www/gnu/po rms-lisp.zh-cn.po

[Wensheng XIE]

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Wensheng XIE <wxie>     18/07/30 03:14:51

Added files:
        gnu/po         : rms-lisp.zh-cn.po 

Log message:
        zh-cn: new translation

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/rms-lisp.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1

Patches:
Index: rms-lisp.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: rms-lisp.zh-cn.po
diff -N rms-lisp.zh-cn.po
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ rms-lisp.zh-cn.po   30 Jul 2018 07:14:51 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1009 @@
+# Simplified Chinese translation of http://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html
+# Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>, 2018.
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: rms-lisp.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2014-04-04 23:59+0000\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2018-07-30 15:05+0800\n"
+"Last-Translator: Wensheng Xie <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Chinese <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: zh_CN\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid ""
+"My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs - GNU Project - Free "
+"Software Foundation"
+msgstr "我的Lisp经验和GNU Emacs的开发 - GNU工程 - 
自由软件基金会"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs"
+msgstr "我的Lisp经验和GNU Emacs的开发"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid ""
+"(Transcript of Richard Stallman's Speech, 28 Oct 2002, at the International "
+"Lisp Conference)."
+msgstr "（Richard Stallman在国际
Lisp大会上的谈话记录，2002年10月28日）"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since none of my usual speeches have anything to do with Lisp, none of them "
+"were appropriate for today. So I'm going to have to wing it.  Since I've "
+"done enough things in my career connected with Lisp I should be able to say "
+"something interesting."
+msgstr ""
+"由于我通常的演讲都和Lispæ— å…
³ï¼Œæˆ‘今天讲它们不合适。所以我将不得不即兴发挥。我"
+"的职业生涯做了太多Lispç›¸å…³çš„å·¥ä½œï¼Œå› 
此我还是可以讲一些有趣的事情的。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"My first experience with Lisp was when I read the Lisp 1.5 manual in high "
+"school. That's when I had my mind blown by the idea that there could be a "
+"computer language like that. The first time I had a chance to do anything "
+"with Lisp was when I was a freshman at Harvard and I wrote a Lisp "
+"interpreter for the <abbr title=\"Programmed Data Processor\">PDP</abbr>-11. "
+"It was a very small machine &mdash; it had something like 8k of memory "
+"&mdash; and I managed to write the interpreter in a thousand instructions. "
+"This gave me some room for a little bit of data. That was before I got to "
+"see what real software was like, that did real system jobs."
+msgstr ""
+"我最早关于Lisp的经历是在高中时读了Lisp 1.5的手册。å…
¶ä¸­çš„思想让我脑洞大开：怎"
+"ä¹ˆè¿˜æœ‰è¿™æ ·çš„è®¡ç®—æœºè¯­è¨€ï¼æˆ‘ç¬¬ä¸€æ¬¡æœ‰æœºä¼šåšLisp相å…
³çš„工作是在当哈佛新生的时候，"
+"我为<abbr title=\"Programmed Data 
Processor\">PDP</abbr>-11处理器编写了一个"
+"Lisp解释器。那是一个非常小的机器&mdash;大概只有8k的内
存&mdash;我设法用1000条"
+"以内的指令编写了那个解释器。这æ 
·æˆ‘还有一点数据空间。这是在我看到真正做系统工"
+"作的软件之前。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I began doing work on a real Lisp implementation with JonL White once I "
+"started working at <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"
+"\">MIT</abbr>. I got hired at the Artificial Intelligence Lab not by JonL, "
+"but by Russ Noftsker, which was most ironic considering what was to come "
+"&mdash; he must have really regretted that day."
+msgstr ""
+"当我在<abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of 
Technology，麻省理工学院"
+"\">MIT</abbr>开始工作时，我和JonL 
White一起真正开始实现Lisp语言。我不是被"
+"JonL，而是被Russ 
Noftsker招到人工智能实验室的，这一点最讽刺，想想接下来发生的"
+"事&mdash;他一定真的后悔有那一天了。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"During the 1970s, before my life became politicized by horrible events, I "
+"was just going along making one extension after another for various "
+"programs, and most of them did not have anything to do with Lisp. But, along "
+"the way, I wrote a text editor, Emacs. The interesting idea about Emacs was "
+"that it had a programming language, and the user's editing commands would be "
+"written in that interpreted programming language, so that you could load new "
+"commands into your editor while you were editing. You could edit the "
+"programs you were using and then go on editing with them. So, we had a "
+"system that was useful for things other than programming, and yet you could "
+"program it while you were using it. I don't know if it was the first one of "
+"those, but it certainly was the first editor like that."
