16 16:26-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2009-01-08 14:06+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@
"Software Foundation (FSF)"
# type: Content of: <h2>
-msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
msgstr "Mauvaise interprétation du droit d'auteur"
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -33,14 +35,24 @@
"a>"
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the U."
-"S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who read "
-"books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not for the "
-"sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to "
-"reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for "
-"their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding more restrictions, "
-"and trying to frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the "
+#| "U.S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who "
+#| "read books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not "
+#| "for the sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend "
+#| "increasingly to reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on "
+#| "them “for their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding "
+#| "more restrictions, and trying to frighten the public into obedience with "
+#| "harsh new penalties."
+msgid ""
+"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US "
+"Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, "
+"listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of "
+"publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and "
+"disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own "
+"benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to "
+"frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
msgstr ""
"Quelque chose d'étrange et de dangereux est en train d'arriver dans "
"la loi sur le droit d'auteur. Dans la Constitution américaine, le "
@@ -55,11 +67,17 @@
"sévères."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their "
+#| "stated purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that "
+#| "purpose? To understand, we should start by looking at the root of United "
+#| "States copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
msgid ""
"How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their stated "
"purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that purpose? To "
"understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States "
-"copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
+"copyright law: the US Constitution."
msgstr ""
"Comment la politique de droit d'auteur en est-elle arrivée à "
"être diamétralement opposée à son intention "
@@ -69,15 +87,25 @@
"la Constitution américaine."
# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
msgstr "Le droit d'auteur dans la Constitution américaine"
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled "
-"to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The founders of "
-"our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural "
-"right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were "
+#| "entitled to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The "
+#| "founders of our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is "
+#| "not a natural right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them "
+#| "for the sake of progress. The Constitution gives permission for a "
+#| "copyright system with this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
+msgid ""
+"When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to "
+"a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders of our "
+"country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural right "
+"of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
"progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with "
"this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
msgstr ""
@@ -102,10 +130,15 @@
"couvertes respectifs ;"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
+#| "benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film v. "
+#| "Doyal, the court said,"
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
-"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film v. "
-"Doyal, the court said,"
+"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film v. "
+"Doyal</em>, the court said,"
msgstr ""
"La Cour Suprême a affirmé à maintes reprises que la "
"promotion du progrès signifie que les travaux couverts par le droit "
@@ -124,9 +157,18 @@
"par le public."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> "
+#| "by the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why "
+#| "it is supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were "
+#| "a natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, "
+#| "nothing could justify terminating this right after a certain period of "
+#| "time, any more than everyone's house should become public property after "
+#| "a certain lapse of time from its construction."
msgid ""
"This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by "
-"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why it is "
+"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is "
"supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a "
"natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing "
"could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any "
@@ -148,6 +190,17 @@
msgstr "Le « marchandage du droit d'auteur »"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
+#| "publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, "
+#| "it does this to modify their behavior: to provide an incentive for "
+#| "authors to write more and publish more. In effect, the government spends "
+#| "the public's natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to "
+#| "bring the public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept "
+#| "the “copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of "
+#| "a highway or an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the "
+#| "government spends our freedom instead of our money."
msgid ""
"The copyright system works by providing privileges and thus benefits to "
"publishers and authors; but it does not do this for their sake. Rather, it "
@@ -156,7 +209,7 @@
"natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the "
"public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the “"
"copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a highway or "
-"an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the government spends our "
+"an airplane using taxpayers' money, except that the government spends our "
"freedom instead of our money."
msgstr ""
"Le système du droit d'auteur fonctionne en fournissant des "
@@ -223,13 +276,21 @@
"quilibre »"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
+#| "public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
+#| "means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
+#| "qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
+#| "purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level "
+#| "of importance as the readers."
msgid ""
"The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
"public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
"means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
-"qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
-"purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level of "
-"importance as the readers."
+"thus qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting "
+"the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same "
+"level of importance as the readers."
msgstr ""
"Le marchandage du droit d'auteur place le public d'abord : le bé"
"néfice pour les lecteurs est une fin en soi; les béné"
@@ -241,8 +302,15 @@
"vation des éditeurs au même rang d'importance que les lecteurs."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+#| "balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those "
+#| "who cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic "
+#| "position stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be "
+#| "equivalent to the copyright bargain."
msgid ""
-"It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+"It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a "
"balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who "
"cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position "
"stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent "
@@ -257,14 +325,26 @@
"marchandage du droit d'auteur."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
+#| "conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
+#| "assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
+#| "only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give "
+#| "them, and in what actions they apply to. The term “"
+#| "stakeholders” is often used to frame the issue in this way; it "
+#| "assumes that all kinds of interest in a policy decision are equally "
+#| "important. This view rejects the qualitative distinction between the "
+#| "readers' and publishers' interests which is at the root of the "
+#| "government's participation in the copyright bargain."
msgid ""
"But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
"conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
"assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
-"only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give them, "
-"and in what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is "
-"often used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of "
-"interest in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
+"only quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in "
+"what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often "
+"used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest "
+"in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
"qualitative distinction between the readers' and publishers' interests which "
"is at the root of the government's participation in the copyright bargain."
msgstr ""
@@ -283,11 +363,21 @@
"participation du gouvernement au marchandage du droit d'auteur."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
+#| "protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+#| "copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, "
+#| "never in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the “"
+#| "balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
+#| "regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in "
+#| "other words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can "
+#| "be justified in the name of someone other than the public."
msgid ""
"The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
-"protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+"protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that "
"copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never "
-"in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the “"
+"in the name of the publishers—is discarded by the “"
"balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers is "
"regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in other "
"words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can be "
@@ -305,13 +395,24 @@
"peuvent être justifiés en d'autre nom que celui du public."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” "
+#| "concept is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in "
+#| "copyright law. The copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers "
+#| "to convince the readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance "
+#| "reverses this burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no "
+#| "doubt that publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless "
+#| "harm to the readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” "
+#| "this benefit, we are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to "
+#| "almost any privilege they request."
msgid ""
"As a practical matter, the consequence of the “balance” concept "
"is to reverse the burden of justification for changes in copyright law. The "
"copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the "
"readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this "
"burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that "
-"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless harm to the "
+"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the "
"readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we "
"are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege "
"they request."
