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www distros/po/free-system-distribution-guideli...
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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www distros/po/free-system-distribution-guideli... |
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Date: |
Sat, 09 Nov 2013 20:28:45 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 13/11/09 20:28:45
Modified files:
distros/po : free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist
free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po
gnu : gnu.it.html
gnu/po : gnu.it-en.html gnu.it.po
philosophy/po : fs-translations.ca-diff.html
fs-translations.cs-diff.html
fs-translations.ko-diff.html not-ipr.translist
not-ipr.uk.po
open-source-misses-the-point.translist
open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po
Added files:
distros : free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.html
distros/po : free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html
philosophy : not-ipr.uk.html
open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html
philosophy/po : not-ipr.uk-en.html
open-source-misses-the-point.uk-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.11&r2=1.12
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu.it.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu.it-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu.it.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.32&r2=1.33
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.ca-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.cs-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.ko-diff.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.11
retrieving revision 1.12
diff -u -b -r1.11 -r1.12
--- distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist 30 Apr 2013
15:02:59 -0000 1.11
+++ distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist 9 Nov 2013
20:28:43 -0000 1.12
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pl" hreflang="pl"
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="pt-br" hreflang="pt-br"
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.pt-br.html">português do Brasil</a> [pt-br]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
<!--#if expr="$HTML_BODY = yes" -->
Index: distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po 9 Nov 2013
20:07:56 -0000 1.4
+++ distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.po 9 Nov 2013
20:28:43 -0000 1.5
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Language: uk\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
@@ -253,10 +252,10 @@
"the <a class=\"reference\" href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux/";
"\">Free Software Directory</a>."
msgstr ""
-"ÐÑаÑн ÐÑейзÑл, ÐÐ¶ÐµÑ ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñа ÐлекÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ ÐлÑва
ÑозÑобили ÑÑд <a class="
-"\"reference\" href=\"http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/";
-"scripts/\">пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñпок</a> Ñз
звиÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑдÑа Linux. "
-"Ðони можÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи вам коÑиÑнÑ, ÑкÑо ви заÑ
оÑеÑе ÑозÑоблÑÑи влаÑний вÑлÑний "
+"ÐÑаÑн ÐÑейзÑл, ÐÐ¶ÐµÑ ÐÐ¾Ñ Ñа ÐлекÑÐ°Ð½Ð´Ñ ÐлÑва
ÑозÑобили ÑÑд <a class=\"reference"
+"\" href=\"http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/";
+"\">пÑогÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð»Ñпок</a> Ñз
звиÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑдÑа Linux. Ðони "
+"можÑÑÑ Ð±ÑÑи вам коÑиÑнÑ, ÑкÑо ви заÑ
оÑеÑе
ÑозÑоблÑÑи влаÑний вÑлÑний "
"диÑÑÑибÑÑив GNU/Linux Ñ
оÑа ми
ÑекомендÑÑмо пÑиÑднаÑиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ "
"ÑозÑобÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñвного вÑлÑного диÑÑÑибÑÑива,
а не дÑобиÑи зÑÑиллÑ, ÑÑвоÑÑÑÑи "
"новий. Ðовний виÑ
Ñдний код вÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñд
лÑпок веÑÑÑÑ Linux Ñакож доÑÑÑпний; "
Index: gnu/gnu.it.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu.it.html,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- gnu/gnu.it.html 31 Aug 2013 20:10:09 -0000 1.32
+++ gnu/gnu.it.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:43 -0000 1.33
@@ -43,7 +43,8 @@
<h3><a name="gnulinux"></a>GNU e Linux</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.it.html">La relazione tra GNU e
Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux e il Sistema GNU</a><br />
+ La relazione tra GNU e Linux</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.it.html">Perché il ‘sistema operativo
Linux’ dovrebbe essere chiamato GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">Utenti GNU che non hanno
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Ultimo aggiornamento:
-$Date: 2013/08/31 20:10:09 $
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:43 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/gnu.it-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu.it-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- gnu/po/gnu.it-en.html 10 Mar 2013 07:17:06 -0000 1.15
+++ gnu/po/gnu.it-en.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000 1.16
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@
<h3><a id="gnulinux"></a>GNU and Linux</h3>
<ul>
- <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">The relationship between GNU and