+msgstr ""
+"在1970年代，我的生活还没有被惊人的事件政治化之前，我只是不断地一个接一个地为"
+"å„ç§ç¨‹åºæ·»åŠ æ‰©å±•ï¼Œå…¶ä¸­å¤šæ•°å’ŒLispæ— å…³ã€‚ä¸è¿‡ï¼Œå…
¶é—´ï¼Œæˆ‘写了一个文本编辑器，叫"
+"Emacs。Emacs的有趣之处在于它有一个编程语言，用户的编辑命令可以用这个解释性语"
+"è¨€ç¼–å†™ï¼Œè¿™æ ·ä½ å°±å¯ä»¥åœ¨ç¼–è¾‘æ—¶åŠ è½½æ–°çš„ç¼–è¾‘å‘½ä»¤ã€‚ä½ 
å¯ä»¥ä¿®æ”¹ä½ æ­£åœ¨ç”¨çš„ç¼–è¾‘ç¨‹åºå¹¶"
+"ä¸”ç»§ç»­ç¼–è¾‘ã€‚è¿™æ ·ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬å°±æœ‰äº†ä¸€ä¸ªé™¤äº†ç¼–ç¨‹è¿˜å¯åšå…
¶ä»–æœ‰ç”¨ä¹‹äº‹çš„ç³»ç»Ÿï¼Œè€Œä¸”ä½ 在使"
+"用时还可以对它进行编程。我不知道Emacs是不是第一个这æ 
·çš„工具，但是作为编辑器它"
+"确实是第一个。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This spirit of building up gigantic, complicated programs to use in your own "
+"editing, and then exchanging them with other people, fueled the spirit of "
+"free-wheeling cooperation that we had at the AI Lab then. The idea was that "
+"you could give a copy of any program you had to someone who wanted a copy of "
+"it. We shared programs to whomever wanted to use them, they were human "
+"knowledge. So even though there was no organized political thought relating "
+"the way we shared software to the design of Emacs, I'm convinced that there "
+"was a connection between them, an unconscious connection perhaps. I think "
+"that it's the nature of the way we lived at the AI Lab that led to Emacs and "
+"made it what it was."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿™ç§æž„é€ åºžå¤§ã€å¤æ‚çš„ç¨‹åºä½œä¸ºè‡ªå·±çš„ç¼–è¾‘å™¨ï¼Œç„¶åŽå†å’Œå…
¶ä»–人交换的精神正是我们当"
+"时在人工智能实验室拥有的、驱动自由合作精神的动力。它的思想就是ä½
 å¯ä»¥æŠŠä½ æ‹¥æœ‰"
+"的程序的拷贝分发给想要的人。我们和任何想要的人分享，它们是人类的知识。所以尽"
+"管我们分享软件的方式和设计Emacs之间并不存在有组织的政治å
…³è”，我仍然确信它们有"
+"联系，也许是不自觉的联系。我认为正是我们在人工智能实验室生活方式的属性导致了"
+"Emacs的诞生并使之发展。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The original Emacs did not have Lisp in it. The lower level language, the "
+"non-interpreted language &mdash; was <abbr>PDP</abbr>-10 Assembler. The "
+"interpreter we wrote in that actually wasn't written for Emacs, it was "
+"written for <acronym title=\"Text Editor and COrrector\">TECO</acronym>. It "
+"was our text editor, and was an extremely ugly programming language, as ugly "
+"as could possibly be. The reason was that it wasn't designed to be a "
+"programming language, it was designed to be an editor and command language. "
+"There were commands like &lsquo;5l&rsquo;, meaning &lsquo;move five "
+"lines&rsquo;, or &lsquo;i&rsquo; and then a string and then an ESC to insert "
+"that string. You would type a string that was a series of commands, which "
+"was called a command string. You would end it with ESC ESC, and it would get "
+"executed."
+msgstr ""
+"最初的Emacs不带Lisp。å…
¶åº•å±‚语言、一个非解释性语言&mdash;是<abbr>PDP</abbr>-10"
+"汇编语言。我们编写的解释器实际
上不是为Emacs写的，它是为<acronym title=\"Text "
+"Editor and 
COrrector\">TECO</acronym>编写的。TECO是我们的文本编辑器，也是一个"
+"æžå…¶ä¸‘é™‹çš„ç¼–ç¨‹è¯­è¨€ï¼Œèƒ½æœ‰å¤šä¸‘é™‹å°±æœ‰å¤šä¸‘é™‹ã€‚å…¶åŽŸå› 
是它本来就不是作为编程语言设"
+"计的，它是作为编辑器和命令语言设计的。比如，命令&lsquo;5l&rsquo;意思是&lsquo;"
+"移动5行&rsquo;，或者用&lsquo;i&rsquo;åŠ ä¸Šä¸€ä¸ªå­—ç¬¦ä¸²ï¼Œå†åŠ 
上ESC按键来插入该字"
+"ç¬¦ä¸²ã€‚ä½ å¯ä»¥è¾“å…
¥ä»£è¡¨ä¸€ç³»åˆ—å‘½ä»¤çš„å­—ç¬¦ä¸²ï¼Œè¿™å«å‘½ä»¤å­—ç¬¦ä¸²ã€‚ä½ 可以用ESC 
ESC做结"
+"å°¾ï¼Œè¿™æ ·è¯¥ä¸²å‘½ä»¤å°±æ‰§è¡Œäº†ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Well, people wanted to extend this language with programming facilities, so "
+"they added some. For instance, one of the first was a looping construct, "
+"which was &lt; &gt;. You would put those around things and it would loop. "
+"There were other cryptic commands that could be used to conditionally exit "
+"the loop.  To make Emacs, we <a href=\"#foot-1\">(1)</a> added facilities to "
+"have subroutines with names. Before that, it was sort of like Basic, and the "
+"subroutines could only have single letters as their names. That was hard to "
+"program big programs with, so we added code so they could have longer names. "
+"Actually, there were some rather sophisticated facilities; I think that Lisp "
+"got its unwind-protect facility from <acronym>TECO</acronym>."