@@ -346,9 +447,14 @@
msgstr "Équilibrer contre quoi ?"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of "
+#| "the public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal "
+#| "— best for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
msgid ""
"When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of the "
-"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal — best "
+"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best "
"for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
msgstr ""
"Quand le gouvernement achète quelque chose pour le public, il agit "
@@ -435,12 +541,19 @@
"encourageant la publication par un système d'incitation."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
+#| "stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” "
+#| "between the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word "
+#| "“balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be "
+#| "confusing — we need another term."
msgid ""
"The word “balance,” in discussions of copyright, has come to "
"stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between "
"the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word “"
-"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing "
-"— we need another term."
+"balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be confusing. "
+"We need another term."
msgstr ""
"Le mot « équilibre », dans les discussions sur "
"les droits d'auteur, est devenu un raccourci pour l'idée « "
@@ -471,11 +584,18 @@
msgstr "La seconde erreur : maximiser le rendement"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
+#| "maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
+#| "works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” "
+#| "elevated the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error "
+#| "places them far above the readers."
msgid ""
"The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
-"maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
-"works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated "
-"the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
+"maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. "
+"The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the "
+"publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
"above the readers."
msgstr ""
"La seconde erreur dans la politique du droit d'auteur consiste à "
@@ -486,13 +606,22 @@
"erreur les place bien au-dessus des lecteurs."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
+#| "stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
+#| "purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and "
+#| "choosing a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The "
+#| "principle of diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on "
+#| "one particular good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; "
+#| "we generally choose to keep some money for another use."
msgid ""
"When we purchase something, we do not generally buy the whole quantity in "
"stock or the most expensive model. Instead we conserve funds for other "
"purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing "
"a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of "
"diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular "
-"good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
+"good is likely to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
"choose to keep some money for another use."
msgstr ""
"Quand nous achetons quelque chose, nous n'achetons géné"
@@ -507,16 +636,27 @@
"l'argent pour une autre utilisation."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. "
+#| "The first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, "
+#| "while giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+#| "additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+#| "bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+#| "literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well "
+#| "say it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a "
+#| "bargain whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, "
+#| "but not to the utmost possible extent."
msgid ""
"Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. The "
-"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, while "
-"giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade additional "
-"freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a bigger "
-"sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in literary "
-"activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say it is not "
-"worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain whose overall "
-"result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to the utmost "
-"possible extent."
+"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose "
+"sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+"additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+"bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+"literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say "
+"it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain "
+"whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to "
+"the utmost possible extent."
msgstr ""
"Les rendements décroissants s'appliquent au droit d'auteur comme "
"à n'importe quel autre achat. Les premières libertés "
@@ -533,11 +673,17 @@
"à l'extrême."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, "
+#| "more advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public "
+#| "must cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a "
+#| "little more publication."
msgid ""
"Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more "
-"advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public must "
-"cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little "
-"more publication."
+"advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must cede "
+"nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more "
+"publication."
msgstr ""
"Accepter l'objectif de maximiser la publication rejette par avance toutes "
"ces négociations plus sages et plus avantageuses — il dicte que "
@@ -550,6 +696,19 @@
msgstr "La rhétorique de la maximisation"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
+#| "freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
+#| "copying is illegitimate, unfair, and intrinsically wrong. For instance, "
+#| "the publishers call people who copy “pirates,” a smear term "
+#| "designed to equate sharing information with your neighbor with attacking "
+#| "a ship. (This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe "
+#| "publishers who found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its "
+#| "modern use by the publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric "
+#| "directly rejects the Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents "
+#| "itself as representing the unquestioned tradition of the American legal "
+#| "system."
msgid ""
"In practice, the goal of maximizing publication regardless of the cost to "
"freedom is supported by widespread rhetoric which asserts that public "
@@ -559,7 +718,7 @@
"(This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who "
"found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the "
"publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the "
-"Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
+"constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
"unquestioned tradition of the American legal system."
msgstr ""
"En pratique, l'objectif de maximiser la publication sans tenir compte de ce "
@@ -579,14 +738,24 @@
"ricain."
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it blankets "
-"the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is effective "
-"because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we can never "
-"object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to do so. In "
-"other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers should not "
-"receive some additional power, the most important reason of all — "
-"“We want to copy” — is disqualified in advance."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it "
+#| "blankets the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is "
+#| "effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, "
+#| "we can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our "
+#| "freedom to do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show "
+#| "why publishers should not receive some additional power, the most "
+#| "important reason of all — “We want to copy” — is "
+#| "disqualified in advance."
