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www gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html philosophy/lates...


From: GNUN
Subject: www gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html philosophy/lates...
Date: Sun, 31 Dec 2017 02:00:09 -0500 (EST)

CVSROOT:        /web/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     GNUN <gnun>     17/12/31 02:00:09

Modified files:
        gnu            : gnu-history.zh-cn.html 
        philosophy     : latest-articles.ru.html 
        philosophy/po  : latest-articles.ru-en.html 
                         latest-articles.ru.po 
Added files:
        gnu/po         : gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html 

Log message:
        Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.87&r2=1.88

Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html  24 Oct 2013 11:31:11 -0000      1.4
+++ gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html  31 Dec 2017 07:00:08 -0000      1.5
@@ -1,127 +1,152 @@
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">
-<HTML>
-<HEAD>
-<TITLE>GNU¹¤³Ì¸ÅÊö - ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð(FSF)</TITLE>
-<LINK REV="made" HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>
-<META name="Keywords"
- CONTENT="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation,
- History">
-<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=gb2312">
-</HEAD>
-<BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000" LINK="#1F00FF" ALINK="#FF0000" 
VLINK="#9900DD">
-<H3>GNU¹¤³Ì¸ÅÊö</H3>
-
-<A HREF="/graphics/whatsgnu.html"><IMG SRC="/graphics/whats-gnu-sm.jpg"
-   ALT=" [image of What's GNU] "
-   WIDTH="125" HEIGHT="120"></A>
-[
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
- <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">¼ÓÌ©ÂÞÄáÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html">¼òÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html">·±ÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.cs.html">½Ý¿ËÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">Ó¢Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">·¨Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.id.html">Ó¡¶ÈÄáÎ÷ÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.it.html">Òâ´óÀûÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ja.html">ÈÕÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ko.html">³¯ÏÊÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.pl.html">²¨À¼Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">ÆÏÌÑÑÀÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.es.html">Î÷°àÑÀÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.sv.html">ÈðµäÓï</A>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-
-<P>
-
-GNU¹¤³Ì¿ª·¢ÁËÒ»Ì×ÓëUnixÏòÉϼæÈݵÄÃûΪ¡°GNU¡±(GNU's Not 