+msgstr ""
+"不过，人们想要扩展该语言使之带上编程能力，所以人们就添åŠ
 了一些功能。例如，最"
+"æ—©æ·»åŠ çš„å°±æœ‰å¾ªçŽ¯ç»“æž„ï¼Œå°±æ˜¯&lt; &gt;ã€‚ä½ 
把东西放在这两个符号之间，它们就循环"
+"了。还有一些晦涩的命令用来定义退出循环的条件。为了构é€
 Emacs，我们<a href="
+"\"#foot-1\">(1)</a>æ·»åŠ 
了可以创建带名称子函数的功能。在此之前，有点像Basic语"
+"言，子函数只能有一个字母的名称。这对编写大型程序来说有点难，所以我们就添åŠ
 了"
+"长文件名功能。实际
上，还有一些相当复杂的功能；我认为Lisp的unwind-protect功能"
+"就来自<acronym>TECO</acronym>。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We started putting in rather sophisticated facilities, all with the ugliest "
+"syntax you could ever think of, and it worked &mdash; people were able to "
+"write large programs in it anyway. The obvious lesson was that a language "
+"like <acronym>TECO</acronym>, which wasn't designed to be a programming "
+"language, was the wrong way to go. The language that you build your "
+"extensions on shouldn't be thought of as a programming language in "
+"afterthought; it should be designed as a programming language. In fact, we "
+"discovered that the best programming language for that purpose was Lisp."
+msgstr ""
+"æˆ‘ä»¬å¼€å§‹æ·»åŠ 
一些相当复杂的功能，都是用我们所知的那个最丑陋的语法完成的，而它"
+"是可行的&mdash;人们终究能够使用它来完成大型程序。这里，明显的教训就是使用诸如"
+"<acronym>TECO</acronym>这æ 
·ä¸æ˜¯ä¸ºç¼–程设计的语言是一个错误。构建扩展的语言不能"
+"是事后再想的编程语言；它应该按ç…
§ç¼–程语言来设计。事实上，我们发现Lisp是做这件"
+"事的最佳语言。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It was Bernie Greenberg, who discovered that it was <a href=\"#foot-2\">(2)</"
+"a>.  He wrote a version of Emacs in Multics MacLisp, and he wrote his "
+"commands in MacLisp in a straightforward fashion. The editor itself was "
+"written entirely in Lisp. Multics Emacs proved to be a great success &mdash; "
+"programming new editing commands was so convenient that even the secretaries "
+"in his office started learning how to use it. They used a manual someone had "
+"written which showed how to extend Emacs, but didn't say it was a "
+"programming. So the secretaries, who believed they couldn't do programming, "
+"weren't scared off. They read the manual, discovered they could do useful "
+"things and they learned to program."
+msgstr ""
+"Bernie Greenberg是此事的发现者<a 
href=\"#foot-2\">(2)</a>。他用Multics "
+"MacLisp写了一个Emacs，而且他使用MacLisp编写命令的方式直截了当。这个编辑器本身"
+"完全是用Lisp编写的。Multics 
Emacs是一个巨大的成功&mdash;编写新的编辑命令是如"
+"æ­¤çš„æ–¹ä¾¿ï¼Œä»¥è‡³äºŽä»–åŠžå…¬å®¤é‡Œçš„ç§˜ä¹¦ä»¬éƒ½å¼€å§‹å­¦ä¹ 
怎么用了。他们使用的是一个介绍如"
+"何扩展Emacsçš„æ‰‹å†Œï¼Œæ‰‹å†Œé‡Œæ²¡è¯´è¿™å°±æ˜¯ç¼–ç¨‹ã€‚å› 
此，秘书们并不认为他们在编程，也就"
+"没被吓跑。他们阅
读手册，发现自己也可以做不少有用的事，他们学会了编程。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So Bernie saw that an application &mdash; a program that does something "
+"useful for you &mdash; which has Lisp inside it and which you could extend "
+"by rewriting the Lisp programs, is actually a very good way for people to "
+"learn programming. It gives them a chance to write small programs that are "
+"useful for them, which in most arenas you can't possibly do. They can get "
+"encouragement for their own practical use &mdash; at the stage where it's "
+"the hardest &mdash; where they don't believe they can program, until they "
+"get to the point where they are programmers."
+msgstr ""
+"è¿™æ ·ï¼ŒBernie看到一个应用程序&mdash;ä¸ºä½ 
完成任务的程序&mdash;如果内置了Lisp，"
+"并且人们可以编写Lisp程序来扩展该应用程序，那么它实际
ä¸Šå°±æ˜¯äººä»¬å­¦ä¹ ç¼–ç¨‹çš„ä¸€ä¸ª"
+"好方法。这给了人们编写实用小程序的机会，而这在多数å…
¶ä»–场合是不可能的。人们被"
+"自己的实用程序鼓励着&mdash;就在最困难的阶段&mdash;就在他们不相信自己可以编程"
+"的时候，直到他们最后成为程序员。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At that point, people began to wonder how they could get something like this "
+"on a platform where they didn't have full service Lisp implementation. "
+"Multics MacLisp had a compiler as well as an interpreter &mdash; it was a "
+"full-fledged Lisp system &mdash; but people wanted to implement something "
+"like that on other systems where they had not already written a Lisp "
+"compiler. Well, if you didn't have the Lisp compiler you couldn't write the "
+"whole editor in Lisp &mdash; it would be too slow, especially redisplay, if "
+"it had to run interpreted Lisp.  So we developed a hybrid technique. The "
+"idea was to write a Lisp interpreter and the lower level parts of the editor "
+"together, so that parts of the editor were built-in Lisp facilities. Those "
+"would be whatever parts we felt we had to optimize. This was a technique "
+"that we had already consciously practiced in the original Emacs, because "
+"there were certain fairly high level features which we re-implemented in "
+"machine language, making them into <acronym>TECO</acronym> primitives. For "
+"instance, there was a <acronym>TECO</acronym> primitive to fill a paragraph "
+"(actually, to do most of the work of filling a paragraph, because some of "
+"the less time-consuming parts of the job would be done at the higher level "
+"by a <acronym>TECO</acronym> program). You could do the whole job by writing "
+"a <acronym>TECO</acronym> program, but that was too slow, so we optimized it "
+"by putting part of it in machine language. We used the same idea here (in "
+"the hybrid technique), that most of the editor would be written in Lisp, but "
+"certain parts of it that had to run particularly fast would be written at a "
+"lower level."