+msgid ""
+"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so "
+"pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is "
+"effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we "
+"can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to "
+"do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers "
+"should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of "
+"all—“We want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
msgstr ""
"La rhétorique du « pirate » est typiquement "
"acceptée car elle inonde les médias de sorte que peu de gens "
@@ -600,9 +769,15 @@
"disqualifiée d'avance."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except "
+#| "using side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today "
+#| "almost exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
+#| "distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
msgid ""
"This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except using "
-"side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
+"side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
"exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
"distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
msgstr ""
@@ -614,13 +789,21 @@
"valeur publique légitime."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to "
+#| "argue that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we "
+#| "think it might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some "
+#| "unknown amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led "
+#| "to the outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by "
+#| "publishers' sales: What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
msgid ""
"As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to argue "
-"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we think it "
-"might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown "
-"amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the "
-"outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: "
-"What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
+"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it "
+"might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, "
+"and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous "
+"conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's "
+"good for General Media is good for the USA."
msgstr ""
"En pratique, le principe de maximisation permet aux éditeurs pour "
"argumenter que « Une certaine pratique réduit nos ventes "
@@ -638,15 +821,25 @@
"La troisième erreur : maximiser le pouvoir des éditeurs"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
+#| "publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
+#| "requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+#| "cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool "
+#| "such as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This "
+#| "goal, which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the "
+#| "“right of first sale,” is being pressed at every available "
+#| "level of government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
msgid ""
"Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
"publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
-"requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+"requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright "
"cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such "
"as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, "
"which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right "
"of first sale,” is being pressed at every available level of "
-"government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
+"government, from states of the US to international bodies."
msgstr ""
"Une fois que les éditeurs auront obtenu l'assentiment à "
"l'objectif politique de maximiser le rendement de la publication à "
@@ -662,11 +855,18 @@
"internationales."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the "
+#| "creation of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the "
+#| "plots of some of his plays from other plays published a few decades "
+#| "before, so if today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would "
+#| "have been illegal."
msgid ""
"This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the creation "
"of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of some "
-"of his plays from other plays published a few decades before, so if today's "
-"copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+"of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if "
+"today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
msgstr ""
"Cette démarche est erronée car des règles strictes sur "
"le droit d'auteur empêchent le création de nouvelles œ"
@@ -731,12 +931,20 @@
"nouvelles œuvres d'auteurs."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+#| "the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
+#| "benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase "
+#| "now the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a "
+#| "freedom that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute "
+#| "books from that era."
msgid ""
-"This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+"This bill extended the copyright on already published works written since "
"the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
"benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now "
"the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom "
-"that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute books from that "
+"that is meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that "
"era."
msgstr ""
"Ce projet de loi étendait le droit d'auteur sur les œuvres "
@@ -749,12 +957,20 @@
"livres de cette période."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For "
+#| "works made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present "
+#| "75 years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new "
+#| "works; but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
+#| "substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
msgid ""
"The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For works "
"made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75 "
"years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; "
-"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
-"substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
+"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be "
+"required substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years "
+"in the future."
msgstr ""
"Le projet de loi étendait aussi les droits d'auteur d'œuvres "
"à venir. Pour les œuvres destinées à la location, "
@@ -798,10 +1014,17 @@
"que la commission examinera cette proposition au prochain Congrès."
# type: Content of: <p>
-msgid ""
-"The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the law "
-"on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
-"Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the "
+#| "law on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
+#| "Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+msgid ""
+"The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on the "
+"grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's "
+"goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its "
+"responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution "
+"requires only lip service."
msgstr ""
"La Cour suprême a consenti à auditionner une affaire qui "
"cherchait à renverser la loi sur le fondement que l'extension "
@@ -809,10 +1032,15 @@
"sur la promotion du progrès."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+#| "copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just "
+#| "to be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
msgid ""
-"Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+"Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
"copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to "
-"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
+"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
msgstr ""
"Une autre loi, passée en 1996, a rendu criminel de faire plusieurs "
"copies de n'importe quelle œuvre publiée, même si c'est "
@@ -846,14 +1074,25 @@
"d'encryptage ou de gestionnaire de licence pour les faire respecter."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
+#| "recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated "
+#| "by the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization "
+#| "dominated by copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid "
+#| "of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+#| "increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+#| "country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the "
+#| "treaty required."
msgid ""
"One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
"recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by "
-"the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization dominated by "
-"copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid of pressure "
-"from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only increases copyright "
-"power, whether it serves the public interest in any country is doubtful. In "
-"any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty required."
+"the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, "
+"an organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with "
+"the aid of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+"increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+"country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty "
+"required."
msgstr ""
"Un des arguments proposés pour ce projet de loi était que cela "
"mettrait en œuvre un récent traité pour augmenter les "
@@ -868,12 +1107,22 @@
"traité."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
+#| "aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair "
+#| "use.” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat "
+#| "Schroeder, now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, "
+#| "said that the publishers “could not live with what [the libraries "
+#| "are] asking for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve "
+#| "part of the status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers "
+#| "had survived until the present day."
msgid ""
"Libraries were a key source of opposition to this bill, especially to the "
"aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair use."
"” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat Schroeder, "
"now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said that the "
-"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries are] asking for."
+"publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] asking for."
"” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of the status "
"quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had survived until "
"the present day."
@@ -891,9 +1140,23 @@
"survécu jusqu'à ce jour."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed "
+#| "this bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has "
+#| "been disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, "
+#| "were needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” "
+#| "as well as the “music industry” and other “industries."
+#| "” I asked him, “But is this in the public interest?” "
+#| "His response was telling: “Why are you talking about the public "
+#| "interest? These creative people don't have to give up their rights for "
+#| "the public interest!” The “industry” has been "
+#| "identified with the “creative people” it hires, copyright has "
+#| "been treated as its entitlement, and the Constitution has been turned "
+#| "upside down."
msgid ""
"Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this "
-"bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has been "
+"bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been "
"disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were "
"needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well "
"as the “music industry” and other “industries.” I "
@@ -956,13 +1219,22 @@
"enregistrée."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
+#| "traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
+#| "your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a "
+#| "library, to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, "
+#| "even the freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict "
+#| "all these activities — you can read them only with special secret "
+#| "software designed to restrict you."
msgid ""
"We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
-"traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
-"your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, "
-"to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the "
-"freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
-"activities — you can read them only with special secret software "
+"traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your "
+"friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy "
+"it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to "
+"read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
+"activities—you can read them only with special secret software "
"designed to restrict you."
msgstr ""
"Nous commençons aussi à voir des livres électroniques "
@@ -988,13 +1260,21 @@
"qu'un livre papier traditionnel, ne l'acceptez pas !"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
+#| "risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested "
+#| "in 2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
+#| "written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now "
+#| "Russia is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union "
+#| "recently adopted one."
msgid ""
"Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
"risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in "
-"2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
-"written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia "
-"is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently "
-"adopted one."
