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From: |
GNUN |
Subject: |
www education/edu-why.uk.html education/po/edu-... |
Date: |
Tue, 05 May 2015 11:30:40 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 15/05/05 11:30:40
Modified files:
education : edu-why.uk.html
education/po : edu-resources.translist edu-why.uk-en.html
edu-why.uk.po
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.translist gnu-linux-faq.uk.po
Added files:
education : edu-resources.uk.html
education/po : edu-resources.uk-en.html
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.uk.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-why.uk.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.6&r2=1.7
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/edu-resources.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-resources.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.5&r2=1.6
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-why.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.7&r2=1.8
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/education/po/edu-resources.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: education/edu-why.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/edu-why.uk.html,v
retrieving revision 1.6
retrieving revision 1.7
diff -u -b -r1.6 -r1.7
--- education/edu-why.uk.html 12 Apr 2014 13:53:04 -0000 1.6
+++ education/edu-why.uk.html 5 May 2015 11:30:37 -0000 1.7
@@ -1,12 +1,10 @@
-
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-why.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
- <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-why.en.html" -->
-
<title>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑÑнÑм ÑÑÑановам ÑлÑд
заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами -
ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
@@ -100,12 +98,12 @@
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑ Ñколи Ñа ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑи в
ÑкоÑÑÑ ÑÑамплÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑеннÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²'ÑзÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñаким Ñином
Ñвого пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво в ÑÑломÑ. Ðони пÑопонÑÑÑÑ
знижки або навÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° безоплаÑнÑй
-оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ ÑвоÑÑ
влаÑниÑ
пÑогÑам в
навÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¸, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑденÑи бÑдÑÑÑ
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Ñ ÑÑанÑÑÑ
залежними вÑд ниÑ
. ÐÑÑÐ»Ñ ÑÑÑденÑÑÑкиÑ
-ÑокÑв Ð½Ñ Ñм, Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
нÑм майбÑÑнÑм
ÑобоÑодавÑÑм не бÑдÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ
-пÑогÑам Ð·Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ð¶ÐºÐ¾Ñ. Ðо ÑÑÑÑ, компанÑÑ
ÑоблÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑбÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑкÑл Ñа
-ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑи Ñ Ð°Ð³ÐµÐ½Ñи, змÑÑÑÑÑи лÑдей
пеÑебÑваÑи Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑйнÑй довÑÑнÑй
-залежноÑÑÑ. </li>
+оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ ÑвоÑÑ
влаÑниÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑам Ñ
навÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¸, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑденÑи
+бÑдÑÑÑ Ð²ÑиÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи ÑÑ
Ñ
ÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ вÑд ниÑ
. ÐÑÑлÑ
+ÑÑÑденÑÑÑкиÑ
ÑокÑв Ð½Ñ Ñм, Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
нÑм
майбÑÑнÑм ÑобоÑодавÑÑм не бÑдÑÑÑ
+запÑÐ¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам Ð·Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ð¶ÐºÐ¾Ñ. Ðо
ÑÑÑÑ, компанÑÑ ÑоблÑÑÑ
+веÑбÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑкÑл Ñа ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑв Ñ Ð°Ð³ÐµÐ½Ñи,
змÑÑÑÑÑи лÑдей пеÑебÑваÑи Ñ
+поÑÑÑйнÑй довÑÑнÑй залежноÑÑÑ. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
@@ -186,7 +184,7 @@
пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2011 Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015 Фонд вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk">
лÑÑензÑÑ
@@ -203,7 +201,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðновлено:
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:53:04 $
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:37 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: education/po/edu-resources.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-resources.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- education/po/edu-resources.translist 25 Apr 2015 21:29:44 -0000
1.12
+++ education/po/edu-resources.translist 5 May 2015 11:30:38 -0000
1.13
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="fr" hreflang="fr"
href="/education/edu-resources.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="hr" hreflang="hr"
href="/education/edu-resources.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ja" hreflang="ja"
href="/education/edu-resources.ja.html">æ¥æ¬èª</a> [ja]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/education/edu-resources.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: education/po/edu-why.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.uk-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.5
retrieving revision 1.6
diff -u -b -r1.5 -r1.6
--- education/po/edu-why.uk-en.html 12 Apr 2014 13:53:21 -0000 1.5
+++ education/po/edu-why.uk-en.html 5 May 2015 11:30:38 -0000 1.6
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
a whole. They offer discounts, or even gratis copies of their proprietary
programs to educational institutions, so that students will learn to use
them and become dependent on them. After these students graduate, neither
-them nor their future employers will be offered discounted copies.
+they nor their future employers will be offered discounted copies.
Essentially, what these companies are doing is they are recruiting schools
and universities into agents to lead people to permanent lifelong
dependency.</li>
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@
of this article.</p>
</div>
-<p>Copyright © 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2014/04/12 13:53:21 $
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: education/po/edu-why.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/education/po/edu-why.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.7
retrieving revision 1.8
diff -u -b -r1.7 -r1.8
--- education/po/edu-why.uk.po 5 May 2015 09:30:13 -0000 1.7
+++ education/po/edu-why.uk.po 5 May 2015 11:30:38 -0000 1.8
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
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@@ -164,16 +163,6 @@
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Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist 26 Dec 2014 15:57:03 -0000 1.15
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist 5 May 2015 11:30:39 -0000 1.16
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sq.html">Shqip</a> [sq]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sr" hreflang="sr"
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.sr.html">ÑÑпÑки</a> [sr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po 5 May 2015 09:30:14 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk.po 5 May 2015 11:30:40 -0000 1.13
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
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#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
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#. type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
msgid "We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter."
@@ -3235,4 +3198,3 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid "Updated:"
msgstr "Ðновлено:"
-
Index: education/edu-resources.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/edu-resources.uk.html
diff -N education/edu-resources.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/edu-resources.uk.html 5 May 2015 11:30:37 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/education/edu-resources.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑÑали - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU -
Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-resources.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<div id="education-content">
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+<li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">ÐмÑÑÑ ÑоздÑлÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">ÐналÑз випадкÑв</a></li>
+<li class="active">
+ <a href="/education/edu-projects.html">ÐÑвÑÑнÑ
маÑеÑÑали</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">ÐÑвÑÑнÑ
пÑоекÑи</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">ÐиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
вÑдповÑдÑ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">Ðоманда оÑвÑÑи</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+</div>
+
+<!-- id="edu-content" -->
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/educationhtml">ÐÑвÑÑа</a> → ÐÑвÑÑнÑ
маÑеÑÑали</p>
+
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" -->
+<!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.uk.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑÑали</h2>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+Ðи ÑÑкаÑмо вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑгÑи або вÑлÑнÑ
ÑгÑи, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи в
+оÑвÑÑнÑÑ
ÑÑлÑÑ
. ÐиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>ÐÑвÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами</h3>
+
+<p>У наÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑоздÑÐ»Ñ <a
href="/education/edu-software.html">ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами</a> ми наводимо деÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñиклади, ÑкÑ
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+оÑвÑÑнÑми закладами Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ Ñ Ñк вони
вÑÑлÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑакÑиÑÑ ÑоÑиÑи Ñвободи,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ
гаÑанÑÑÑ ÑÑÑм коÑиÑÑÑваÑам.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑÑали</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑÑали, Ñк Ñ Ð²ÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ, - Ñе пиÑаннÑ
+Ñвободи, а не ÑÑни. Ðова йде пÑо
пеÑенеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипÑв вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° загалÑне Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñа
навÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑÑали. ÐÐ½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ðµ бÑÑи
+коÑиÑним Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпне ÑÑÑм без Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
не повинно ÑозглÑдаÑиÑÑ Ñк
+влаÑнÑÑÑÑ. Це не вид ÑпоживÑиÑ
ÑоваÑÑв,
Ñкий пÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñз плином ÑаÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾
+зноÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñи викоÑиÑÑаннÑ, Ñк паÑа
ÑÑÑелÑ. ÐÐ½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ - Ñе пÑиÑодний ÑÑÑний
+ÑеÑÑÑÑ, Ñкий покÑаÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñз
викоÑиÑÑаннÑм: Ñим бÑлÑÑе вÑн
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑ
одиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¾, Ñим бÑлÑÑе вÑн
зÑоÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° благо ÑÑÑÑ
. ÐÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
одÑв,
+ÑпÑÑмованиÑ
на коÑиÑÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
знаннÑ, з ÑÑаÑ
ÑваннÑм запобÑÐ³Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñдей
+вÑд доÑÑÑпÑ, викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ обмÑнÑ
знаннÑми, â Ñе змова, Ñка пÑигнÑÑÑÑ
+лÑдÑÑкий поÑÑÑп.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑипи Ñвободи Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¶Ð´Ð¸ бÑли Ñ
дÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU. У 1999 ÑоÑÑ Ð²Ñн
+ÑоÑмалÑно запÑовадив понÑÑÑÑ<a
+href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">ÐÑлÑноÑ
ÑнÑвеÑÑалÑноÑ
+енÑиклопедÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑалÑниÑ
маÑеÑÑалÑв</a>, Ñ
ÑамкаÑ
Ñкого бÑв виконаний
+пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ ÐÑкÑпедÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа ÑиÑ
ÑÑоÑÑнкаÑ
ми пеÑеÑаÑ
овÑÑмо ÑпиÑок
оÑвÑÑнÑÑ
ÑеÑÑÑÑÑв Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑв, ÑкÑ
+ÑлÑдÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипам пÑоекÑÑ GNU. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð· ниÑ
Ñ Ð¾ÑвÑÑнÑми ÑÑÑановами, Ñо
+пÑопонÑÑÑÑ ÐºÑÑÑи на ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ñа ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð°ÑпекÑи вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">ÐÑкÑпедÑÑ</a></dt>
+
+<dd>ÐапиÑана Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоволÑÑÑв
з ÑÑÑого ÑвÑÑÑ, ÐÑкÑпедÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑогоднÑÑнÑй Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ ÐºÑаÑим пÑикладом
знаннÑ, Ñке доÑÑÑпне ÑÑÑм Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑÑма без обмеженÑ.
ÐÑкÑпедÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑ ÑиÑаÑам копÑÑваÑи,
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи й адапÑÑваÑи ÑÑаÑÑÑ, за
Ñмови, Ñо бÑде вказано джеÑело Ñ
+поÑ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ñ ÑвоÑи випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑиÑ
же
ÑмоваÑ
(ознайомÑеÑÑ Ð· <a
+href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html">копÑлеÑÑом</a>).</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page">ÐÑоекÑ
ÐÑÑенбеÑг</a></dt>
+
+<dd>Цей пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿ÑопонÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸ Ñз загалÑними
знаннÑми, ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
+безкоÑÑовнÑ. ÐÑн Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
звиÑайного ÑекÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑпÑлÑного
+надбаннÑ. ЯкÑо ви ÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ ÐºÐ»Ð°ÑиÑноÑ
книги, Ñо ваÑÑо поÑаÑи поÑÑк ÑÑÑ.
+
+<p>Ðони маÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ñми зÑозÑмÑле поÑÑненнÑ
пÑо <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3f">
+ÑÑзниÑÑ Ð¼Ñж безкоÑÑовним Ñ Ð²ÑлÑним</a>
дÑÑкованим маÑеÑÑалом.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU</dt>
+
+<dd>Ðи надаÑмо ÑпиÑок <a
href="/doc/other-free-books.html">вÑлÑниÑ
книг</a>,
+пов'ÑзаниÑ
Ñз докÑменÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñобимо <a
+href="/manual/manual.html">пÑдÑÑÑники GNU</a> доÑÑÑпними
Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑежÑ. УÑÑ ÐºÐ½Ð¸Ð³Ð¸
+опÑблÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ <a
href="http://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">Фондом вÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</a> Ñ Ð²ÑлÑними Ñ
ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="http://ftacademy.org/">ÐÑлÑна ÑеÑ
нологÑÑна
академÑÑ</a></dt>
+
+<dd>ÐÑлÑна ÑеÑ
нологÑÑна ÐкадемÑÑ (ÐТÐ) Ñ
ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑнÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñд декÑлÑкоÑ
+навÑалÑниÑ
закладÑв Ñ ÑÑзниÑ
кÑаÑнаÑ
. Ðона
покликана ÑпÑиÑÑи ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ,
+Ñке дозволÑÑ Ð²ÑÑм коÑиÑÑÑваÑам вÑиÑиÑÑ,
бÑаÑи ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ ÑозвиваÑи ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
+Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· обмеженÑ. ÐТРпÑопонÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑежнÑ
пÑогÑами ÑÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ð³ÑÑÑÑ Ð·
+модÑлÑними кÑÑÑами пÑо вÑлÑÐ½Ñ ÑеÑ
нологÑÑ.
Ð¦Ñ ÐºÑÑÑи викликаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ
+онлайн Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° базÑ
ÑÑмÑÑнÑй ÑнÑÑаÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Campus
+Project.
+
+<p>ÐТРâ ÑезÑлÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ñж
ÑнÑÑиÑÑÑом вÑлÑного знаннÑ, вÑдкÑиÑим
+ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑом ÐаÑалонÑÑ (ÐÑпанÑÑ) Ñ
вÑдкÑиÑим ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑом
+ÐÑдеÑландÑв. Ðелика гÑÑпа аÑоÑÑйованиÑ
паÑÑнеÑÑв Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑÑановÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð·Ð¸
+меÑÐµÐ¶Ñ Ð¾ÑганÑзаÑÑй, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑлÑÑÑÑ
загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑкавленÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÑÑÑÑв Ñ
+ÑÑеÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
ÑеÑ
нологÑй. ÐТРбезпеÑеÑвно
ÑозÑиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑоÑÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐµÐ¶Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑÑнеÑÑв
+Ñ ÑпÑвÑобÑÑникÑв Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ñк оÑÑб, Ñак Ñ
оÑганÑзаÑÑй зÑобиÑи ÑвÑй внеÑок Ñ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012 Фонд вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk">
лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Ðз зазнаÑеннÑм
+авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0
СполÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¨ÑаÑи</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:37 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: education/po/edu-resources.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: education/po/edu-resources.uk-en.html
diff -N education/po/edu-resources.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ education/po/edu-resources.uk-en.html 5 May 2015 11:30:38 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>Free Educational Resources
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/education/po/edu-resources.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+
+<div id="education-content">
+
+<!-- begin edu navigation bar -->
+<ul id="edu-navigation">
+<li><a href="/education/edu-contents.html">Education Contents</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-cases.html">Case Studies</a></li>
+<li class="active">
+ <a href="/education/edu-resources.html">Educational Resources</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-projects.html">Education Projects</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-faq.html">FAQ</a></li>
+<li><a href="/education/edu-team.html">The Education Team</a></li>
+</ul>
+<!-- end edu navigation bar -->
+
+</div> <!-- id="edu-content" -->
+
+<p class="edu-breadcrumb">
+<a href="/education/education.html">Education</a> → Educational
Resources</p>
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#if expr="$OUTDATED_SINCE" --><!--#else -->
+<!--#if expr="$LANGUAGE_SUFFIX" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="no" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<!--#endif -->
+<h2>Free Learning Resources</h2>
+
+<blockquote class="note"><p>
+We are looking for free educational games, or information about free games
+that can be used for educational purposes. Contact
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<h3>Educational Free Software</h3>
+
+<p>In our <a href="/education/edu-software.html">Educational
+Free Software</a> section we present some examples of how free programs
+are being used by educational institutions around the world and how they
+are putting into practice the four freedoms that Free Software grants to
+all users.</p>
+
+<h3>Other Learning Resources</h3>
+
+<p>Free learning resources, like Free Software, is a matter of freedom,
+not price. It's about bringing the principles of Free Software to
+general knowledge and educational materials. Knowledge should be usable
+and accessible to all without restrictions and should not be treated as
+property. It is not an article of consumer goods that decays over time or
+wears out with use like a pair of shoes. Knowledge is a naturally abundant
+resource that improves with usage: the more it is used and passed around,
+the more it grows for the benefit of all. The introduction of measures
+designed to favor the ownership of knowledge, tailored to prevent people
+from accessing, using or sharing knowledge, is a conspiracy to inhibit
+human progress.</p>
+
+<p>These principles on the freedom of knowledge have always been in the
+spirit of the GNU Project. In 1999 it formally introduced the concept of a
+<a href="/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html">Free Universal Encyclopedia
+and Learning Resource</a>, which was fulfilled by the Wikipedia project.</p>
+
+<p>In these pages we want to list learning resources and projects that
+follow the principles of the GNU Project. Some of them are educational
+institutions who offer courses on the philosophical and technical
+aspects of Free Software.</p>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt><a href="http://www.wikipedia.org">Wikipedia</a></dt>
+
+<dd>Written in collaboration by thousands of volunteers from all over
+the world, Wikipedia is nowadays the best example of knowledge made
+available to and usable by anyone without restrictions. Wikipedia readers
+are allowed to copy, use, and adapt the articles, provided that the source
+is mentioned and that eventual derivative works are released under the same
+terms (see <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/copyleft.html">Copyleft</a>).</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Main_Page">Project
+Gutenberg</a></dt>
+
+<dd>This project offers general knowledge books that are free as in freedom.
+It publishes plain text digital versions of public-domain works. If you are
+looking for a copy of a classic book, your search should start here.
+
+<p>They have a very clear explanation about the
+<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3f">
+difference between free as in price and free as in freedom</a> related to
+printed material.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt>GNU Project</dt>
+
+<dd>We maintain a list of <a href="/doc/other-free-books.html">free books</a>
+mainly related to Free Software documentation, and we make
+<a href="/manual/manual.html">GNU manuals</a> available online. All books
+published by the
+<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/category/books/">Free Software Foundation</a>
+are free as in freedom.</dd>
+
+<dt><a href="http://ftacademy.org/">Free Technology Academy</a></dt>
+
+<dd>The Free Technology Academy (FTA) is a joint initiative from
+several educational institutions in various countries. It aims to
+contribute to a society that permits all users to study, participate and
+build upon existing knowledge without restrictions. The FTA offers an
+online master level programme with course modules about Free
+Technologies. These courses are taught completely online in a virtual
+campus based on the Campus Project interoperability framework.