+msgstr ""
+"æ­¤æ—¶ï¼Œäººä»¬å¼€å§‹æ€è€ƒä»–ä»¬è¦æ€Žæ ·åœ¨ä¸€ä¸ªå¹¶æ²¡æœ‰å…
¨éƒ¨Lisp支持的平台上做到这一切。"
+"Multics 
MacLisp既有编译器，也有解释器&mdash;它是一个完整的Lisp系统&mdash;但是"
+"人们想要的是在å…
¶ä»–没有Lispç¼–è¯‘å™¨çš„ç³»ç»Ÿä¸Šå®žçŽ°ç±»ä¼¼çš„ä¸œè¥¿ã€‚ä¸è¿‡ï¼Œå¦‚æžœä½ 
没有Lisp"
+"ç¼–è¯‘å™¨ï¼Œä½ æ— 
法用Lisp编写整个编辑器&mdash;如果只能运行解释器的话，它太æ
…¢äº†ï¼Œå°¤"
+"å…¶æ˜¯æ˜¾ç¤ºåˆ·æ–°ã€‚å› æ­¤æˆ‘ä»¬å¼€å‘äº†ä¸€é¡¹æ··åˆæŠ€æœ¯ã€‚å…
¶æ€æƒ³æ˜¯å†™ä¸€ä¸ªLisp解释器和编辑器的"
+"åº•å±‚éƒ¨åˆ†ï¼ŒæŠŠä»–ä»¬ç»“åˆåœ¨ä¸€èµ·ï¼Œè¿™æ ·ç¼–è¾‘å™¨å°±å†…
置了Lisp功能。这些就是我们需要优化"
+"的部分。这项技术是我们已经在原始的Emacs上有意识地实践了的技术，å›
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+"语言重新编写了某些相当上层的功能，并且把它们作为<acronym>TECO</acronym>的基本"
+"命令。比如，<acronym>TECO</acronym>有一个填充
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+"å……æ®µè½çš„å¤§å¤šæ•°å·¥ä½œï¼Œå› ä¸ºå…
¶ä¸­ä¸€äº›ä¸è€—时的工作可以在上层由一个<acronym>TECO</"
+"acronym>ç¨‹åºæ¥å®Œæˆï¼‰ã€‚ä½ 
可以编写一个<acronym>TECO</acronym>程序来完成整个任"
+"务，但是它太慢了，所以我们对å…
¶éƒ¨åˆ†ä½¿ç”¨äº†æœºå™¨è¯­è¨€åšå‡ºä¼˜åŒ–。在此（指混合技"
+"术），编辑器的绝大部分是用Lisp编写的，但是那些需要非常快速运行的部分是用底层"
+"语言写的。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Therefore, when I wrote my second implementation of Emacs, I followed the "
+"same kind of design. The low level language was not machine language "
+"anymore, it was C. C was a good, efficient language for portable programs to "
+"run in a Unix-like operating system. There was a Lisp interpreter, but I "
+"implemented facilities for special purpose editing jobs directly in C "
+"&mdash; manipulating editor buffers, inserting leading text, reading and "
+"writing files, redisplaying the buffer on the screen, managing editor "
+"windows."
+msgstr ""
+"å› æ­¤ï¼Œå½“æˆ‘ç¼–å†™ç¬¬äºŒç‰ˆEmacs时，我采用了同æ 
·çš„设计。底层的语言不再是机器语言，而"
+"是C。就编写运行在类Unix系统上的可移植程序来说，C是一个优秀的、高效的语言。虽"
+"然有一个Lisp解释器，但是我直接用C实现了一些特定的编辑功能&mdash;管理编辑器的"
+"缓存、插å…
¥èµ·å§‹æ–‡æœ¬ã€è¯»å†™æ–‡ä»¶ã€åˆ·æ–°å±å¹•æ˜¾ç¤ºä»¥åŠç®¡ç†ç¼–辑窗口。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Now, this was not the first Emacs that was written in C and ran on Unix. The "
+"first was written by James Gosling, and was referred to as GosMacs. A "
+"strange thing happened with him. In the beginning, he seemed to be "
+"influenced by the same spirit of sharing and cooperation of the original "
+"Emacs. I first released the original Emacs to people at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. "
+"Someone wanted to port it to run on Twenex &mdash; it originally only ran on "
+"the Incompatible Timesharing System we used at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. They ported "
+"it to Twenex, which meant that there were a few hundred installations around "
+"the world that could potentially use it. We started distributing it to them, "
+"with the rule that &ldquo;you had to send back all of your "
+"improvements&rdquo; so we could all benefit. No one ever tried to enforce "
+"that, but as far as I know people did cooperate."