+"2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written "
+"such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is "
+"preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted "
+"one."
msgstr ""
"Quiconque réalise indépendamment un logiciel qui peut lire des "
"livres électroniques cryptés risque des poursuites. Un "
@@ -1006,13 +1286,26 @@
"européenne en a adopté une récemment."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not "
+#| "because readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for "
+#| "other reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy "
+#| "surfaces to read from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect "
+#| "us in the long term; the next attempt to promote e-books will use “"
+#| "electronic paper” — book-like objects into which an "
+#| "encrypted, restricted e-book can be downloaded. If this paper-like "
+#| "surface proves more appealing than today's display screens, we will have "
+#| "to defend our freedom in order to keep it. Meanwhile, e-books are making "
+#| "inroads in niches: NYU and other dental schools require students to buy "
+#| "their textbooks in the form of restricted e-books."
msgid ""
"Mass-market e-books have been a commercial failure so far, but not because "
"readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other "
"reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read "
"from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; "
-"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper” "
-"— book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
+"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper”"
+"—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
"downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's "
"display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it. "
"Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental "
@@ -1039,12 +1332,27 @@
"forme de livres électroniques restrictifs."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded "
+#| "Senator Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems "
+#| "Standards and Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</"
+#| "a>, which would require all computers (and other digital recording and "
+#| "playback devices) to have government-mandated copy restriction systems. "
+#| "That is their ultimate goal, but the first item on their agenda is to "
+#| "prohibit any equipment that can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed "
+#| "to be impossible for the public to “tamper with” (i.e., "
+#| "modify for their own purposes). Since free software is software that "
+#| "users can modify, we face here for the first time a proposed law that "
+#| "explicitly prohibits free software for a certain job. Prohibition of "
+#| "other jobs will surely follow. If the FCC adopts this rule, existing free "
+#| "software such as GNU Radio would be censored."
msgid ""
"The media companies are not satisfied yet. In 2001, Disney-funded Senator "
"Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and "
"Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would "
"require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to "
-"have government-mandated copy restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
+"have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
"goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that "
"can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public "
"to “tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since "
@@ -1266,6 +1574,22 @@
"car les cycles de production, sont même plus courts que cela."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some "
+#| "ways of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally "
+#| "permitted even though it is copyrighted. The natural first step in "
+#| "reducing this dimension of copyright power is to permit occasional "
+#| "private small-quantity noncommercial copying and distribution among "
+#| "individuals. This would eliminate the intrusion of the copyright police "
+#| "into people's private lives, but would probably have little effect on the "
+#| "sales of published works. (It may be necessary to take other legal steps "
+#| "to ensure that shrink-wrap licenses cannot be used to substitute for "
+#| "copyright in restricting such copying.) The experience of Napster shows "
+#| "that we should also permit noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the "
+#| "general public — when so many of the public want to copy and share, "
+#| "and find it so useful, only draconian measures will stop them, and the "
+#| "public deserves to get what it wants."
msgid ""
"Another dimension of copyright policy is the extent of fair use: some ways "
"of reproducing all or part of a published work that are legally permitted "
@@ -1277,7 +1601,7 @@
"may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap "
"licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such "
"copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should also permit "
-"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public — when so "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public—when so "
"many of the public want to copy and share, and find it so useful, only "
"draconian measures will stop them, and the public deserves to get what it "
"wants."
@@ -1342,12 +1666,20 @@
"restera profitable et qu'il n'y aura pas d'autres choix."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
+#| "companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
+#| "would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions "
+#| "on copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what "
+#| "mass-market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of "
+#| "the U.S. legal system."
msgid ""
"As we consider reductions in copyright power, we must make sure media "
"companies do not simply replace it with end-user license agreements. It "
"would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on "
"copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what mass-"
-"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the U.S. "
+"market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the US "
"legal system."
msgstr ""
"Considérant les réductions de pouvoir du droit d'auteur, nous "
@@ -1365,15 +1697,25 @@
msgstr "Remarque personnelle"
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned "
+#| "with copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of "
+#| "computer networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers "
+#| "and networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, "
+#| "and the ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic "
+#| "mystique of the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers "
+#| "to justify increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will "
+#| "then sign away to publishers."
msgid ""
"I am a software designer, not a legal scholar. I've become concerned with "
"copyright issues because there's no avoiding them in the world of computer "
"networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers and "
"networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the "
"ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of "
-"the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers to justify "
-"increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will then sign away to "
-"publishers."
+"the author as semidivine <a href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</"
+"a>, often cited by publishers to justify increased copyright powers for "
+"authors—powers which these authors will then sign away to publishers."
msgstr ""
"Je suis un concepteur de logiciels, pas un universitaire. Je me suis "
"intéressé aux problèmes de droits d'auteur car il n'y a "
@@ -1389,13 +1731,21 @@
"diteurs."
