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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html distros/p... |
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Date: |
Sat, 23 Feb 2019 03:29:35 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 19/02/23 03:29:35
Modified files:
distros : common-distros.zh-cn.html
distros/po : common-distros.zh-cn.po
doc : other-free-books.zh-cn.html
doc/po : other-free-books.zh-cn.po
education : edu-cases-india-irimpanam.zh-cn.html
education/po : edu-cases-india-irimpanam.zh-cn.po
philosophy : applying-free-sw-criteria.zh-cn.html
surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html
who-does-that-server-really-serve.zh-cn.html
philosophy/po : surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po
who-does-that-server-really-serve.zh-cn.po
thankgnus : thankgnus.zh-cn.html
thankgnus/po : thankgnus.zh-cn.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-diff.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/other-free-books.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/doc/po/other-free-books.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-cases-india-irimpanam.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/applying-free-sw-criteria.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.35&r2=1.36
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.zh-cn-diff.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/thankgnus/thankgnus.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/thankgnus/po/thankgnus.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.20&r2=1.21
Patches:
Index: distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html 12 Jan 2019 13:58:40 -0000 1.11
+++ distros/common-distros.zh-cn.html 23 Feb 2019 08:29:33 -0000 1.12
@@ -59,9 +59,9 @@
<p>Debianç社群å¥çº¦å£°æå
¶ç®æ æ¯ä½¿Debianæ为å®å
¨èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å¹¶ä¸Debianèªè§å°æéèªç±è½¯ä»¶æé¤å¨å
¶æ£å¼åå¸ä¹å¤ãç¶èï¼Debianè¿æ¯æä¾éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ç软件åºãæ
¹æ®å
¶é¡¹ç®ï¼è¿äºè½¯ä»¶“ä¸æ¯Debianç³»ç»çä¸é¨å”ï¼ä½æ¯è¯¥è½¯ä»¶åºç±è¯¥é¡¹ç®ç许å¤ä¸»è¦æå¡å¨æ管ï¼èä¸äººä»¬å¯ä»¥é©¬ä¸éè¿æµè§Debiançå¨çº¿è½¯ä»¶å
æ°æ®åºåå
¶wikiæ¾å°è¿äºéèªç±è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
-<p>å®è¿æä¸ä¸ª“贡箔软件åºï¼å
¶è½¯ä»¶å
æ¯èªç±çï¼ä½æ¯å
¶ä¸æäºéè¦å
è½½å¦å¤åå¸çä¸å±è½¯ä»¶ãè¿ä¹æ²¡å®å
¨åDebian主åè¡çå离ã</p>
+<p>å®è¿æä¸ä¸ª“contrib”软件åºï¼å
¶è½¯ä»¶å
æ¯èªç±çï¼ä½æ¯å
¶ä¸æäºéè¦å
è½½å¦å¤åå¸çä¸æ软件ãè¿ä¹æ²¡å®å
¨åDebian主åè¡çå离ã</p>
-<p>Debianæ¯å¯ä¸æ²¡æ被æ¯æèå¨å
¶ä¸»åå¸ä¸æ²¡æéèªç±blobsçåè¡çãä¸è¿ï¼è¿æ¯æäºé®é¢ãéèªç±çåºä»¶è¿åå¨äºDebiançéèªç±è½¯ä»¶åºä¸ï¼è¿ç¹å¨debian.orgçææ¡£ä¸æ说æï¼å
¶å®è£
ç¨åºå¨æäºæ
åµä¸ä¼å»ºè®®è®¡ç®æºå¨è¾¹è®¾å¤å®è£
è¿äºéèªç±åºä»¶ã</p>
+<p>Debianæ¯å¯ä¸æ²¡æ被认å¯èå¨å
¶ä¸»åå¸ä¸æ²¡æéèªç±blobsçåè¡çãä¸è¿ï¼è¿æ¯æäºé®é¢ãéèªç±çåºä»¶ä»ç¶åå¨äºDebiançéèªç±è½¯ä»¶åºä¸ï¼è¿ç¹å¨debian.orgçææ¡£ä¸æ说æï¼å
¶å®è£
ç¨åºå¨æäºæ
åµä¸ä¼æ¨è计ç®æºå¨è¾¹è®¾å¤å®è£
è¿äºéèªç±åºä»¶ã</p>
<p>Debiançwikiå«æå
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è¿äºéèªç±åºä»¶ç页é¢ã</p>
@@ -86,12 +86,12 @@
<h3 id="Mint">Mint GNU/Linux</h3>
-<p>Mint没ææç»éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çæ¿çï¼å®çå
æ ¸é©±å¨å
å«æéèªç±çäºè¿å¶blobsï¼èä¸å®ç软件åºä¸ä¹å¸¦æéèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãå®çè³å
å«äºä¸å±çç¼è§£ç ç¨åºã</p>
+<p>Mint没ææç»éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çæ¿çï¼å®çå
æ ¸é©±å¨å
å«æéèªç±çäºè¿å¶blobsï¼èä¸å®ç软件åºä¸ä¹å¸¦æéèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãå®çè³å
å«äºä¸æçç¼è§£ç ç¨åºã</p>
<h3 id="openSUSE">openSUSE</h3>
<p>openSUSEæä¾éèªç±è½¯ä»¶åºãè¿å°±æ¯<a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“å¼æ¾”弱亓èªç±”</a>çä¸ä¸ªæè¯ã</p>
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“å¼æ¾ï¼open４弱亓èªç±ï¼freeï¼”</a>çä¸ä¸ªæè¯ã</p>
<h3 id="RedHat">Red Hat GNU/Linux</h3>
@@ -105,8 +105,8 @@
<h3 id="SteamOS">SteamOS</h3>
-<p>SteamOSæ¯ç±Valveåå¸çGNU/Linuxçæ¬ãå®å¸¦æä¸å±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å
æ¬Steam客æ·ç«¯åä¸å±é©±å¨ãSteam使ç¨<a
-href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm";>æ°åæé管çï¼DRMï¼</a>æ¥éå¶å
¶åå¸ç软件ï¼å
æ¬å
¶éè¿Steamååºåå¸çä¸å±è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
+<p>SteamOSæ¯ç±Valveåå¸çGNU/Linuxçæ¬ãå®å¸¦æä¸æ软件ï¼å
æ¬Steam客æ·ç«¯åä¸æ驱å¨ãSteam使ç¨<a
+href="https://www.defectivebydesign.org/what_is_drm";>æ°åæé管çï¼DRMï¼</a>æ¥éå¶å
¶åå¸ç软件ï¼å
æ¬å
¶éè¿Steamååºåå¸çä¸æ软件ã</p>
<h3 id="SUSE">SUSE GNU/Linux Enterprise</h3>