Unix)µÄÍêÈ«×ÔÓɵÄÈí¼þϵͳ¡£<A HREF="http://www.stallman.org";>Richard 
Stallman</A>ÔÚGNU¹¤³ÌµÄ³õʼÎĵµ±»³ÆΪ<A 
HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNUÐûÑÔ(31k×Ö½Ú)</A>£¬ËüÒѾ­±»·­Òë³É<A 
HREF="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">¶àÖÖÓïÑÔ</A>¡£ÎÒÃÇ»¹ÓÐдÓÚ1984ÄêµÄGNU¹¤³ÌµÄ<A
 HREF="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">¿ªÊ¼ÉùÃ÷</A>¡£
-<P>
-
-ÉÏÃæµÄµ¥´Ê¡°free¡±ÊǹØÓÚ<A 
HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">×ÔÓÉ</A>£¬¶ø²»ÊǼ۸ñ¡£Äú¿ÉÒÔΪµÃµ½GNUÈí¼þ¸¶·Ñ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ²»¸¶¡£ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬Ò»µ©µÃµ½ÁËÈí¼þ£¬Äú±ãÓµÓÐÁËʹÓÃËüµÄÈýÏîÖ¸¶¨µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÊǸ´ÖÆÈí¼þ²¢½«ÆäË͸øÄúµÄÅóÓѺÍͬʵÄ×ÔÓÉ£»Æä´Î£¬ÊÇͨ¹ý¶ÔÔ´´úÂëµÄÍêÈ«¿ØÖƶø¿ÉÒÔËæÒâ¸Ä±ä³ÌÐòµÄ×ÔÓÉ£»ÔٴΣ¬ÊÇ·¢²¼¸Ä½øµÄ°æ±¾´Ó¶ø°ïÖú½¨ÉèÉçÇøµÄ×ÔÓÉ¡£(Èç¹ûÄúÔÙ·¢²¼GNUÈí¼þ£¬Äú¿ÉÒÔΪ´«µÝ¿½±´¹ý³ÌÖеÄÎïÀíÐÐΪÊÕÈ¡Ò»¶¨µÄ·ÑÓã¬ÄúÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔùËÍ¿½±´¡£)
-
-<P>
-
-1983ÄêGNU¹¤³Ì±»¹¹ÏëΪ»Ø¹éÔçÆÚ¼ÆËã»úÉçÇøÖй㷺´æÔڵĺÏ×÷¾«ÉñµÄÒ»ÖÖ·½·¨ - 
ͨ¹ý³ýȥ˽ÓÐÈí¼þÓµÓÐÕßÉèÖõÄÕÏ°­¶øʹµÃºÏ×÷ÔٴγÉΪ¿ÉÄÜ¡£
-<P>
-
-1971ÄêRichard Stallman¿ªÊ¼ÔÚMITµÄÉúÑÄʱ£¬ËûÔÚÒ»¸öֻʹÓÃ<A 
HREF="/philosophy/free-sw.html">×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ</A>µÄС×éÖй¤×÷¡£ÉõÖÁ¼ÆËã»ú¹«Ë¾¶¼¾­³£·¢²¼×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ¡£³ÌÐòÔ±ÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ×ÔÓɵØÏ໥ºÏ×÷£¬ËûÃÇÒ²¾­³£ÕâÑù×÷¡£
-<P>
-
-µ½Á˶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í°ËÊ®Äê´ú£¬¼¸ºõËùÓеÄÈí¼þ¶¼ÊÇ<A 
HREF="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">˽ÓеÄ(18k×Ö½Ú)</A>£¬ÕâÒâζ×ÅËü¾ß±¸Á˽ûÖ¹ºÍ×èÖ¹Óû§ºÏ×÷µÄÓµÓÐÕß¡£ÕâʹµÃGNUÏîÄ¿³ÉΪ±ØÈ»¡£
-<P>
-
-ÿһ¸ö¼ÆËã»úÓû§¶¼ÐèÒªÒ»¸ö²Ù×÷ϵͳ£»Èç¹ûûÓÐ×ÔÓɵIJÙ×÷ϵͳ£¬ÄÇôÄ㽫ÉõÖÁÎÞ·¨ÔÚ²»Ê¹ÓÃ˽ÓÐÈí¼þµÄÇé¿öÏ¿ªÊ¼Ê¹ÓüÆËã»ú¡£ËùÒÔ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þÒé³ÌÉϵĵÚÒ»¼þʾÍÊÇÒ»¸ö×ÔÓɵIJÙ×÷ϵͳ¡£
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-<P>
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-Ò»¸ö×ÔÓɵÄÀàUnix²Ù×÷ϵͳµÄ³õʼĿ±êÒѾ­´ïµ½ÁË¡£µ½¶þÊ®ÊÀ¼Í¾ÅÊ®Äê´ú£¬ÎÒÃÇ»òÕßÕÒµ½»òÕßд³öÁ˳ýÁËÄÚºËÒÔÍâµÄËùÓÐÖ÷Òª×é¼þ¡£½Ó×ÅLinus
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-<P>
-
-È»¶ø£¬GNU¹¤³Ì²¢²»ÏÞÓÚ²Ù×÷ϵͳ¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÄ¿±êÊÇÌṩһ¸öÍêÈ«µÄÈí¼þϵÁУ¬Âú×ãºÜ¶àÓû§µÄÈκÎÒªÇó¡£Õâ°üÀ¨Ó¦ÓÃÈí¼þ¡£ÎÒÃÇÒѾ­ÓµÓÐÁËÒ»¸öµç×Ó±í¸ñ¡£ÔÚ½ñºóµÄʱ¼äÀïÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÀ©Õ¹GNU
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HREF="http://www.gnome.org/";>ͼ±êÍϷŵÄ×ÀÃæ</A>À´°ïÖú³õѧÕßʹÓÃGNUϵͳ¡£
-<P>
-
-ÎÒÃÇҲϣÍûÌṩÓÎÏ·ºÍÆäËûÓéÀÖÈí¼þ¡£ÒѾ­¿ÉÒԵõ½Ò»Ð©Ãâ·ÑÓÎÏ·ÁË¡£
-<P>
-
-×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ½«×߶àÔ¶£¿Ã»ÓÐÖ¹¾³£¬³ý·Çµ½ÀýÈçרÀûϵͳµÈ·¨ÂÉÍêÈ«½ûÖ¹×ÔÓÉÈí¼þʱ¡£×îÖÕµÄÄ¿±êÊÇҪΪËùÓмÆËã»úÓû§Ï£Íû½øÐеŤ×÷Ìṩ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ
 - ²¢ÇÒÒò´Ë·ÏÆú˽ÓÐÈí¼þ¡£
-<P>
-
-<HR>
-[
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-<A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ca.html">¼ÓÌ©ÂÞÄáÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-cn.html">¼òÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.zh-tw.html">·±ÌåÖÐÎÄ</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.cs.html">½Ý¿ËÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html">Ó¢Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.fr.html">·¨Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.id.html">Ó¡¶ÈÄáÎ÷ÑÇÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.it.html">Òâ´óÀûÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ja.html">ÈÕÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.ko.html">³¯ÏÊÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.pl.html">²¨À¼Óï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.pt-br.html">ÆÏÌÑÑÀÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.es.html">Î÷°àÑÀÓï</A>
-| <A HREF="/gnu/gnu-history.sv.html">ÈðµäÓï</A>
-<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical -->
-<!-- PLEASE UPDATE THE LIST AT THE BOTTOM (OR TOP) OF THE PAGE TOO! -->
-]
-<p>
-Return to <A HREF="/home.html">GNU's home page</A>.
-·µ»Ø<A HREF="/home.html">GNUÊ×Ò³</A>¡£
-<P>
-Ç뽫ÓйØ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á(FSF) &amp; GNUµÄ²éѯ &amp; ÎÊÌâ·¢Ë͵½<A 
HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¡£
-Ò²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý<A 
HREF="/home.html#ContactInfo">ÆäËûÁªÏµ·½·¨</A>ÁªÏµ×ÔÓÉÈí¼þ»ù½ð»á(FSF)¡£
-<P>
-Ç뽫ÓйØÍøÒ³µÄ½¨Òé·¢Ë͵½<A 
HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>£¬ÆäËûÎÊÌâ·¢Ë͵½<A 
HREF="mailto:address@hidden";><EM>address@hidden</EM></A>¡£
-<P>
-Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
-51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110,  USA
-<P>
-ÖÐÎÄ·­Ò룺<A HREF="mailto:address@hidden";>ÁºÃÈ</A>
-<br>
-·­ÒëУÕý£ºÁõ ÕѺê
-<P>
-±¾Ò³·­Òë×Ô<A 
HREF="http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu-history.en.html";>Ó¢ÎÄÔ­ÎÄ</A>¡£<P>
-È«ÎÄÔÚ±£Ö¤ÍêÕûÐÔµÄÇ°ÌáÏ¿ÉÒÔÔÚÈκÎýÌåתÔØ - Ðë±£Áô´Ë±ê×¢¡£<P>
-
-×îºóÐÞ¸ÄÈÕÆÚ£º
-<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/10/24 11:31:11 $ $Author: ineiev $
-<!-- timestamp end -->
-<HR>
-</BODY>
-</HTML>
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-history.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>GNU系统概览 - GNU工程 - 自由软件基金会</title>
+<meta name="Keywords" 
content="GNU、GNU工程、FSF、自由软件、自由软件基金会、历史" 
/>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<h2>GNU系统概览</h2>
+
+<p>
+GNU系统是一套向上兼容Unix的完å…
¨è‡ªç”±çš„操作系统。GNU代表&ldquo;GNU's Not 
Unix&rdquo;。它的发音是<a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">带有g音的单音节</a>。<a
+href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard 
