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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html philosophy/lates... |
Date: |
Sun, 31 Dec 2017 02:00:09 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 17/12/31 02:00:09
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-history.zh-cn.html
philosophy : latest-articles.ru.html
philosophy/po : latest-articles.ru-en.html
latest-articles.ru.po
Added files:
gnu/po : gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.87&r2=1.88
Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html 24 Oct 2013 11:31:11 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html 31 Dec 2017 07:00:08 -0000 1.5
@@ -1,127 +1,152 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
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-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNU¹¤³Ì¸ÅÊö - ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð(FSF)</TITLE>
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- <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">¼ÓÌ©ÂÞÄáÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html">¼òÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html">·±ÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
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-]
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-GNU¹¤³Ì¿ª·¢ÁËÒ»Ì×ÓëUnixÏòÉϼæÈݵÄÃûΪ¡°GNU¡±(GNU's Not
Unix)µÄÍêÈ«×ÔÓɵÄÈí¼þϵͳ¡£<A HREF="http://www.stallman.org">Richard
Stallman</A>ÔÚGNU¹¤³ÌµÄ³õʼÎĵµ±»³ÆΪ<A
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HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">¶àÖÖÓïÑÔ</A>¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐдÓÚ1984ÄêµÄGNU¹¤³ÌµÄ<A
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HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">×ÔÓÉ</A>£¬¶ø²»ÊǼ۸ñ¡£Äú¿ÉÒÔΪµÃµ½GNUÈí¼þ¸¶·Ñ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ²»¸¶¡£ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬Ò»µ©µÃµ½ÁËÈí¼þ£¬Äú±ãÓµÓÐÁËʹÓÃËüµÄÈýÏîÖ¸¶¨µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÊǸ´ÖÆÈí¼þ²¢½«ÆäË͸øÄúµÄÅóÓѺÍͬʵÄ×ÔÓÉ£»Æä´Î£¬ÊÇͨ¹ý¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄÍêÈ«¿ØÖƶø¿ÉÒÔËæÒâ¸Ä±ä³ÌÐòµÄ×ÔÓÉ£»ÔٴΣ¬ÊÇ·¢²¼¸Ä½øµÄ°æ±¾´Ó¶ø°ïÖú½¨ÉèÉçÇøµÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£(Èç¹ûÄúÔÙ·¢²¼GNUÈí¼þ£¬Äú¿ÉÒÔΪ´«µÝ¿½±´¹ý³ÌÖеÄÎïÀíÐÐΪÊÕÈ¡Ò»¶¨µÄ·ÑÓã¬ÄúÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔùËÍ¿½±´¡£)
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-ÿһ¸ö¼ÆËã»úÓû§¶¼ÐèÒªÒ»¸ö²Ù×÷ϵͳ£»Èç¹ûûÓÐ×ÔÓɵIJÙ×÷ϵͳ£¬ÄÇôÄ㽫ÉõÖÁÎÞ·¨ÔÚ²»Ê¹ÓÃ˽ÓÐÈí¼þµÄÇé¿öÏ¿ªÊ¼Ê¹ÓüÆËã»ú¡£ËùÒÔ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þÒé³ÌÉϵĵÚÒ»¼þʾÍÊÇÒ»¸ö×ÔÓɵIJÙ×÷ϵͳ¡£
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-ÎÒÃǾö¶¨½«²Ù×÷ϵͳÓëUnix¼æÈÝÊÇÒòΪËüµÄÕûÌåÉè¼ÆÀú¾¿¼Ñé²¢ÇÒ¿çƽ̨£¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÒòΪ¼æÈÝÐÔʹµÃUnixµÄÓû§ºÜÈÝÒ×´ÓUnixÉÏתÒƵ½GNU¡£
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-Ò»¸ö×ÔÓɵÄÀàUnix²Ù×÷ϵͳµÄ³õʼĿ±êÒѾ´ïµ½ÁË¡£µ½¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í¾ÅÊ®Äê´ú£¬ÎÒÃÇ»òÕßÕÒµ½»òÕßд³öÁ˳ýÁËÄÚºËÒÔÍâµÄËùÓÐÖ÷Òª×é¼þ¡£½Ó×ÅLinus
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-È»¶ø£¬GNU¹¤³Ì²¢²»ÏÞÓÚ²Ù×÷ϵͳ¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÄ¿±êÊÇÌṩһ¸öÍêÈ«µÄÈí¼þϵÁУ¬Âú×ãºÜ¶àÓû§µÄÈκÎÒªÇó¡£Õâ°üÀ¨Ó¦ÓÃÈí¼þ¡£ÎÒÃÇÒѾӵÓÐÁËÒ»¸öµç×Ó±í¸ñ¡£ÔÚ½ñºóµÄʱ¼äÀïÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÀ©Õ¹GNU
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- ²¢ÇÒÒò´Ë·ÏÆú˽ÓÐÈí¼þ¡£
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-[
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-<A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">¼ÓÌ©ÂÞÄáÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html">¼òÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html">·±ÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.cs.html">½Ý¿ËÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">Ó¢Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">·¨Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.id.html">Ó¡¶ÈÄáÎ÷ÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.it.html">Òâ´óÀûÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ja.html">ÈÕÓï</A>
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-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">ÆÏÌÑÑÀÓï</A>
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-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-<p>
-Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
-·µ»Ø<A HREF="/home.html">GNUÊ×Ò³</A>¡£
-<P>
-Ç뽫ÓйØ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á(FSF) & GNUµÄ²éѯ & ÎÊÌâ·¢Ë͵½<A
HREF="mailto:address@hidden"><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¡£
-Ò²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý<A
HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ÆäËûÁªÏµ·½·¨</A>ÁªÏµ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á(FSF)¡£
-<P>
-Ç뽫ÓйØÍøÒ³µÄ½¨Òé·¢Ë͵½<A
HREF="mailto:address@hidden"><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>£¬ÆäËûÎÊÌâ·¢Ë͵½<A
HREF="mailto:address@hidden"><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¡£
-<P>
-Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
-<P>
-ÖÐÎÄ·Ò룺<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden">ÁºÃÈ</A>
-<br>
-·ÒëУÕý£ºÁõ ÕѺê
-<P>
-±¾Ò³·Òë×Ô<A
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">Ó¢ÎÄÔÎÄ</A>¡£<P>
-È«ÎÄÔÚ±£Ö¤ÍêÕûÐÔµÄÇ°ÌáÏ¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκÎýÌåתÔØ - Ðë±£Áô´Ë±ê×¢¡£<P>
-
-×îºóÐÞ¸ÄÈÕÆÚ£º
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/10/24 11:31:11 $ $Author: ineiev $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
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-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
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+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>GNUç³»ç»æ¦è§ - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+<meta name="Keywords"
content="GNUãGNUå·¥ç¨ãFSFãèªç±è½¯ä»¶ãèªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ãåå²"
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+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>GNUç³»ç»æ¦è§</h2>
+
+<p>
+GNUç³»ç»æ¯ä¸å¥åä¸å
¼å®¹Unixçå®å
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Unix”ãå®çåé³æ¯<a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">带ægé³çåé³è</a>ã<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard
Stallman</a>å¨1983å¹´9æååºäºGNUå·¥ç¨ç<a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">åå§å£°æ</a>ãæ¥çå¨1985å¹´3æåå表äºæ´é¿ççæ¬ï¼å«å<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU宣è¨</a>ãå®è¢«ç¿»è¯æå¤ç§<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">å
¶ä»è¯è¨</a>ã</p>
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+<p>
+èµ·“GNU”è¿ä¸ªååæ¯å 为å®æ»¡è¶³äºå
个è¦æ±ï¼ç¬¬ä¸ï¼å®æ¯“GNU's Not
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+href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html">å±</a>ï¼èµ·æ¥æ趣ã</p>
+
+<p>
+“free software”ä¸çå诓free”å
³ä¹<a
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¼ãæ¨å¯ä»¥ä»è´¹æä¸ä»è´¹å¾å°GNU软
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论å¦ä½ï¼ä¸æ¦å¾å°äºè½¯ä»¶ï¼æ¨ä¾¿æ¥æäºä½¿ç¨å®çå项ç¹å®èªç±ãæèªç±æç
§èªå·±çææ¿è¿è¡è¯¥è½¯ä»¶ï¼æèªç±å¤å¶è½¯ä»¶å¹¶å°å
¶éç»æ¨çæåååäºï¼æèªç±éè¿å¯¹æºä»£ç çå®å
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éæ·è´ãï¼</p>
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设置çéç¢è使å¾åä½å次æ为å¯è½ã</p>
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·ä½ã</p>
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ãè¿ä½¿å¾GNU项ç®æ为å¿
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为å®çæ´ä½è®¾è®¡åç»èéªå¹¶ä¸å¯ç§»æ¤ï¼èä¸è¿å 为å
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¶ä»å¾å¤å«çä¸è¥¿ãå æ¤ï¼ç¼åä¸ä¸ªå®å
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åä¸äººå¨ä½¿ç¨GNU/Linuxç³»ç»ï¼é常æ¯<a
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+ç¶èï¼GNUå·¥ç¨å¹¶ä¸éäºæ ¸å¿æä½ç³»ç»ãæ们çç®æ
æ¯æä¾ä¸ä¸ªå®æ´ç软件系åï¼æ»¡è¶³å¾å¤ç¨æ·çä»»ä½è¦æ±ãè¿å
æ¬åºç¨è½¯ä»¶ãåç<a
+href="/directory">èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç®å½</a>æ¥äºè§£åç±»å±ç¤ºçèªç±åºç¨è½¯ä»¶ã</p>
+
+<p>
+æ们ä¹ä¸ºé计ç®æºä¸å®¶çæ®éç¨æ·æä¾è½¯ä»¶ãæ以æ们å¼åäºä¸å¥<a
+href="http://www.gnome.org/">å¾å½¢æ¡é¢ï¼å«åGNOMEï¼</a>以帮å©å级ç¨æ·ä½¿ç¨GNUç³»ç»ã</p>
+
+<p>æ们è¿æ³è¦æä¾æ¸¸æåå
¶ä»å¨±ä¹åºç¨ãå·²ç»æå¾å¤<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game">èªç±ç游æ</a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+èªç±è½¯ä»¶å°èµ°å¤è¿ï¼æ²¡ææ¢å¢ï¼é¤éå°<a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">诸å¦ä¸å©çæ³å¾ç³»ç»å®å
¨ç¦æ¢èªç±è½¯ä»¶</a>ä¹æ¶ãæç»çç®æ
æ¯è¦ä¸ºææ计ç®æºç¨æ·å¸æè¿è¡çå·¥ä½æä¾èªç±è½¯ä»¶—并ä¸å
æ¤è®©ä¸å±è½¯ä»¶æ为è¿å»ã</p>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF) & GNU çä¸è¬æ§ &
é®é¢åéå°<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>ãä¹å¯ä»¥éè¿ <a