+
+<p>The FTA is a collaboration between the Free Knowledge Institute, the
+Open University of Catalonia (Spain) and the Open University of the
+Netherlands. A larger group of Associate Partners adds to the founding
+base with a network of organisations that share a common interest in
+offering courses in the area of Free Technology. The FTA is extending
+the current network of partners and collaborations continuously and
+encourages both individuals and organizations to contribute to the
+community.</p></dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:38 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html
diff -N gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.uk.html 5 May 2015 11:30:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1543 @@
+<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+<title>ÐиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо GNU/Linux - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<h2>Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен. ЧÐРпÑо GNU/Linux</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>ÐнÑÑ Ð²ÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо Ñе пиÑаннÑ
можна оÑÑимаÑи на наÑиÑ
ÑÑоÑÑнкаÑ
<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU”</a>, <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">"ЧомÑ
+‘GNU/Linux’?”</a> <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
GNU, ÑкÑ
+нÑколи не ÑÑли пÑо GNU”</a>.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+Ðоли лÑди баÑаÑÑ, Ñо ми викоÑиÑÑовÑÑмо Ñ
ÑекомендÑÑмо назвÑ
+“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑÐºÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо Ñ
Ñо
назива' пÑоÑÑо
+“Linux”, вони задаÑÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо пиÑанÑ. ÐÑÑ
найпоÑиÑенÑÑÑ Ð· ниÑ
Ñ
+наÑÑ Ð²ÑдповÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
:</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a href="#why" id="TOCwhy">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ називаÑÑе ÑÑ
“GNU/Linux”, а
+не “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°
важлива?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror">Як вийÑло, Ñо
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей називаÑÑÑ
+ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#always" id="TOCalways">Ðавжди нам ÑлÑд
говоÑиÑи
+“GNU/Linux” замÑÑÑÑ “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone">Чи вдалоÑÑ Ð±
доÑÑгÑи Linux Ñакого
+ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñ, Ñкби не бÑло GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide">Ð¥Ñба Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи не
бÑло б кÑаÑе, Ñкби ви
+не дÑлили лÑдей Ñим пÑоÑ
аннÑм?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech">Ð¥Ñба пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU не
пÑдÑÑимÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ñоби Ñа пÑаво
називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, Ñк вона Ñ
оÑе?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows">ÐÑкÑлÑки вÑÑ
знаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑолÑ
+GNU Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми, Ñ
Ñба не ÑÑно Ñ
без ÑлÑв, Ñо мова йде пÑо
+“GNU/”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2">ÐозаÑк менÑ
вÑдомо пÑо ÑолÑ
+GNU Ñ ÑÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñо невже Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑкоÑ
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows">Ð¥Ñба ÑкоÑоÑеннÑ
“GNU/Linux” Ñ
+“Linux” не Ñаке Ñаме, Ñо ÑкоÑоÑеннÑ
“Microsoft
+Windows” Ñ “Windows”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#tools" id="TOCtools">Ðевже GNU — Ñе не
набÑÑ
+ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑÑв Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑкÑ
ÑвÑйÑли Ñ Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel">У ÑомÑ
вÑдмÑннÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñж опеÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÑдÑом?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#house" id="TOChouse">ЯдÑо ÑиÑÑеми — Ñе
ÑÑндаменÑ
+бÑдинкÑ. Як бÑдинок може бÑÑи майже
гоÑовим, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð½Ñого немаÑ
+ÑÑндаменÑÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain">Ð¥Ñба ÑдÑо — Ñе не
мозок
+ÑиÑÑеми?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost">Ð¥Ñба напиÑаннÑ
ÑдÑа не ÑкладаÑ
+оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑобоÑи Ñодо ÑÑвоÑеннÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#notinstallable" id="TOCnotinstallable">Яка ж може
бÑÑи опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема GNU, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи Ñ
вÑÑановиÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ñд назвоÑ
+“GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel">Ðи
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑмо Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÑдÑа,
+Linux, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми. Ð¥Ñба опеÑаÑÑйнÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ називаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñай Ñак
+Ñк Ñ ÑдÑо?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#feel" id="TOCfeel"> Чи може ÑнÑа ÑиÑÑема
даÑи “вÑдÑÑÑÑÑ
+Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">ÐÑоблема з
“GNU/Linux” —
+в ÑомÑ, Ñо назва дÑже довга. Ðе
запÑопонÑÑÑе ви Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong2">ÐÑоблема з
+“GNU/Linux” — в ÑомÑ, Ñо назва дÑже
довга. ÐавÑÑо
+Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÑÑиÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long3" id="TOClong3">Ðа жалÑ,
“GNU/Linux” —
+Ñе п'ÑÑÑ ÑкладÑв. ÐÑди не бÑдÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи
Ñаке довге Ñлово. Ðе знайÑи вам
+Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">ÐÑкÑлÑки Linux —
Ñе дÑÑгоÑÑдна
+Ñкладова, Ñи бÑде непÑавилÑно називаÑи
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">Якби Ñ
викоÑиÑÑовÑвав
+“Linux” Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑÑ, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¾ÑÑ
б плаÑиÑи за Ñе; Ñе
+вÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð¾ виÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ñ “GNU/Linux”.
ÐÑде неÑеÑно, ÑкÑо Ñ
+викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ “GNU” без “Linux”, Ñоб
не плаÑиÑи за
+Ñе?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#many" id="TOCmany">Ðо ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ
доповнили ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
+ÑнÑиÑ
пÑоекÑÑв; ÑеÑед ниÑ
TeX, X11, Apache,
Perl Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо ÑнÑиÑ
+пÑогÑам. Ð¥Ñба ваÑÑ Ð°ÑгÑменÑи не маÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑвазÑ, Ñо ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑддаÑи
+належне Ñ Ñм? (Ðле Ñе пÑизвело б до ÑакоÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð³Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸, Ñо бÑв би
+абÑÑÑд.)</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#others" id="TOCothers">Ðо ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ
доповнили ÑиÑÑемÑ
+багаÑо ÑнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑи, однак вони не
наполÑгаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑомÑ, Ñоб ми називали ÑÑ
+“XYZ/Linux”. Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑобиÑи
винÑÑок Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">У наÑÑ Ð´Ð½Ñ GNU
ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñе малÑ
+ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми; ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ ми повиннÑ
згадÑваÑи пÑо неÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Ðо
ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
+компанÑй зÑобили внеÑок Ñ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ; Ñ
Ñба
Ñе не ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ми повиннÑ
+називаÑи ÑÑ “GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ пиÑеÑе
“GNU/Linux”
+замÑÑÑÑ “GNU Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, а
не
+“Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames">ÐÑй диÑÑÑибÑÑив
називаÑÑÑÑÑ
+“Foobar Linux”; Ñ
Ñба Ñе не ÑвÑдÑиÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
дÑйÑно Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1">ÐÑÑÑÑйна назва
мого
+диÑÑÑибÑÑива — “Foobar Linux”; Ñ
Ñба
можна називаÑи
+його Ñк-небÑдÑ, кÑÑм “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies">Ð¥Ñба не бÑло б
еÑекÑивнÑÑепÑоÑиÑи
+ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ, Ñк Mandrake, Red Hat Ñ IBM, називаÑи
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви
+“GNU/Linux” замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñоб звеÑÑаÑиÑÑ
до окÑемиÑ
лÑдей?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve">Ð¥Ñба не бÑло б кÑаÑе
заÑезеÑвÑваÑи назвÑ
+“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв? ÐÑеÑÑоÑ, Ñе ж Ñ
+Ñ Ñдеал GNU.</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± не ÑÑвоÑиÑи Ñ
ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ GNU
+диÑÑÑибÑÑив Linux (Ñак!) Ñ Ð½Ðµ називаÑи його
“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ говоÑиÑи
пÑоÑÑо:
+“Linux — Ñе ÑдÑо GNU” Ñ Ð½Ðµ випÑÑкаÑи
ÑкÑ-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð·
+ÑÑнÑÑÑиÑ
веÑÑÑй GNU/Linux пÑд назвоÑ
“GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn">ÐаÑÑджÑвав пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Linux
+Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑÑоÑв вÑн ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑамомÑ
поÑаÑкÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#wait" id="TOCwait">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ Ñак довго Ñекали,
пеÑÑ Ð½Ñж поÑали
+пÑоÑиÑи лÑдей називаÑи GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled">Чи ÑлÑд
заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑÑ
емÑ
+“GNU/[назва]” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам пÑд лÑÑензÑÑÑ GPL?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#unix" id="TOCunix">ÐÑкÑлÑки багаÑо в GNU
пÑийÑло з Unix, не Ñи
+повинна GNU вÑддаваÑи належне Unix, вживаÑÑи
“Unix” Ñ ÑвоÑмÑ
+назвÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd">Чи ÑлÑд нам Ñакож говоÑиÑи
+“GNU/BSD”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">ЯкÑо Ñ Ð²ÑÑановлÑ
ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÑй GNU на
+Windows, Ñи ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ñе, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Windows?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Ð¥Ñба не можна
викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Linux
+без GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Чи
ÐÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ
+ÑиÑÑеми Linux (Ñак!) без GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± вÑе одно не
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“Linux”, змÑÑнÑÑÑи Ñим Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐÑнÑÑа
ТоÑвалÑдÑа Ñк
+“Ñ
лопÑÑ Ð· обкладинки” наÑоÑ
ÑпÑлÑноÑи?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux">Ð¥Ñба ÑеÑно з наÑоÑ
ÑÑоÑони
+пÑипиÑÑваÑи GNU ÑобоÑÑ ÐÑнÑÑа
ТоÑвалÑдÑа?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed">Ðгоден ÐÑнÑÑ
ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð· Ñим, Ñо
+Linux — Ñе лиÑе ÑдÑо?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#finishhurd" id="TOCfinishhurd">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можна
доÑобиÑи ÑдÑо GNU
+Hurd, випÑÑÑиÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñк ÑÑле Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑÑи
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо називаÑи
+GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#lost" id="TOClost">ÐиÑва вже
пÑогÑана ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво
+пÑийнÑло ÑÑÑеннÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не можемо його
змÑниÑи; Ñи ваÑÑо навÑÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑи пÑо
+Ñе?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood">СÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво вже
пÑийнÑло ÑÑÑеннÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
+не можемо його змÑниÑи; Ñка бÑде коÑиÑÑÑ
вÑд Ñого, Ñо Ñ ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи
+“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain">Ðе кÑаÑе називаÑи
ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“Linux”, познайомивÑи лÑдей з ÑÑ
виÑоками деÑÑÑиÑ
вилинноÑ
+ÑозповÑддÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment">ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди
ÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вами, коли ви
+пÑоÑиÑе ÑÑ
називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”.
ÐавÑÑо ви пÑддаÑÑе Ñебе
+Ñаким звеÑненнÑм?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate">ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди
заÑÑджÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ, коли ви
+пÑоÑиÑе ÑÑ
називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”.
Ð¥Ñба ви не пÑогÑаÑÑе,
+вÑдÑÑжÑÑÑи ÑÑ
?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Що ви б не вклали, Ñ
Ñба
можна
+пеÑейменовÑваÑи опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#force">Ð¥Ñба ÑеÑно змÑÑÑваÑи лÑдей
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± не пеÑеÑлÑдÑваÑи в
ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑкÑ
+називаÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Ð¥Ñба не лиÑемÑÑно
вимагаÑи
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ñого, Ñк ви
запеÑеÑÑвали пÑоÑи вимоги
+пеÑвÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ BSD пÑо ÑекламÑ
ÐалÑÑоÑнÑйÑÑкого ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#require" id="TOCrequire">Чи не ваÑÑо вам
внеÑÑи в GNU GPL вимогÑ
+називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve">ÐÑкÑлÑки ви не внеÑли
Ñ GNU GPL вимогÑ
+називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU”, ви
заÑлÑговÑÑÑе на Ñе, Ñо ÑÑалоÑÑ; ÑомÑ
+ж ви ÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÑ Ð¶Ð°Ð»ÑÑÑеÑÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict">Ðе бÑло б кÑаÑе з
ваÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑоÑони не
+запеÑеÑÑваÑи Ñого, Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеконано Ñак
багаÑо лÑдей?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright">Ð¥Ñба Ñе, Ñо
багаÑо Ñ
Ñо Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑ
+“Linux”, не ÑобиÑÑ ÑÑ ÑакоÑ?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#knownname" id="TOCknownname">Ðе кÑаÑе називаÑи
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñм'Ñм, вже
+вÑдомим бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning">ÐагаÑÑоÑ
лÑдей
ÑÑкавиÑÑ, Ñо зÑÑÑнÑÑе Ñ
+Ñ
Ñо пеÑемагаÑ, а не ÑÑпеÑеÑки пÑо Ñе, Ñо
ÑеÑно, а Ñо нÑ. Ð¥Ñба ви не могли б
+оÑÑимаÑи бÑлÑÑе пÑдÑÑимки з ÑÑ
нÑого бокÑ
пÑи ÑнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑ
одÑ?</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt id="why">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ називаÑÑе ÑÑ “GNU/Linux”, а
не “Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#ÑомÑ">#ÑомÑ</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв опеÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, заÑнованиÑ
на Linux Ñк на ÑдÑÑ,
+Ñ Ð² оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑвоÑй модиÑÑкованими веÑÑÑÑми
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU. Ðи
+ÑозпоÑали ÑозÑÐ¾Ð±ÐºÑ GNU 1984 ÑоÑÑ, кÑлÑкома
Ñоками ÑанÑÑе, нÑж ÐÑнÑÑ
+ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñав пиÑаÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑо. ÐаÑоÑ
меÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñло ÑозÑобиÑи повнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐвиÑайно, ми не
ÑозÑоблÑли вÑÑ ÑÑ ÑаÑÑини
+ÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ — але ми пÑокладали доÑогÑ. Ðи
ÑозÑобили бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑновниÑ
+компоненÑÑв, ÑÑоÑмÑвавÑи найбÑлÑÑий
Ñдиний внеÑок Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
+ÑÑломÑ. ÐагалÑний план ÑозвиÑÐºÑ Ñеж бÑв
наÑим.
+<p>
+ÐаÑади ÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑимаÑи
Ð·Ð³Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑонайменÑе на ÑÑвниÑ
+ÑмоваÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>ÐокладнÑÑе Ñе поÑÑнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU”</a>
Ñ <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
GNU, ÑкÑ
+нÑколи не ÑÑли пÑо GNU”</a>; з ÑÑÑоÑÑÑÑ
можна ознайомиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑоÑÑнÑÑ
+<a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">“ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU”</a>.</p>
</dd>
+
+<dt id="whycare">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð° важлива? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#whycare">#whycare</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>ÐезважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо ÑозÑобники Linux (ÑдÑа)
ÑоблÑÑÑ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑок Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ,
багаÑÑом з ниÑ
Ñвобода байдÑжа. ÐÑди, ÑкÑ
+дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо вÑÑ ÑиÑÑема Ñ Ñ Linux, зазвиÑай
збиваÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· панÑÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñ
+пÑипиÑÑÑÑÑ Ñим ÑозÑобникам ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ
наÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ гÑали. ÐоÑÑм вони надаÑÑÑ
поглÑдам ÑиÑ
ÑозÑобникÑв надмÑÑне
+знаÑеннÑ.
+<p>
+ÐазиваÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux” знаÑиÑÑ
визнаваÑи ÑолÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ñа
+вÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ñдеалам зÑгÑала в побÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑ
ÑпÑлÑноÑи, а Ñакож <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">допомагаÑи ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑвÑ
ÑÑвÑдомиÑи пÑакÑиÑнÑ
+важливÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
ÑдеалÑв</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="howerror">Як вийÑло, Ñо бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”?<span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#howerror">#howerror</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>Ðазва ÑиÑÑеми “Linux” — Ñе
помилка, Ñка поÑиÑилаÑÑ
+ÑвидÑе, нÑж ÑÑ ÑпÑоÑÑÑваннÑ.
+<p>
+ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð±'Ñднали Linux з ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU, не
ÑозÑмÑли, Ñо ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ
+зводиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑого. Ðони зоÑеÑедили ÑвоÑ
ÑÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй ÑаÑÑинÑ, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑановила
+Linux, Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑвÑдомлÑвали, Ñо бÑлÑÑоÑ
ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð±ÑнаÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла
+GNU. Ðони ÑÑали називаÑи ÑÑ “Linux”, Ñ
оÑа
ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð° не паÑÑвало
+до Ñого, Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑло. ÐинÑло кÑлÑка ÑокÑв,
пеÑÑ Ð½Ñж, ми ÑÑвÑдомили, Ñо Ñе
+за пÑоблема, Ñ Ð·Ð²ÐµÑнÑлиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ лÑдей з пÑоÑ
аннÑм випÑавиÑи ÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑикÑ. Ðо
+Ñого ÑаÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð° зайÑла вже далеко.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“Linux”, нÑколи не
+ÑÑли пÑо Ñе, Ñо Ñе не пÑавилÑно. Ðони
баÑили, Ñо ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ñ
+пÑипÑÑкаÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñак Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾ бÑÑи. Ðазва
“Linux” Ñакож поÑиÑÑÑ
+непÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо поÑ
одженнÑ
ÑиÑÑеми, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо лÑди зазвиÑай вважаÑÑÑ,
+Ñо ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми вÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ.
ÐапÑиклад, вони ÑаÑÑо пеÑÐµÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ
+ÑомÑ, Ñо ÑÑ ÑозÑобка поÑалаÑÑ ÐÑнÑÑом
ТоÑвалÑдÑом Ñ 1991 ÑоÑÑ. ЦÑ
+помилкова каÑÑина ÑпÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð¼ÑÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ñмки
пÑо Ñе, Ñо ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑлÑд називаÑи
+“Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐагаÑо пиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй ÑÑоÑÑнÑÑ
демонÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑоби лÑдей
+випÑавдаÑивикоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
звикли вживаÑи.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="always">Ðавжди нам ÑлÑд говоÑиÑи
“GNU/Linux” замÑÑÑÑ
+“Linux”?<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#always">#always</a></span></dt>
+<dd>
+Ðе завжди — ÑÑлÑки ÑодÑ, коли ви
говоÑиÑе пÑо ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
+ÑÑломÑ. Ðоли ви маÑÑе на ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ Ñаме ÑдÑо,
вам ÑлÑд називаÑи його
+“Linux” назвоÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±Ñав
ÑозÑобник.
+<p>
+Ðоли лÑди називаÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“Linux”, вони — Ñк
+наÑлÑдок називаÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак
Ñамо, Ñк Ñ ÑдÑо. Це
+пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑзного ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑанини, ÑомÑ
Ñо ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑ
ÑвеÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ ÑказаÑи,
+ÑивÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ ÑвеÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑлÑки до ÑдÑа
або до вÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми в
+ÑÑломÑ. ÐазиваÑÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑломÑ
“GNU/Linux”, а ÑдÑо
+“Linux”, ви ÑникаÑÑе двознаÑноÑÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxalone">Чи вдалоÑÑ Ð± Linux доÑÑгнÑÑи
Ñакого ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñ, Ñкби не бÑло GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+У ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð°Ð»ÑÑеÑнаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ ÑÑогоднÑ
не бÑло б нÑÑого подÑбного ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU/Linux, Ñ, ймовÑÑно, Ð²Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð½ÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми. ÐÑÑ
Ñо не
+Ñобив ÑпÑоб ÑозÑобиÑи вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйнÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокаÑ
+XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ, кÑÑм пÑоекÑÑ GNU Ñ (пÑзнÑÑе)
доÑлÑдниÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð³ÑÑпи
+обÑиÑлÑвалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
нÑки ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ
ÐеÑклÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU ÑпеÑÑалÑно
+попÑоÑив пÑиÑÑÑпиÑи до вÑдкÑиÑÑÑ ÑÑ
нÑÑ
виÑ
ÑдниÑ
кодÑв.
+<p>
+ЧаÑÑково на ÐÑнÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа вплинÑла
пÑомова пÑо GNU Ñ Ð¤ÑнлÑндÑÑ Ð² 1990
+ÑоÑÑ. Ðожливо, вÑн напиÑав би ÑдÑо
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми ÑÑм'Ñ Unix Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·
+ÑÑого впливÑ, пÑоÑе воно, ймовÑÑно, не бÑло
б вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамоÑ. Це ÑдÑо
+(Linux) ÑÑало вÑлÑним Ñ 1992 ÑоÑÑ, коли ÐÑнÑÑ
пеÑевипÑÑÑив його пÑд
+лÑÑензÑÑÑ GNU GPL. (Ðив. пÑимÑÑки до випÑÑкÑ
веÑÑÑÑ 0.12).</p>
+<p>
+ÐавÑÑÑ, ÑкÑо б ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑÑив Linux пÑд
ÑкоÑ-небÑÐ´Ñ ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
+лÑÑензÑÑÑ, Ñаме по ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑлÑне ÑдÑо не дало
б ÑвÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð¶Ðµ нÑÑого. ÐнаÑеннÑ
+Linux Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð· оÑоÑÐ¼Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑ
Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑи, повнÑÑÑÑ
+вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="divide">Ð¥Ñба Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи не бÑло б
кÑаÑе, Ñкби ви не дÑлили лÑдей за Ñим
+пÑоÑ
аннÑм? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#divide">#divide</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðоли ми пÑоÑимо лÑдей говоÑиÑи
“GNU/Linux”, ми не подÑлÑÑмо
+лÑдей. Ðи лиÑе пÑоÑимо ÑÑ
вÑддаÑи належне
пÑоекÑÑ GNU за опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU. Цим ми не кÑиÑикÑÑмо нÑкого Ñ Ð½Ñкого не
вÑдÑÑовÑ
ÑÑмо.