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<p>Ubuntu为éèªç±è½¯ä»¶æä¾ç¹å«ç软件åºï¼èä¸Canonical以Ubuntuçåä¹å¨å
¶åå¸æ¸ éæ确表示æ¨å¹¿å建议éèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãUbuntuæä¾äºä»
å®è£
èªç±è½¯ä»¶çé项ï¼è¿è¡¨ç¤ºå®ä¹æä¾äºå®è£
éèªç±è½¯ä»¶çé项ãå¦å¤ï¼UbuntuçLinuxå
æ ¸å
å«äºåºä»¶blobsã</p>
-<p>“Ubuntu软件ä¸å¿”æèªç±è½¯ä»¶åä¸å±è½¯ä»¶æ··å¨ä¸èµ·ãè¿æ
·<a
-href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/ubuntu_software_center_proprietary_and_free_software_mixed_confusing_ui";>é¾ä»¥å辨åªäºæ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>ï¼å
为å
è´¹ä¸è½½çä¸å±è½¯ä»¶è´´ç“èªç±ï¼freeï¼”çæ
ç¾ã</p>
+<p>“Ubuntu软件ä¸å¿”æèªç±è½¯ä»¶åä¸æ软件混å¨ä¸èµ·ãè¿æ
·<a
+href="http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/articles/ubuntu_software_center_proprietary_and_free_software_mixed_confusing_ui";>é¾ä»¥å辨åªäºæ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>ï¼å
为å
è´¹ä¸è½½çä¸æ软件贴ç“èªç±ï¼freeï¼”çæ
ç¾ã</p>
<p>Ubuntu<a
-href="http://www.ubuntu.com/legal/intellectual-property-policy#your-use-of-ubuntu";>æ¾ç¶å
许以å
¶åæ åå¸å®å
¨ä¸æ
·çåä¸æ·è´</a>ï¼åªæä¿®æ¹è¿ççæ¬æéè¦å»é¤å
¶åæ
ãè¿ä¸ªåæ
æ¿çå¯ä»¥æ¥åãå¨åä¸é¡µé¢ï¼å¾ä¸çï¼å¯ä»¥çå°å«ç³ä¸æç“Ubuntuä¸å©”声æï¼èå®å¹¶æªå°±ä»¥ä¸æ¯å¦ææä¾µæç»åºè¯¦å°½ç说æã</p>
+href="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/intellectual-property-policy#your-use-of-ubuntu";>æ¾ç¶å
许以å
¶åæ åå¸å®å
¨ä¸æ
·çåä¸æ·è´</a>ï¼åªæä¿®æ¹è¿ççæ¬æéè¦å»é¤å
¶åæ
ãè¿ä¸ªåæ
æ¿çå¯ä»¥æ¥åãå¨åä¸é¡µé¢ï¼å¾ä¸çï¼å¯ä»¥çå°å«ç³ä¸æç“Ubuntuä¸å©”声æï¼èå®å¹¶æªå°±ä»¥ä¸æ¯å¦ææä¾µæç»åºè¯¦å°½ç说æã</p>
<p>该页é¢éè¿ä½¿ç¨<a
-href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">“ç¥è¯äº§ææå©”</a>è¿ä¸è¯¯å¯¼æ§æ¯è¯æ£å¸æ··ä¹±ï¼é误å°å设åæ
æ³ãä¸å©æ³åå
¶ä»ä¸äºæ³å¾å±äºåä¸æ¦å¿µæ§æ¡æ¶ã使ç¨è¯¥æ¯è¯æ¯æ害çï¼æ²¡æä¾å¤ï¼æ以é¤äºå¼ç¨å«äººå¯¹è¯¥æ¯è¯ç使ç¨ä¹å¤ï¼æ们åºè¯¥æç»ä½¿ç¨å®ãä½æ¯ï¼è¿å¹¶ä¸æ¯Ubuntuä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªGNU/Linuxåè¡çç主è¦é®é¢ã</p>
+href="/philosophy/not-ipr.html">“ç¥è¯äº§æ”</a>è¿ä¸è¯¯å¯¼æ§æ¯è¯æ£å¸æ··ä¹±ï¼é误å°å设åæ
æ³ãä¸å©æ³åå
¶ä»ä¸äºæ³å¾å±äºåä¸æ¦å¿µæ§æ¡æ¶ã使ç¨è¯¥æ¯è¯æ¯æ害çï¼æ²¡æä¾å¤ï¼æ以é¤äºå¼ç¨å«äººå¯¹è¯¥æ¯è¯ç使ç¨ä¹å¤ï¼æ们åºè¯¥æç»ä½¿ç¨å®ãä½æ¯ï¼è¿å¹¶ä¸æ¯Ubuntuä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªGNU/Linuxåè¡çç主è¦é®é¢ã</p>
<p>请ä¸è¦ä½¿ç¨è¿ä¸ªéèªç±çåè¡çï¼è¯·ä½¿ç¨ç±å®æ¹é
çèªç±åè¡çï¼<a
href="/distros/free-distros.html#for-pc">Dyne:bolic</a>ã<a
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
<p>Linuxå
æ
¸ä½¿ç¨çéèªç±åºä»¶ç¨åºè¢«ç§°å“blobs”ï¼æ们使ç¨è¯¥æ¯è¯æè¿°æ¤ç±»ç¨åºãå¨BSDæ¯è¯ä¸ï¼“blob”说çæ¯å¦å¤çä¸è¥¿ï¼éèªç±é©±å¨ãOpenBSDï¼è¿å¯è½å
æ¬å
¶ä»BSDåè¡çï¼BSDå¼åè
称ä¹ä¸º“项箔ï¼æä¸å
å«è¿äºéèªç±é©±å¨çæ¿çã对驱å¨ï¼è¿æ¯æ£ç¡®çæ¿çï¼ä½æ¯å½å¼åè
说å
¶åè¡ç“没æå
å«blobs”æ¶ï¼å°±å½¢æäºè¯¯è§£ãä»ä»¬è¯´çä¸æ¯åºä»¶blobsã</p>
-<p>è¿äºBSDåè¡çé½æ²¡æ声æå®ä»¬æé对ä¸å±äºè¿å¶åºä»¶çæ¿çï¼å³ä½¿è¿äºäºè¿å¶åºä»¶å¯è½ä¼è¢«èªç±é©±å¨å
è½½ã</p>
+<p>è¿äºBSDåè¡çé½æ²¡æ声æå®ä»¬æé对ä¸æäºè¿å¶åºä»¶çæ¿çï¼å³ä½¿è¿äºäºè¿å¶åºä»¶å¯è½ä¼è¢«èªç±é©±å¨å
è½½ã</p>
<h3 id="ChromeOS">Chrome OS</h3>
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
<h3 id="ReactOS">ReactOS</h3>
-<p>ReactOSç®çå¨äºä¸ºæ¿ä»£Windowsèæä¾èªç±äºè¿å¶å
¼å®¹è½¯ä»¶ã为Windows使ç¨ä¸å±è½¯ä»¶å驱å¨æ¯å
¶é¡¹ç®éè¿°çç®æ
ä¹ä¸ã</p>
+<p>ReactOSç®çå¨äºä¸ºæ¿ä»£Windowsèæä¾èªç±äºè¿å¶å
¼å®¹è½¯ä»¶ã为Windows使ç¨ä¸æ软件å驱å¨æ¯å
¶é¡¹ç®éè¿°çç®æ
ä¹ä¸ã</p>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2019/01/12 13:58:40 $
+$Date: 2019/02/23 08:29:33 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po 23 Feb 2019 07:59:56 -0000 1.25
+++ distros/po/common-distros.zh-cn.po 23 Feb 2019 08:29:33 -0000 1.26
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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msgid ""
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#~ "partly remains: the installer in some cases recommends these nonfree "
#~ "firmware files for the peripherals on the machine."
#~ msgstr ""
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æ¬å¸¦éèªç±blobsçLinuxå
æ
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¶ä¸»åå¸ç§»é¤å°å离çéèªç±"
-#~ "软件åºãç¶èï¼é®é¢è¿æéçï¼å
¶å®è£
ç¨åºå¨æäºæ
åµä¸ä¼ä¸ºçµèçå¤è®¾æ¨èè¿äºé"
-#~ "èªç±çåºä»¶ã"
+#~ "Debian以åçåå¸å
æ¬å¸¦éèªç±blobsçLinuxå
æ
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+#~ "３squeeze”ï¼åå¸èµ·ï¼è¿äºblobs被å
¶ä¸»åå¸ç§»é¤å°å离çéèªç±è½¯ä»¶"
+#~ "åºãç¶èï¼é®é¢è¿æéçï¼å
¶å®è£
ç¨åºå¨æäºæ
åµä¸ä¼ä¸ºçµèçå¤è®¾æ¨èè¿äºéèªç±"
+#~ "çåºä»¶ã"
#~ msgid ""
#~ "Arch has the two usual problems: there's no clear policy about what "