+href="/contact/">å
¶ä»èç³»æ¹æ³</a>
èç³»èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼(FSF)ã请å°æ æé¾æ¥ï¼å
¶ä»é误æ建议åéç»<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>ã</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯é¡»ç¥</a>ã</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009,
+2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>ææã</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>ç¿»è¯</b>: æ¢è <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a><br></br>
+<b>å®¡æ ¡</b>: åæå® <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a><br></br>
+<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/"><CTT></a>ï¼2017ã</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+æåæ´æ°ï¼
+
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:08 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.45
retrieving revision 1.46
diff -u -b -r1.45 -r1.46
--- philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html 20 Oct 2017 17:30:57 -0000 1.45
+++ philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html 31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000 1.46
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
<p>ÐÑÑмо из-под пÑеÑÑа: поÑледние ÑÑаÑÑи о
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
и пÑоекÑе GNU.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html"> ÐлÑ
ÑÑноÑÑи, пожалÑйÑÑа,
+не говоÑиÑе “ÐиÑензиÑовано по GNU GPL
2”!</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð°Ð´Ð²Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ñ
дÑÑвола не
Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð² доÑÑижении иÑÑинÑ</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñ
акаÑонаÑ
нÑжно наÑÑаиваÑÑ
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2017/10/20 17:30:57 $
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html 20 Oct 2017 17:30:57 -0000
1.42
+++ philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html 31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000
1.43
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
software and the GNU project.</p>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html">
+ For Clarity's Sake, Please Don't Say “Licensed under GNU GPL
2”!</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html">
Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a></li>
<li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/10/20 17:30:57 $
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.87
retrieving revision 1.88
diff -u -b -r1.87 -r1.88
--- philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po 31 Dec 2017 06:40:21 -0000 1.87
+++ philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po 31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000 1.88
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-12-30 21:56+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "Latest Articles - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -37,9 +36,8 @@
"<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> For Clarity's Sake, "
"Please Don't Say “Licensed under GNU GPL 2”!</a>"
msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> "
-"ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑноÑÑи, пожалÑйÑÑа, не говоÑиÑе
“ÐиÑензиÑовано по GNU GPL "
-"2”!</a>"
+"<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑноÑÑи, "
+"пожалÑйÑÑа, не говоÑиÑе “ÐиÑензиÑовано
по GNU GPL 2”!</a>"
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
msgid ""
Index: gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html 31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>Overview of the GNU System
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free
Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p>
+The GNU operating system is a complete free software system,
+upward-compatible with Unix. GNU stands for “GNU's Not Unix”.
+It is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a
+hard g</a>.
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a> made the
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of
+the GNU Project in September 1983. A longer version called
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in
+March 1985. It has been translated into several
+<a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">other languages</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The name “GNU” was chosen because it met a few
+requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun
+to say (or
+<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html">Sing</a>).</p>
+
+<p>
+The word “free” in “free software” pertains to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom</a>, not price. You may or
+may not pay a price to get GNU software. Either way, once you have
+the software you have four specific freedoms in using it. The freedom
+to run the program as you wish; the freedom to copy the program and
+give it away to your friends and co-workers; the freedom to change the
+program as you wish, by having full access to source code; the freedom
+to distribute an improved version and thus help build the community.
+(If you redistribute GNU software, you may charge a fee for the
+physical act of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The project to develop the GNU system is called the “GNU
+Project”. The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
+bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
+community in earlier days—to make cooperation possible once again by
+removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in
+a group which used <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> exclusively. Even computer companies often distributed
+free software. Programmers were free to cooperate with each other,
+and often did.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the 1980s, almost all software was
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>,
+which means that it had owners who forbid and
+prevent cooperation by users. This made the GNU Project necessary.</p>
+
+<p>
+Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free
+operating system, then you can't even get started using a computer
+without resorting to proprietary software. So the first item on the
+free software agenda obviously had to be a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because
+the overall design was already proven and portable, and because
+compatibility makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors,
+text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games
+and many other things. Thus, writing a whole operating system is a
+very large job. We started in January 1984.
+The <a href="http://fsf.org/"> Free Software Foundation</a> was
+founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop
+GNU.</p>
+
+<p>By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components
+except one—the kernel. Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was
+developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.
+Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a
+complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system. Estimates are that
+tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically
+via <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distributions</a>. The principal
+version of Linux now contains non-free firmware “blobs”;
+free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux,
+called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux">
+Linux-libre</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system.
+We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users
+want to have. This includes application software. See
+the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue
+of free software application programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+We also want to provide software for users who are not computer
+experts. Therefore we developed a
+<a href="http://www.gnome.org/">graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help
+beginners use the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>We also want to provide games and other recreations. Plenty of <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game">free games</a> are
+already available.</p>
+
+<p>
+How far can free software go? There are no limits, except
+when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as
+the patent system prohibit free software</a>. The ultimate goal is to
+provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to
+do—and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
+
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 4.0. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
+2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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