+<p>
+Ðднак Ñ Ð»Ñди, Ñким не подобаÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñо ми Ñак
говоÑимо. ÐÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑ Ð»Ñди
+вÑдÑÑовÑ
ÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð²ÑдповÑдÑ. Ðеколи вони
бÑваÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑлÑки гÑÑбÑ, Ñо
+Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑ, Ñи не намагаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
навмиÑне змÑÑиÑи Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²ÑаÑи. Це не
+змÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²ÑаÑи, але лÑдей Ñе ÑнодÑ
ÑоздÑлÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, Ñо
+ви пеÑеконаÑÑе ÑÑ
пеÑеÑÑаÑи Ñе ÑобиÑи.</p>
+<p>
+Тим не Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñе лиÑе дÑÑгоÑÑдна пÑиÑина
ÑоздÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑ
+гÑомади. ÐайважливÑÑий подÑл наÑоÑ
ÑпÑлÑноÑи пÑоÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¼Ñж Ñими, Ñ
Ñо
+ÑозглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñк ÑоÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ñа
еÑиÑÐ½Ñ ÑÑннÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑÑнÑÑ
+невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñк ÑоÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
(пÑиÑ
илÑники ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
+пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ), Ñ Ñими, Ñ
Ñо вказÑÑ
ÑÑлÑки на пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ Ñ
+ÑвлÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑÑлÑки Ñк еÑекÑивнÑ
ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑозÑобки (ÑÑÑ
за вÑдкÑиÑий
+виÑ
Ñдний код).</p>
+<p>
+Це ÑозбÑжнÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑлÑки пиÑаннÑ
назви — Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдмÑнноÑÑÑ
+головниÑ
ÑÑнноÑÑей. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи дÑже
важливо баÑиÑи ÑÑ ÑÑпеÑеÑнÑÑÑÑ Ñ
+дÑмаÑи пÑо неÑ. Ðазви “вÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами” Ñ “пÑогÑами з
+вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом” гаÑла
ÑиÑ
двоÑ
позиÑÑй. ÐивÑÑÑÑÑ
+<a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">“ЧомÑ
+‘вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код’ не пеÑедаÑ
понÑÑÑÑ ‘вÑлÑна
+пÑогÑама’”</a>.</p>
+<p>
+РозбÑжноÑÑÑ Ð· пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑнноÑÑей ÑаÑÑково
вÑдповÑдаÑÑÑ ÑÑй ÑвазÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди
+пÑидÑлÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑй гÑомадÑ.
ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ ÑвободÑ,
+ÑвидÑе бÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”, а лÑди, ÑкÑ
+дÑзнаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо ÑÑ ÑиÑÑема —
“GNU/Linux”,
+ÑвидÑе звеÑнÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð° наÑÑ ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑкÑ
аÑгÑменÑи Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÑ Ñвободи Ñ
+гÑомади (ÑомÑ-Ñо вибÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва). ÐÑоÑе ÑозбÑжноÑÑÑ, ймовÑÑно,
ÑÑнÑвали б, навÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑÑ
+знаÑимÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо поÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми Ñа ÑÑ
пÑавилÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñе ÑеÑйозна
+пÑоблема. Ðона може зникнÑÑи, лиÑе ÑкÑо
ми лÑди, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ,— пеÑеконаÑмо ÑÑÑÑ
ÑнÑиÑ
(Ñо
бÑде нелегко) Ñи бÑдемо повнÑÑÑÑ
+пеÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ (бÑдемо ÑподÑваÑиÑÑ, Ñо ÑÑого
не ÑÑанеÑÑÑÑ).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="freespeech">Ð¥Ñба пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU не пÑдÑÑимÑÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑобиÑÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ñаво
+називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, Ñк вона Ñ
оÑе? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a></span></dt>
+<dd>
+Так, звÑÑно, ми пеÑеконанÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ
Ñвобода Ñлова Ñ Ð¿Ñаво називаÑи
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, Ñк вам завгодно. Ðи
пÑоÑимо лÑдей називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб бÑÑи
ÑпÑаведливими по вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾
+пÑоекÑÑ GNU, попÑлÑÑизÑваÑи ÑÑнноÑÑÑ
Ñвободи, ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑдÑÑоÑÑ GNU, а Ñакож
+пÑоÑнÑоÑмÑваÑи ÑнÑиÑ
лÑдей, Ñо ÑÑ ÑÑнноÑÑÑ
Ñвободи дали жиÑÑÑ ÑÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows">ÐÑкÑлÑки вÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑолÑ
GNU Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми, Ñ
Ñба не ÑÑно Ñ
без
+ÑлÑв, Ñо мова йде пÑо “GNU/”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>ÐоÑвÑд показÑÑ, Ñо коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми, Ñк Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑÑв
+взагалÑ, ÑаÑÑо нÑÑого не знаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑей пÑо
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ згадÑÑ Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ “GNU”, нÑ
ÑдеалÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑдÑÑоÑÑ
+GNU. СÑаÑÑÑ <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ
GNU, ÑкÑ
+нÑколи не ÑÑли пÑо GNU”</a> Ñоз'ÑÑнÑÑ Ñе
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð½ÑÑе.
+<p>
+ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ñак кажÑÑÑ, ймовÑÑно, ÑеÑ
наÑÑ, ÑкÑ
маÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
знайомиÑ
+ÑеÑ
наÑÑв. ТеÑ
наÑÑ ÑаÑÑо знаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо GNU,
пÑоÑе багаÑо з ниÑ
маÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±ÑолÑÑно
+непÑавилÑне ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо Ñе Ñаке.
ÐапÑиклад, багаÑо вважаÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
+набÑÑ <a href="#tools">“ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑÑв”</a> або
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑозÑобÑÑ
+ÑакиÑ
ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑÑв.</p>
+<p>
+ÐоÑÑановка ÑÑого пиÑаннÑ, Ñка доÑиÑÑ
Ñипова, ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñе Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑенÑ
+помилкÑ. Ðоли говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо “ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ GNU”
Ñ ÑозÑобÑÑ Ñого-небÑдÑ,
+Ñо маÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвазÑ, Ñо GNU — Ñе гÑÑпа
лÑдей. GNU — Ñе
+опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема. У ÑакиÑ
випадкаÑ
доÑеÑно бÑло б говоÑиÑи пÑо ÑолÑ
+пÑоекÑÑ GNU в ÑÑй Ñи ÑнÑÑй дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ, а не
пÑо GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">ÐозаÑк Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñдомо пÑо ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ GNU
в ÑÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñо невже Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ, ÑкоÑ
+Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑ? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ЯкÑо ваÑÑ Ñлова не вÑдобÑажаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñого
знаннÑ, Ñо ви не пеÑедаÑÑе його
+ÑнÑим. ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑли пÑо
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñе
+“Linux”, Ñо вона бÑла заÑнована ÐÑнÑÑом
ТоÑвалÑдÑом Ñ Ñо ÑÑ
+збиÑалиÑÑ ÑобиÑи “з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним
кодом”. ЯкÑо ви Ñм не
+ÑозповÑÑÑе пÑавдÑ, Ñо Ñ
Ñо ÑозповÑÑÑÑ?
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="windows">Ð¥Ñба ÑкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “GNU/Linux” Ñ
“Linux” не Ñе Ñаме,
+Ñо ÑкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “Microsoft Windows” Ñ
“Windows”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#windows">#windows</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ЧаÑÑо Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ коÑиÑно ÑкоÑоÑÑваÑи,
але ÑÑлÑки не Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ, коли
+ÑкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² оманÑ.
+<p>
+Ðайже кожна лÑдина в ÑозвинениÑ
кÑаÑнаÑ
пÑекÑаÑно знаÑ, Ñо ÑиÑÑема
+“Windows” пÑодÑÐºÑ Microsoft, ÑомÑ
ÑкоÑоÑеннÑ
+“Microsoft Windows” Ñ “Windows” не вводиÑÑ
нÑкого в
+Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñодо пÑиÑоди Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми.
СкоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¶
+“GNU/Linux” Ñ “Linux” Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑавилÑне
ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо
+Ñе, звÑдки поÑ
одиÑÑ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+<p>
+ÐиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñе вводиÑÑ Ð² Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñам по ÑобÑ,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо GNU Ñ Microsoft
+об'ÑкÑи ÑÑзного ÑодÑ. Microsoft — Ñе
компанÑÑ; GNU —
+Ñе опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="tools">Ð¥Ñба GNU — Ñе не набÑÑ
ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑÑв Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамÑваннÑ, ÑкÑ
+ÑвÑйÑли в Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#tools">#tools</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°ÑÑÑ, Ñо Linux — Ñе вÑÑ
опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема, ÑкÑо
+коли-небÑÐ´Ñ Ñ ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо GNU, Ñо неÑÑдко
оÑÑимÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑавилÑне ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо
+Ñе, Ñо Ñе Ñаке. Ðони можÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑмаÑи, Ñо
“GNU” — Ñе
+назва деÑкого набоÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам: вони ÑаÑÑо
говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо “заÑоби
+пÑогÑамÑваннє, оÑкÑлÑки деÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
коÑÑи пÑогÑамÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑали
+попÑлÑÑними ÑеÑед ниÑ
. УÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо
“GNU” — Ñе
+назва опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, з пÑаÑеÑ
вкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑ, Ñ ÑкÑй
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑ “Linux”.
+<p>
+ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU оÑÑимав Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
ÑиÑÑеми GNU: Ñе пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð· ÑозÑобÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU. (Ðив. <a
href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">попеÑеднÑ
+оголоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ 1983 </a>.)</p>
+<p>
+Ðи ÑозÑоблÑли ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Ñк GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS,
GLIBC, BASH Ñ
+Ñ. д., ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони бÑли поÑÑÑÐ±Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ длÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU. GCC,
+набÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑлÑÑоÑÑв GNU — Ñе
компÑлÑÑоÑ, Ñкий ми напиÑали длÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU. Ðи, гÑомада лÑдей,
Ñо пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ пÑоекÑом GNU,
+ÑозÑобили Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU Ñакож Ghostscript,
вÑкно gnucash за допомогоÑ
+пÑнкÑÑ GNU Chess Ñа GNOME.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="osvskernel">У ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑдмÑннÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñж
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÑдÑом? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐпеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема в ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑенÑÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑмо Ñей ÑеÑмÑн,
+ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам, доÑÑаÑнÑй Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
Ñоб викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи комп'ÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÑиÑокого дÑÐ°Ð¿Ð°Ð·Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ. Щоб бÑÑи
повноÑ, опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема загалÑного
+пÑизнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð° пÑдÑÑимÑваÑи вÑÑ Ñипи
завданÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв
+заÑ
оÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑÑваÑи.
+<p>
+ЯдÑо — Ñе одна з пÑогÑам в
опеÑаÑÑйнÑй ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ —
+пÑогÑама, Ñка видÑлÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑи ÑнÑим
пÑаÑÑÑÑим пÑогÑамам. ЯдÑо Ñакож
+займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÑком Ñ Ð·ÑÐ¿Ð¸Ð½ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
пÑогÑам.</p>
+<p>
+Ðо великого непоÑозÑмÑннÑ, деÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди
вживаÑÑÑ ÑеÑмÑн “опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема” Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “ÑдÑо”. Ðбидва
ваÑÑанÑи вживаннÑ
+ÑеÑмÑна ÑпÑвÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ багаÑо ÑокÑв.
ТеÑмÑн “опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема” вживавÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ
“ÑдÑо” Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
пÑдÑÑÑникаÑ
з
+ÑиÑÑемного пÑоекÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ Ñ
вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокаÑ
. Ð Ñей же ÑаÑ, Ñ
+вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
, пÑд “опеÑаÑÑйноÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Unix” ÑозÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ
+набÑÑ ÑиÑÑемниÑ
пÑогÑам, а веÑÑÑÑ Unix з
ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð² ÐеÑÐºÐ»Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑала в
+Ñебе навÑÑÑ ÑгÑи. ÐÑкÑлÑки ми Ñ
оÑÑли, Ñоб GNU
бÑла опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема ÑипÑ
+Unix, ми вживаÑмо ÑеÑмÑн “опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема” в ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ ÑенÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐайÑаÑÑÑÑе, коли лÑди говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
“опеÑаÑÑйнÑй ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Linux”,
+вони викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑмÑн “опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема” в ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ ÑенÑÑ,
+Ñо Ñ Ð¼Ð¸: вони маÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¹ набÑÑ
пÑогÑам. ЯкÑо ви маÑÑе на ÑвазÑ
+Ñе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, називайÑе ÑÑ “GNU/Linux”.
ЯкÑо ж ви маÑÑе в
+ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ ÑÑлÑки ÑдÑо, Ñо назва “Linux” длÑ
нÑого пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ, але
+бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, говоÑÑÑÑ Ñакож “ÑдÑо”,
Ñоб ÑникнÑÑи непоÑозÑмÑÐ½Ñ Ð·
+пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñого, ÑÐºÑ Ñаме ÑÑкÑпнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам
ви маÑÑе на ÑвазÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ви вÑддаÑÑе пеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑнÑий
ÑеÑмÑн, Ñк, напÑиклад,
+“диÑÑÑибÑÑив ÑиÑÑеми”, Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑого
набоÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам Ñ ÑÑломÑ
+замÑÑÑÑ “опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема”
ÑÑдово. Ð¢Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ бÑдеÑе
+говоÑиÑи пÑо диÑÑÑибÑÑиви ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="house">ЯдÑо ÑиÑÑеми — Ñе Ñк
ÑÑÐ½Ð´Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдинкÑ. Як бÑдинок може бÑÑи
+майже гоÑовим, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð½Ñого немаÑ
ÑÑндаменÑÑ? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#house">#house</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ЯдÑо не дÑже ÑÑ
оже на ÑÑÐ½Ð´Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±ÑдинкÑ,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо побÑдова опеÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми не дÑже ÑÑ
ожа на ÑпоÑÑдженнÑ
бÑдинкÑ.
+
+<p>ÐÑдинок бÑдÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· безлÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½ÑкиÑ
ÑнÑвеÑÑалÑниÑ
ÑаÑÑин, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑбÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+Ñ ÑкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ñдино на мÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑ
необÑ
Ñдно збиÑаÑи Ð·Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ñ Ð²Ð³Ð¾ÑÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸
+не закладено ÑÑндаменÑ, Ñо не побÑдовано Ñ
нÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑаÑÑини; вÑе, Ñо
+Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ — Ñе Ñма в землÑ.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðа вÑдмÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑÑого, опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема
ÑкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ÑкладниÑ
компоненÑÑв,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° ÑозÑоблÑÑи в бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑдкÑ.
Ðоли ви ÑозÑобили бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+компоненÑÑв, майже вÑÑ ÑобоÑа зÑоблена. Це
бÑлÑÑе ÑÑ
оже на ÐÑжнаÑоднÑ
+коÑмÑÑÐ½Ñ ÑÑанÑÑÑ, нÑж на бÑдинок. ЯкÑо б
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÑлÑв коÑмÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑанÑÑÑ
+бÑло вже на оÑбÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð±ÑакÑвало ÑÑлÑки
одного важливого модÑлÑ, Ñе бÑло б
+ÑÑ
оже на ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU 1992 ÑоÑÑ.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="brain">Ð¥Ñба ÑдÑо — Ñе не мозок
ÑиÑÑеми? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#brain">#brain</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐбÑиÑлÑвалÑна ÑиÑÑема не дÑже ÑÑ
ожа на
лÑдÑÑкий оÑганÑзм, Ñ Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð° ÑÑ ÑаÑÑина
+не гÑÐ°Ñ ÑолÑ, поÑÑвнÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð· ÑÐ¾Ð»Ð»Ñ Ð»ÑдÑÑкого
Ð¼Ð¾Ð·ÐºÑ Ð² оÑганÑзмÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="kernelmost">Ð¥Ñба напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑдÑа не
ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑобоÑи по
ÑÑвоÑеннÑ
+опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÑ, багаÑо компоненÑÑв вимагаÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾
обÑÑÐ³Ñ ÑобÑÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="notinstallable">Яка ж може бÑÑи опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема GNU, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи Ñ Ð²ÑÑановиÑи
+ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ñд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#notinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐаÑаз доÑÑÑпно багаÑо <a href="/distros/distros.html">
веÑÑÑй GNU,
+пÑдгоÑовлениÑ
до вÑÑановленнÑ</a>. Ðодна з
ниÑ
не називаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
+“GNU”, але вони в оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑвоÑй
пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑÑ Ñаме GNU.
+
+<p>
+Ðи збиÑалиÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑи ÑиÑÑеми GNU,
пÑдгоÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑÑановки, але подÑÑ
+завадили здÑйÑниÑи Ñе: 1992 ÑоÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ
випÑÑкали ÑнÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви
+ваÑÑанÑÑв GNU, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Linux. ÐоÑинаÑÑи
з 1993 ÑокÑ, ми
+ÑÑнанÑÑвали ÑобоÑи по ÑÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÑаÑого Ñ
вÑлÑнÑÑого диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux
+пÑд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ <a href="/distros/common-distros.html#Debian"> Debian
+GNU/Linux</a>. ÐаÑновник Debian вже вибÑав ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ.
Ðи не пÑоÑили його
+називаÑи диÑÑÑибÑÑив пÑоÑÑо “GNU”,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñак збиÑалиÑÑ
+називаÑи веÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми з ÑдÑом GNU
Hurd Ñка до Ñого ÑаÑÑ Ñе не
+бÑла гоÑова.</p>
+
+<p>
+ЯдÑо GNU Hurd Ñак Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑало доÑÑаÑнÑо гоÑовим;
ми ÑекомендÑÑмо його ÑÑлÑки
+Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо заÑÑкавлений в ÑобоÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ ним.
Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ нÑколи не випÑÑкали
+диÑÑÑибÑÑив GNU з ÑдÑом GNU Hurd. Ðднак Debian
випÑÑÑив диÑÑÑибÑÑив ÑÑÑÑ
+комбÑнаÑÑÑ Ñк Debian GNU/Hurd.</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐаÑаз ми ÑозÑоблÑÑмо пÑогÑеÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
кеÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнками пÑд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ GUIX
+на Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Scheme, Ñе пеÑедбаÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑпакÑваннÑ
ÑÑÑоÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑаÑÑини ÑиÑÑеми GNU.</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðи Ñак Ñ Ð½Ðµ зÑобили оÑÑаннÑого кÑокÑ
випÑÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU пÑд назвоÑ
+“GNU”, але Ñе не змÑнÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñим Ñ
GNU. GNU —
+опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="afterkernel">Ðи викоÑиÑÑовÑÑмо Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÑдÑа
Linux Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми. Ð¥Ñба опеÑаÑÑйнÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ називаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñай Ñак Ñамо, Ñк
ÑдÑо? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Така пÑакÑика дÑже ÑÑдкÑÑна — ми не
знаÑ
одимо жодного ÑÑ
+пÑикладÑ, кÑÑм непÑавилÑного вживаннÑ
назви “Linux”. ÐазвиÑай
+опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема ÑозÑоблÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ñк
Ñдиний ÑнÑÑÑкований пÑоекÑ, Ñ ÑозÑобники
+вибиÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми в ÑÑломÑ. ЯдÑо
зазвиÑай не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ñвого влаÑного
+назви замÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого лÑди кажÑÑÑ
“ÑдÑо ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми”
+“Ñаке ÑдÑо”.
+<p>
+ЧеÑез Ñе, Ñо ÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ñ ÑÑази вживаÑÑÑÑÑ Ñк
ÑинонÑми, виÑаз “ÑдÑо
+Linux” ÑÑлком може бÑÑи непÑавилÑно
зÑозÑмÑлим Ñк “ÑдÑо ÑиÑÑеми
+Linux”, звÑдки випливаÑ, Ñо Linux — Ñе
ÑоÑÑ Ð±ÑлÑÑе, нÑж
+ÑдÑо. ÐожливоÑÑÑ Ñакого невÑÑного
ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° ÑникнÑÑи, ÑкÑо говоÑиÑи
+або пиÑаÑи “ÑдÑо (Linux)” “Linux
(ÑдÑо)”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="feel">Чи може ÑнÑа ÑиÑÑема даÑи
“вÑдÑÑÑÑÑ Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#feel">#feel</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ Ñк “вÑдÑÑÑÑÑ Linux” не ÑÑнÑÑ,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñ Linux немаÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑкиÑ
ÑнÑеÑÑейÑÑв. Як бÑдÑ-Ñке
ÑÑÑаÑне ÑдÑо, Linux
+оÑнова, на ÑкÑй виконÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами;
ÑнÑеÑÑейÑи вÑдноÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑнÑиÑ
ÑаÑÑин
+ÑиÑÑеми. ÐзаÑмодÑÑ Ð»Ñдини з GNU/Linux завжди
здÑйÑнÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑез ÑнÑÑ
+пÑогÑами, а “вÑдÑÑÑÑÑ” пÑиÑ
одиÑÑ Ð²Ñд
ниÑ
.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long">ÐÑоблема з “GNU/Linux” в
ÑомÑ, Ñо назва дÑже
+довга. Ðе запÑопонÑÑÑе ви Ñо-небÑдÑ
коÑоÑÑе? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#long">#long</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐеÑкий ÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ намагалиÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ “LiGNUx”, Ñке
+поÑднÑÑ Ñлова “GNU” Ñ “Linux”. Ð
еакÑÑÑ Ð±Ñла ÑÑзко
+негаÑивноÑ. ÐÑди набагаÑо кÑаÑе
ÑпÑиймаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ “GNU/Linux”.