# type: Content of: <p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, "
+#| "and proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to "
+#| "accept one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve "
+#| "special power over you. If you wish to reward me further for the "
+#| "software or books I have written, I would gratefully accept a check "
+#| "— but please don't surrender your freedom in my name."
msgid ""
"Most of this article consists of facts and reasoning that you can check, and "
"proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to accept "
"one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power "
"over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have "
-"written, I would gratefully accept a check — but please don't "
-"surrender your freedom in my name."
+"written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender "
+"your freedom in my name."
msgstr ""
"En grande partie, cet article repose sur des faits et des arguments que vous "
"pouvez vérifier, et des propositions sur lesquelles vous pouvez vous "
@@ -1427,10 +1777,16 @@
"consommateur)."
# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web "
+#| "sites <a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and "
+#| "<a href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
msgid ""
"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web sites "
-"<a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href="
-"\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a href="
+"\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a href=\"http://";
+"www.eff.org\">www.eff.org</a>."
msgstr ""
"<a name=\"footnote2\" href=\"#bodyfootnote2\"></a> Si vous voulez aider, je "
"vous recommande les sites web <a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org/";
@@ -1460,12 +1816,19 @@
msgstr " "
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid ""
-"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other "
-"ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
-"corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
-"\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
href=\"/contact/\">other "
+#| "ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other "
+#| "corrections or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+#| "\"><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
msgstr ""
"Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a href=\"mailto:";
"address@hidden"><em>address@hidden</em></a>. Il existe aussi <a
href=\"/contact/"
@@ -1485,13 +1848,11 @@
"la soumission de traductions de cet article."
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
-
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
@@ -1517,3 +1878,7 @@
# type: Content of: <div><h4>
msgid "Translations of this page"
msgstr "Traductions de cette page"
+
+# type: Content of: <div><address>
+#~ msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+#~ msgstr "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
Index: philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.pot,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.pot 7 Jan 2009 09:31:01 -0000
1.3
+++ philosophy/po/misinterpreting-copyright.pot 16 Oct 2009 20:26:21 -0000
1.4
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-01-07 04:28-0500\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-16 16:26-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h2>
-msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright"
+msgid "Misinterpreting Copyright—A Series of Errors"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -29,13 +29,13 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the "
-"U.S. Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users — those who read "
-"books, listen to music, watch movies, or run software — not for the "
-"sake of publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to "
-"reject and disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for "
-"their own benefit,” the U.S. government is adding more restrictions, "
-"and trying to frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
+"Something strange and dangerous is happening in copyright law. Under the US "
+"Constitution, copyright exists to benefit users—those who read books, "
+"listen to music, watch movies, or run software—not for the sake of "
+"publishers or authors. Yet even as people tend increasingly to reject and "
+"disobey the copyright restrictions imposed on them “for their own "
+"benefit,” the US government is adding more restrictions, and trying to "
+"frighten the public into obedience with harsh new penalties."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -43,19 +43,19 @@
"How did copyright policies come to be diametrically opposed to their stated "
"purpose? And how can we bring them back into alignment with that purpose? To "
"understand, we should start by looking at the root of United States "
-"copyright law: the U.S. Constitution."
+"copyright law: the US Constitution."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h3>
-msgid "Copyright in the U.S. Constitution"
+msgid "Copyright in the US Constitution"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"When the U.S. Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled "
-"to a copyright monopoly was proposed — and rejected. The founders of "
-"our country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural "
-"right of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
+"When the US Constitution was drafted, the idea that authors were entitled to "
+"a copyright monopoly was proposed—and rejected. The founders of our "
+"country adopted a different premise, that copyright is not a natural right "
+"of authors, but an artificial concession made to them for the sake of "
"progress. The Constitution gives permission for a copyright system with "
"this paragraph (Article I, Section 8):"
msgstr ""
@@ -70,8 +70,8 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"The Supreme Court has repeatedly affirmed that promoting progress means "
-"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in Fox Film "
-"v. Doyal, the court said,"
+"benefit for the users of copyrighted works. For example, in <em>Fox Film "
+"v. Doyal</em>, the court said,"
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"This fundamental decision explains why copyright is not <b>required</b> by "
-"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option — and why it is "
+"the Constitution, only <b>permitted</b> as an option—and why it is "
"supposed to last for “limited times.” If copyright were a "
"natural right, something that authors have because they deserve it, nothing "
"could justify terminating this right after a certain period of time, any "
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
"natural rights, on the public's behalf, as part of a deal to bring the "
"public more published works. Legal scholars call this concept the "
"“copyright bargain.” It is like a government purchase of a "
-"highway or an airplane using taxpayer's money, except that the government "
+"highway or an airplane using taxpayers' money, except that the government "
"spends our freedom instead of our money."
msgstr ""
@@ -140,14 +140,14 @@
"The copyright bargain places the public first: benefit for the reading "
"public is an end in itself; benefits (if any) for publishers are just a "
"means toward that end. Readers' interests and publishers' interests are "
-"qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting the "
-"purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same level of "
-"importance as the readers."
+"thus qualitatively unequal in priority. The first step in misinterpreting "
+"the purpose of copyright is the elevation of the publishers to the same "
+"level of importance as the readers."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"It is often said that U.S. copyright law is meant to “strike a "
+"It is often said that US copyright law is meant to “strike a "
"balance” between the interests of publishers and readers. Those who "
"cite this interpretation present it as a restatement of the basic position "
"stated in the Constitution; in other words, it is supposed to be equivalent "
@@ -159,10 +159,10 @@
"But the two interpretations are far from equivalent; they are different "
"conceptually, and different in their implications. The balance concept "
"assumes that the readers' and publishers' interests differ in importance "
-"only quantitatively, in “how much weight” we should give them, "
-"and in what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is "
-"often used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of "
-"interest in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
+"only quantitatively, in <em>how much weight</em> we should give them, and in "
+"what actions they apply to. The term “stakeholders” is often "
+"used to frame the issue in this way; it assumes that all kinds of interest "
+"in a policy decision are equally important. This view rejects the "
"qualitative distinction between the readers' and publishers' interests which "
"is at the root of the government's participation in the copyright bargain."