Index: doc/other-free-books.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/other-free-books.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- doc/other-free-books.zh-cn.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:03 -0000 1.8
+++ doc/other-free-books.zh-cn.html 23 Feb 2019 08:29:34 -0000 1.9
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@
<h3 id="TableOfContents">ç®å½</h3>
<ul>
- <li>è±è¯èªç±ä¹¦ç±</li>
- <li>西ççè¯èªç±ä¹¦ç±</li>
+ <li><a href="#English">è±è¯èªç±ä¹¦ç±</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Spanish">西ççè¯èªç±ä¹¦ç±</a></li>
</ul>
<p>
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
<td>J.W. Eatonç</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>095461206X</td>
-<td>èGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@
<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-0-0</td>
-<td>èGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>The R Development Core Team</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9546120-1-9</td>
-<td>èGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>Chet Ramey, Brian Fox</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-7-7</td>
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+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<td>W.N. Venablesç</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-4-2</td>
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</tr>
<tr>
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<td>John W. Eaton</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-2-6</td>
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+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
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<tr>
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<td>Per Cederqvistç</td>
<td>Network Theory Ltd.</td>
<td>0-9541617-1-8</td>
-<td>èGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
+<td>èççGNUæå许å¯è¯</td>
</tr>
<tr>
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@
<dt><a href="#ALP_ENTRY" name="ALP_NOTE"><strong>Note on Advanced Linux
Programmingï¼ç¬¬ä¸çï¼</strong></a></dt>
<dd>
-æ¬ä¹¦å¨2001å¹´6æä»å°æ¶æ²¡ææ£ç¡®ååºè®¸å¯è¯ã该å°å·çæ¾ç¤ºæ¬ä¹¦æ¯ä¸å±ä¹¦ç±ãåºçååæ们ä¿è¯è¿ä¸ªçº¯å±å°å·é误ï¼è该书ç许å¯è¯åºè¯¥æ¯“Open
+æ¬ä¹¦å¨2001å¹´6æä»å°æ¶æ²¡ææ£ç¡®ååºè®¸å¯è¯ã该å°å·çæ¾ç¤ºæ¬ä¹¦æ¯ä¸æ书ç±ãåºçååæ们ä¿è¯è¿ä¸ªçº¯å±å°å·é误ï¼è该书ç许å¯è¯åºè¯¥æ¯“Open
Publication Licenseï¼çæ¬ 1.0ï¼æ éæ©æ”ã该书ç<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150330081029/http://www.advancedlinuxprogramming.com/errata.html";>å误表</a>ä¹ç¡®è®¤äºè¿ä¸ç¹ãä»ä»¬è¿ä¿è¯åçæ¶ä¸å®ä¼æ´æ£è®¸å¯è¯ã
</dd>
@@ -499,12 +499,12 @@
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<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2018ã</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2018ï¼2019ã</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:03 $
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<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: doc/po/other-free-books.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/doc/po/other-free-books.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- doc/po/other-free-books.zh-cn.po 23 Feb 2019 07:59:09 -0000 1.8
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<h2 class="center">æ°ä¸»è½å¤æ¿åå¤å°çæ§ï¼</h2>
<p class="byline center"><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a> è</p>
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===================================================================
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<blockquote><p>ï¼æ¬æ第ä¸çå表äº<a
href="http://www.bostonreview.net/richard-stallman-free-software-DRM";>波士顿è¯è®º</a>ãï¼</p></blockquote>
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msgstr "é对æ
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#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "We must convert digital toll collection to anonymous payment (using "
+#| "digital cash, for instance). License-plate recognition systems recognize "
+#| "all license plates, and the <a href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/";
+#| "programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm\">data can be kept indefinitely</"
+#| "a>; they should be required by law to notice and record only those "
+#| "license numbers that are on a list of cars sought by court orders. A "
+#| "less secure alternative would record all cars locally but only for a few "
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-msgid "Copyright © 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018 Richard Stallman"