+<p>
+ÐайкоÑоÑÑа допÑÑÑима назва Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми — “GNU”,
+однак ми називаÑмо ÑÑ “GNU/Linux” <a
href="#justgnu"> з пÑиÑин,
+викладениÑ
нижÑе</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long2">ÐÑоблема з “GNU/Linux” в
ÑомÑ, Ñо назва дÑже
+довга. ÐавÑÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼ÑÑиÑиÑÑ Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи
“GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#long2">#long2</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>СказаÑи “GNU” можна за ÑкÑÑÑ ÑекÑндÑ.
ЯкÑо ви ÑÑнÑÑÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑозÑобили, Ñ
Ñба ви не можеÑе
пÑидÑлиÑи Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÐ½Ð´Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñоб
+виÑловиÑи Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑи?</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long3">Ðа жалÑ, “GNU/Linux” — Ñе
п'ÑÑÑ ÑкладÑв. ÐÑди не
+бÑдÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи Ñаке довге Ñлово. Ðе знайÑи
вам Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑе? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#long3">#long3</a></span></dt>
+<dd><p>ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ “GNU/Linux” — Ñе
ÑÑлÑки ÑоÑиÑи
+Ñклади. “Ðа жалє — Ñе п'ÑÑÑ
ÑкладÑв, Ñ Ð²Ñе-Ñаки ми
+не баÑимо, Ñоб лÑди вживали Ñе Ñлово з неоÑ
оÑоÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="justgnu">ÐÑкÑлÑки Linux — Ñе дÑÑгоÑÑдна
Ñкладова, бÑло б ÑакÑиÑно
+непÑавилÑно називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
“GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Це не ÑÑпеÑеÑило ÑакÑам, але Ñе не кÑаÑий
ваÑÑанÑ. ÐÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑини, за Ñким ми
+називаÑмо ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, а не
“GNU”:
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+Це не зовÑÑм GNU — Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ ÑнÑе ÑдÑо
(влаÑне, Linux). РозÑÑзнÑÑи
+GNU/Linux Ñ GNU вÑе ж коÑиÑно.</li>
+<li>
+ÐеблагоÑодно бÑло б пÑоÑиÑи лÑдей
<em>пеÑеÑÑаÑи</em> визнаваÑи бÑдÑ-ÑкÑ
+заÑлÑги ÐÑнÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа. ÐÑн дÑйÑно
напиÑав важливий ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми. Ðи
+Ñ
оÑемо, Ñоб нам вÑддавали належне за
поÑаÑок Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑозÑобки ÑиÑÑеми,
+але Ñе не ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑавиÑиÑÑ
до ÐÑнÑÑÑ Ñак ж, Ñк ÑÑ, Ñ
Ñо
+Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”, ÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
наÑ. Ðи в коÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð· його полÑÑиÑними поглÑдами, але
ми зÑÑÑÑÑÑаÑмо Ñе ÑозбÑжнÑÑÑÑ
+Ñанобливо Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑо, а не намагаÑмоÑÑ
пÑименÑиÑи заÑлÑги ÐÑнÑÑа Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
+внеÑок в ÑиÑÑемÑ.</li>
+<li>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки багаÑо лÑдей знаÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñк
“Linux”, ÑкÑо ми
+ÑÑанемо говоÑиÑи “GNU”, вони можÑÑÑ
пÑоÑÑо не зÑозÑмÑÑи, пÑо Ñо
+ми говоÑимо. Ðоли ж ми говоÑимо
“GNU/Linux”, вони можÑÑÑ
+зв'ÑзаÑи Ñе з Ñим, пÑо Ñо вони вже ÑÑли.</li>
+</ul><p></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="trademarkfee">Якби Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑвав
“Linux” Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑÑ, Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¾ÑÑ Ð±
+за Ñе плаÑиÑи; Ñе вÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð´Ð¾ виÑловÑ
“GNU/Linux”. ÐÑде
+неÑеÑно, ÑкÑо Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑÑ “GNU” без
“Linux”, Ñоб
+не плаÑиÑи за Ñе? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a></span></dt>
+<dd>
+ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑого поганого в ÑомÑ, Ñоб називаÑи
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU”; по
+ÑÑÑÑ, Ñе Ñак Ñ Ñ. ÐÑоÑÑо бÑло б добÑе
вÑддаÑи належне Ñ ÐÑнÑÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑдÑÑ,
+але ви зовÑÑм не зобов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑи за
пÑаво ÑобиÑи Ñе.
+<p>
+Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑкÑо ви заÑ
оÑеÑе назваÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
пÑоÑÑо “GNU”, Ñоб не
+плаÑиÑи за Ñе, Ñо називаÑÑе ÑÑ “Linux”,
ми Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ заÑÑдимо.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="many">Ðо ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
доповнили багаÑо ÑнÑиÑ
пÑоекÑÑв; ÑеÑед
+ниÑ
— TeX, X11, Apache, Mysql Ñа багаÑо ÑнÑиÑ
пÑогÑам. Ð¥Ñба ваÑÑ
+аÑгÑменÑи не ÑозÑмÑÑÑÑ, Ñо ми повиннÑ
вÑддаÑи належне Ñ Ñм? (Ðле Ñе пÑизвело
+б до ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ð³Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸, Ñо Ñе бÑв би
абÑÑÑд.) <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#many">#many</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи говоÑимо ÑÑлÑки, Ñо ви Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑддаÑи
належне пÑовÑÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑозÑобникÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми. ÐÑовÑдний ÑозÑобник Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ
Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ — Ñе пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, а
+ÑиÑÑема, в оÑновномÑ, GNU.
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ви вÑдÑÑваÑÑе Ñе бÑлÑÑе бажаннÑ
вÑддаÑи належне Ñим, Ñ
Ñо ÑÑого
+заÑлÑговÑÑ, ви, можливо, вважаÑÑе, Ñо деÑкÑ
дÑÑгоÑÑÐ´Ð½Ñ ÑÑаÑники Ñакож
+заÑлÑговÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð»ÑÐ´Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
ÑаÑÑки в Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÑиÑÑеми. ЯкÑо Ñе
+Ñак, Ñо ми Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÐºÑ Ð²Ñд Ñого, Ñоб ÑпеÑеÑаÑиÑÑ
з Ñим. ЯкÑо ви вважаÑÑе, Ñо X11
+заÑлÑговÑÑ ÑвоÑÑ ÑаÑÑки в Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, Ñ
ви Ñ
оÑеÑе називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/X11/Linux” бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка. ЯкÑо ж ви
вважаÑÑе, Ñо
+Perl пÑоÑÑо Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñо згадкÑ, Ñ Ñ
оÑеÑе пиÑаÑи
+“GNU/Linux/Perl” — Ñак Ñ ÑобÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки Ñака довга назва, Ñк
+“GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv”, ÑÑаÑ
абÑÑÑдноÑ,
+на ÑкомÑÑÑ ÐµÑÐ°Ð¿Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ доведеÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑовеÑÑи
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ñ Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑиÑи назви багаÑÑоÑ
+ÑнÑиÑ
дÑÑгоÑÑдниÑ
ÑкладовиÑ
. ÐезпеÑеÑно
вÑÑного мÑÑÑÑ, де пÑовеÑÑи ÑÑ ÑиÑкÑ,
+немаÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ðµ б ви ÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑовели, ми не
ÑÑанемо з Ñим ÑпеÑеÑаÑиÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ð ÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑи
пÑизводÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑзниÑ
ваÑÑанÑÑв назви
+ÑиÑÑеми. Ðле одна назва не може виникнÑÑи з
мÑÑкÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ Ñа
+виÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñки, Ñким би не бÑло
Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑи. Це назва —
+“Linux”. Ðе може бÑÑи ÑпÑаведливим, коли
виÑловлÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÑкÑ
+ÑÑлÑки за один Ñз дÑÑгоÑÑдниÑ
вкладÑв (Linux),
Ñ Ñой ÑаÑ, Ñк головний внеÑок
+(GNU) ÑгноÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="others">Ðо ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
доповнили багаÑо ÑнÑиÑ
пÑоекÑÑв, однак
вони не
+наполÑгаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑомÑ, Ñоб ми називали ÑÑ
“XYZ/Linux”. Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑобиÑи винÑÑок Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#others">#others</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ТиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑв ÑозÑоблÑли пÑогÑами,
вклÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
+GNU/Linux. ÐÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ заÑлÑговÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñки за ÑвÑй
внеÑок, однак вони не Ñ
+оÑновними ÑозÑобниками ÑиÑÑеми в ÑÑломÑ,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не пÑоÑÑÑÑ, Ñоб на ниÑ
+поÑилалиÑÑ, Ñк на одного з оÑновниÑ
ÑозÑобникÑв.
+<p>
+GNU вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд ниÑ
, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñе ÑоÑÑ
бÑлÑÑе, нÑж пÑоÑÑо залÑÑена
+пÑогÑама Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ Ð±ÑлÑÑе, нÑж набÑÑ
залÑÑениÑ
пÑогÑам. GNU — Ñе
+Ñой каÑкаÑ, на ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñла побÑдована вÑÑ
ÑиÑÑема.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allsmall">У наÑÑ Ð´Ð½Ñ GNU ÑÑановиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñе малÑ
ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми; ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ ми повиннÑ
+згадÑваÑи пÑо неÑ? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a></span></dt>
+<dd>
+У 2008 ÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ виÑвили, Ñо пакеÑи GNU ÑÑановили
15% ÑоздÑлÑ
+“main” диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux gNewSense. Ðа
ÑаÑÑÐºÑ Linux
+довелоÑÑ 1,5%. ÐÑож, Ñей аÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ñе
бÑлÑÑÑй мÑÑÑ ÑпÑаведливий Ñодо назви
+“Linux”.
+
+<p>
+Ðа ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ GNU — Ñе мала ÑаÑÑина
ÑиÑÑеми, а Linux —
+Ñе менÑа. Ðле вони кÑÑÑÑк ÑиÑÑеми;
ÑиÑÑема бÑла ÑÑвоÑена ÑÑ
нÑм
+об'ÑднаннÑм. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð° “GNU/Linux”
залиÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑеÑноÑ.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="manycompanies">Ðо ÑепеÑÑÑнÑого ÑаÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
компанÑй зÑобили внеÑок Ñ ÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ; Ñ
Ñба
Ñе не
+ознаÑаÑ, Ñо ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑÑ
+“GNU/Red hat/Novell/Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>
+GNU не можна поÑÑвнÑваÑи з Red Hat або Novell; Ñе не
компанÑÑ, не
+оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вид дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ.
GNU — Ñе опеÑаÑÑйна
+ÑиÑÑема. (Ðоли ми говоÑимо пÑо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU,
мова йде пÑо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑозÑобÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU.) СиÑÑема GNU/Linux заÑнована на GNU, Ñ
Ñаме ÑомÑ
+“GNU” повинно бÑÑи пÑиÑÑÑнÑм в ÑÑ
назвÑ.
+</p>
+<p>
+ÐагаÑо внеÑкÑв ÑиÑ
компанÑй Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU/Linux полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² виÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑекÑÑаÑ
,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ внеÑли Ñ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑи GNU,
вклÑÑаÑÑи GCC Ñа GNOME. ÐовоÑÑÑи
+“GNU/Linux”, ви вÑддаÑÑе належне Ñ Ñим
компанÑÑм, поÑÑд з ÑнÑими
+ÑозÑобниками GNU.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyslash">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ пиÑеÑе “GNU/Linux”
замÑÑÑÑ “GNU Ñ ÐС Linux”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐгÑдно з пÑавилами англÑйÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¸, в
конÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ “GNU Linux”
+Ñлово “GNU” Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑм Ñлова
“Linux”. Це може
+ознаÑаÑи або “веÑÑÑÑ Linux з GNU”, або
“Linux, пакеÑ
+пÑоекÑÑ GNU”. Ðодне з ÑиÑ
знаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ
вÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ.
+<p>
+Linux — Ñе не один з пакеÑÑв GNU; ÑобÑо,
вÑн не бÑв ÑозÑоблено
+пÑд егÑÐ´Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU або внеÑений
ÑпеÑÑалÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU. ÐÑнÑÑ
+ТоÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñав Linux незалежно, Ñк ÑвÑй
влаÑний пÑоекÑ. ÐÑож, знаÑеннÑ
+“Linux, Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU” невÑÑно.</p>
+<p>
+Ðи не маÑмо на ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Linux
(ÑдÑа) в пÑоекÑÑ GNU. У вÑлÑниÑ
+диÑÑÑибÑÑиви GNU/Linux <a
+href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux">окÑема веÑÑÑÑ
Linux</a> Ñ,
+оÑкÑлÑки “ÑÑандаÑÑна” веÑÑÑÑ
мÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð²ÐºÑÐ°Ð¿Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑоÑв. ЯкÑо б Ñе бÑла ÑаÑÑина
пÑоекÑÑ GNU, ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° бÑло б
+ÑозглÑдаÑи Ñк “GNU Linux”; але ми не Ñ
оÑÑли б називаÑи ÑÑ Ñак,
+ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñе пÑизвело б до великоÑ
плÑÑанини.</p>
+<p>
+Ðи говоÑимо пÑо веÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
ÑиÑÑеми GNU, Ñка вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑвнÑÑÑÑ
+Linux в ÑкоÑÑÑ ÑдÑа. Ðнак “дÑÑб” пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ, бо
+Ñо ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ “комбÑнаÑÑÑ”.
(ÐгадайÑе
+“ÐвÑд/ÐивÑд”). Ð¦Ñ ÑиÑÑема
комбÑнаÑÑÑ GNU Ñ Linux;
+звÑдÑи Ñ “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби виÑловиÑи
“комбÑнаÑÑÑ”. ЯкÑо ви вважаÑÑе, Ñо
+знак “плÑÑ” зÑозÑмÑлÑÑий, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка,
вживайÑе його. ФÑанÑÑзÑкоÑ
+Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·ÑозÑмÑлÑÑий деÑÑÑ: “GNU-Linux”.
ÐÑпанÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑнодÑ
+говоÑимо “GNU con Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyorder">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, а не
“Linux/GNU”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐгадÑваÑи Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÑÐ¾Ñ —
Ñе пÑавилÑно Ñ
+коÑекÑно. ÐнеÑок GNU в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑлÑки
бÑлÑÑе, нÑж Linux, Ñ Ð±Ñв пÑоведений
+ÑанÑÑе, нÑж Linux. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñе Ñе ÑÑÑ
поÑали
ми.
+<p>
+Ðднак, ÑкÑо ви вÑддаÑÑе пеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux/GNU”,
+Ñе набагаÑо кÑаÑе, нÑж Ñе, Ñо лÑди зазвиÑай
ÑоблÑÑÑ — вони
+повнÑÑÑÑ ÑгноÑÑÑÑÑ GNU Ñ ÑÑвоÑÑÑÑÑ
видимÑÑÑÑ, Ñо вÑÑ ÑиÑÑема Ñ Ñ Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames">ÐÑй диÑÑÑибÑÑив називаÑÑÑÑÑ
“Foobar Linux”; Ñ
Ñба Ñе не показÑÑ,
+Ñо Ñе дÑйÑно Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#distronames">#distronames</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Це ознаÑаÑ, Ñо лÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸ÑоблÑÑÑÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑив “Foobar Linux”,
+повÑоÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÑ. Ðи дÑже
вдÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð° Ñе, Ñо ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви, Ñк
+Debian, Dragora, Musix, Trisquel Ñ Venenux, зÑобили
“GNU/Linux”
+ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ñвого оÑÑÑÑйного назви, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, Ñо ÑкÑо ви беÑеÑе ÑÑаÑÑÑ
+Ñ ÑобоÑÑ ÑнÑого диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ, Ñо ви бÑдеÑе
закликаÑи його до ÑÑого.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">ÐÑÑÑÑйна назва мого
диÑÑÑибÑÑива — “Foobar Linux”;
+Ñ
Ñба можна називаÑи його Ñк-небÑдÑ, кÑÑм
“Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd><p>ЯкÑо Ñм дозволено змÑнÑваÑи “GNU”
“Foobar Linux”, Ñо
+вам дозволено змÑниÑи його назад Ñ
називаÑи Ñе “Foobar
+GNU/Linux”. Саме Ñе ви Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑобиÑи, ÑомÑ
Ñо ÑнакÑе ви б поÑали
+ÑозноÑиÑи ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ Ñа
неÑпÑаведливÑÑÑÑ.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="companies">Ð¥Ñба не бÑло б еÑекÑивнÑÑе
пÑоÑиÑи ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ, Ñк Mandrake, Red Hat Ñ
+IBM, називаÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви
“GNU/Linux” замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñоб
+звеÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ окÑемиÑ
лÑдей? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#companies">#companies</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ в ÑомÑ, Ñоб вибÑаÑи одне з двоÑ
— ми пÑоÑимо компанÑÑ,
+оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ Ñа окÑемиÑ
лÑдей допомогÑи
ÑозповÑÑÑи пÑо Ñе лÑдÑм. Ðи
+звеÑÑалиÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑи компанÑÑ. У Mandrake
Ñказали, Ñо вони бÑдÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи
+ÑеÑмÑн “GNU/Linux” Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
випадкаÑ
, але
IBM Ñ Red Hat не
+Ñ
оÑÑли допомогÑи. Ðдин Ñз кеÑÑвникÑв
Ñказав: “Це ÑиÑÑо комеÑÑÑйне
+ÑÑÑеннÑ; ми ÑозÑаÑ
овÑÑмо оÑÑимаÑи бÑлÑÑе
гÑоÑей, називаÑÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+‘Linux’”. ÐнÑими Ñловами, ÑÑй
компанÑÑ Ð±Ñла байдÑжа
+пÑавилÑна назва.
+<p>
+Ðи не можемо змÑÑиÑи ÑÑ
випÑавиÑи Ñе, але
ми не з ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо здаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñе
+ÑомÑ, Ñо доÑога важка. У Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ не бÑÑи
Ñакого Ð²Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð² ÑвоÑÐ¼Ñ ÑеÑедовиÑÑ,
+Ñк IBM або Red Hat, але ви Ñим не Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
допомогÑи. Разом ми можемо
+змÑниÑи ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑлÑки, Ñо компанÑÑм
вигÑднÑÑе називаÑи ÑÑ
+“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="reserve">Ð¥Ñба не бÑло б кÑаÑе
заÑезеÑвÑваÑи Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ “GNU/Linux” длÑ
+повнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв? ÐÑеÑÑоÑ,
Ñе ж Ñ Ñ Ñдеал GNU. <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#reserve">#reserve</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ШиÑоко поÑиÑена пÑакÑика додаваннÑ
невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам в ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU/Linux — Ñе ÑеÑйозна пÑоблема наÑого
ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва. ЦÑ
+пÑакÑика пÑивÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ дÑмки, Ñо невÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами — Ñе ноÑмалÑно, Ñ
+Ñо викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
— Ñе ÑаÑÑина дÑÑ
а
“Linux”. ÐагаÑо
+гÑÑп коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв “Linux” вважаÑÑÑ
одним Ñз ÑвоÑÑ
завданÑ
+Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑам Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑоÑÑваннÑ
невÑлÑниÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ
+запÑоÑÑваÑи до Ñебе пÑодавÑÑв з ÑоваÑом.
Ðони ÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑÑлÑ, Ñк
+“допомога коÑиÑÑÑваÑам” GNU/Linux
(вклÑÑаÑÑи Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ñ
+викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ñ Ð´ÑайвеÑÑв)
або попÑлÑÑизаÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми навÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑÑаÑи Ñвободи.