Stallman</a>在1983年9月做出了GNU工程的<a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">初始声明</a>。接着在1985年3月又发表了更长的版本,叫做<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU宣言</a>。它被翻译成多种<a
+href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">其他语言</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+起&ldquo;GNU&rdquo;这个名字是因为它满足了几
个要求:第一,它是&ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix&rdquo;的递归缩写;第二,它是一个真正的单词;第三,它说(或<a
+href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>唱</a>)起来有趣。</p>
+
+<p>
+&ldquo;free software&rdquo;中的单词&ldquo;free&rdquo;关乎<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">自由</a>,而不是价æ 
¼ã€‚您可以付费或不付费得到GNU软
+件。无
论如何,一旦得到了软件,您便拥有了使用它的四项特定自由。有自由按ç
…§è‡ªå·±çš„意愿运行该软件;有自由复制软件并将å…
¶é€ç»™æ‚¨çš„朋友和同事;有自由通过对源代码的完å…
¨æŽ§åˆ¶è€Œæ”¹è¿›ç¨‹åºï¼›æœ‰è‡ªç”±å‘布改进的版本从而帮助社区建设。(如果您再发布GNU软件,您可以为发布拷贝过程中的物理行为收取一定的费用,您也可以èµ
 é€æ‹·è´ã€‚)</p>
+
+<p>
+开发GNU系统的工程叫做&ldquo;GNU工程&rdquo;。GNU工程构思于1983年,意在找回在早期计算机社区中广泛存在的合作精神&mdash;通过除去专属软件所有è€
…设置的障碍而使得合作再次成为可能。</p>
+
+<p>
+1971年Richard Stallman在MIT开始职业生涯时,他在一个只使用<a
+href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">自由软件</a>的小组中工作。当时,甚至计算机å
…
¬å¸éƒ½ç»å¸¸å‘布自由软件。程序员们可以自由地相互合作,他们也经常这æ
 ·ä½œã€‚</p>
+
+<p>
+到了20世纪80年代,几乎所有的软件都是<a
+href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">专属软件</a>,这意味着它有了一个禁止和阻止用户合作的所有è€
…。这使得GNU项目成为必然。</p>
+
+<p>
+每一个计算机用户都需要一个操作系统;如果没有自由的操作系统,那么ä½
 å°†ç”šè‡³æ— æ³•åœ¨ä¸ä½¿ç”¨ä¸“属软件的情
况下开始使用计算机。所以自由软件议程上的第一件事显然就是一个自由的操作系统。</p>
+
+<p>
+我们决定将此操作系统与Unix兼容是因
为它的整体设计历经考验并且可移植,而且还因为å…
¼å®¹æ€§ä½¿å¾—Unix的用户很容易从Unix上转移到GNU。</p>
+
+<p>
+一个类似Unix操作系统包括内核、编译器、编辑器、文本æ 
¼å¼åŒ–软件、邮件软件、图形界面、应用库、游戏以及å…
¶ä»–很多别的东西。因此,编写一个完å…
¨çš„操作系统是一项巨大的工作。我们从1984å¹´1月开始,并在1985å¹´10月创立<a
+href="http://fsf.org/";>自由软件基金会</a>,它初期为开发GNU募集资金。</p>
+
+<p>到1990年,我们或者找到或者
写出了所有主要的组件,除了一个&mdash;内核。当时,Linus
+Torvalds在1991年开发了一个类似Unix的内核Linux,并在1992年将å…
¶å˜æˆè‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶ã€‚å°†Linux与几
乎完成的GNU系统结合在一起就是一个完å…
¨çš„操作系统:GNU/Linux系统。估计现在有几
千万人在使用GNU/Linux系统,通常是<a
+href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux发行版</a>。现在Linux的原始版本åŒ
…
含非自由的固件&ldquo;blobs&rdquo;;自由软件活动家目前也维护着一个自由版本的Linux,叫做<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>Linux-libre</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+然而,GNU工程并不限于核心操作系统。我们的目æ 
‡æ˜¯æä¾›ä¸€ä¸ªå®Œæ•´çš„软件系列,满足很多用户的任何要求。这åŒ
…括应用软件。参看<a
+href="/directory">自由软件目录</a>来了解分类展示的自由应用软件。</p>
+
+<p>
+我们也为非计算机专家的普通用户提供软件。所以我们开发了一套<a
+href="http://www.gnome.org/";>图形桌面(叫做GNOME)</a>以帮助初级用户使用GNU系统。</p>
+
+<p>我们还想要提供游戏和其他娱乐应用。已经有很多<a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>自由的游戏</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+自由软件将走多远?没有止境,除非到<a
+href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">诸如专利等法律系统完å
…¨ç¦æ­¢è‡ªç”±è½¯ä»¶</a>之时。最终的目æ 
‡æ˜¯è¦ä¸ºæ‰€æœ‰è®¡ç®—机用户希望进行的工作提供自由软件&mdash;并且å›
 æ­¤è®©ä¸“属软件成为过去。</p>
+
 