msgstr ""
@@ -170,9 +170,9 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"The consequences of this alteration are far-reaching, because the great "
-"protection for the public in the copyright bargain — the idea that "
+"protection for the public in the copyright bargain—the idea that "
"copyright privileges can be justified only in the name of the readers, never "
-"in the name of the publishers — is discarded by the "
+"in the name of the publishers—is discarded by the "
"“balance” interpretation. Since the interest of the publishers "
"is regarded as an end in itself, it can justify copyright privileges; in "
"other words, the “balance” concept says that privileges can be "
@@ -186,7 +186,7 @@
"copyright bargain places the burden on the publishers to convince the "
"readers to cede certain freedoms. The concept of balance reverses this "
"burden, practically speaking, because there is generally no doubt that "
-"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. So unless harm to the "
+"publishers will benefit from additional privilege. Unless harm to the "
"readers can be proved, sufficient to “outweigh” this benefit, we "
"are led to conclude that the publishers are entitled to almost any privilege "
"they request."
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"When the government buys something for the public, it acts on behalf of the "
-"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal — best "
+"public; its responsibility is to obtain the best possible deal—best "
"for the public, not for the other party in the agreement."
msgstr ""
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@
"stand as shorthand for the idea of “striking a balance” between "
"the readers and the publishers. Therefore, to use the word "
"“balance” in regard to the readers' two interests would be "
-"confusing — we need another term."
+"confusing. We need another term."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -278,9 +278,9 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"The second mistake in copyright policy consists of adopting the goal of "
-"maximizing — not just increasing — the number of published "
-"works. The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated "
-"the publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
+"maximizing—not just increasing—the number of published works. "
+"The erroneous concept of “striking a balance” elevated the "
+"publishers to parity with the readers; this second error places them far "
"above the readers."
msgstr ""
@@ -291,29 +291,29 @@
"purchases, by buying only what we need of any particular good, and choosing "
"a model of sufficient rather than highest quality. The principle of "
"diminishing returns suggests that spending all our money on one particular "
-"good is likely to be inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
+"good is likely to be an inefficient allocation of resources; we generally "
"choose to keep some money for another use."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Diminishing returns applies to copyright just as to any other purchase. The "
-"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, while "
-"giving the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade additional "
-"freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a bigger "
-"sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in literary "
-"activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say it is not "
-"worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain whose overall "
-"result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to the utmost "
-"possible extent."
+"first freedoms we should trade away are those we miss the least, and whose "
+"sacrifice gives the largest encouragement to publication. As we trade "
+"additional freedoms that cut closer to home, we find that each trade is a "
+"bigger sacrifice than the last, while bringing a smaller increment in "
+"literary activity. Well before the increment becomes zero, we may well say "
+"it is not worth its incremental price; we would then settle on a bargain "
+"whose overall result is to increase the amount of publication, but not to "
+"the utmost possible extent."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Accepting the goal of maximizing publication rejects all these wiser, more "
-"advantageous bargains in advance — it dictates that the public must "
-"cede nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little "
-"more publication."
+"advantageous bargains in advance—it dictates that the public must cede "
+"nearly all of its freedom to use published works, for just a little more "
+"publication."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h3>
@@ -330,25 +330,25 @@
"(This smear term was formerly used by authors to describe publishers who "
"found lawful ways to publish unauthorized editions; its modern use by the "
"publishers is almost the reverse.) This rhetoric directly rejects the "
-"Constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
+"constitutional basis for copyright, but presents itself as representing the "
"unquestioned tradition of the American legal system."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it blankets "
-"the media so that few people realize that it is radical. It is effective "
-"because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we can never "
-"object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to do so. In "
-"other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers should not "
-"receive some additional power, the most important reason of all — "
-"“We want to copy” — is disqualified in advance."
+"The “pirate” rhetoric is typically accepted because it so "
+"pervades the media that few people realize how radical it is. It is "
+"effective because if copying by the public is fundamentally illegitimate, we "
+"can never object to the publishers' demand that we surrender our freedom to "
+"do so. In other words, when the public is challenged to show why publishers "
+"should not receive some additional power, the most important reason of "
+"all—“We want to copy”—is disqualified in advance."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"This leaves no way to argue against increasing copyright power except using "
-"side issues. Hence opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
+"side issues. Hence, opposition to stronger copyright powers today almost "
"exclusively cites side issues, and never dares cite the freedom to "
"distribute copies as a legitimate public value."
msgstr ""
@@ -356,11 +356,11 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"As a practical matter, the goal of maximization enables publishers to argue "
-"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales — or we think it "
-"might — so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown "
-"amount, and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the "
-"outrageous conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: "
-"What's good for General Media is good for the U.S.A."
+"that “A certain practice is reducing our sales—or we think it "
+"might—so we presume it diminishes publication by some unknown amount, "
+"and therefore it should be prohibited.” We are led to the outrageous "
+"conclusion that the public good is measured by publishers' sales: What's "
+"good for General Media is good for the USA."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h3>
@@ -371,20 +371,20 @@
msgid ""
"Once the publishers have obtained assent to the policy goal of maximizing "
"publication output at any cost, their next step is to infer that this "
-"requires giving them the maximum possible powers — making copyright "
+"requires giving them the maximum possible powers—making copyright "
"cover every imaginable use of a work, or applying some other legal tool such "
"as “shrink wrap” licenses to equivalent effect. This goal, "
"which entails the abolition of “fair use” and the “right "
"of first sale,” is being pressed at every available level of "
-"government, from states of the U.S. to international bodies."