+<p>
+ÐиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо ÑобиÑи, Ñоб змÑниÑи Ñе.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑленÑв ÑпÑвÑоваÑиÑÑва, ÑкÑ
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ GNU з Linux, вже не
+ÑÑвÑдомлÑÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñе Ñаке, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑкÑо ми
бÑдемо зÑÑкаÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд ÑакиÑ
+забÑÑднениÑ
веÑÑÑй, кажÑÑи, Ñо вони
наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ GNU, Ñо Ñе не навÑиÑÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв ÑилÑнÑÑе ÑÑнÑваÑи ÑвободÑ.
Те, Ñо ми Ñ
оÑемо ÑказаÑи, до ниÑ
би
+не дÑйÑло. Ðони пÑоÑÑо запеÑеÑили б, Ñо
вони, наÑампеÑед, нÑколи не вважали
+ÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми ÑиÑÑемами GNU.</p>
+<p>
+Щоб вказаÑи Ñим коÑиÑÑÑваÑам на зв'Ñзок зÑ
ÑвободоÑ, поÑÑÑбно ÑиниÑи ÑкÑаз
+навпаки: необÑ
Ñдно поÑнÑоÑмÑваÑи ÑÑ
пÑо
Ñе, Ñо ÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми
+<em>ÑпÑавдÑ</em> веÑÑÑÑми GNU, Ñо вÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñка
+ÑÑнÑÑ ÑпеÑÑалÑно заÑади Ñвободи
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв. РозÑмÑÑÑи Ñе, вони поÑнÑÑÑ
+ÑозглÑдаÑи диÑÑÑибÑÑиви, Ñо вклÑÑаÑÑÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Ñк ÑпоÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
+зÑпÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ GNU замÑÑÑÑ Ñого, Ñоб
дÑмаÑи, Ñо Ñе пÑиÑÑÐ¾Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимÑ
+“веÑÑÑÑ Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑже коÑиÑно заÑновÑваÑи гÑÑпи
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв GNU/Linux, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¸ б
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux” Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð»Ð¸ б Ñдеали
пÑоекÑÑ GNU в оÑновÑ
+ÑвоÑÑ Ð´ÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ. ЯкÑо гÑÑпа коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв
Linux Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑÑй мÑÑÑевоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñ
+пÑоблеми, опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñе, Ñо ми пÑопонÑÑмо
вам дÑÑÑи вÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑÑ Ð³ÑÑпи Ñак,
+Ñоб змÑниÑи ÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑÑнÑаÑÑÑ (назвÑ) або
заÑнÑваÑи Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð³ÑÑпÑ. ÐÑди, ÑкÑ
+зоÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° бÑлÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑÑ
невиÑ
ÑÑлÑÑ
,
маÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ðµ пÑаво доÑÑимÑваÑиÑÑ
+ÑвоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑÑÑ, але не дайÑе Ñм повеÑÑи за
ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ!</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="gnudist">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± не ÑÑвоÑиÑи Ñ ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ GNU
диÑÑÑибÑÑив Linux (ÑпÑавдÑ!) Ñ Ð½Ðµ назваÑи
+його “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+УÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви “Linux” наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ñ
веÑÑÑÑми ÑиÑÑеми GNU з
+Linux в ÑкоÑÑÑ ÑдÑа. ÐÑизнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑмÑна
“GNU/Linux”
+виÑловиÑи ÑÑ Ð´ÑмкÑ. Якби ми ÑозÑоблÑли Ñе
один диÑÑÑибÑÑив Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»Ð¸
+“GNU/Linux” ÑÑлÑки його, Ñе пÑиÑ
овало б ÑÑ
ÑдеÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñ
оÑемо
+виÑловиÑи.
+<p>
+Що ÑÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑозÑобки диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux,
Ñо ми Ñе вже Ñобили одного
+ÑазÑ, коли ÑÑнанÑÑвали на ÑаннÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑапÑ
ÑозÑобки Debian GNU/Linux. РобиÑи
+Ñе ÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÑ Ñе Ñаз не пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑÑ
коÑиÑним; Ñе вимагало б Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑи, Ñ
+ÑкÑо Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ диÑÑÑибÑÑива не бÑло б
ÑÑÑоÑниÑ
пÑакÑиÑниÑ
пеÑеваг пеÑед
+ÑнÑими диÑÑÑибÑÑивами, Ñе бÑло б
позбавлене ÑенÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого ми допомагаÑмо ÑозÑобникам
вÑлÑниÑ
на 100% диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв
+GNU/Linux, ÑакиÑ
, Ñк gNewSense Ñ Ututo.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± не говоÑиÑи пÑоÑÑо:
“Linux — Ñе ÑдÑо GNU”, Ñ
+не випÑÑкаÑи ÑкÑÑÑ Ð· ÑÑнÑÑÑиÑ
веÑÑÑй GNU/Linux
пÑд Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ “GNU”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðожливо, бÑло б непогано, ÑкÑо б ми
пÑийнÑли Linux в ÑкоÑÑÑ ÑдÑа GNU в
+1992 ÑоÑÑ. Якби ми ÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸, ÑкÑлÑки ÑаÑÑ
нам знадобиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого,
+Ñоб пÑивеÑÑи GNU Hurd в ÑобоÑий ÑÑан, ми б Ñак Ñ
зÑобили. (Ðле минÑлого, на
+жалÑ, не повеÑнеÑ).
+<p>
+ЯкÑо б ми взÑли ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ GNU/Linux Ñ
пеÑейменÑвали ÑÑ Ð²
+“GNU”, Ñе бÑло б пÑиблизно Ñе ж Ñаме, Ñо
взÑÑи веÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми Ñ
+GNU пеÑейменÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð² “Linux”. Це бÑло
неÑпÑаведливо, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не
+Ñ
оÑемо дÑÑÑи подÑбним Ñином.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="condemn">Чи заÑÑджÑвав пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
викоÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Linux Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑиÑÑоÑв вÑн ÑÑого в
ÑамомÑ
+поÑаÑкÑ? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#condemn">#condemn</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи не пÑийнÑли Linux в ÑкоÑÑÑ Ñвого ÑдÑа, але
ми не заÑÑджÑвали Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+пÑоÑиÑÑоÑли Linux. У 1993 ÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ поÑали
обговоÑÑваÑи оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ
+ÑÑнанÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑозÑобки Debian GNU/Linux. Ðи Ñакож
ÑÑкали ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð· лÑдÑми,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð·Ð¼ÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
пакÑнкÑв GNU
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð· Linux. Ðи Ñ
оÑÑли
+вклÑÑиÑи ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни в ÑÑандаÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÑки,
Ñоб ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнки пÑаÑÑвали з Linux
+“з коÑобки”. Ðле ÑÑ Ð·Ð¼Ñни ÑаÑÑо бÑли
недалекоглÑдними Ñ
+неÑÑеÑпнÑ; вони вимагали коÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑед
пÑийнÑÑÑÑм.
+<p>
+ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ñими змÑнами, виÑвлÑли
мало ÑнÑеÑеÑÑ Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ Ð·
+нами. Ðдин Ñз ниÑ
навÑÑÑ Ñказав нам, Ñо його
не ÑÑкавиÑÑ ÑобоÑа з пÑоекÑом
+GNU, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вÑн “коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Linux”. Це
бÑло дивно, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо
+лÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÐµÑеноÑили пакеÑи GNU на ÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми, зазвиÑай бажали
+ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи з нами, Ñоби ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñни бÑли
пÑийнÑÑÑ. РвÑе ж ÑÑ Ð»Ñди, ÑкÑ
+ÑозÑоблÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
Ñином на GNU, бÑли пеÑÑÐ¾Ñ (Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑ
+пÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑно ÑдиноÑ) гÑÑпоÑ, Ñо не бажаÑ
пÑаÑÑваÑи з нами.</p>
+<p>
+Це бÑв доÑвÑд, Ñкий впеÑÑе показав нам, Ñо
лÑди називаÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми GNU
+Ñловом “Linux”, а Ñакож Ñо ÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑанина
заважала наÑÑй
+ÑобоÑÑ. ÐÑоÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux” — Ñе наÑа ÑеакÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑ
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°
+ÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми, Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑавилÑним
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ “Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="wait">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ Ñак довго Ñекали, пеÑÑ Ð½Ñж
пÑоÑиÑи лÑдей називаÑи ÑÑ
+“GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#wait">#wait</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Рми, влаÑне, Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñекали. Ðи поÑали
звеÑÑаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑозÑобникÑв Ñ
+ÑозповÑÑджÑваÑам в пÑиваÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÑ Ð·
ÑÑого пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² 1994 ÑоÑÑ, а в
+1996 ÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ñовели бÑлÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑÑ
кампанÑÑ. Ðи бÑдемо пÑодовжÑваÑи
+ÑÑÑлÑки, ÑкÑлÑки бÑде поÑÑÑбно.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allgpled">Чи поÑÑÑбно заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑÑ
емÑ
“GNU/[назва]” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ
+вÑÑÑ
пÑогÑам пÑд лÑÑензÑÑÑ GPL? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи нÑколи не згадÑÑмо пÑо окÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
Ñк “GNU/[назва]”. ЯкÑо
+пÑогÑама Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ з пакÑнкÑв GNU, Ñо ми можемо
називаÑи ÑÑ “GNU
+[назва]”.
+<p>
+ÐпеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема GNU Ñкладена з великоÑ
кÑлÑкоÑÑÑ ÑÑзниÑ
пÑогÑам. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð·
+пÑогÑам GNU бÑли напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ñк ÑаÑÑина
пÑоекÑÑ GNU або ÑпеÑÑалÑно пеÑеданÑ
+йомÑ; Ñе пакÑнки GNU, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑаÑÑо вживаÑмо
“GNU” в ÑÑ
нÑй назвÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ТÑлÑки ÑозÑобники виÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñи вони Ñ
оÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑиÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð² GNU Ñ
+зÑобиÑи ÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнком GNU. ЯкÑо ви ÑозÑобили
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ñ
оÑеÑе, Ñоб вона ÑÑала
+пакеÑом GNU, напиÑÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, за адÑеÑоÑ
<a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>, Ñоб ми
могли ÑклаÑÑи пÑо
+Ð½ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÐ¼ÐºÑ Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÑÑиÑи, Ñи поÑÑÑбна вона
нам.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑло б неÑпÑаведливо вÑÑавлÑÑи “GNU” Ñ
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÐºÑемоÑ
+пÑогÑами, Ñка випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд лÑÑензÑÑÑ
GPL. ЯкÑо ви напиÑали пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ñ
+ÑозповÑÑджÑÑÑе ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ лÑÑензÑÑ GPL, Ñе не
знаÑиÑÑ, Ñо ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали в ÑамкаÑ
+пÑоекÑÑ GNU або Ñо ви напиÑали ÑпеÑÑалÑно
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ. СкажÑмо, Linux (ÑдÑо)
+випÑÑкаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñд лÑÑензÑÑÑ GNU GPL, але ÐÑнÑÑ
не пиÑав його Ñк ÑаÑÑинÑ
+пÑоекÑÑ GNU — вÑн виконав ÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ
незалежно. ЯкÑо ÑоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
+пакеÑом GNU, Ñо пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU не може ÑÑавиÑи Ñе
ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² заÑлÑгÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñи
+“GNU” до його назви бÑло б недоÑеÑно.</p>
+<p>
+Рнавпаки, ми заÑлÑговÑÑмо подÑки за
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU загалом, Ñ
оÑа Ñ
+не за ÐºÐ¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÐºÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑÑ ÑкладÑ. ЦÑ
ÑиÑÑема ÑÑнÑÑ Ñк Ñака завдÑки
+наÑÑй ÑÑÑÑÑоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ³Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑ
поÑинаÑÑи з 1984 ÑÐ¾ÐºÑ Ñо
+на багаÑо ÑокÑв ÑанÑÑе, нÑж бÑли ÑозпоÑаÑÑ
ÑобоÑи над Linux.</p>
+<p>
+ÐпеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема, в ÑкÑй до Linux пÑийÑла
попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ, бÑла в оÑновномÑ
+ÑÑÑÑ Ð¶ ÑамоÑ, Ñо Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема GNU.
Ðона не бÑла повнÑÑÑÑ ÑакоÑ, ÑомÑ
+Ñо Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±Ñло ÑнÑе ÑдÑо, але Ñе бÑла
здебÑлÑÑого Ñа Ñама ÑиÑÑема. Це бÑв
+один з ваÑÑанÑÑв GNU. Це бÑла ÑиÑÑема GNU/Linux.</p>
+<p>
+Linux пÑодовжÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи пеÑеважно
в поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑÑÑÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми — Ñ ÑÑÑаÑниÑ
веÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми
GNU/Linux. ÐÑикмеÑноÑ
+оÑобливÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
ÑиÑÑем Ñ Ñе, Ñо в ÑенÑÑÑ
ÑозÑаÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ GNU Ñ Linux, а не
+ÑÑлÑки ÑдÑо (Linux) Ñаме по ÑобÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="unix">ÐÑкÑлÑки багаÑо в GNU пÑийÑло з Unix,
не повинна GNU вÑддаваÑи належне Unix,
+вживаÑÑи “Unix” Ñ ÑвоÑй назвÑ? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#unix">#unix</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ GNU нÑÑого не поÑеÑпнÑла з Unix. Unix
бÑла (Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ)
+невÑлÑноÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ ÑÑ
пÑогÑам GNU бÑло б незаконним. Це не
+випадково; Ñаме ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑозÑобили GNU:
оÑкÑлÑки Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ могло бÑÑи Ñвободи
+пÑи коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Unix або бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑнÑоÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми ÑиÑ
днÑв, нам
+поÑÑÑбна бÑла вÑлÑна ÑиÑÑема, Ñоб замÑниÑи
ÑÑ. Ðи не могли копÑÑваÑи
+пÑогÑами або навÑÑÑ ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ ÑаÑÑини з Unix; вÑе
доводилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑи заново.
+<p>
+GNU не запозиÑÑвала жодниÑ
виÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑекÑÑÑв
пÑогÑам з Unix, але
+GNU — Ñе ÑиÑÑема, ÑÑмÑÑна з Unix; ÑомÑ
багаÑо Ñдей Ñ ÑпеÑиÑÑкаÑÑй
+GNU дÑйÑно пÑийÑли з Unix. Ðазва “GNU”, Ñка
ознаÑÐ°Ñ “gnu's
+Not Unix” (“GNU — Ñе не Unix”), Ñама по
ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ
+гÑмоÑиÑÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑÐ¼Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñки Unix
за Ñе, згÑдно з Ñ
акеÑÑÑкоÑ
+ÑÑадиÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑовÑваÑи ÑекÑÑÑивнÑ
ÑкоÑоÑеннÑ, Ñо з'ÑвилаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑмдеÑÑÑÑ
+Ñоки.</p>
+<p>
+ÐеÑÑим Ñаким ÑекÑÑÑивнÑм ÑкоÑоÑеннÑм бÑло
TINT, “TINT Is Not
+TECO” (“TINT — Ñе не TECO”). ÐвÑÐ¾Ñ TINT
напиÑав
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð· ÑеалÑзаÑÑй TECO (ÑÑ
ÑÑнÑвало вже
багаÑо, Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑзниÑ
ÑиÑÑем), але
+замÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÑÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ на зÑазок
“<em>Такий-Ñо</em> TECO” вÑн
+пÑидÑмав доÑÐµÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ. (Саме Ñе
ознаÑÐ°Ñ “Ñ
акеÑÑÑво
+Ñк”: <a
href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">гÑайлива
+доÑепнÑÑÑÑ</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+ÐнÑим Ñ
акеÑам Ñак ÑподобалоÑÑ ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°, Ñо
ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ñали наÑлÑдÑваÑи. СÑало
+ÑÑадиÑÑÑÑ, Ñо, коли ви пиÑали з нÑлÑ
пÑогÑамÑ, подÑÐ±Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ деÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑй
+пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ (ÑÑвÑмо, Ñо вона називаÑÑÑÑÑ
“Klever”), ви можеÑе даÑи
+Ñй Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð»ÑÐ´Ñ ÑекÑÑÑивного
ÑкоÑоÑеннÑ, Ñакого, Ñк “MINK”,
+Ñо ознаÑÐ°Ñ “MINK Is Not Klever.”
(“MINK — Ñе не
+Klever”). У ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ дÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ назвали наÑÑ
замÑÐ½Ñ Unix
+“GNU — Ñе не Unix”.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑÑоÑиÑно ÑклалоÑÑ, Ñо AT&T, Ñка ÑозÑобила
Unix, не Ñ
оÑÑла, Ñоб
+Ñ
Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð²Ñддавав Ñй належне ÑлÑÑ
ом
Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ “Unix” назвÑ
+подÑÐ±Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, навÑÑÑ ÑкÑо ÑиÑÑема бÑла
на 99% ÑкопÑйована з
+Unix. AT&T навÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³ÑожÑвала ÑÑдом вÑÑкомÑ,
Ñ
Ñо ÑÑане вÑддаваÑи Ñй
+належне Ñаким ÑпоÑобом. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÑ
модиÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Unix (повнÑÑÑÑ
+невÑлÑнÑ, Ñк Unix) мали зовÑÑм ÑнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ, Ñка
не мÑÑÑила
+“Unix”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="bsd">Чи ÑлÑд нам Ñакож говоÑиÑи
“GNU/BSD”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#bsd">#bsd</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи не називаÑмо ÑиÑÑеми BSD (FreeBSD Ñ Ñ. п.)
ÑиÑÑемами
+“GNU/BSD”, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñей ÑеÑмÑн не
вÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑем BSD.
+<p>
+СиÑÑема BSD бÑла ÑозÑоблена
ÐалÑÑоÑнÑйÑÑким ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑом Ñ ÐеÑÐºÐ»Ñ Ñк
+невÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑиÑ
Ñ ÑÑала вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð² на поÑаÑкÑ
+дев'ÑноÑÑиÑ
. ÐÑдÑ-Ñка вÑлÑна опеÑаÑÑйна
ÑиÑÑема, ÑÑнÑÑÑа ÑÑогоднÑ, майже
+напевно Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ ваÑÑанÑом ÑиÑÑеми GNU, або
ÑÑзновидом ÑиÑÑеми BSD.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑди ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñи Ñ BSD Ñеж одним з
ваÑÑанÑÑв GNU, Ñк GNU/Linux. ÐÑ,
+не Ñ. РозÑобникÑв BSD надиÑ
нÑв зÑобиÑи
ÑиÑÑевий код ÑÑ
нÑÑ
пÑогÑам вÑлÑним
+пÑиклад пÑоекÑÑ GNU, а вÑдкÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¸
акÑивÑÑÑÑв GNU пеÑеконали ÑÑ
+пÑиÑÑÑпиÑи до ÑÑого, але ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ ÑекÑÑи
пÑогÑам мали мало ÑпÑлÑного з ÑекÑÑами
+ÑаÑÑин GNU.</p>
+<p>
+СÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми BSD викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
пакÑнки GNU, ÑоÑно Ñак Ñамо, Ñк Ñ
+ÑиÑÑема GNU Ñ ÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑанÑи коÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
деÑкими пÑогÑамами BSD; однак загалом
+Ñе Ð´Ð²Ñ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑÐºÑ ÑозвивалиÑÑ
окÑемо. РозÑобники BSD не додали ÑдÑо
+в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, ÑозÑобивÑи його, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°
ÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ “GNU/BSD” не
+пÑдÑйÑла б до ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+Ðв'Ñзок мÑж GNU/Linux Ñ GNU набагаÑо ÑÑÑнÑÑий,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°
+“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑдÑ
одиÑÑ.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÑнÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ GNU, Ñка викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ ÑдÑо з
NetBSD. ÐÑ ÑозÑобники називаÑÑÑ ÑÑ
+“Debian GNU/NetBSD”, але “GNU/(ÑдÑо з NetBSD)”
бÑло
+б ÑоÑнÑÑе, оÑкÑлÑки NetBSD — Ñе ÑÑла
ÑиÑÑема, а не ÑÑлÑки
+ÑдÑо. Це не ÑиÑÑема BSD, оÑкÑлÑки
здебÑлÑÑого Ñе Ñа ж ÑиÑÑема, Ñо Ñ
+GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="othersys">ЯкÑо Ñ Ð²ÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»Ñ ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÑй
GNU Windows, Ñи ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ñе, Ñо Ñ
+викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Windows? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#othersys">#othersys</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðе в ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑенÑÑ, Ñкий ми вкладаÑмо в
“GNU/Linux”. ÐнÑÑÑÑменÑаÑÑй
+GNU — Ñе ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑÑина пÑогÑам GNU, ÑкÑ
ÑÑановлÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñе ÑаÑÑинÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU, а за ними Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ñе одно бÑла б
ÑнÑа повна опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема,
+Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑпÑлÑниÑ
з GNU виÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑекÑÑÑв. Ðагалом, Ñе абÑолÑÑно вÑдмÑнна
+вÑд GNU/Linux ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justlinux">Ð¥Ñба Linux не можна
викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи без GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+У деÑкиÑ
випадкаÑ
Linux заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑамоÑÑÑйно або з невеликими ÑнÑими
+пÑогÑамами. Ð¦Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
Ñ Ð½Ð° гаÑмаÑний поÑÑÑÑл не
+наближаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux.
ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ, напÑиклад, не вÑÑановлÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑ
на пеÑÑоналÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи; ÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми
обдÑÑили б ÑÑÑ ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑкÑваннÑ. Щоб
+показаÑи, наÑкÑлÑки ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑоÑми
вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд GNU/Linux,
+коÑиÑно говоÑиÑи, Ñо в ÑиÑ
додаÑкаÑ
пÑаÑÑÑ
ÑÑлÑки Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Чи ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
Linux (Ñак!) без GNU? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐаÑÐ²Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÑÑÑÑÑÑ Linux, але
не мÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+GNU. ÐÑиклад — Android. Ðле називаÑи ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемами
+“Linux” бÑло б непÑавилÑно, ÑоÑно Ñак
Ñамо, Ñк непÑавилÑно
+називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ GNU “Linux”.
+<p>
+Android ÑилÑно вÑдÑÑзнÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд ÑиÑÑеми
GNU/Linux ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
+дÑже мало ÑпÑлÑного. ÐаÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ ÑпÑлÑне в
ниÑ
ÑÑлÑки одне: Linux.</p>
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ви називаÑÑе Ñловом “Linux” вÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux, Ñо вам
+доведеÑÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи ÑоÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑÑалÑ
“Android мÑÑÑиÑÑ Linux, але Ñе не
+Linux, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо в нÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑайниÑ
в Linux
(Ñак!) бÑблÑоÑек Ñ ÑÑилÑÑ
+(маÑÑи на ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ñд Ñим ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU)”.</p>
+<p>
+Android мÑÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑвно ÑÑÑлÑки ж вÑд Linux,
ÑкÑлÑки мÑÑÑиÑÑ GNU/Linux. Чого
+Ñам Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ — Ñе GNU. Ð Android ÑÑ
замÑнÑÑÑÑ
на пÑогÑами Google,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð¾Ð²ÑÑм по-ÑнÑомÑ. Android вÑд
ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux вÑдÑÑзнÑÑ Ñаме
+вÑдÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="helplinus">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± вÑе одно не називаÑи
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”, змÑÑнÑÑÑи Ñим
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐÑнÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа Ñк “Ñ
лопÑÑ
з обкладинки” наÑоÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑи? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÑнÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ — “Ñ
лопеÑÑ Ð·
обкладинки” (виÑлÑв
+ÑнÑиÑ
лÑдей, не наÑ) Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
ÑÑлей, а не
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
. Ðого меÑа —
+зÑобиÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑнÑÑоÑ, Ñ Ð²Ñн вÑÑиÑÑ
в Ñе, Ñо ÑÑ ÑÑннÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»ÑÑно в пÑакÑиÑниÑ
пеÑевагаÑ
, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð° надаÑ: ÑÑ
+можливоÑÑÑ, надÑйноÑÑÑ Ñа доÑÑÑпноÑÑÑ. ÐÑн
нÑколи не виÑÑÑпав за <a
+href="/philosophy/why-free.html">ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑ</a> Ñк
еÑиÑний пÑинÑип,
+ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð³ÑомадÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ пов'ÑзÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸
“Linux” з Ñим пÑинÑипом.
+<p>
+ÐÑнÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑо заÑвлÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·
Ñдеалами ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами. ÐÑн багаÑо ÑокÑв ÑозÑоблÑв
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами на ÑобоÑÑ (вÑн Ñказав
+Ñак пÑи великÑй аÑдиÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° виÑÑавÑÑ
“СвÑÑ
+‘Linux’”), а Ñакож пÑблÑÑно закликав
ÑпÑвÑобÑÑникÑв Linux
+(ÑдÑа) викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑобоÑи над Ñим
+ÑдÑом. ÐÑлÑÑе Ñого, вÑн доÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð»Ñдей, ÑкÑ
вважаÑÑÑ, Ñо ÑнженеÑи Ñ Ð²ÑенÑ
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑаÑи до Ñваги ÑоÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑлÑдки
ÑвоÑÑ ÑеÑ
нÑÑноÑ
+ÑобоÑи — незважаÑÑи на ÑÑок, Ñкий
дала ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑозÑобка
+аÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð¼Ð±Ð¸.</p>
+<p>
+ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑого поганого в напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
пÑогÑами заÑади навÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+Ñозваги; ÑдÑо, Ñке ÐÑнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñав з ÑиÑ
пÑиÑин, бÑло важливим внеÑком длÑ
+наÑого ÑпÑлÑноÑи. Ðле не ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ñиви ÑÑали
пÑиÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑнÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми, GNU/Linux, Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не забезпеÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑоÑ
Ñвободи в
+майбÑÑнÑомÑ. ÐÑомадÑÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð° знаÑи
Ñе. ÐÑнÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñаво пÑопагÑваÑи
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди; однак лÑди Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñи, Ñо
коÑÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, пÑо
+ÑÐºÑ Ð¹Ð´Ðµ мова, лежаÑÑ Ð² ÑдеалаÑ
Ñвободи, а не
в його ÑвÑÑоглÑдÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="claimlinux">Ð¥Ñба ÑеÑно з наÑого бокÑ
пÑипиÑÑваÑи GNU ÑобоÑÑ ÐÑнÑÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Це бÑло б неÑеÑно, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ Ñак не Ñобимо. Ð
обоÑа ТоÑвалÑдÑа —
+Linux (ÑдÑо); ми акÑÑаÑно намагаÑмоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
пÑипиÑÑваÑи ÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ GNU
+Ñ Ð½Ðµ познаÑаÑи ÑÑ Ñк “GNU”. Ðоли ми
говоÑимо пÑо ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²
+ÑÑломÑ, назва “GNU/Linux” вÑдзнаÑÐ°Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
заÑлÑги.
+</dd>
+
+
+<dt id="linusagreed">Ðгоден ÐÑнÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ Ð· Ñим,
Ñо Linux — Ñе лиÑе ÑдÑо? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>СпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñн визнавав Ñе. У пÑимÑÑкаÑ
до
Ñамого ÑаннÑого випÑÑÐºÑ Linux
+Ñказано: “ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑÑв, Ñо
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· linux, Ñ
+пÑогÑамами GNU Ñ Ð¿ÑдпоÑÑÐ´ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑлеÑÑÑ
GNU. Ð¦Ñ ÑнÑÑÑÑменÑи не ÑвÑйÑли до
+диÑÑÑибÑÑив звеÑÑайÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ мене
(або в GNU) за додаÑковоÑ
+ÑнÑоÑмаÑÑÑÑ”<a href="#ft1">[1]</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="finishhurd">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можна доÑобиÑи ÑдÑо GNU
Hurd, випÑÑÑиÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñк ÑÑле Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑÑи
+пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо Ñе, Ñо називаÑи GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#finishhurd">#finishhurd</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи Ñ
оÑÑли б, Ñоби опеÑаÑÑйна ÑиÑÑема GNU
оÑÑимÑвала Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾ вÑд
+Ñого, з Ñким ÑдÑом вона заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ.
+
+<p>ÐоопÑаÑÑваÑи GNU Hurd до ÑÑадÑÑ, коли ÑдÑо
могло б позмагаÑиÑÑ Ð· Linux, бÑло
+б Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑоÑ, необÑ
ÑднÑÑÑÑ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
оÑевидна. Ðдине, Ñо еÑиÑно невÑÑно в
+Linux Ñк ÑдÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð² нÑого
“лÑпок” з пÑогÑамами
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑоÑв; кÑаÑе вÑÑого ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
виÑÑÑÑÑ <a
+href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects"> ÑозÑобка
вÑлÑниÑ
аналогÑв
+лÑпок</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="lost">ÐиÑва вже пÑогÑана
ÑоваÑиÑÑво пÑийнÑло ÑÑÑеннÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не можемо
+його змÑниÑи; може не ваÑÑо навÑÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑи
пÑо Ñе? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#lost">#lost</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Це не биÑва, Ñе оÑвÑÑÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ. Як
називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ — Ñе не
+одиниÑний вибÑÑ, Ñкий “ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво”
Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñаз Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¶Ð´Ð¸:
+кожна лÑдина, кожна оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ
виÑÑÑÑваÑи, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи. Ðи не можеÑе змÑÑиÑи
ÑнÑиÑ
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux”, але ви можеÑе виÑÑÑиÑи
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux” ÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ — Ñ Ñаким Ñином, ви
допоможеÑе
+навÑиÑи ÑнÑиÑ
.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whatgood">СÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво вже пÑийнÑло
ÑÑÑеннÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не можемо його змÑниÑи, Ñо ж
Ñка бÑде
+коÑиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñд Ñого, Ñо Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑи
“GNU/Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Це не ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ “вÑе або нÑÑого”: Ñк
пÑавилÑна, Ñак Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÑавилÑна
+каÑÑина поÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑзними лÑдÑми,
одна-бÑлÑÑе, ÑнÑа Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð°ÐºÑивно. ЯкÑо ви
+бÑдеÑе називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, ви
допоможеÑе ÑнÑим
+дÑзнаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñо ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑÑ
поÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑини
+ÑÑнÑваннÑ. Ðи не можеÑе випÑавиÑи без
ÑÑоÑоннÑÐ¾Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ невÑÑне
+найменÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑÑди — не бÑлÑÑе, нÑж
ми ÑамÑ,— але ви можеÑе
+допомогÑи. ЯкÑо Ñ
оÑа б кÑлÑка ÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð»Ñдей
побаÑаÑÑ, Ñо ви вживаÑÑе ÑеÑмÑн
+“GNU/Linux”, ви навÑиÑе знаÑне ÑиÑло
лÑдей без оÑобливоÑ
+пÑаÑÑ. РдеÑÐºÑ Ð· ниÑ
пеÑедадÑÑÑ
випÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ñ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="explain">Чи не кÑаÑе називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
“Linux”, познайомивÑи лÑдей з ÑÑ
+виÑоками деÑÑÑиÑ
Ð²Ð¸Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑозповÑддÑ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#explain">#explain</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ЯкÑо ви допомагаÑÑе нам, поÑÑнÑÑÑи Ñе
лÑдÑм Ñаким Ñином, ми вдÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ за ÑÑ
+ÑобоÑÑ, однак Ñе не найкÑаÑий меÑод. Це не
пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑакиÑ
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑами,
+Ñк ÑкÑо називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, а
Ñакож нееÑекÑивно
+виÑÑаÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑаÑ.
+<p>
+Це не пÑиводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ поÑÑÑбниÑ
ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑв,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо може не дÑйÑи до
+ÑвÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, Ñ, без ÑÑмнÑвÑ, не бÑде
поÑиÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ñ. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди, ÑкÑ
+поÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑненнÑ, звеÑнÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ñ,
можливо, оÑÑимаÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑне ÑÑвленнÑ
+пÑо поÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми. Ðле навÑÑд Ñи вони
ÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑоÑÑваÑи Ñаке
+поÑÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑим ÑоÑазÑ, коли заговоÑÑÑÑ
пÑо ÑиÑÑемÑ. Ðони, ймовÑÑно, пÑоÑÑо
+бÑдÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑÑ “Linux”. Ðез
оÑобливого намÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ бÑдÑÑÑ
+допомагаÑи зÑоÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸.</p>
+<p>
+Це нееÑекÑивно, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо забиÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо
бÑлÑÑе ÑаÑÑ. ЯкÑо ви бÑдеÑе
+говоÑиÑи або пиÑаÑи “GNU/Linux”, Ñе займе
Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñе кÑлÑка
+ÑекÑнд в Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
вилин,—
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸ бÑдеÑе в ÑÑанÑ
+оÑ
опиÑи набагаÑо бÑлÑÑе лÑдей Ñаким
ÑпоÑобом. РозÑÑзнÑÑи Linux Ñ GNU/Linux,
+коли ви говоÑиÑе або пиÑеÑе, набагаÑо
легÑе, нÑж допомагаÑи пÑоекÑÑ GNU
+бÑдÑ-Ñким ÑнÑим з еÑекÑивниÑ
ÑпоÑобÑв.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="treatment">ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди ÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вами,
коли ви пÑоÑиÑе ÑÑ
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+GNU/Linux. ÐавÑÑо ви пÑддаÑÑе Ñебе Ñаким
звеÑненнÑм? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#treatment">#treatment</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðоли ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑ “Linux”, лÑди
зазвиÑай оÑÑимÑÑÑÑ
+непÑавилÑне ÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми
Ñа пÑиÑини ÑÑ ÑÑнÑваннÑ. ÐÑди, ÑкÑ
+ÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ наÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑ
аннÑм, ймовÑÑно,
вже оÑÑимали Ñаке помилкове
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ — вони дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо наÑа
ÑобоÑа пÑоÑоблена ÐÑнÑÑом, ÑомÑ
+вони ÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ, коли ми пÑоÑимо Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°
неÑ. ЯкÑо б вони знали пÑавдÑ,
+вони, ймовÑÑно, не ÑмÑÑлиÑÑ.
+<p>
+Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ беÑемо на Ñебе ÑмÑливÑÑÑÑ
виÑловлÑваÑи пÑоÑ
аннÑ, Ñке ÑнодÑ
+пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ наÑмÑÑок в наÑÑ Ð°Ð´ÑеÑÑ? Ðо
ÑаÑÑо Ñе пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ коÑиÑниÑ
+ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑв, ÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU. Ðи
Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¹Ñи на Ñизик
+незаÑлÑжениÑ
обÑаз заÑади доÑÑгненнÑ
наÑиÑ
ÑÑлей.</p>
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ви баÑиÑе, Ñо Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°Ñ Ñака
паÑадокÑалÑно неÑпÑаведлива ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ, бÑдÑ
+лаÑка, не залиÑайÑеÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑоÑонÑ. РозкажÑÑÑ
Ñим, Ñ
Ñо ÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑÑиннÑ
+ÑÑÑоÑÑÑ. Ðоли вони зÑозÑмÑÑÑÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñе пÑоÑ
Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑпÑаведливе, ÑÑ, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ Ñ
+Ñ
Ð¾Ñ ÑаÑÑка здоÑового глÑздÑ, пеÑеÑÑанÑÑÑ
ÑмÑÑÑиÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="alienate">ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð»Ñди заÑÑджÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ, коли
ви пÑоÑиÑе ÑÑ
називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“GNU/Linux”. Ð¥Ñба ви не пÑогÑаÑÑе,
вÑдÑÑжÑÑÑи ÑÑ
? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#alienate">#alienate</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðе дÑже. ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ñ
ÑозÑобÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми, навÑÑд Ñи
+бÑдÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи ÑеÑÐ¹Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð·ÑÑиллÑ, Ñоб
допомогÑи нам. ЯкÑо вони ÑоблÑÑÑ
+ÑобоÑÑ, Ñка ÑлÑжиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñим ÑÑлÑм, ÑакÑ, Ñк
випÑÑк вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñе
+вÑдбÑваÑÑÑÑÑ, ÑвидÑе за вÑе, не ÑомÑ, Ñо ми
ÑÑ
попÑоÑили, а ÑеÑез ÑкÑÑÑÑнÑÑ,
+Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑини. У Ñой же ÑаÑ, пÑивÑаÑÑи
ÑнÑиÑ
пÑипиÑÑваÑи наÑÑ ÑобоÑÑ
+комÑÑÑ ÑнÑомÑ, вони пÑдÑиваÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ
можливоÑÑÑ Ñодо залÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
лÑдей
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ нам.
+<p>
+ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑенÑÑ ÑÑÑбÑваÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñо вÑдÑÑженнÑ
лÑдей, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ по бÑлÑÑÑй ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+бажаÑÑÑ ÑпÑвпÑаÑÑваÑи, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾
доÑÑгÑи меÑи, ÑкÑо вÑдмовлÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд
+випÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑÐ¹Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ вÑÑкий Ñаз,
коли ми ÑизикÑÑмо накликаÑи на
+Ñебе гнÑв лÑдей, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑÑненнÑ.
Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ бÑдемо пÑодовжÑваÑи
+намагаÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑавиÑи непÑавилÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="rename">ЯкиÑ
би зÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸ не доклали, Ñ
Ñба
можна пеÑейменовÑваÑи опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#rename">#rename</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи нÑÑого не пеÑейменовÑÑмо; ми називаÑмо
ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU” з ÑиÑ
+пÑÑ, Ñк ми оголоÑили пÑо Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ 1983 ÑоÑÑ.
ÐÑди, ÑÐºÑ ÑпÑобÑвали
+пеÑейменÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð² “Linux”, не повиннÑ
бÑли Ñе ÑобиÑи.</dd>
+
+<dt id="force">Ð¥Ñба ÑеÑно змÑÑÑваÑи лÑдей
називаÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#force">#force</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÑло б неÑеÑно змÑÑÑваÑи ÑÑ
, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не
намагаÑмоÑÑ ÑобиÑи Ñе. Ðи називаÑмо
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux” Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑимо Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑиниÑи
Ñак Ñамо.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whynotsue">Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð± не пеÑеÑлÑдÑваÑи в
ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÐ´ÐºÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкиÑ
законниÑ
пÑдÑÑав
пеÑеÑлÑдÑваÑи ÑÑ
Ñ ÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑдкÑ; кÑÑм
+Ñого, оÑкÑлÑки ми вÑÑимо Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова,
ми в Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÐ°Ð·Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑÑли б
+ÑÑого. Ðи пÑоÑимо лÑдей називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо Ñе
+пÑавилÑно.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="require">Чи не ÑлÑд вам внеÑÑи в GNU GPL
Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU”?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#require">#require</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ GNU GPL Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑÑ Ñвободи
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв вÑд ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо мÑг б
+ÑÑвоÑиÑи невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑноÑ
пÑогÑами. ХоÑа ÑÑ, Ñ
Ñо Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
+“Linux”, дÑйÑно ÑаÑÑо ÑоблÑÑÑ Ñе, Ñо
обмежÑÑ ÑвободÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, напÑиклад, поÑÑаÑаÑÑÑ
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами комплекÑÑ Ð· ÑиÑÑемоÑ
+GNU/Linux або навÑÑÑ ÑозÑоблÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑакиÑ
поÑÑавок, Ñам
+по ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑиÑÑеми
“Linux” не обмежÑÑ Ñвободи
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв. Ðам здаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑеÑним
змÑнÑваÑи GPL Ñак, Ñоб вона обмежÑвала
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð±Ð¾ÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑеми.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Ð¥Ñба не лиÑемÑÑно вимагаÑи
поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ñого, Ñк ви
+запеÑеÑÑвали пÑоÑи вимоги пеÑвÑÑноÑ
лÑÑензÑÑ BSD пÑо ÑекламÑ
+ÐалÑÑоÑнÑйÑÑкого ÑнÑвеÑÑиÑеÑÑ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐÑло б лиÑемÑÑÑÑвом зÑобиÑи Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux
Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑÑого не
+Ñобимо. Ðи ÑÑлÑки <em>пÑоÑимо</em> пÑо
визнаннÑ, Ñкого ми заÑлÑговÑÑмо.