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Index: philosophy/po/who-does-that-server-really-serve.zh-cn.po
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+<body><pre>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<title>How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+#intro { margin: 2em auto 1.5em; }
+.pict.wide { width: 23em; }
+.pict p { margin-top: .2em; }
address@hidden (min-width: 55em) {
+ #intro { max-width: 55em; }
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+}
+--></style>
+<!-- GNUN: localize URL /graphics/dog.small.jpg -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/surveillance-vs-democracy.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2 class="center">How Much Surveillance Can Democracy
Withstand?</h2>
+
+<p class="byline center">by <a
href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<!-- rms: I deleted the link because of Wired's announced
+ anti-ad-block system -->
+<blockquote class="center"><p>A version of this article was first
published in
+<cite>Wired</cite> in October 2013.<br />
+Also consider reading “<a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance">A
+radical proposal to keep your personal data safe</a>,” published in
+<cite>The Guardian</cite> in
April 2018.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="article">
+
+<div id="intro">
+<div class="pict wide">
+<a href="/graphics/dog.html">
+<img src="/graphics/dog.small.jpg" alt="Cartoon of a dog, wondering at the
three ads that popped up on his computer screen..." /></a>
+<p>“How did they find out I'm a dog?”</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>Thanks to Edward Snowden's disclosures, we know that the current
+level of general surveillance in society is incompatible with human
+rights. The repeated harassment and prosecution of dissidents,
+sources, and journalists in the US and elsewhere provides
+confirmation. We need to reduce the level of general surveillance,
+but how far? Where exactly is the
+<em>maximum tolerable level of surveillance</em>, which we must
ensure
+is not exceeded? It is the level beyond which surveillance starts to
+interfere with the functioning of democracy, in that whistleblowers
+(such as Snowden) are likely to be caught.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="columns" style="clear:both">
+<p>Faced with government secrecy, we the people depend on
+whistleblowers
+to <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2013/11/reddit-tpp-ama">tell
+us what the state is doing</a>. However, today's surveillance
+intimidates potential whistleblowers, which means it is too much. To
+recover our democratic control over the state, we must reduce
+surveillance to the point where whistleblowers know they are safe.</p>
+
+<p>Using free/libre
+software, <a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">as
+I've advocated for 30 years</a>, is the first step in taking control
+of our digital lives, and that includes preventing surveillance. We
+can't trust nonfree software; the NSA
+<a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622044225/http://blogs.computerworlduk.com/open-enterprise/2013/06/how-can-any-company-ever-trust-microsoft-again/index.htm">uses</a>
+and
+even <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/05/nsa-gchq-encryption-codes-security">creates</a>
+security weaknesses in nonfree software to invade our own computers
+and routers. Free software gives us control of our own computers,
+but <a href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/149481/">that won't
+protect our privacy once we set foot on the Internet</a>.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/10/nsa-surveillance-patriot-act-author-bill">Bipartisan
+legislation to “curtail the domestic surveillance
+powers”</a> in the U.S. is being drawn up, but it relies on
+limiting the government's use of our virtual dossiers. That won't
+suffice to protect whistleblowers if “catching the
+whistleblower” is grounds for access sufficient to identify him
+or her. We need to go further.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader" style="clear: both">The Upper Limit on
Surveillance in a Democracy</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>If whistleblowers don't dare reveal crimes and lies, we lose the
+last shred of effective control over our government and institutions.