+msgstr ""
+"当时，它不再是第一个用C编写并运行在Unix上的Emacs了。第一个是由James
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+"In this way, for two years, I prevented them from wiping out Lisp Machines "
+"Incorporated, and the two companies went on. But, I didn't want to spend "
+"years and years punishing someone, just thwarting an evil deed. I figured "
+"they had been punished pretty thoroughly because they were stuck with "
+"competition that was not leaving or going to disappear <a href="
+"\"#foot-7\">(7)</a>. Meanwhile, it was time to start building a new "
+"community to replace the one that their actions and others had wiped out."
+msgstr ""
+"å¦‚æ­¤è¿™æ ·ï¼Œæœ‰ä¸¤å¹´çš„æ—¶é—´ï¼Œæˆ‘é˜»æ­¢ä»–ä»¬æŠŠLisp Machineså…
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+"\"#foot-7\">(7)</a>。与此同时，是时候再开始创建一个新的社区来代替那个被他们以"
+"及其他人毁灭的社区了。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The Lisp community in the 70s was not limited to the <abbr>MIT</abbr> AI "
+"Lab, and the hackers were not all at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. The war that "
+"Symbolics started was what wiped out <abbr>MIT</abbr>, but there were other "
+"events going on then. There were people giving up on cooperation, and "
+"together this wiped out the community and there wasn't much left."
+msgstr ""
+"70年代的Lisp社区不限于<abbr>MIT</abbr>人工智能实验室，并不是所有的黑客都在"
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+"å…
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Once I stopped punishing Symbolics, I had to figure out what to do next. I "
+"had to make a free operating system, that was clear &mdash; the only way "
+"that people could work together and share was with a free operating system."
+msgstr ""
+"一旦我不再惩罚Symbolics，我就不得不考虑下一步做什么。我å¿
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+"统，这很明显&mdash;人们能够一起工作和分享的方法就是有一个自由的操作系统。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At first, I thought of making a Lisp-based system, but I realized that "
+"wouldn't be a good idea technically. To have something like the Lisp machine "
+"system, you needed special purpose microcode. That's what made it possible "
+"to run programs as fast as other computers would run their programs and "
+"still get the benefit of typechecking. Without that, you would be reduced to "
+"something like the Lisp compilers for other machines. The programs would be "
+"faster, but unstable. Now that's okay if you're running one program on a "
+"timesharing system &mdash; if one program crashes, that's not a disaster, "
+"that's something your program occasionally does. But that didn't make it "
+"good for writing the operating system in, so I rejected the idea of making a "
+"system like the Lisp machine."
+msgstr ""
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+"æ 
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"I decided instead to make a Unix-like operating system that would have Lisp "
+"implementations to run as user programs. The kernel wouldn't be written in "
+"Lisp, but we'd have Lisp. So the development of that operating system, the "
+"GNU operating system, is what led me to write the GNU Emacs. In doing this, "
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+"of the programs was a tremendous concern."
+msgstr ""
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+"统。该程序的大小是非常重要的考量。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There were people in those days, in 1985, who had one-megabyte machines "
+"without virtual memory. They wanted to be able to use GNU Emacs. This meant "
+"I had to keep the program as small as possible."
+msgstr ""
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+"这意味着我必须使该程序尽可能地小。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For instance, at the time the only looping construct was &lsquo;"
+"while&rsquo;, which was extremely simple. There was no way to break out of "
+"the &lsquo;while&rsquo; statement, you just had to do a catch and a throw, "
+"or test a variable that ran the loop. That shows how far I was pushing to "
+"keep things small. We didn't have &lsquo;caar&rsquo; and &lsquo;cadr&rsquo; "
+"and so on; &ldquo;squeeze out everything possible&rdquo; was the spirit of "
+"GNU Emacs, the spirit of Emacs Lisp, from the beginning."
+msgstr ""
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+"è¿™æ ·ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Obviously, machines are bigger now, and we don't do it that way any more. We "
+"put in &lsquo;caar&rsquo; and &lsquo;cadr&rsquo; and so on, and we might put "
+"in another looping construct one of these days. We're willing to extend it "
+"some now, but we don't want to extend it to the level of common Lisp. I "
+"implemented Common Lisp once on the Lisp machine, and I'm not all that happy "
+"with it. One thing I don't like terribly much is keyword arguments <a href="
+"\"#foot-8\">(8)</a>.  They don't seem quite Lispy to me; I'll do it "
+"sometimes but I minimize the times when I do that."
+msgstr ""
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+"我用的次数控制到最小。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"That was not the end of the GNU projects involved with Lisp. Later on around "
+"1995, we were looking into starting a graphical desktop project. It was "
+"clear that for the programs on the desktop, we wanted a programming language "
+"to write a lot of it in to make it easily extensible, like the editor. The "
+"question was what it should be."