+
+<p>
+ÐвеÑнÑÑÑ ÑвагÑ, Ñо Ñ ÑонайменÑе <a
href="/philosophy/bsd.html"> Ð´Ð²Ñ ÑÑзнÑ
+лÑÑензÑÑ BSD</a>. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ коÑиÑÑÑйÑеÑÑ,
бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, виÑазом
+“лÑÑензÑÑ BSD”, не згадÑÑÑи пÑо Ñе, Ñка
Ñаме Ñе лÑÑензÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="deserve">ÐÑкÑлÑки ви не внеÑли в GNU GPL
Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU”,
+ви заÑлÑговÑÑÑе на Ñе, Ñо ÑÑалоÑÑ; ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ ви
ÑÐµÐ¿ÐµÑ ÑкаÑжиÑеÑÑ? <span
+class="anchor-reference-id"><a href="#deserve">#deserve</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Це пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑпиÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° доÑиÑÑ ÑпÑÑне
еÑиÑне пÑипÑÑеннÑ, Ñо ÑкÑо лÑди не
+змÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑиÑÑ Ð· ними ÑеÑно, Ñо ви
маÑÑе пÑаво поводиÑиÑÑ Ð· ними
+Ñак, Ñк вам завгодно. ÐнÑими Ñловами, Ñе
пеÑедбаÑаÑ, Ñо ÑÐ¸Ñ Ñила, Ñого й
+пÑавда.
+<p>
+Ðи ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ, Ñо ви не Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð· Ñим
положеннÑм Ñак Ñамо, Ñк Ñ Ð¼Ð¸.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="contradict">Ðе кÑаÑе бÑло б з ваÑого Ð±Ð¾ÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ
запеÑеÑÑваÑи Ñого, Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеконано Ñак
+багаÑо лÑдей? <span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#contradict">#contradict</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи не дÑмаÑмо, Ñо ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑлÑдÑваÑи за
Ð²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÐºÑлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо
+ÑÑ
ввели в оманÑ. СподÑваÑмоÑÑ, ви Ñеж
виÑÑÑиÑе, Ñо ÑÑÑина важлива.
+<p>
+Ðи нÑколи не ÑозÑобили б вÑлÑноÑ
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑкÑо б ÑпеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+вÑдмовилиÑÑ Ð²Ñд пеÑеконаннÑ, пÑийнÑÑого
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, Ñо невÑлÑне
+пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ðµ Ñ
пÑийнÑÑне.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="somanyright">Ð¥Ñба Ñе, Ñо багаÑо Ñ
Ñо називаÑ
ÑÑ “Linux”, не ÑобиÑÑ ÑÑ
+ÑакоÑ?<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Ðи не дÑмаÑмо, Ñо попÑлÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸
пеÑеÑвоÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð² ÑÑÑинÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="knownname">Чи не кÑаÑе називаÑи ÑиÑÑемÑ
Ñм'Ñм, вже вÑдомим бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв?
+<span class="anchor-reference-id"><a
href="#knownname">#knowname</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐоÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð±Ð°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð´Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ
вÑиÑиÑÑ. ÐÑкÑлÑки до ÑкладÑ
+“GNU/Linux” вÑ
одиÑÑ “Linux”, вони
ÑозпÑзнаÑÑÑ, пÑо
+Ñо ви говоÑиÑе. ЯкÑо ви ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑаÑÑ Ð±ÑдеÑе
додаваÑи “(ÑаÑÑо помилково
+звана “Linux”)”, Ñо вÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ñе
зÑозÑмÑÑÑÑ.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="winning">ÐагаÑÑоÑ
лÑдей ÑÑкавиÑÑ, Ñо
зÑÑÑнÑÑе Ñ Ñ
Ñо пеÑемагаÑ, а не ÑÑпеÑеÑки
пÑо Ñе,
+Ñо ÑеÑно, а Ñо нÑ. Ð¥Ñба ви не могли б
оÑÑимаÑи бÑлÑÑе пÑдÑÑимки з ÑÑ
нÑоÑ
+ÑÑоÑони пÑи ÑнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑ
одÑ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id"><a
+href="#winning">#winning</a></span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+ÐбаÑи лиÑе пÑо Ñе, Ñо зÑÑÑнÑÑе Ñ Ñ
Ñо
вигÑÐ°Ñ — Ñе амоÑалÑний
+пÑдÑ
Ñд до жиÑÑÑ. ÐевÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑвлÑÑÑÑ
пÑиклад Ñакого амоÑалÑного
+пÑдÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑвÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ñки йомÑ. Таким
Ñином, в кÑнÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑÑмкÑ
+пÑийнÑÑи Ñакий пÑдÑ
Ñд ознаÑало б пÑиÑекÑи
Ñебе на пÑовал. Ðи бÑдемо
+пÑодовжÑваÑи говоÑиÑи в ÑеÑмÑнаÑ
добÑа Ñ
зла.
+<p>
+СподÑваÑмоÑÑ, Ñо ви належиÑе до ÑиÑ
, длÑ
кого добÑо Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¾ маÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ.</p>
+</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+<div class="translators-notes">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015
Фонд
+вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.uk">
лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>Ðз зазнаÑеннÑм
+авÑоÑÑÑва — Ðез поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0
СполÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¨ÑаÑи</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:39 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html
diff -N gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.uk-en.html 5 May 2015 11:30:40 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1491 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.77 -->
+<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ by Richard Stallman</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+ <blockquote><p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>,
our
+ page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
+system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
+Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a href="#why" id="TOCwhy">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whycare" id="TOCwhycare">Why is the name important?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#howerror" id="TOChowerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#always" id="TOCalways">Should we always say
+“GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxalone" id="TOClinuxalone">Would Linux have achieved
+ the same success if there had been no GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#divide" id="TOCdivide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#freespeech" id="TOCfreespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows" id="TOCeveryoneknows">Since everyone
+ knows the role of GNU in developing the system, doesn't the
+ “GNU/” in the name go without saying?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#everyoneknows2" id="TOCeveryoneknows2">Since I know the role of
+ GNU in this system, why does it matter what name I use?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#windows" id="TOCwindows">Isn't shortening
+ “GNU/Linux” to “Linux” just like
+ shortening “Microsoft Windows” to
+ “Windows”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#tools" id="TOCtools">Isn't GNU a collection of programming
+ tools that were included in Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#osvskernel" id="TOCosvskernel">What is the difference between an
operating
+ system and a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#house" id="TOChouse">The kernel of a system is like the
foundation
+ of a house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#brain" id="TOCbrain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the
+ system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#kernelmost" id="TOCkernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel
+ most of the work in an operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#notinstallable" id="TOCnotinstallable">How can GNU be an
+ operating system, if I can't get something called “GNU”
+ and install it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#afterkernel" id="TOCafterkernel">We're calling the whole
+ system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#feel" id="TOCfeel">Can another system have “the
+ feel of Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long" id="TOClong">The problem with
+ “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. How about
+ recommending a shorter name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long2" id="TOClong2">The problem with
+ “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long. Why should
+ I go to the trouble of saying “GNU/”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#long3" id="TOClong3">Unfortunately,
+ “GNU/Linux” is five syllables. People won't use such a
+ long term. Shouldn't you find a shorter one?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justgnu" id="TOCjustgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system
+ simply “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#trademarkfee" id="TOCtrademarkfee">I would have to pay a
+ fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
+ that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
+ wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to
+ save the fee?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#many" id="TOCmany">Many other projects contributed to the
+ system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them
+ credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.)</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#others" id="TOCothers">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allsmall" id="TOCallsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system
+ nowadays, so why should we mention it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#manycompanies" id="TOCmanycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyslash" id="TOCwhyslash">Why do you write
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “GNU
+ Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whyorder" id="TOCwhyorder">Why “GNU/Linux”
+rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames" id="TOCdistronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really
+ Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#distronames1" id="TOCdistronames1">My distro's official
+ name is “Foobar Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the
+ distro anything but “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#companies" id="TOCcompanies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than
+ asking individuals?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#reserve" id="TOCreserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that
+ are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of
+ GNU.</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#gnudist" id="TOCgnudist">Why not make a GNU distribution of
+ Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxgnu" id="TOClinuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux
+ is the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of
+ GNU/Linux under the name “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#condemn" id="TOCcondemn">Did the GNU Project condemn and
+ oppose use of Linux in the early days?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#wait" id="TOCwait">Why did you wait so long before
+ asking people to use the name GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#allgpled" id="TOCallgpled">Should the GNU/[name] convention
+ be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#unix" id="TOCunix">Since much of GNU comes from Unix,
+ shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by using “Unix” in
+ its name?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#bsd" id="TOCbsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#othersys" id="TOCothersys">If I install the GNU tools on
+ Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#justlinux" id="TOCjustlinux">Can't Linux be used without
+GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu" id="TOClinuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there
complete Linux systems [sic] without GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#helplinus" id="TOChelplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
+ posterboy for our community?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#claimlinux" id="TOCclaimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label
Linus
+ Torvalds' work as GNU?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#linusagreed" id="TOClinusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#finishhurd" id="TOCfinishhurd">Why not finish
+ the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system as a whole,
+ and forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#lost" id="TOClost">The battle is already
+ lost—society has made its decision and we can't change it,
+ so why even think about it?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whatgood" id="TOCwhatgood">Society has made its decision
+ and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#explain" id="TOCexplain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin
+ with a ten-minute explanation?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#treatment" id="TOCtreatment">Some people laugh at you when
+ you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject yourself
+ to this treatment?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#alienate" id="TOCalienate">Some people condemn you when you
+ ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#rename" id="TOCrename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+ the system “GNU/Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+ the whole system “Linux”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#BSDlicense" id="TOCBSDlicense">Since you objected to the original
+ BSD license's advertising requirement to give credit to the University of
+ California, isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU
project?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#require" id="TOCrequire">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#deserve" id="TOCdeserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
+ “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+ complaining now?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#contradict" id="TOCcontradict">Wouldn't you be better off
+ not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#somanyright" id="TOCsomanyright">Since many people call it
+ “Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#knownname" id="TOCknownname">Isn't it better to call the
+ system by the name most users already know?</a></li>
+
+<li><a href="#winning" id="TOCwinning">Many people care about what's
convenient or
+ who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong. Couldn't you
+ get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<dl>
+
+<dt id="why">Why do you call it GNU/Linux and not
+ Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#why">#why</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Most operating system distributions based on Linux as kernel are
+basically modified versions of the GNU operating system. We began
+developing GNU in 1984, years before Linus Torvalds started to write
+his kernel. Our goal was to develop a complete free operating system.
+Of course, we did not develop all the parts ourselves—but we led the way.
+We developed most of the central components, forming the largest single
+contribution to the whole system. The basic vision was ours too.
+<p>
+In fairness, we ought to get at least equal mention.</p>
+
+<p>See <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>
+and <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have
+Never Heard of GNU</a> for more explanation, and <a
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">The GNU Project</a> for the
+history.</p> </dd>
+
+<dt id="whycare">Why is the name
+ important? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whycare">#whycare</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Although the developers of Linux, the kernel, are contributing to
+the free software community, many of them do not care about freedom.
+People who think the whole system is Linux tend to get confused and
+assign to those developers a role in the history of our community
+which they did not actually play. Then they give inordinate weight to
+those developers' views.
+<p>
+Calling the system GNU/Linux recognizes the role that our idealism
+played in building our community, and
+<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">helps the public recognize the
+practical importance of these ideals</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
+ people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Calling the system “Linux” is a confusion that has spread
faster
+than the corrective information.
+<p>
+The people who combined Linux with the GNU system were not aware that
+that's what their activity amounted to. They focused their attention
+on the piece that was Linux and did not realize that more of the
+combination was GNU. They started calling it “Linux” even though
that
+name did not fit what they had. It took a few years for us to realize
+what a problem this was and ask people to correct the practice. By
+that time, the confusion had a big head start.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the people who call the system “Linux” have never heard why
+that's not the right thing. They saw others using that name and
+assume it must be right. The name “Linux” also spreads a false
+picture of the system's origin, because people tend to suppose that
+the system's history was such as to fit that name. For
+instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
+Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
+that the system should be called “Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
+justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="always">Should we always say
+ “GNU/Linux” instead of “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#always">#always</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When
+you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
+“Linux”, the name its developer chose.
+<p>
+When people call the whole system “Linux”, as a consequence
+they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
+This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
+whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
+By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel
+“Linux”, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
+ achieved the same success if there had been no
+ GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxalone">#linuxalone</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+In that alternative world, there would be nothing today like the
+GNU/Linux system, and probably no free operating system at all. No
+one attempted to develop a free operating system in the 1980s except
+the GNU Project and (later) Berkeley CSRG, which had been specifically
+asked by the GNU Project to start freeing its code.
+<p>
+Linus Torvalds was partly influenced by a speech about GNU in Finland
+in 1990. It's possible that even without this influence he might have
+written a Unix-like kernel, but it probably would not have been free
+software. Linux became free in 1992 when Linus rereleased it under
+the GNU GPL. (See the release notes for version 0.12.)</p>
+<p>
+Even if Torvalds had released Linux under some other free software
+license, a free kernel alone would not have made much difference to
+the world. The significance of Linux came from fitting into a larger
+framework, a complete free operating system: GNU/Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="divide">Wouldn't it be better for the
+ community if you did not divide people with this request? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux”, we are not dividing people.
We
+are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
+system. This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
+<p>
+However, there are people who do not like our saying this. Sometimes
+those people push us away in response. On occasion they are so rude
+that one wonders if they are intentionally trying to intimidate us
+into silence. It doesn't silence us, but it does tend to divide the
+community, so we hope you can convince them to stop.</p>
+<p>
+However, this is only a secondary cause of division in our community.
+The largest division in the community is between people who appreciate
+free software as a social and ethical issue and consider proprietary
+software a social problem (supporters of the free software movement),
+and those who cite only practical benefits and present free software
+only as an efficient development model (the open source movement).</p>
+<p>
+This disagreement is not just a matter of names—it is a matter
+of differing basic values. It is essential for the community to see
+and think about this disagreement. The names “free
+software” and “open source” are the banners of the
+two positions.
+See <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">Why Open
+Source misses the point of Free Software</a>.</p>
+<p>
+The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
+attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
+People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and people who learn that the system is
“GNU/Linux” are
+more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
+freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
+makes a real difference for society). However, the disagreement would
+probably exist even if everyone knew the system's real origin and its
+proper name, because the issue is a real one. It can only go away if
+we who value freedom either persuade everyone (which won't be easy) or
+are defeated entirely (let's hope not).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="freespeech">Doesn't the GNU project
+ support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
+ any name that individual chooses? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
+operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it
+GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
+the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows
+ GNU's role in developing the system, doesn't the “GNU/” in the
+ name go without saying? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows">#everyoneknows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
+public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system. Most
+articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU”, or the
ideals
+that GNU stands for. <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
+Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
+<p>
+The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
+know. Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
+idea of what GNU is. For instance, many think it is a collection
+of <a href="#tools">“tools”</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+<p>
+The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
+common misconception. To speak of “GNU's role” in developing
+something assumes that GNU is a group of people. GNU is an operating
+system. It would make sense to talk about the GNU Project's role in
+this or some other activity, but not that of GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="everyoneknows2">Since I know the role of GNU in this system,
+ why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
+Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
+“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
+them, who will?
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux”
+ to “Linux” just like shortening “Microsoft
Windows” to “Windows”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#windows">#windows</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It's useful to shorten a frequently-used name, but not if the
+abbreviation is misleading.
+<p>
+Almost everyone in developed countries really does know that the
+“Windows” system is made by Microsoft, so shortening
“Microsoft
+Windows” to “Windows” does not mislead anyone as to that
system's
+nature and origin. Shortening “GNU/Linux” to “Linux”
does give the
+wrong idea of where the system comes from.</p>
+<p>
+The question is itself misleading because GNU and Microsoft are
+not the same kind of thing. Microsoft is a company;
+GNU is an operating system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="tools">Isn't GNU a collection of
+ programming tools that were included in Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#tools">#tools</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
+hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They
+may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they
+say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became
+popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an
operating
+system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
+operating system is labeled “Linux”.
+<p>
+The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project
+to develop the GNU system. (See <a
+href="/gnu/initial-announcement.html">the 1983 initial announcement</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+We developed programs such as GCC, GNU Emacs, GAS, GLIBC, BASH, etc.,
+because we needed them for the GNU operating system. GCC, the GNU
+Compiler Collection is the compiler that we wrote for the GNU
+operating system. We, the many people working on the GNU Project,
+developed Ghostscript, GNUCash, GNU Chess and GNOME for the GNU system
+too.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="osvskernel">What is the difference
+between an operating system and a kernel? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#osvskernel">#osvskernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+An operating system, as we use the term, means a collection of
+programs that are sufficient to use the computer to do a wide variety
+of jobs. A general purpose operating system, to be complete, ought to
+handle all the jobs that many users may want to do.
+<p>
+The kernel is one of the programs in an operating system—the program
+that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that are
+running. The kernel also takes care of starting and stopping other
+programs.</p>
+<p>
+To confuse matters, some people use the term “operating system” to
+mean “kernel”. Both uses of the term go back many years. The
+use of “operating system” to mean “kernel” is found in
a number of
+textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s. At the same time,
+in the 80s, the “Unix operating system” was understood to include
all
+the system programs, and Berkeley's version of Unix included even
+games. Since we intended GNU to be a Unix-like operating system, we
+use the term “operating system” in the same way.</p>
+<p>
+Most of the time when people speak of the “Linux operating system”
+they are using “operating system” in the same sense we use: they
mean
+the whole collection of programs. If that's what you are referring
+to, please call it “GNU/Linux”. If you mean just the kernel, then
+“Linux” is the right name for it, but please say
“kernel” also to
+avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
+<p>
+If you prefer to use some other term such as “system distribution”
for
+the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system”,
+that's fine. Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
+distributions.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="house">The kernel of a system is like the foundation of a
+ house. How can a house be almost complete when it doesn't have a
+ foundation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#house">#house</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A kernel is not much like the foundation of a house because building
+an operating system is not much like building a house.
+
+<p>A house is built from lots of little general parts that are cut and
+put together in situ. They have to be put together from the bottom
+up. Thus, when the foundation has not been built, no substantial part
+has been built; all you have is a hole in the ground.</p>
+
+<p>
+By contrast, an operating system consists of complex
+components that can be developed in any order. When you have
+developed most of the components, most of the work is done. This is
+much more like the International Space Station than like a house. If
+most of the Space Station modules were in orbit but awaiting one other
+essential module, that would be like the GNU system in 1992.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+A computer system is not much like a human body,
+and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
+the brain in a human.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
+operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+No, many components take a lot of work.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="notinstallable">How can GNU be an
+ operating system, if I can't get something called “GNU”
+ and install it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#notinstallable">#notinstallable</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
+versions of GNU</a> are available. None of them is called simply
+“GNU”, but GNU is what they basically are.
+
+<p>
+We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but
+this plan was overtaken by events: in 1992 others were already
+packaging GNU variants containing Linux. Starting in 1993 we
+sponsored an effort to make a better and freer GNU/Linux distribution,
+called <a href="/distros/common-distros.html#Debian">Debian
+GNU/Linux</a>. The founder of Debian had already chosen that name.
+We did not ask him to call it just “GNU” because that was
+to be the name of a system version with the GNU Hurd kernel—which
+wasn't ready yet.</p>
+
+<p>
+The GNU Hurd kernel never became sufficiently ready; we only recommend
+it to those interested in working on it. So we never packaged GNU
+with the GNU Hurd kernel. However, Debian packaged this combination
+as Debian GNU/Hurd.</p>
+
+<p>
+We are now developing an advanced Scheme-based package manager called
+GUIX, and this includes repackaging a substantial part of the GNU
+system.</p>
+
+<p>
+We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
+“GNU”, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
+GNU is an operating system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="afterkernel">We're calling the
+ whole system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to name an
+ operating system after a kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#afterkernel">#afterkernel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other
+than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system
is
+developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
+name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a
+name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of
such-and-such” or
+“the such-and-such kernel”.
+<p>
+Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
+“the Linux kernel” can easily be misunderstood as meaning
“the kernel
+of Linux” and implying that Linux must be more than a kernel. You can
+avoid the possibility of this misunderstanding by saying or writing
+“the kernel, Linux” or “Linux, the kernel.”</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="feel">Can another system have “the
+ feel of Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There is no such thing as the “feel of Linux” because
+Linux has no user interfaces. Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base
+for running programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system.
+Human interaction with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs,
+and the “feel” comes from them.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
+ How about recommending a shorter name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx”, which combines the words
“GNU”
+and “Linux”. The reaction was very bad. People accept
“GNU/Linux”
+much better.
+<p>
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU”, but
+we call it “GNU/Linux” <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons
+given below</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long2">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
+ Why should I go to the trouble of saying “GNU/”?
+ <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It only takes a second to say or type “GNU/”. If you
+appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second
+to recognize our work?</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="long3">Unfortunately, “GNU/Linux” is five
+ syllables. People won't use such a long term. Shouldn't you find a
+ shorter one?