+That's why surveillance that enables the state to find out who has
+talked with a reporter is too much surveillance—too much for
+democracy to endure.</p>
+
+<p>An unnamed U.S. government official ominously told journalists in
+2011 that
+the <a
href="http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/news-media-law/news-media-and-law-summer-2011/lessons-wye-river">U.S.
would
+not subpoena reporters because “We know who you're talking
+to.”</a>
+Sometimes <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/sep/24/yemen-leak-sachtleben-guilty-associated-press">journalists'
+phone call records are subpoenaed</a> to find this out, but Snowden
+has shown us that in effect they subpoena all the phone call records
+of everyone in the U.S., all the
+time, <a
href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/jun/06/verizon-telephone-data-court-order">from
+Verizon</a>
+and <a
href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/nsa-data-mining-digs-into-networks-beyond-verizon-2013-06-07">from
+other companies too</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Opposition and dissident activities need to keep secrets from
+states that are willing to play dirty tricks on them. The ACLU has
+demonstrated the U.S. government's <a
+href="http://www.aclu.org/files/assets/Spyfiles_2_0.pdf">systematic
+practice of infiltrating peaceful dissident groups</a> on the pretext
+that there might be terrorists among them. The point at which
+surveillance is too much is the point at which the state can find who
+spoke to a known journalist or a known dissident.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">Information, Once Collected, Will Be
Misused</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p id="willbemisused">When people recognize
+that the level of general surveillance is too
+high, the first response is to propose limits on access to the
+accumulated data. That sounds nice, but it won't fix the problem, not
+even slightly, even supposing that the government obeys the rules.
+(The NSA has misled the FISA court, which said it
+was <a
href="http://www.wired.com/threatlevel/2013/09/nsa-violations/">unable
+to effectively hold the NSA accountable</a>.) Suspicion of a crime
+will be grounds for access, so once a whistleblower is accused of
+“espionage,” finding the “spy” will provide an
+excuse to access the accumulated material.</p>
+
+<p>In practice, we can't expect state agencies even to make up excuses
+to satisfy the rules for using surveillance data—because US
+agencies
+already <a
href="https://theintercept.com/2018/01/09/dark-side-fbi-dea-illegal-searches-secret-evidence/">
+lie to cover up breaking the rules</a>. These rules are not seriously
+meant to be obeyed; rather, they are a fairy-tale we can believe if we
+like.</p>
+
+<p>In addition, the state's surveillance staff will misuse the data
+for personal reasons. Some NSA
+agents <a
href="http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/24/nsa-analysts-abused-surveillance-systems">used
+U.S. surveillance systems to track their lovers</a>—past,
+present, or wished-for—in a practice called
+“LOVEINT.” The NSA says it has caught and punished this a
+few times; we don't know how many other times it wasn't caught. But
+these events shouldn't surprise us, because police have
+long <a
href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401102120/http://www.sweetliberty.org/issues/privacy/lein1.htm#.V_mKlYbb69I">used
+their access to driver's license records to track down someone
+attractive</a>, a practice known as “running a plate for a
+date.” This practice has expanded
+with <a
href="https://theyarewatching.org/issues/risks-increase-once-data-shared">new
+digital systems</a>. In 2016, a prosecutor was accused of forging
+judges' signatures to get authorization
+to <a
href="http://gizmodo.com/government-officials-cant-stop-spying-on-their-crushes-1789490933">
+wiretap someone who was the object of a romantic obsession</a>. The AP
+knows
+of <a href="https://apnews.com/699236946e3140659fff8a2362e16f43">many
+other instances in the US</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Surveillance data will always be used for other purposes, even if
+this is prohibited. Once the data has been accumulated and the state
+has the possibility of access to it, it can misuse that data in
+dreadful ways, as shown by examples
+from <a
href="http://falkvinge.net/2012/03/17/collected-personal-data-will-always-be-used-against-the-citizens/">Europe</a>,
+<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment">the
+US</a>, and most
+recently <a
href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/terrifying-how-a-single-line-of-computer-code-put-thousands-of-innocent-turks-in-jail-1.4495021">Turkey</a>.
+(Turkey's confusion about who had really used the Bylock program only
+exacerbated the basic deliberate injustice of arbitrarily punishing
+people for having used it.)