- Linux</a></li>
+ <li><a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a><br />
+ The relationship between GNU and Linux</li>
<li><a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why the ‘Linux
system’ should be called GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/03/10 07:17:06 $
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu.it.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu.it.po,v
retrieving revision 1.32
retrieving revision 1.33
diff -u -b -r1.32 -r1.33
--- gnu/po/gnu.it.po 9 Nov 2013 14:15:04 -0000 1.32
+++ gnu/po/gnu.it.po 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000 1.33
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"Outdated-Since: 2013-11-06 20:55+0000\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -115,21 +114,12 @@
msgstr "<a name=\"gnulinux\"></a>GNU e Linux"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | <a [-href=\"/gnu/about-gnu.html\">About-]
-# | {+href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and+} the GNU [-Operating-]
-# | System</a>
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid "<a href=\"/gnu/about-gnu.html\">About the GNU Operating System</a>"
msgid "<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU System</a>"
msgstr "<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux e il Sistema GNU</a>"
# type: Content of: <ul><li>
-# | [-<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">The-]{+The+} relationship between
-# | GNU and [-Linux</a>-] {+Linux+}
#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">The relationship between GNU and "
-#| "Linux</a>"
msgid "The relationship between GNU and Linux"
msgstr "La relazione tra GNU e Linux"
Index: philosophy/po/fs-translations.ca-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.ca-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- philosophy/po/fs-translations.ca-diff.html 8 Nov 2013 16:03:11 -0000
1.8
+++ philosophy/po/fs-translations.ca-diff.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000
1.9
@@ -487,7 +487,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/11/08 16:03:11 $
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/fs-translations.cs-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.cs-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/po/fs-translations.cs-diff.html 8 Nov 2013 13:06:42 -0000
1.14
+++ philosophy/po/fs-translations.cs-diff.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000
1.15
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/11/08 13:06:42 $
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/fs-translations.ko-diff.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/fs-translations.ko-diff.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- philosophy/po/fs-translations.ko-diff.html 8 Nov 2013 13:06:42 -0000
1.33
+++ philosophy/po/fs-translations.ko-diff.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000
1.34
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2013/11/08 13:06:42 $
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist 26 Apr 2013 11:01:14 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000 1.10
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ru" hreflang="ru"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sr" hreflang="sr"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.sr.html">ÑÑпÑки</a> [sr]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.ta.html">தமிழà¯</a> [ta]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/not-ipr.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
Index: philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po 9 Nov 2013 07:01:12 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/not-ipr.uk.po 9 Nov 2013 20:28:45 -0000 1.2
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2013-11-09 08:47+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Andriy Bandura <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: Ukrainian <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language: uk\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
-"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODING"
-"Language: uk\n"
-"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n%10<"
-"=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: ENCODINGLanguage: uk\n"
+"Plural-Forms: nplurals=3; plural=(n%10==1 && n%100!=11 ? 0 : n%10>=2 && n"
+"%10<=4 && (n%100<10 || n%100>=20) ? 1 : 2);\n"
"X-Generator: Lokalize 1.5\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@
"Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive Mirage - "
"GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
msgstr ""
-"Ðи Ñказав “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж! -"
-"ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ"
+"Ðи Ñказав “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж! -ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ "
+"GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid ""
@@ -37,22 +37,20 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and "
-"trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three "
-"separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into one "
-"pot and call it “intellectual property”. The distorting and "
-"confusing term did not become common by accident. Companies that gain from "
-"the confusion promoted it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to "
-"reject the term entirely."