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>请将有关自由软件基金会(FSF) &amp; GNU 的一般性 &amp; 
问题发送到<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。也可以通过 <a
+href="/contact/">其他联系方法</a> 
联系自由软件基金会(FSF)。请将无效链接,å…
¶ä»–错误或建议发送给<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>。</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+若您想翻译本文,请参看<a 
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻译须知</a>。</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009,
+2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>本页面使用<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>授权。</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+<b>翻译</b>: 梁萌 <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a><br></br>
+<b>审校</b>: 刘昭宏 <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a><br></br>
+<b>翻译团队</b>:<a rel="team"
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";>&lt;CTT&gt;</a>,2017。</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+最后更新:
+
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:08 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>

Index: philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.45
retrieving revision 1.46
diff -u -b -r1.45 -r1.46
--- philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html  20 Oct 2017 17:30:57 -0000      1.45
+++ philosophy/latest-articles.ru.html  31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000      1.46
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@
 <p>Прямо из-под пресса: последние статьи о 
свободных программах и проекте GNU.</p>
 
 <ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html"> Для 
ясности, пожалуйста,
+не говорите &ldquo;Лицензировано по GNU GPL 
2&rdquo;!</a></li>
  <li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html"> Почему адвокат 
дьявола не
 помогает в достижении истины</a></li>
  <li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">Почему на хакафонах
 нужно настаивать
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@
 <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
 Обновлено:
 
-$Date: 2017/10/20 17:30:57 $
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
 
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>

Index: philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html    20 Oct 2017 17:30:57 -0000      
1.42
+++ philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru-en.html    31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000      
1.43
@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@
 software and the GNU project.</p>
 
 <ul>
+ <li><a href="/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html">
+  For Clarity's Sake, Please Don't Say &ldquo;Licensed under GNU GPL 
2&rdquo;!</a></li>
  <li><a href="/philosophy/devils-advocate.html">
   Why the Devil's Advocate Doesn't Help Reach the Truth</a></li>
  <li><a href="/philosophy/hackathons.html">
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2017/10/20 17:30:57 $
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.87
retrieving revision 1.88
diff -u -b -r1.87 -r1.88
--- philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po 31 Dec 2017 06:40:21 -0000      1.87
+++ philosophy/po/latest-articles.ru.po 31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000      1.88
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
 "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
 "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
 "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2017-12-30 21:56+0000\n"
 
 #. type: Content of: <title>
 msgid "Latest Articles - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -37,9 +36,8 @@
 "<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> For Clarity's Sake, "
 "Please Don't Say &ldquo;Licensed under GNU GPL 2&rdquo;!</a>"
 msgstr ""
-"<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> "
-"Для ясности, пожалуйста, не говорите 
&ldquo;Лицензировано по GNU GPL "
-"2&rdquo;!</a>"
+"<a href=\"/licenses/identify-licenses-clearly.html\"> Для ясности, "
+"пожалуйста, не говорите &ldquo;Лицензировано 
по GNU GPL 2&rdquo;!</a>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <ul><li>
 msgid ""