+msgstr ""
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At the time, <acronym title=\"Tool Command Language\">TCL</acronym> was "
+"being pushed heavily for this purpose. I had a very low opinion of "
+"<acronym>TCL</acronym>, basically because it wasn't Lisp. It looks a tiny "
+"bit like Lisp, but semantically it isn't, and it's not as clean.  Then "
+"someone showed me an ad where Sun was trying to hire somebody to work on "
+"<acronym>TCL</acronym> to make it the &ldquo;de-facto standard extension "
+"language&rdquo; of the world. And I thought, &ldquo;We've got to stop that "
+"from happening.&rdquo; So we started to make Scheme the standard "
+"extensibility language for GNU. Not Common Lisp, because it was too large. "
+"The idea was that we would have a Scheme interpreter designed to be linked "
+"into applications in the same way <acronym>TCL</acronym> was linked into "
+"applications. We would then recommend that as the preferred extensibility "
+"package for all GNU programs."
+msgstr ""
+"此时，<acronym title=\"Tool Command 
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+"声很高。我非常看不上<acronym>TCL</acronym>ï¼ŒåŸºæœ¬ä¸Šå› 
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+"是所有GNU程序首选的扩展包。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There's an interesting benefit you can get from using such a powerful "
+"language as a version of Lisp as your primary extensibility language.  You "
+"can implement other languages by translating them into your primary "
+"language. If your primary language is <acronym>TCL</acronym>, you can't very "
+"easily implement Lisp by translating it into <acronym>TCL</acronym>. But if "
+"your primary language is Lisp, it's not that hard to implement other things "
+"by translating them. Our idea was that if each extensible application "
+"supported Scheme, you could write an implementation of <acronym>TCL</"
+"acronym> or Python or Perl in Scheme that translates that program into "
+"Scheme. Then you could load that into any application and customize it in "
+"your favorite language and it would work with other customizations as well."
+msgstr ""
+"使用这个强大的Lispåˆ†æ”¯è¯­è¨€ä½œä¸ºåŸºæœ¬æ‰©å±•è¯­è¨€ä¼šç»™ä½ 
å¸¦æ¥ä¸€ä¸ªæœ‰è¶£çš„å¥½å¤„ã€‚ä½ å°†èƒ½å¤Ÿ"
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的基本语言是<acronym>TCL</"
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+"å¦‚æžœä½ 
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+"支持Schemeï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆä½ 
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载到每个应用，然后就可以用自己最喜爱"
+"的语言来定制应用了，其他定制也类似。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As long as the extensibility languages are weak, the users have to use only "
+"the language you provided them. Which means that people who love any given "
+"language have to compete for the choice of the developers of applications "
+"&mdash; saying &ldquo;Please, application developer, put my language into "
+"your application, not his language.&rdquo; Then the users get no choices at "
+"all &mdash; whichever application they're using comes with one language and "
+"they're stuck with [that language]. But when you have a powerful language "
+"that can implement others by translating into it, then you give the user a "
+"choice of language and we don't have to have a language war anymore. That's "
+"what we're hoping &lsquo;Guile&rsquo;, our scheme interpreter, will do. We "
+"had a person working last summer finishing up a translator from Python to "
+"Scheme. I don't know if it's entirely finished yet, but for anyone "
+"interested in this project, please get in touch. So that's the plan we have "
+"for the future."
+msgstr ""
+"å¦‚æžœæ‰©å±•è¯­è¨€å¾ˆå¼±ï¼Œç”¨æˆ·å°±ä¸å¾—ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ä½ 
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
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+"I haven't been speaking about free software, but let me briefly tell you a "
+"little bit about what that means. Free software does not refer to price; it "
+"doesn't mean that you get it for free. (You may have paid for a copy, or "
+"gotten a copy gratis.) It means that you have freedom as a user. The crucial "
+"thing is that you are free to run the program, free to study what it does, "
+"free to change it to suit your needs, free to redistribute the copies of "
+"others and free to publish improved, extended versions. This is what free "
+"software means. If you are using a non-free program, you have lost crucial "
+"freedom, so don't ever do that."
+msgstr ""
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³é”®çš„自由，所以请不要使用非自由软件。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The purpose of the GNU project is to make it easier for people to reject "
+"freedom-trampling, user-dominating, non-free software by providing free "
+"software to replace it. For those who don't have the moral courage to reject "
+"the non-free software, when that means some practical inconvenience, what we "
+"try to do is give a free alternative so that you can move to freedom with "
+"less of a mess and less of a sacrifice in practical terms. The less "
+"sacrifice the better. We want to make it easier for you to live in freedom, "
+"to cooperate."
+msgstr ""
+"GNU工程的目的就是提供代替非自由软件的自由软件，让人们能够更容易地拒绝非自由软"
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+"æžœä½ 
éœ€è¦çš„æ˜¯å®žç”¨æ€§ï¼Œé‚£ä¹ˆæˆ‘ä»¬å°†å°½åŠ›æä¾›ä¸€ä¸ªè‡ªç”±çš„æ›¿ä»£ä½¿ä½ 
能够在较少混乱、较少"
+"ç‰ºç‰²å®žç”¨æ€§çš„æƒ…å†µä¸‹ï¼Œè½¬ç§»åˆ°è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ã€‚ä½ 
å¤±åŽ»çš„å®žç”¨æ€§å½“ç„¶æ˜¯è¶Šå°‘è¶Šå¥½ã€‚æˆ‘ä»¬å¸Œæœ›ä½ "
+"能够更容易地获得自由、并且能够合作互助。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This is a matter of the freedom to cooperate. We're used to thinking of "
+"freedom and cooperation with society as if they are opposites. But here "
+"they're on the same side. With free software you are free to cooperate with "
+"other people as well as free to help yourself. With non-free software, "
+"somebody is dominating you and keeping people divided. You're not allowed to "
+"share with them, you're not free to cooperate or help society, anymore than "
+"you're free to help yourself.  Divided and helpless is the state of users "
+"using non-free software."