-msgstr ""
-"СÑало модним звалÑваÑи авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава, "
-"паÑенÑи Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñки "
-"ÑÑи окÑемиÑ
Ñ ÑÑзниÑ
понÑÑÑÑ, вÑдповÑднÑ
ÑÑÑом окÑемим "
-"ÑÑзним ÑиÑÑемам пÑава,— Ñ Ñе деÑÑÑок
ÑнÑиÑ
законÑв в один казанок "
-"Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи Ñе “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑноÑ
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”. "
-"Цей ÑпоÑвоÑений Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»ÑÑаний ÑеÑмÑн набÑв
поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ випадково."
-"Ðого пÑдÑÑимÑвали компанÑÑ, Ñким вигÑдна
ÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑанина. ÐайпÑоÑÑÑÑий ÑлÑÑ
"
-"з ÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑовини вÑдмовиÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд
ÑÑого ÑеÑмÑна повнÑÑÑÑ."
+"It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and trademarks—"
+"three separate and different entities involving three separate and different "
+"sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into one pot and call it “"
+"intellectual property”. The distorting and confusing term did not "
+"become common by accident. Companies that gain from the confusion promoted "
+"it. The clearest way out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely."
+msgstr ""
+"СÑало модним звалÑваÑи авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава,
паÑенÑи Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñки "
+"ÑÑи окÑемиÑ
Ñ ÑÑзниÑ
понÑÑÑÑ, вÑдповÑднÑ
ÑÑÑом окÑемим ÑÑзним ÑиÑÑемам пÑава,"
+"— Ñ Ñе деÑÑÑок ÑнÑиÑ
законÑв в один
казанок Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи Ñе “"
+"ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑнÑÑÑÑ”. Цей
ÑпоÑвоÑений Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»ÑÑаний ÑеÑмÑн набÑв "
+"поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ випадково.Ðого пÑдÑÑимÑвали
компанÑÑ, Ñким вигÑдна ÑÑ "
+"плÑÑанина. ÐайпÑоÑÑÑÑий ÑлÑÑ
з ÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑовини вÑдмовиÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд "
+"ÑÑого ÑеÑмÑна повнÑÑÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -62,24 +60,22 @@
"Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent "
"years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the "
"interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use "
-"dates from <a "
-"href=\"http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&ye";
-"ar_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1\">around "
-"1990</a>. (<a href=\"/graphics/seductivemirage.png\">Local image copy</a>)"
-msgstr ""
-"ÐгÑдно ÐаÑÐºÑ Ðемлs, Ñкий заÑаз "
-"пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡ÑенÑоÑдÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑидиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ñколи, "
-"ÑиÑоке Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑмÑна
“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна "
-"влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”— Ñе мода, "
-"Ñка поÑлÑдÑвала пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑнÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ
1967 ÑоÑÑ ÐÑеÑвÑÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑганÑзаÑÑÑ "
-"“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ” (ÐÐÐÐ), "
-"Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑали викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи
по-ÑпÑавжнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑоко ÑÑлÑки "
-"Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ñ Ñоки. (ФоÑмалÑно ÐÐÐÐ
оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÐÐ, але ÑакÑиÑно"
-"вона пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ ÑнÑеÑеÑи влаÑникÑв
авÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
пÑав, паÑенÑÑв Ñ ÑоÑговиÑ
"
-"маÑок. ШиÑоке Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑинаÑÑÑÑÑ <a "
-"href=\"http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&ye";
-"ar_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1\">пÑиблизно
з "
-"1990</a>. (<a href=\"/graphics/seductivemirage.png\">ÐаÑа копÑÑ
гÑаÑÑкÑ</a>)"
+"dates from <a href=\"http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual";
+"+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&"
+"smoothing=1\">around 1990</a>. (<a href=\"/graphics/seductivemirage.png"
+"\">Local image copy</a>)"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐгÑдно ÐаÑÐºÑ Ðемлs, Ñкий заÑаз
пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡ÑенÑоÑдÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑидиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ "
+"Ñколи, ÑиÑоке Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑмÑна
“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”— "
+"Ñе мода, Ñка поÑлÑдÑвала пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑнÑваннÑ
Ñ 1967 ÑоÑÑ ÐÑеÑвÑÑнÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑноÑ
влаÑноÑÑÑ” (ÐÐÐÐ), Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑали "
+"викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи по-ÑпÑавжнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑоко
ÑÑлÑки Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ñ Ñоки. (ФоÑмалÑно "
+"ÐÐÐРоÑганÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÐÐ, але
ÑакÑиÑновона пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ ÑнÑеÑеÑи "
+"влаÑникÑв авÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
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#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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+#
+#
+#
#. TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
#. replace it with the translation of these two:
-#
#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
#. translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
#. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
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-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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-
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist 30 Apr 2013
20:28:16 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist 9 Nov 2013
20:28:45 -0000 1.15
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="sq" hreflang="sq"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.sq.html">Shqip</a> [sq]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="ta" hreflang="ta"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ta.html">தமிழà¯</a> [ta]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="tr" hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</span>
+<span dir="ltr"><a lang="uk" hreflang="uk"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html">ÑкÑаÑнÑÑка</a> [uk]</span>
<span dir="ltr"><a lang="zh-cn" hreflang="zh-cn"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.zh-cn.html">ç®ä½ä¸æ</a> [zh-cn]</span>
</p>
</div>' -->
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po 9 Nov 2013 07:01:11
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.po 9 Nov 2013 20:28:45
-0000 1.2
@@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
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#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid "by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong>"
@@ -42,14 +39,13 @@
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
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"licenses."
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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"Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and “Open "
"Source”"
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <h3>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. type: Content of: <p>
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#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
#. type: Content of: <div>
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#. type: Content of: <div><p>
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+#
+#
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#. We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
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-#
#. <address@hidden></a>.</p>
-#
#. <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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Index: distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: distros/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk.html
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--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
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+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
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+
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+
+<p>ÐÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÑнкÑÑоналÑного пÑизнаÑеннÑ, ÑкÑ
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лÑÑензÑÑ
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в
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неÑÑнкÑÑоналÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ. </p>
+
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+
+<p>РдеÑкими пÑогÑамами аÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
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+
+<p>У гÑаниÑниÑ
випадкаÑ
ÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÑÑÑ
по ÑÑÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи пÑогÑамÑ
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маÑками, Ñак Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ· ниÑ
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+
+<p>ÐодÑбним Ñином Ñ Ñам диÑÑÑибÑÑив може
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пÑи модиÑÑкаÑÑÑ, до ÑиÑ
пÑÑ, поки ÑÑ
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ÑÑнкÑÑоналÑноÑÑÑ. </p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑе непÑипÑÑÑимо заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи
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диÑÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑаÑÑини. </p>
+