+</p>
+
+<p>Personal data collected by the state is also likely to be obtained
+by outside crackers that break the security of the servers, even
+by <a
href="https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20150612/16334231330/second-opm-hack-revealed-even-worse-than-first.shtml">crackers
+working for hostile states</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Governments can easily use massive surveillance capability
+to <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/22/world/europe/macedonia-government-is-blamed-for-wiretapping-scandal.html">subvert
+democracy directly</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Total surveillance accessible to the state enables the state to
+launch a massive fishing expedition against any person. To make
+journalism and democracy safe, we must limit the accumulation of data
+that is easily accessible to the state.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">Robust Protection for Privacy Must Be
Technical</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>The Electronic Frontier Foundation and other organizations propose
+a set of legal principles designed to <a
+href="https://en.necessaryandproportionate.org/text">prevent the
+abuses of massive surveillance</a>. These principles include,
+crucially, explicit legal protection for whistleblowers; as a
+consequence, they would be adequate for protecting democratic
+freedoms—if adopted completely and enforced without exception
+forever.</p>
+
+<p>However, such legal protections are precarious: as recent history
+shows, they can be repealed (as in the FISA Amendments Act),
+suspended, or <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/16/us/16nsa.html">ignored</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, demagogues will cite the usual excuses as grounds for
+total surveillance; any terrorist attack, even one that kills just a
+handful of people, can be hyped to provide an opportunity.</p>
+
+<p>If limits on access to the data are set aside, it will be as if
+they had never existed: years worth of dossiers would suddenly become
+available for misuse by the state and its agents and, if collected by
+companies, for their private misuse as well. If, however, we stop the
+collection of dossiers on everyone, those dossiers won't exist, and
+there will be no way to compile them retroactively. A new illiberal
+regime would have to implement surveillance afresh, and it would only
+collect data starting at that date. As for suspending or momentarily
+ignoring this law, the idea would hardly make sense.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">First, Don't Be Foolish</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>To have privacy, you must not throw it away: the first one who has
+to protect your privacy is you. Avoid identifying yourself to web
+sites, contact them with Tor, and use browsers that block the schemes
+they use to track visitors. Use the GNU Privacy Guard to encrypt the
+contents of your email. Pay for things with cash.</p>
+
+<p>Keep your own data; don't store your data in a company's
+“convenient” server. It's safe, however, to entrust a
+data backup to a commercial service, provided you put the files in an
+archive and encrypt the whole archive, including the names of the
+files, with free software on your own computer before uploading
+it.</p>
+
+<p>For privacy's sake, you must avoid nonfree software; if you give
+control of your computer's operations to companies, they
+are <a href="/malware/proprietary-surveillance.html">likely to make it
+spy on you</a>.
+Avoid <a
href="/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html">service
+as a software substitute</a>; in addition to giving others control of
+how your computing is done, it requires you to hand over all the
+pertinent data to the company's server.</p>
+
+<p>Protect your friends' and acquaintances' privacy,
+too. <a
href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/21/in-cybersecurity-sometimes-the-weakest-link-is-a-family-member/">Don't
+give out their personal information</a> except how to contact them,
+and never give any web site your list of email or phone contacts.
+Don't tell a company such as Facebook anything about your friends that
+they might not wish to publish in a newspaper. Better yet, don't be
+used by Facebook at all. Reject communication systems that require
+users to give their real names, even if you are happy to divulge yours,
+since they pressure other people to surrender their privacy.</p>
+
+<p>Self-protection is essential, but even the most rigorous
+self-protection is insufficient to protect your privacy on or from
+systems that don't belong to you. When we communicate with others or
+move around the city, our privacy depends on the practices of society.
+We can avoid some of the systems that surveil our communications and
+movements, but not all of them. Clearly, the better solution is to
+make all these systems stop surveilling people other than legitimate
+suspects.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">We Must Design Every System for Privacy</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>If we don't want a total surveillance society, we must consider
+surveillance a kind of social pollution, and limit the surveillance
+impact of each new digital system just as we limit the environmental
+impact of physical construction.</p>
+
+<p>For example: “smart” meters for electricity are touted
+for sending the power company moment-by-moment data about each
+customer's electric usage, including how usage compares with users in
+general. This is implemented based on general surveillance, but does
+not require any surveillance. It would be easy for the power company
+to calculate the average usage in a residential neighborhood by
+dividing the total usage by the number of subscribers, and send that
+to the meters. Each customer's meter could compare her usage, over
+any desired period of time, with the average usage pattern for that
+period. The same benefit, with no surveillance!</p>
+
+<p>We need to design such privacy into all our digital systems.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Collecting Data: Leaving It
Dispersed</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>One way to make monitoring safe for privacy is
+to <a name="dispersal">keep the data dispersed and inconvenient to
+access</a>. Old-fashioned security cameras were no threat to
privacy(<a href="#privatespace">*</a>).
+The recording was stored on the premises, and kept for a few weeks at
+most. Because of the inconvenience of accessing these recordings, it
+was never done massively; they were accessed only in the places where
+someone reported a crime. It would not be feasible to physically
+collect millions of tapes every day and watch them or copy them.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays, security cameras have become surveillance cameras: they
+are connected to the Internet so recordings can be collected in a data
+center and saved forever. In Detroit, the cops pressure businesses to
+give them <a
+href="https://eu.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/detroit-city/2018/01/23/detroit-green-light/109524794/">unlimited
+access to their surveillance cameras</a> so that they can look through
+them at any and all times. This is already dangerous, but it is going
+to get worse. Advances in face recognition may bring the day when
+suspected journalists can be tracked on the street all the time to see
+who they talk with.</p>
+
+<p>Internet-connected cameras often have lousy digital security
+themselves, which means <a
+href="https://www.csoonline.com/article/2221934/microsoft-subnet/cia-wants-to-spy-on-you-through-your-appliances.html">anyone
+can watch what those cameras see</a>. This makes internet-connected
+cameras a major threat to security as well as privacy. For privacy's
+sake, we should ban the use of Internet-connected cameras aimed where
+and when the public is admitted, except when carried by people.