+msgstr ""
+"åˆä½œäº’åŠ©å…³ä¹Žè‡ªç”±ã€‚äººä»¬ä¹ 
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+"æ¡æˆ˜å£•å†…ã€‚ä½¿ç”¨è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Œä½ å°±æœ‰è‡ªç”±å’Œå…
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+"éžè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ï¼Œä½ å°±è¢«æŽ§åˆ¶ï¼Œäººä»¬è¢«åˆ†åŒ–ã€‚ä½ æ— æƒå’Œå…
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+"æˆ–å¸®åŠ©ç¤¾ä¼šï¼Œæ­£å¦‚ä½ æ²¡æœ‰è‡ªç”±æ¥å¸®åŠ©ä½ 
è‡ªå·±ã€‚ä½¿ç”¨éžè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶çš„ç”¨æˆ·å°±æ˜¯è¿™æ ·å­¤ç«‹å’Œæ— "
+"助。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We've produced a tremendous range of free software. We've done what people "
+"said we could never do; we have two operating systems of free software. We "
+"have many applications and we obviously have a lot farther to go. So we need "
+"your help. I would like to ask you to volunteer for the GNU project; help us "
+"develop free software for more jobs. Take a look at <a href=\"/help/"
+"\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a> to find suggestions for how to help. If you "
+"want to order things, there's a link to that from the home page. If you want "
+"to read about philosophical issues, look in /philosophy. If you're looking "
+"for free software to use, look in /directory, which lists about 1900 "
+"packages now (which is a fraction of all the free software out there). "
+"Please write more and contribute to us. My book of essays, &ldquo;Free "
+"Software and Free Society&rdquo;, is on sale and can be purchased at <a href="
+"\"http://www.gnu.org/\";>www.gnu.org</a>. Happy hacking!"
+msgstr ""
+"我们已经开发了范围庞大的自由软件。我们完成了人们曾经说永远完不成的事；我们有"
+"两个自由软件操作系统。我们有很多应用，但我们显然还有更多的要做。所以，我们需"
+"è¦ä½ ä»¬çš„å¸®åŠ©ã€‚æˆ‘è¯·æ±‚ä½ ä»¬æˆä¸ºGNU工程的志愿者
；帮助我们开发能执行更多任务的自由"
+"软件。请参看<a 
href=\"/help/\">http://www.gnu.org/help</a>来了解怎么帮助我"
+"ä»¬ã€‚å¦‚æžœä½ 
æƒ³è®¢è´­ä¸€äº›ä¸œè¥¿ï¼Œæˆ‘ä»¬çš„ä¸»é¡µä¸Šæœ‰ä¸€ä¸ªé“¾æŽ¥ã€‚å¦‚æžœä½ 
想了解我们的哲学，请"
+"阅读/philosophyã€‚å¦‚æžœä½ 
在找可用的自由软件，请到/directory，现在大约有1900个软"
+"件包
（这只是所有自由软件的一部分）。请编写更多的自由软件并贡献给我们。我的文"
+"集，&ldquo;自由软件和自由社会&rdquo;ï¼Œæ­£åœ¨å‘å”®ï¼Œä½ 
可以在<a href=\"http://www.";
+"gnu.org/\">www.gnu.org</a>è´­ä¹°ã€‚ç¥ä½ ä»¬å¼€å‘æ„‰å¿«ï¼"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Guy Steele designed the original symmetrical Emacs command set; then he and "
+"I began implementing Emacs (on top of TECO), but after one long joint "
+"development session, Steele began drifting away, so I finished Emacs.  "
+"Others particularly including Eugene C. Cicciarelli and Mike McMahon "
+"contributed substantially later on."
+msgstr ""
+"Guy Steele设计了Emacsæœ€åˆçš„å¯¹ç§°å‘½ä»¤é›†åˆï¼›ç„¶åŽæˆ‘ä»¬å¼€å§‹æž„é€ 
Emacs（在TECO的基础"
+"上），但是在一段长期的联合开发之后，Steele渐渐离开了，所以我独自完成了Emacs。"
+"其他人，特别是Eugene C. Cicciarelli和Mike 
McMahon后来也做出了显著的贡献。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Bernie Greenberg says that Dan Weinreb's implementation of Emacs for the "
+"Lisp Machine came before Greenberg's implementation for Multics.  I "
+"apologize for the mistake."
+msgstr ""
+"Bernie Greenberg说Dan 
Weinreb在Lisp电脑上的Emacs要早于Greenberg在Multics的版"
+"本。我在此对我的错误道歉。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Greenblatt's plan, as I understood it, was to hire lab people part time, so "
+"that they could continue working at the AI Lab.  Symbolics hired them full "
+"time instead, so they stopped working at MIT."