+ <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long3">#long3</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd><p>Actually, “GNU/Linux” is only four syllables.
+ “Unfortunately” is five syllables, yet people show no
+ sign of reluctance to use that word.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="justgnu">Since Linux is a secondary
+ contribution, would it be false to the facts to call the system simply
+ “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#justgnu">#justgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would not be false to the facts, but it is not the best thing to
+do. Here are the reasons we call that system version “GNU/Linux”
+rather than just “GNU”:
+
+<ul>
+<li>
+It's not exactly GNU—it has a different kernel (that is, Linux).
+Distinguishing GNU/Linux from GNU is useful.</li>
+<li>
+It would be ungentlemanly to ask people to <em>stop</em> giving any
+credit to Linus Torvalds. He did write an important component of the
+system. We want to get credit for launching and sustaining the
+system's development, but this doesn't mean we should treat Linus the
+same way those who call the system “Linux” treat us. We strongly
+disagree with his political views, but we deal with that disagreement
+honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
+credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
+<li>
+Since many people know of the system as “Linux”, if we say
“GNU” they
+may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
+say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+about.</li>
+</ul><p></p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
+ to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
that
+ would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it wrong if I use
“GNU”
+ without “Linux”, to save the fee? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+There's nothing wrong in calling the system “GNU”; basically,
that's
+what it is. It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
+as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
+so.
+<p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid
paying
+the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today; it includes TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many
+ more programs. Don't your arguments imply we have to give them credit
+ too? (But that would lead to a name so long it is
+ absurd.) <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#many">#many</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+What we say is that you ought to give the system's principal developer
+a share of the credit. The principal developer is the GNU Project,
+and the system is basically GNU.
+<p>
+If you feel even more strongly about giving credit where it is due,
+you might feel that some secondary contributors also deserve credit in
+the system's name. If so, far be it from us to argue against it. If
+you feel that X11 deserves credit in the system's name, and you want
+to call the system GNU/X11/Linux, please do. If you feel that Perl
+simply cries out for mention, and you want to write GNU/Linux/Perl, go
+ahead.</p>
+<p>
+Since a long name such as GNU/X11/Apache/Linux/TeX/Perl/Python/FreeCiv
+becomes absurd, at some point you will have to set a threshold and
+omit the names of the many other secondary contributions. There is no
+one obvious right place to set the threshold, so wherever you set it,
+we won't argue against it.</p>
+<p>
+Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
+the system. But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is
“Linux”.
+It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
+(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
+ the system as it is today, but they don't insist on calling it
+ XYZ/Linux. Why should we treat GNU specially? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Thousands of projects have developed programs commonly included in
+today's GNU/Linux systems. They all deserve credit for their
+contributions, but they aren't the principal developers of the system
+as a whole, so they don't ask to be credited as such.
+<p>
+GNU is different because it is more than just a contributed program,
+more than just a collection of contributed programs. GNU is the
+framework on which the system was made.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allsmall">GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays,
+ so why should we mention it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#allsmall">#allsmall</a>)</span></dt>
+<dd>
+In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
+“main” repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
+Linux made up 1.5%. So the same argument would apply even more
+strongly to calling it “Linux”.
+
+<p>
+GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
+even smaller fraction. But they are the system's core; the system
+was made by combining them. Thus, the name “GNU/Linux”
+remains appropriate.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="manycompanies">Many companies
+ contributed to the system as it is today; doesn't that mean
+ we ought to call it GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span
+ class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
+ href="#manycompanies">#manycompanies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>
+GNU is not comparable to Red Hat or Novell; it is not a company, or an
+organization, or even an activity. GNU is an operating system. (When
+we speak of the GNU Project, that refers to the project to develop the
+GNU system.) The GNU/Linux system is based on GNU, and that's why GNU
+ought to appear in its name.
+</p>
+<p>
+Much of those companies' contribution to the GNU/Linux system lies in
+the code they have contributed to various GNU packages including GCC
+and GNOME. Saying GNU/Linux gives credit to those companies along
+with all the rest of the GNU developers.
+</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyslash">Why do you write “GNU/Linux”
+instead of “GNU Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyslash">#whyslash</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU Linux” the
+word “GNU” modifies “Linux”. This can mean either
“GNU's version of
+Linux” or “Linux, which is a GNU package.” Neither of those
meanings
+fits the situation at hand.
+<p>
+Linux is not a GNU package; that is, it wasn't developed under the GNU
+Project's aegis or contributed specifically to the GNU Project. Linus
+Torvalds wrote Linux independently, as his own project. So the
+“Linux, which is a GNU package” meaning is not right.</p>
+<p>
+We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
+The free GNU/Linux distros do have
+a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux">separate version of
+Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free
+firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
+it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
+to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
+<p>
+We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
+distinguished by having Linux as the kernel. A slash fits the
+situation because it means “combination.” (Think of
+“Input/Output”.) This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+There are other ways to express “combination”. If you
+think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that. In French, a
+hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux”. In Spanish, we sometimes
+say “GNU con Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whyorder">Why “GNU/Linux” rather
+than “Linux/GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whyorder">#whyorder</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It is right and proper to mention the principal contribution first.
+The GNU contribution to the system is not only bigger than Linux and
+prior to Linux, we actually started the whole activity.
+<p>
+However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a
lot
+better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
+make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames">My distro is called
+ “Foobar Linux”; doesn't that show it's really Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames">#distronames</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>It means that the people who make the “Foobar Linux” distro are
+repeating the common mistake. We appreciate that distributions like Debian,
Dragora, Musix, Trisquel, and Venenux have adopted
+GNU/Linux as part of their official name, and we hope that if you are involved
with a different distribution, you will
+encourage it to do the same.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="distronames1">My distro's official name is “Foobar
+ Linux”; isn't it wrong to call the distro
+ anything but “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd><p>If it's allowed for them to change “GNU” to
+“Foobar Linux”, it's allowed for you to change it back and
+call it “Foobar GNU/Linux”. This is what you ought to do,
+because otherwise you'd be propagating their error and unfairness.</p></dd>
+
+<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
+ effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
+ call their distributions “GNU/Linux” rather than asking
+ individuals? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#companies">#companies</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It isn't a choice of one or the other—we ask companies and
+organizations and individuals to help spread the word about this. In
+fact, we have asked all three of those companies. Mandrake said it
+would use the term “GNU/Linux” some of the time, but IBM
+and Red Hat were unwilling to help. One executive said, “This
+is a pure commercial decision; we expect to make more money calling it
+‘Linux’.” In other words, that company did not care
+what was right.
+<p>
+We can't make them do this right, but we're not the sort to give up
+just because the road isn't easy. You may not have as much influence
+at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help. Together
+we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
+more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
+ reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for distributions that are purely
+ free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
+that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
+help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
+the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
+the cost of freedom.
+<p>
+The question is how to try to change this.</p>
+<p>
+Given that most of the community which uses GNU with Linux already
+does not realize that's what it is, for us to disown these adulterated
+versions, saying they are not really GNU, would not teach the users to
+value freedom more. They would not get the intended message. They
+would only respond they never thought these systems were GNU in the
+first place.</p>
+<p>
+The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is
+exactly the opposite: to inform them that all these system
+versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
+system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
+With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
+that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
+Linux”.</p>
+<p>
+It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
+system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
+for their activities. If the Linux User Group in your area has the
+problems described above, we suggest you either campaign within the
+group to change its orientation (and name) or start a new group. The
+people who focus on the more superficial goals have a right to their
+views, but don't let them drag you along!</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="gnudist">Why not make a GNU
+ distribution of Linux (sic) and call that GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#gnudist">#gnudist</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+All the “Linux” distributions are actually versions of the GNU
system
+with Linux as the kernel. The purpose of the term “GNU/Linux” is
to
+communicate this point. To develop one new distribution and call that
+alone “GNU/Linux” would obscure the point we want to make.
+<p>
+As for developing a distribution of GNU/Linux, we already did this
+once, when we funded the early development of Debian GNU/Linux. To do
+it again now does not seem useful; it would be a lot of work, and
+unless the new distribution had substantial practical advantages over
+other distributions, it would serve no purpose.</p>
+<p>
+Instead we help the developers of 100% free GNU/Linux distributions,
+such as gNewSense and Ututo.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxgnu">Why not just say “Linux is
+ the GNU kernel” and release some existing version of GNU/Linux under
+ the name “GNU”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxgnu">#linuxgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It might have been a good idea to adopt Linux as the GNU kernel back
+in 1992. If we had realized, then, how long it would take to get the
+GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that. (Alas, that is hindsight.)
+<p>
+If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
+“GNU”, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU
system
+and labeling it “Linux”. That wasn't right, and we don't
+want to act like that.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="condemn">Did the GNU Project condemn
+ and oppose use of Linux in the early days? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#condemn">#condemn</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We did not adopt Linux as our kernel, but we didn't condemn or oppose
+it. In 1993 we started discussing the arrangements to sponsor the
+development of Debian GNU/Linux. We also sought to cooperate with the
+people who were changing some GNU packages for use with Linux. We
+wanted to include their changes in the standard releases so that these
+GNU packages would work out-of-the-box in combination with Linux. But
+the changes were often ad-hoc and nonportable; they needed to be cleaned
+up for installation.
+<p>
+The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
+cooperating with us. One of them actually told us that he didn't care
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user”.
+That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
+other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
+changes installed. Yet these people, developing a system that was
+primarily based on GNU, were the first (and still practically the
+only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
+<p>
+It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
+version of the GNU system “Linux”, and that this confusion was
+obstructing our work. Asking you to call the system “GNU/Linux” is
+our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
+“Linux” misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="wait">Why did you wait so
+ long before asking people to use the name GNU/Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#wait">#wait</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>Actually we didn't. We began talking privately with developers and
+distributors about this in 1994, and made a more public campaign in
+1996. We will continue for as long as it's necessary.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="allgpled">Should the GNU/<i>name</i>
+ convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>”. When
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>”.
+<p>
+GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
+Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
+specifically contributed to it; these are the GNU packages, and we
+often use “GNU” in their names.</p>
+<p>
+It's up to the developers of a program to decide if they want to contribute
+it and make it a GNU package. If you have developed a program and you
+would like it to be a GNU package, please write to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>, so we can evaluate
it
+and decide whether we want it.</p>
+<p>
+It wouldn't be fair to put the name GNU on every individual program
+that is released under the GPL. If you write a program and release it
+under the GPL, that doesn't mean the GNU Project wrote it or that you
+wrote it for us. For instance, the kernel, Linux, is released under
+the GNU GPL, but Linus did not write it as part of the GNU Project—he
+did the work independently. If something is not a GNU package, the
+GNU Project can't take credit for it, and putting “GNU” in its name
+would be improper.</p>
+<p>
+In contrast, we do deserve the overall credit for the GNU operating
+system as a whole, even though not for each and every program in it.
+The system exists as a system because of our determination and
+persistence, starting in 1984, many years before Linux was begun.</p>
+<p>
+The operating system in which Linux became popular was basically the
+same as the GNU operating system. It was not entirely the same,
+because it had a different kernel, but it was mostly the same system.
+It was a variant of GNU. It was the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+<p>
+Linux continues to be used primarily in derivatives of that system—in
+today's versions of the GNU/Linux system. What gives these systems
+their identity is GNU and Linux at the center of them, not particularly
+Linux alone.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="unix">Since much of GNU comes
+from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit
+to Unix by using “Unix” in its name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#unix">#unix</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Actually, none of GNU comes from Unix. Unix was proprietary software
+(and still is), so using any of its code in GNU would have been
+illegal. This is not a coincidence; this is why we developed GNU:
+since you could not have freedom in using Unix, or any of the other
+operating systems of the day, we needed a free system to replace it.
+We could not copy programs, or even parts of them, from Unix;
+everything had to be written afresh.
+<p>
+No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
+therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
+Unix. The name “GNU”, which stands for “GNU's Not
+Unix”, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
+70s.</p>
+<p>
+The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not
+TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
+calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
+thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
+means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html">playful
+cleverness</a>.)</p>
+<p>
+Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
+It became a tradition that, when you were writing from scratch a
+program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
+name was “Klever”), you could give it a recursive acronym name,
such
+as “MINK” for “MINK Is Not Klever.” In this same
spirit we called our
+replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix”.</p>
+<p>
+Historically, AT&T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
+give it credit by using “Unix” in the name of a similar
+system, not even in a system 99% copied from Unix. AT&T actually
+threatened to sue anyone giving AT&T credit in that way. This is
+why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
+like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
+“Unix”.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
+too? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#bsd">#bsd</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems,
+because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
+<p>
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system
+that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
+system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
+<p>
+People sometimes ask whether BSD too is a variant of GNU, as GNU/Linux
+is. It is not. The BSD developers were inspired to make their code
+free software by the example of the GNU Project, and explicit appeals
+from GNU activists helped convince them to start, but the code had
+little overlap with GNU.</p>
+<p>
+BSD systems today use some GNU packages, just as the GNU system and
+its variants use some BSD programs; however, taken as wholes, they are
+two different systems that evolved separately. The BSD developers did
+not write a kernel and add it to the GNU system, so a name like
+GNU/BSD would not fit the situation.</p>
+<p>
+The connection between GNU/Linux and GNU is much closer, and that's
+why the name “GNU/Linux” is appropriate for it.</p>
+<p>
+There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD. Its
+developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD”, but
“GNU/kernelofNetBSD”
+would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
+the kernel. This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
+is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="othersys">If I install the GNU tools
+on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
+are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
+system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
+operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
+appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the
+GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
+would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these
+appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
+are from GNU/Linux.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="linuxsyswithoutgnu">Are there complete Linux systems [sic] without
GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linuxsyswithoutgnu">#linuxsyswithoutgnu</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are complete systems that contain Linux and not GNU; Android is
+an example. But it is a mistake to call them “Linux”
+systems, just as it is a mistake to call GNU a “Linux” system.
+<p>
+Android is very different from the GNU/Linux system—because
+the two have very little code in common. In fact, the only thing they
+have in common is Linux.</p>
+<p>
+If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux”,
+you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains
+Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
+[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].”</p>
+<p>
+Android contains just as much of Linux as GNU/Linux does. What it
+doesn't have is the GNU system. Android replaces that with Google
+software that works quite differently. What makes Android different
+from GNU/Linux is the absence of GNU.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="helplinus">Why not call the system
+ “Linux” anyway, and strengthen Linus Torvalds' role as
posterboy for our
+ community? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#helplinus">#helplinus</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Linus Torvalds is the “posterboy” (other people's choice of word,
not
+ours) for his goals, not ours. His goal is to make the system more
+popular, and he believes its value to society lies merely in the
+practical advantages it offers: its power, reliability and easy
+availability. He has never advocated
+<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">freedom to cooperate</a> as an
+ethical principle, which is why the public does not connect the name
+“Linux” with that principle.
+<p>
+Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
+movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many
+years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
+publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
+non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
+rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
+consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
+lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
+<p>
+There is nothing wrong with writing a free program for the motivations
+of learning and having fun; the kernel Linus wrote for those reasons
+was an important contribution to our community. But those motivations
+are not the reason why the complete free system, GNU/Linux, exists,
+and they won't secure our freedom in the future. The public needs to
+know this. Linus has the right to promote his views; however, people
+should be aware that the operating system in question
+stems from ideals of freedom, not from his views.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="claimlinux">Isn't it wrong for us to label Linus Torvalds'
+ work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
+kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
+or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
+system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
+credit.
+</dd>
+
+
+<dt id="linusagreed">Does Linus Torvalds
+ agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
+said, <a
+href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01">
+“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
+for more info”</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system
+ as a whole, and forget the question of what to call GNU/Linux?
+ <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#finishhurd">#finishhurd</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We would like credit for the GNU operating system no matter which
+kernel is used with it.
+
+<p>Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be
+a big job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically
+wrong with Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware
+“blobs”; the best fix for that problem
+is <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects"> developing
+free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="lost">The battle is already lost—society
+ has made its decision and we can't change it, so why even think about
+ it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
+system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
+“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
+name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
+you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
+yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
+ decision and we can't change it, so what good does it do if I say
+ “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
+pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
+the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
+history, origin, and reason for being. You can't correct the misnomer
+everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
+only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
+have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
+ the system “Linux” and teach people its real origin with a
ten-minute
+ explanation? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#explain">#explain</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
+effort, but that is not the best method. It is not as effective as
+calling the system “GNU/Linux”, and uses your time inefficiently.
+<p>
+It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
+propagate. Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
+attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
+origin. But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
+whenever they talk about the system. They will probably just call it
+“Linux”. Without particularly intending to, they will help spread
the
+incorrect picture.</p>
+<p>
+It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time. Saying and
+writing “GNU/Linux” will take you only a few seconds a day, not
+minutes, so you can afford to reach far more people that way.
+Distinguishing between Linux and GNU/Linux when you write and speak is
+by far the easiest way to help the GNU Project effectively.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="treatment">Some people laugh at you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Why do you subject
+ yourself to this treatment? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#treatment">#treatment</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Calling the system “Linux” tends to give people a mistaken picture
of
+the system's history and reason for existence. People who laugh at
+our request probably have picked up that mistaken picture—they think
+our work was done by Linus, so they laugh when we ask for credit for
+it. If they knew the truth, they probably wouldn't laugh.
+<p>
+Why do we take the risk of making a request that sometimes leads
+people to ridicule us? Because often it has useful results that help
+the GNU Project. We will run the risk of undeserved abuse to achieve
+our goals.</p>
+<p>
+If you see such an ironically unfair situation occurring, please don't
+sit idly by. Please teach the laughing people the real history. When
+they see why the request is justified, those who have any sense will
+stop laughing.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="alienate">Some people condemn you
+ when you ask them to call the system GNU/Linux. Don't you lose by
+ alienating them? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#alienate">#alienate</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Not much. People who don't appreciate our role in developing the
+system are unlikely to make substantial efforts to help us. If they
+do work that advances our goals, such as releasing free software, it
+is probably for other unrelated reasons, not because we asked them.
+Meanwhile, by teaching others to attribute our work to someone else,
+they are undermining our ability to recruit the help of others.
+<p>
+It makes no sense to worry about alienating people who are already
+mostly uncooperative, and it is self-defeating to be deterred from
+correcting a major problem lest we anger the people who perpetuate it.
+Therefore, we will continue trying to correct the misnomer.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="rename">Whatever you contributed,
+ is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system
“GNU”
+ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename
+it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd>
+
+<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
+the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
+“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
+the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
+freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people
+to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
+ the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
+who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is
+true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that
limit
+the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself,
deny
+users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
+name people can use for the system.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
+advertising requirement to give credit to the University of California,
+isn't it hypocritical to demand credit for the GNU project? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#BSDlicense">#BSDlicense</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+It would be hypocritical to make the name GNU/Linux a license
+requirement, and we don't. We only <em>ask</em> you to give us the
+credit we deserve.
+
+<p>
+Please note that there are at least <a href="/philosophy/bsd.html">
+two different BSD licenses</a>. For clarity's sake, please don't use
+the term “BSD license” without specifying which one.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”,
+ you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+The question presupposes a rather controversial general ethical
+premise: that if people do not force you to treat them fairly, you are
+entitled to take advantage of them as much as you like. In other
+words, it assumes that might makes right.
+<p>
+We hope you disagree with that premise just as we do.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="contradict">Wouldn't you be better
+ off not contradicting what so many people believe? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#contradict">#contradict</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think we should go along with large numbers of people because
+they have been misled. We hope you too will decide that truth is
+important.
+<p>
+We could never have developed a free operating system without first
+denying the belief, held by most people, that proprietary software
+was legitimate and acceptable.</p>
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
+it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the
+ system by the name most users already know? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux”
+includes “Linux”, they will recognize what you're talking
+about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as
+‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.
+</dd>
+
+<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
+ convenient or who's winning, not about arguments of right or wrong.
+ Couldn't you get more of their support by a different
+ road? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#winning">#winning</a>)</span></dt>
+
+<dd>
+To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
+approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be
+self-defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue
+talking in terms of right and wrong.
+<p>
+We hope that you are one of those for whom right and wrong do matter.</p>
+</dd>
+
+</dl>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+<div class="unprintable">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden">
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015
+Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p class="unprintable">Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2015/05/05 11:30:40 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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