+Everyone must be free to post photos and video recordings
+occasionally, but the systematic accumulation of such data on the
+Internet must be limited.</p>
+
+<p><a name="privatespace"><b>*</b></a>I assume
here that the security
+camera points at the inside of a store, or at the street. Any camera
+pointed at someone's private space by someone else violates privacy,
+but that is another issue.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 id="digitalcash" class="subheader">Remedy for Internet Commerce
Surveillance</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>Most data collection comes from people's own digital activities.
+Usually the data is collected first by companies. But when it comes
+to the threat to privacy and democracy, it makes no difference whether
+surveillance is done directly by the state or farmed out to a
+business, because the data that the companies collect is
+systematically available to the state.</p>
+
+<p>The NSA, through PRISM,
+has <a href="https://www.commondreams.org/headline/2013/08/23-2">gotten
+into the databases of many large Internet corporations</a>. AT&T
+has saved all its phone call records since 1987
+and <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/02/us/drug-agents-use-vast-phone-trove-eclipsing-nsas.html?_r=0">makes
+them available to the DEA</a> to search on request. Strictly
+speaking, the U.S. government does not possess that data, but in
+practical terms it may as well possess it. Some companies are praised
+for <a
href="https://www.eff.org/who-has-your-back-government-data-requests-2015">resisting
+government data requests to the limited extent they can</a>, but that
+can only partly compensate for the harm they do to by collecting that
+data in the first place. In addition, many of those companies misuse
+the data directly or provide it to data brokers.</p>
+
+<p>The goal of making journalism and democracy safe therefore requires
+that we reduce the data collected about people by any organization,
+not just by the state. We must redesign digital systems so that they
+do not accumulate data about their users. If they need digital data
+about our transactions, they should not be allowed to keep them more
+than a short time beyond what is inherently necessary for their
+dealings with us.</p>
+
+<p>One of the motives for the current level of surveillance of the
+Internet is that sites are financed through advertising based on
+tracking users' activities and propensities. This converts a mere
+annoyance—advertising that we can learn to ignore—into a
+surveillance system that harms us whether we know it or not.
+Purchases over the Internet also track their users. And we are all
+aware that “privacy policies” are more excuses to violate
+privacy than commitments to uphold it.</p>
+
+<p>We could correct both problems by adopting a system of anonymous
+payments—anonymous for the payer, that is. (We don't want to
+help the payee dodge
+taxes.) <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/05/lets-cut-through-the-bitcoin-hype/">Bitcoin
+is not anonymous</a>, though there are efforts to develop ways to pay
+anonymously with Bitcoin. However, technology
+for <a
href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/2.12/emoney_pr.html">digital
+cash was first developed in the 1980s</a>; the GNU software for doing
+this is called <a href="http://taler.net/">GNU Taler</a>. Now we
need
+only suitable business arrangements, and for the state not to obstruct
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Another possible method for anonymous payments would
+use <a
href="https://stallman.org/articles/anonymous-payments-thru-phones.html">prepaid
+phone cards</a>. It is less convenient, but very easy to
+implement.</p>
+
+<p>A further threat from sites' collection of personal data is that
+security breakers might get in, take it, and misuse it. This includes
+customers' credit card details. An anonymous payment system would end
+this danger: a security hole in the site can't hurt you if the site
+knows nothing about you.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Travel Surveillance</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>We must convert digital toll collection to anonymous payment (using
+digital cash, for instance). License-plate recognition systems
+<span class="inserted"><ins><em><a
href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/11/eff-and-muckrock-release-records-and-data-200-law-enforcement-agencies-automated"></em></ins></span>
+recognize all <span class="inserted"><ins><em>cars'</em></ins></span> license
<span class="removed"><del><strong>plates,</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>plates</a>,</em></ins></span> and
+the <a
href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/whos_watching_you/8064333.stm">data
+can be kept indefinitely</a>; they should be required by law to notice
+and record only those license numbers that are on a list of cars
+sought by court orders. A less secure alternative would record all
+cars locally but only for a few days, and not make the full data
+available over the Internet; access to the data should be limited to
+searching for a list of court-ordered license-numbers.</p>
+
+<p>The U.S. “no-fly” list must be abolished because it is
+<a
href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty-racial-justice/victory-federal-court-recognizes">punishment
+without trial</a>.</p>
+
+<p>It is acceptable to have a list of people whose person and luggage
+will be searched with extra care, and anonymous passengers on domestic
+flights could be treated as if they were on this list. It is also
+acceptable to bar non-citizens, if they are not permitted to enter the
+country at all, from boarding flights to the country. This ought to
+be enough for all legitimate purposes.</p>
+
+<p>Many mass transit systems use some kind of smart cards or RFIDs for
+payment. These systems accumulate personal data: if you once make the
+mistake of paying with anything but cash, they associate the card
+permanently with your name. Furthermore, they record all travel
+associated with each card. Together they amount to massive
+surveillance. This data collection must be reduced.</p>
+
+<p>Navigation services do surveillance: the user's computer tells the
+map service the user's location and where the user wants to go; then
+the server determines the route and sends it back to the user's
+computer, which displays it. Nowadays, the server probably records
+the user's locations, since there is nothing to prevent it. This
+surveillance is not inherently necessary, and redesign could avoid it:
+free/libre software in the user's computer could download map data for
+the pertinent regions (if not downloaded previously), compute the
+route, and display it, without ever telling anyone where the user is
+or wants to go.</p>
+
+<p>Systems for borrowing bicycles, etc., can be designed so that the
+borrower's identity is known only inside the station where the item
+was borrowed. Borrowing would inform all stations that the item is
+“out,” so when the user returns it at any station (in
+general, a different one), that station will know where and when that