+msgstr ""
+"Greenblatt的计划，就我的理解，是请实验室的人员兼职，这æ 
·ä»–们还能够继续在人工"
+"智能实验室的本职工作。Symbolics采取的是å…
¨èŒé›‡ä½£ï¼Œæ‰€ä»¥å®žéªŒå®¤çš„人员就不能在MIT"
+"工作了。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"The background of this plan, which I did not state explicitly in the talk, "
+"is that during an initial period the ex-AI-Lab hackers, whether at Symbolics "
+"or LMI, continued contributing their changes to the MIT Lisp Machine system "
+"&mdash; even though the contract did not require this.  Symbolics' plan was "
+"to rupture this cooperation unilaterally."
+msgstr ""
+"该计划的背景，我在演讲里没有明说，是在开始阶段，人工智能实验室的黑客们，不管"
+"是在Symbolics，还是在LMI，都继续把他们的改进贡献给MIT的Lisp电脑系统&mdash;尽"
+"管合同并没有要求这æ 
·åšã€‚Symbolics的计划却是单方面割裂合作。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"It was not that I cared particularly about the fate of LMI, but rather I did "
+"not want to let Symbolics gain through its aggression against the AI Lab."
+msgstr ""
+"这并不是说我特别å…
³æ³¨LMI的命运，我只是不想让Symbolics通过攻击人工智能实验室获"
+"益。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"This statement has been misconstrued as saying that I never, ever looked at "
+"Symbolics' code.  Actually it says I did look, at first.  The Symbolics "
+"source code was available at MIT, where I was entitled to read it, and at "
+"first that's how I found out about their changes."
+msgstr ""
+"这个陈述常被曲解为我从来没有看过Symbolicsçš„ä»£ç ã€‚å®žé™…
上，它说的是我一开始看了"
+"Symbolicsçš„ä»£ç ã€‚è¿™äº›ä»£ç 
å°±åœ¨MITï¼Œæˆ‘æœ‰æƒçœ‹çš„ï¼Œè€Œä¸”æœ€åˆæˆ‘å°±æ˜¯è¿™æ ·äº†è§£åˆ°ä»–ä»¬åš"
+"了改动。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li><p>
+msgid ""
+"But that meant I had to make a special effort to solve each problem "
+"differently, in order to avoid copying Symbolics code.  After a while, I "
+"concluded it was better not to even look.  That way I could write code in "
+"whatever way was best, without concern for what might be in Symbolics' code."
+msgstr ""
+"不过，这意味着我不得不花力气找到其他的解决方法，这æ 
·æ‰èƒ½é¿å…å¤åˆ¶Symbolics的代"
+"ç ã€‚ä¸€æ®µæ—¶é—´ä¹‹åŽï¼Œæˆ‘è§‰å¾—ä¸çœ‹è¿™äº›ä»£ç æ›´å¥½ã€‚è¿™æ 
·çš„话，我就可以按最好的方法来实"
+"çŽ°ä»£ç ï¼Œè€Œä¸ç”¨è€ƒè™‘æ˜¯å¦ç”¨äº†Symbolicsçš„ä»£ç ã€‚"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"Symbolics at one point protested to MIT that my work, by thwarting their "
+"plan, had cost Symbolics a million dollars."
+msgstr ""
+"Symbolics曾经向MITæŠ—è®®ï¼šæˆ‘çš„å·¥ä½œé˜»æŒ 
了他们的计划而使Symbolics损失一百万美元。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
+msgid ""
+"I don't mind if a very complex and heavyweight function takes keyword "
+"arguments.  What bothers me is making simple basic functions such as &ldquo;"
+"member&rdquo; use them."
+msgstr ""
+"我并不介意非常复杂和重量级的函数使用å…
³é”®å­—参数。我讨厌的是连诸如&ldquo;"
+"member&rdquo;è¿™æ ·çš„ç®€å•å‡½æ•°ä¹Ÿè¦ä½¿ç”¨å…³é”®å­—å‚æ•°ã€‚"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+"<h3>译注</h3>\n"
+"<ol>\n"
+"<li id=\"TransNote1\">car：是Lisp语言的一个基本指令。</li>\n"
+"</ol>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to <a 
href=\"mailto:address@hidden";
+"\">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.  There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other 
ways "
+"to contact</a> the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions "
+"can be sent to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden"
+"org&gt;</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"请将有å…
³è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶åŸºé‡‘会（FSF）&amp;GNU的一般性问题发送到<a 
href=\"mailto:";
+"address@hidden">&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。也可以通过<a 
href=\"/contact/\">其他联"
+"系方法</a>联系自由软件基金会(FSF)ã€‚è¯·å°†æ— æ•ˆé“¾æŽ¥ï¼Œå…
¶ä»–错误或建议发送给<a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。"
+
+#
+#
+#
+#.  TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+#.         replace it with the translation of these two:
+#.         We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+#.         translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+#.         Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+#.         to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+#.         &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+#.         <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+#.         our web pages, see <a
+#.         href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+#.         README</a>. 
+#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"若您想翻译本文，请参看<a 
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">"
+"翻译须知</a>。"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr "Copyright &copy; 2003, 2007, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://";
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"本页面使用<a rel=\"license\" 
href=\"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-";
+"nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States "
+"License</a>授权。"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<b>å®¡æ ¡</b>：<a href=\"mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;Hagb 
（郭俊余）&gt;</"
+"a>，2018。<br></br>\n"
+"<b>翻译团队</b>：<a rel=\"team\" 
href=\"https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/";
+"www-zh-cn/\">&lt;CTT&gt;</a>，2018。"
+
+#.  timestamp start 
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "最后更新："