+"government, from states of the US to international bodies."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"This step is erroneous because strict copyright rules obstruct the creation "
"of useful new works. For instance, Shakespeare borrowed the plots of some "
-"of his plays from other plays published a few decades before, so if today's "
-"copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
+"of his plays from works others had published a few decades before, so if "
+"today's copyright law had been in effect, his plays would have been illegal."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -423,11 +423,11 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"This bill extended the copyright on already-published works written since "
+"This bill extended the copyright on already published works written since "
"the 1920s. This change was a giveaway to publishers with no possible "
"benefit to the public, since there is no way to retroactively increase now "
"the number of books published back then. Yet it cost the public a freedom "
-"that is meaningful today — the freedom to redistribute books from that "
+"that is meaningful today—the freedom to redistribute books from that "
"era."
msgstr ""
@@ -436,8 +436,9 @@
"The bill also extended the copyrights of works yet to be written. For works "
"made for hire, copyright would last 95 years instead of the present 75 "
"years. Theoretically this would increase the incentive to write new works; "
-"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should "
-"substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for the year 2075."
+"but any publisher that claims to need this extra incentive should be "
+"required substantiate the claim with projected balance sheets for 75 years "
+"in the future."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -460,16 +461,18 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"The Supreme Court has agreed to hear a case that seeks to overturn the law "
-"on the grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the "
-"Constitution's goal of promoting progress."
+"The Supreme Court later heard a case that sought to overturn the law on the "
+"grounds that the retroactive extension fails to serve the Constitution's "
+"goal of promoting progress. The court responded by abdicating its "
+"responsibility to judge the question; on copyright, the Constitution "
+"requires only lip service."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"Another law, passed in 1996, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
+"Another law, passed in 1997, made it a felony to make sufficiently many "
"copies of any published work, even if you give them away to friends just to "
-"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the U.S. at all."
+"be nice. Previously this was not a crime in the US at all."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -489,11 +492,12 @@
msgid ""
"One of the arguments offered for this bill was that it would implement a "
"recent treaty to increase copyright powers. The treaty was promulgated by "
-"the World Intellectual Property Organization, an organization dominated by "
-"copyright-holding and patent-holding interests, with the aid of pressure "
-"from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only increases copyright "
-"power, whether it serves the public interest in any country is doubtful. In "
-"any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty required."
+"the World <a href=\"not-ipr.html\">Intellectual Property</a> Organization, "
+"an organization dominated by copyright- and patent-holding interests, with "
+"the aid of pressure from the Clinton administration; since the treaty only "
+"increases copyright power, whether it serves the public interest in any "
+"country is doubtful. In any case, the bill went far beyond what the treaty "
+"required."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -502,7 +506,7 @@
"aspects that block the forms of copying that are considered “fair "
"use.” How did the publishers respond? Former representative Pat "
"Schroeder, now a lobbyist for the Association of American Publishers, said "
-"that the publishers “could not live with what [the libraries are] "
+"that the publishers “could not live with what [the libraries were] "
"asking for.” Since the libraries were asking only to preserve part of "
"the status quo, one might respond by wondering how the publishers had "
"survived until the present day."
@@ -511,7 +515,7 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Congressman Barney Frank, in a meeting with me and others who opposed this "
-"bill, showed how far the U.S. Constitution's view of copyright has been "
+"bill, showed how far the US Constitution's view of copyright has been "
"disregarded. He said that new powers, backed by criminal penalties, were "
"needed urgently because the “movie industry is worried,” as well "
"as the “music industry” and other “industries.” I "
@@ -545,11 +549,11 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"We are also beginning to see e-books that take away many of readers' "
-"traditional freedoms — for instance, the freedom to lend a book to "
-"your friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, "
-"to buy it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the "
-"freedom to read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
-"activities — you can read them only with special secret software "
+"traditional freedoms—for instance, the freedom to lend a book to your "
+"friend, to sell it to a used book store, to borrow it from a library, to buy "
+"it without giving your name to a corporate data bank, even the freedom to "
+"read it twice. Encrypted e-books generally restrict all these "
+"activities—you can read them only with special secret software "
"designed to restrict you."
msgstr ""
@@ -564,10 +568,10 @@
msgid ""
"Anyone independently releasing software that can read restricted e-books "
"risks prosecution. A Russian programmer, Dmitry Sklyarov, was arrested in "
-"2001 while visiting the U.S. to speak at a conference, because he had "
-"written such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia "
-"is preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently "
-"adopted one."
+"2001 while visiting the US to speak at a conference, because he had written "
+"such a program in Russia, where it was lawful to do so. Now Russia is "
+"preparing a law to prohibit it too, and the European Union recently adopted "
+"one."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -576,13 +580,13 @@
"readers chose to defend their freedom; they were unattractive for other "
"reasons, such as that computer display screens are not easy surfaces to read "
"from. We can't rely on this happy accident to protect us in the long term; "
-"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic paper” "
-"— book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted e-book can be "
-"downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing than today's "
-"display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to keep it. "
-"Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other dental "
-"schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of restricted "
-"e-books."
+"the next attempt to promote e-books will use “electronic "
+"paper”—book-like objects into which an encrypted, restricted "
+"e-book can be downloaded. If this paper-like surface proves more appealing "
+"than today's display screens, we will have to defend our freedom in order to "
+"keep it. Meanwhile, e-books are making inroads in niches: NYU and other "
+"dental schools require students to buy their textbooks in the form of "
+"restricted e-books."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -591,7 +595,7 @@
"Hollings proposed a bill called the “Security Systems Standards and "
"Certification Act” (SSSCA)<a href=\"#footnote1\">[1]</a>, which would "
"require all computers (and other digital recording and playback devices) to "
-"have government-mandated copy restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
+"have government-mandated copy-restriction systems. That is their ultimate "
"goal, but the first item on their agenda is to prohibit any equipment that "
"can tune digital HDTV unless it is designed to be impossible for the public "
"to “tamper with” (i.e., modify for their own purposes). Since "
@@ -720,7 +724,7 @@
"may be necessary to take other legal steps to ensure that shrink-wrap "
"licenses cannot be used to substitute for copyright in restricting such "
"copying.) The experience of Napster shows that we should also permit "
-"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public — when so "
+"noncommercial verbatim redistribution to the general public—when so "
"many of the public want to copy and share, and find it so useful, only "
"draconian measures will stop them, and the public deserves to get what it "
"wants."