+item was borrowed. It will inform the other station that the item is
+no longer “out.” It will also calculate the user's bill,
+and send it (after waiting some random number of minutes) to
+headquarters along a ring of stations, so that headquarters would not
+find out which station the bill came from. Once this is done, the
+return station would forget all about the transaction. If an item
+remains “out” for too long, the station where it was
+borrowed can inform headquarters; in that case, it could send the
+borrower's identity immediately.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">Remedy for Communications Dossiers</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>Internet service providers and telephone companies keep extensive
+data on their users' contacts (browsing, phone calls, etc). With
+mobile phones, they
+also <a
href="http://www.zeit.de/digital/datenschutz/2011-03/data-protection-malte-spitz">record
+the user's physical location</a>. They keep these dossiers for a long
+time: over 30 years, in the case of AT&T. Soon they will
+even <a
href="http://www.wired.com/opinion/2013/10/the-trojan-horse-of-the-latest-iphone-with-the-m7-coprocessor-we-all-become-qs-activity-trackers/">record
+the user's body activities</a>. It appears that
+the <a
href="https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security-technology-and-liberty/it-sure-sounds-nsa-tracking-your-location">NSA
+collects cell phone location data</a> in bulk.</p>
+
+<p>Unmonitored communication is impossible where systems create such
+dossiers. So it should be illegal to create or keep them. ISPs and
+phone companies must not be allowed to keep this information for very
+long, in the absence of a court order to surveil a certain party.</p>
+
+<p>This solution is not entirely satisfactory, because it won't
+physically stop the government from collecting all the information
+immediately as it is generated—which is what
+the <a
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order">U.S.
does
+with some or all phone companies</a>. We would have to rely on
+prohibiting that by law. However, that would be better than the
+current situation, where the relevant law (the PAT RIOT Act) does not
+clearly prohibit the practice. In addition, if the government did
+resume this sort of surveillance, it would not get data about
+everyone's phone calls made prior to that time.</p>
+
+<p>For privacy about who you exchange email with, a simple partial
+solution is for you and others to use email services in a country that
+would never cooperate with your own government, and which communicate
+with each other using encryption. However, Ladar Levison (owner of
+the mail service Lavabit that US surveillance sought to corrupt
+completely) has a more sophisticated idea for an encryption system
+through which your email service would know only that you sent mail to
+some user of my email service, and my email service would know only
+that I received mail from some user of your email service, but it
+would be hard to determine that you had sent mail to me.</p>
+</div>
+
+<h3 class="subheader">But Some Surveillance Is Necessary</h3>
+
+<div class="columns">
+<p>For the state to find criminals, it needs to be able to investigate
+specific crimes, or specific suspected planned crimes, under a court
+order. With the Internet, the power to tap phone conversations would
+naturally extend to the power to tap Internet connections. This power
+is easy to abuse for political reasons, but it is also necessary.
+Fortunately, this won't make it possible to find whistleblowers after
+the fact, if (as I recommend) we prevent digital systems from accumulating
+massive dossiers before the fact.</p>
+
+<p>Individuals with special state-granted power, such as police,
+forfeit their right to privacy and must be monitored. (In fact,
+police have their own jargon term for perjury,
+“<a
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_perjury&oldid=552608302">testilying</a>,”
+since they do it so frequently, particularly about protesters
+and <a
href="https://www.themaven.net/pinacnews/">photographers</a>.)
+One city in California that required police to wear video cameras all
+the time
+found <a
href="http://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/08/ubiquitous-surveillance-police-edition">their
+use of force fell by 60%</a>. The ACLU is in favor of this.</p>
+
+<p><a
+href="http://action.citizen.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12266">Corporations
+are not people, and not entitled to human rights</a>. It is
+legitimate to require businesses to publish the details of processes
+that might cause chemical, biological, nuclear, fiscal, computational
+(e.g., <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org">DRM</a>) or political
+(e.g., lobbying) hazards to society, to whatever level is needed for
+public well-being. The danger of these operations (consider the BP
+oil spill, the Fukushima meltdowns, and the 2008 fiscal crisis) dwarfs
+that of terrorism.</p>
+
+<p>However, journalism must be protected from surveillance even when
+it is carried out as part of a business.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<div class="reduced-width">
+<p>Digital technology has brought about a tremendous increase in the
+level of surveillance of our movements, actions, and communications.
+It is far more than we experienced in the 1990s, and <a
+href="https://hbr.org/2013/06/your-iphone-works-for-the-secret-police">far
+more than people behind the Iron Curtain experienced</a> in the 1980s,
+and proposed legal limits on state use of the accumulated data would
+not alter that.</p>
+
+<p>Companies are designing even more intrusive surveillance. Some
+project that pervasive surveillance, hooked to companies such as
+Facebook, could have deep effects on <a
+href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/aug/10/internet-of-things-predictable-people">how
+people think</a>. Such possibilities are imponderable; but the threat
+to democracy is not speculation. It exists and is visible today.</p>
+
+<p>Unless we believe that our free countries previously suffered from
+a grave surveillance deficit, and ought to be surveilled more than the
+Soviet Union and East Germany were, we must reverse this increase.
+That requires stopping the accumulation of big data about people.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a
href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
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+Please see the <a
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+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
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+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
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+
+<p>Copyright © 2015, 2016, 2017, <span
class="removed"><del><strong>2018</strong></del></span> <span
class="inserted"><ins><em>2018, 2019</em></ins></span> Richard
Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2019/02/23 08:29:34 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
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