Index: gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html
--- /dev/null   1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-history.zh-cn-en.html    31 Dec 2017 07:00:09 -0000      1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.84 -->
+<title>Overview of the GNU System
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<meta name="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free 
Software Foundation, History" />
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-history.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Overview of the GNU System</h2>
+
+<p>
+The GNU operating system is a complete free software system,
+upward-compatible with Unix.  GNU stands for &ldquo;GNU's Not Unix&rdquo;.
+It is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a
+hard g</a>.
+<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a> made the
+<a href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">Initial Announcement</a> of
+the GNU Project in September 1983.  A longer version called
+the <a href="/gnu/manifesto.html">GNU Manifesto</a> was published in
+March 1985.  It has been translated into several
+<a href="/gnu/manifesto.html#translations">other languages</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+The name &ldquo;GNU&rdquo; was chosen because it met a few
+requirements; first, it was a recursive acronym for &ldquo;GNU's Not
+Unix&rdquo;, second, because it was a real word, and third, it was fun
+to say (or
+<a href="http://www.poppyfields.net/poppy/songs/gnu.html";>Sing</a>).</p>
+
+<p>
+The word &ldquo;free&rdquo; in &ldquo;free software&rdquo; pertains to
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">freedom</a>, not price.  You may or
+may not pay a price to get GNU software.  Either way, once you have
+the software you have four specific freedoms in using it.  The freedom
+to run the program as you wish; the freedom to copy the program and
+give it away to your friends and co-workers; the freedom to change the
+program as you wish, by having full access to source code; the freedom
+to distribute an improved version and thus help build the community.
+(If you redistribute GNU software, you may charge a fee for the
+physical act of transferring a copy, or you may give away copies.)</p>
+
+<p>
+The project to develop the GNU system is called the &ldquo;GNU
+Project&rdquo;.  The GNU Project was conceived in 1983 as a way of
+bringing back the cooperative spirit that prevailed in the computing
+community in earlier days&mdash;to make cooperation possible once again by
+removing the obstacles to cooperation imposed by the owners of
+proprietary software.</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1971, when Richard Stallman started his career at MIT, he worked in
+a group which used <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">free
+software</a> exclusively.  Even computer companies often distributed
+free software.  Programmers were free to cooperate with each other,
+and often did.</p>
+
+<p>
+By the 1980s, almost all software was
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">proprietary</a>,
+which means that it had owners who forbid and
+prevent cooperation by users.  This made the GNU Project necessary.</p>
+
+<p>
+Every computer user needs an operating system; if there is no free
+operating system, then you can't even get started using a computer
+without resorting to proprietary software.  So the first item on the
+free software agenda obviously had to be a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We decided to make the operating system compatible with Unix because
+the overall design was already proven and portable, and because
+compatibility makes it easy for Unix users to switch from Unix to GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+A Unix-like operating system includes a kernel, compilers, editors,
+text formatters, mail software, graphical interfaces, libraries, games
+and many other things.  Thus, writing a whole operating system is a
+very large job.  We started in January 1984.
+The <a href="http://fsf.org/";> Free Software Foundation</a> was
+founded in October 1985, initially to raise funds to help develop
+GNU.</p>
+
+<p>By 1990 we had either found or written all the major components
+except one&mdash;the kernel.  Then Linux, a Unix-like kernel, was
+developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991 and made free software in 1992.
+Combining Linux with the almost-complete GNU system resulted in a
+complete operating system: the GNU/Linux system.  Estimates are that
+tens of millions of people now use GNU/Linux systems, typically
+via <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distributions</a>.  The principal
+version of Linux now contains non-free firmware &ldquo;blobs&rdquo;;
+free software activists now maintain a modified free version of Linux,
+called <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>
+Linux-libre</a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+However, the GNU Project is not limited to the core operating system.
+We aim to provide a whole spectrum of software, whatever many users
+want to have.  This includes application software.  See
+the <a href="/directory">Free Software Directory</a> for a catalogue
+of free software application programs.</p>
+
+<p>
+We also want to provide software for users who are not computer
+experts.  Therefore we developed a
+<a href="http://www.gnome.org/";>graphical desktop (called GNOME)</a> to help
+beginners use the GNU system.</p>
+
+<p>We also want to provide games and other recreations.  Plenty of <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Category/Game";>free games</a> are
+already available.</p>
+
+<p>
+How far can free software go?  There are no limits, except
+when <a href="/philosophy/fighting-software-patents.html">laws such as
+the patent system prohibit free software</a>.  The ultimate goal is to
+provide free software to do all of the jobs computer users want to
+do&mdash;and thus make proprietary software a thing of the past.</p>
+
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF &amp; GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.  Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>&lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+        replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+        We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+        translations.  However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+        Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+        to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+        &lt;address@hidden&gt;</a>.</p>
+
+        <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+        our web pages, see <a
+        href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+        README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+     files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+     be under CC BY-ND 4.0.  Please do NOT change or remove this
+     without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+     Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+     document.  For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+     document was modified, or published.
+     
+     If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+     Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+     years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+     year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+     being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+     
+     There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+     Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 2007,
+2009, 2012, 2014, 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2017/12/31 07:00:09 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>



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