@@ -755,7 +759,7 @@
"would be necessary to prohibit the use of contracts to apply restrictions on "
"copying that go beyond those of copyright. Such limitations on what "
"mass-market nonnegotiated contracts can require are a standard part of the "
-"U.S. legal system."
+"US legal system."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h3>
@@ -769,9 +773,10 @@
"networks <a href=\"#footnote3\">[3]</a>. As a user of computers and "
"networks for thirty years, I value the freedoms that we have lost, and the "
"ones we may lose next. As an author, I can reject the romantic mystique of "
-"the author as semidivine creator, often cited by publishers to justify "
-"increased copyright powers for authors, which authors will then sign away to "
-"publishers."
+"the author as semidivine <a "
+"href=\"words-to-avoid.html#Creator\">creator</a>, often cited by publishers "
+"to justify increased copyright powers for authors—powers which these "
+"authors will then sign away to publishers."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <p>
@@ -780,8 +785,8 @@
"proposals on which you can form your own opinions. But I ask you to accept "
"one thing on my word alone: that authors like me don't deserve special power "
"over you. If you wish to reward me further for the software or books I have "
-"written, I would gratefully accept a check — but please don't "
-"surrender your freedom in my name."
+"written, I would gratefully accept a check—but please don't surrender "
+"your freedom in my name."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <h4>
@@ -799,7 +804,8 @@
# type: Content of: <ol><li>
msgid ""
"<a id=\"footnote2\"></a>If you would like to help, I recommend the Web sites "
-"<a href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a "
+"<a href=\"http://defectivebydesign.org\";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>, <a "
+"href=\"http://publicknowledge.org\";>publicknowledge.org</a> and <a "
"href=\"http://www.eff.org\";>www.eff.org</a>."
msgstr ""
@@ -825,10 +831,10 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>. There are also <a
"
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
-"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>."
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
@@ -839,11 +845,7 @@
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
-msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,"
-msgstr ""
-
-# type: Content of: <div><address>
-msgid "51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA"
+msgid "Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr ""
# type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: fun/jokes/po/evilmalware.pot
===================================================================
RCS file: fun/jokes/po/evilmalware.pot
diff -N fun/jokes/po/evilmalware.pot
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ fun/jokes/po/evilmalware.pot 16 Oct 2009 20:26:15 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
+# Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package.
+# FIRST AUTHOR <address@hidden>, YEAR.
+#
+#, fuzzy
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2009-10-16 16:26-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
+"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=CHARSET\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
+
+# type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"Why GNU/Linux Viruses are fairly uncommon - GNU Project - Free Software "
+"Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "“Why GNU/Linux Viruses are fairly uncommon” from Charlie
Harvey"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "evilmalware 0.6 (beta)"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005 E\\/17 |-|4><0|2z Software "
+"Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO "
+"warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY, COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF IMPORTANT "
+"DATA or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE (eg. sending thousands of Viagra "
+"spams to people accross the world)."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Basic Installation"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Before attempting to compile this virus make sure you have the correct "
+"version of glibc installed, and that your firewall rules are set to "
+"‘allow everything’."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid "Put the attachment into the appropriate directory eg.
<tt>/usr/src</tt>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Type ‘<tt>tar xvzf evilmalware.tar.gz</tt>’ to extract the "
+"source files for this virus."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"‘<tt>cd</tt>’ to the directory containing the virus' source code "
+"and type ‘<tt>./configure</tt>’ to configure the virus for your "
+"system. If you're using ‘<tt>csh</tt>’ on an old version of "
+"System V, you might need to type ‘<tt>sh ./configure</tt>’ "
+"instead to prevent ‘<tt>csh</tt>’ from trying to execute "
+"‘<tt>configure</tt>’ itself."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Type ‘<tt>make</tt>’ to compile the package. You may need to be "
+"logged in as root to do this."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Optionally, type ‘<tt>make check_payable</tt>’ to run any "
+"self-tests that come with the virus, and send a large donation to an "
+"unnumbered Swiss bank account."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Type ‘<tt>make install</tt>’ to install the virus and any "
+"spyware, trojans pornography, penis enlargement adverts and DDoS attacks "
+"that come with it."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"You may now configure your preferred malware behaviour in "
+"<tt>/etc/evilmalware.conf</tt>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <table><tr><th>
+msgid "SEE ALSO"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <table><tr><td>
+msgid ""
+"<i>evilmalware(1)</i>, <i>evilmalware.conf(5)</i>, "
+"<i>please_delete_all_my_files(1)</i>"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "<a href=\"/fun/humor.html\">Other humor</a> in the GNU Humor
Collection."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <h4>
+msgid "Disclaimer"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The joke on this page was obtained from the FSF's <a "
+"href=\"http://lists.gnu.org/\";>email archives</a> of the GNU Project."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The Free Software Foundation claims no copyright on this joke."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+# type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a "
+"href=\"/contact/\">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send "
+"broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a "
+"href=\"mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a "
+"href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">Translations README</a> "
+"for information on coordinating and submitting translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. timestamp start
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr ""
+
+# type: Content of: <div><h4>
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr ""
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