+<h3 id="documentation">ÐокÑменÑаÑÑÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑлÑномÑ
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пÑд
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пÑогÑами. </p>
+
+<p>У загалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿ÑÑÑимо Ñе, Ñо
Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¶Ðµ заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑ
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пÑогÑам вÑÑановлÑваÑи невÑлÑнÑ
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+
+<p>ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ
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ÑиÑÑем невÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
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Ñак далÑ. Це допомогло б лÑдÑм
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+невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, а Ñе добÑе.</p>
+
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лÑдÑм ÑнÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ, Ñк вÑÑановиÑи
+невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑемÑ, або згадÑваÑи
зÑÑÑноÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ñм Ñе могло б
+даÑи.</p>
+
+<p>РгÑаниÑно допÑÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑÑний Ñ
ÑеÑйозний заклик не заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи
+невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑемÑÑÑÑ Ñе Ñ Ð±Ñк
допÑÑÑимого. </p>
+
+<h3 id="patents">ÐаÑенÑи</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑаÑалÑникÑв вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам ÑакÑиÑно неможливо
+дÑзнаÑиÑÑ, Ñи не поÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑама ÑкÑÑÑ
паÑенÑи: ÑÑ
занадÑо багаÑо, вони
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ÑаÑÑо навмиÑно ÑÑоÑмÑлÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñак, Ñо
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а до Ñого - нÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶ÐºÐ¾ ÑказаÑи,
+ÑÐºÑ Ð· ниÑ
дÑйÑнÑ. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ в загалÑномÑ
Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑоÑимо, Ñоб вÑлÑнÑ
+диÑÑÑибÑÑиви ÑиÑÑем виклÑÑали пÑогÑами Ñ
зв'ÑÐ·ÐºÑ Ð· Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð¾Ñ Ð· бокÑ
+паÑенÑÑв. Ð ÑнÑого бокÑ, ми Ñакож не
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+поÑÑаÑалÑник виклÑÑав деÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами, Ñоб
ÑникнÑÑи паÑенÑного ÑизикÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="mistakes">ÐамÑÑ ÑÑÑваÑи помилки</h3>
+
+<p>У бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð»ÐµÐºÑивÑв ÑозÑобникÑв
диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑеÑÑÑÑÑв, Ñоб ÑÑлком
+Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевÑÑиÑи ÑвÑй диÑÑÑибÑÑив на
вÑдповÑднÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑм Ñим
+кÑиÑеÑÑÑми. Ð Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñакож. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸
допÑÑкаÑмо, Ñо ÑозÑобники
+бÑдÑÑÑ ÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑаÑÑ ÑобиÑи помилки, ÑкÑ
дозволÑÑÑ Ñким-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑним
+пÑогÑамами пÑоÑлизнÑÑи, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не вÑдкинемо
диÑÑÑибÑÑив лиÑе ÑеÑез Ñе. ÐаÑа
+вимога Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ
Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÑи ÑвеÑдий намÑÑ
+негайно випÑавлÑÑи бÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸, пÑо
ÑÐºÑ Ñм повÑдомлÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="maintenance">ÐÑдÑÑимка</h3>
+
+<p>Щоб поÑÑапиÑи в ÑпиÑок, диÑÑÑибÑÑив
повинен акÑивно пÑдÑÑимÑваÑиÑÑ; вÑн
+повинен надаÑи пÑоекÑÑ GNU ÑвÑй влаÑний
конкÑеÑний канал Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑдомленнÑ
+пÑо пÑоблеми з невÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, пÑо
ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸ дÑзнаÑмоÑÑ. ÐÑн Ñакож
+повинен ÑнÑоÑмÑваÑи наÑ, коли бÑдÑÑÑ
виÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ñоблеми, пÑо ÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¸
+повÑдомили. </p>
+
+<h3 id="name-confusion">ÐлÑÑанина назв</h3>
+
+<p>Ðи не заноÑимо в ÑпиÑок диÑÑÑибÑÑиви,
Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ ÑкиÑ
легко ÑплÑÑаÑи з назвоÑ
+невÑлÑного диÑÑÑибÑÑива. ÐапÑиклад, ÑкÑо
“ТÑам-ÑаÑаÑам длÑ
+лÑбиÑелÑв” вÑлÑний диÑÑÑибÑÑив,
а “ТÑам-
+ÑаÑаÑам” невÑлÑний диÑÑÑибÑÑив,
ми не внеÑемо в ÑпиÑок
+“ТÑам-ÑаÑаÑам Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð»ÑбиÑелÑв”, бо ми
пÑипÑÑкаÑмо, Ñо вÑдмÑннÑÑÑÑ
+мÑж Ñими двома збÑÑками бÑде вÑÑаÑена в
пÑоÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑдомленнÑ. </p>
+
+<h3 id="upstream">Ðв'Ñзок ÑозповÑÑджÑваÑÑв з
ÑозÑобниками</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÐ»Ñ ÑозÑобникÑв диÑÑÑибÑÑива або когоÑÑ
ÑнÑого, Ñ
Ñо надÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¸Ð¹ звÑÑ
+пÑо Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÑ Ð² Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð· пакеÑÑв GNU: ÑкÑо
оÑоба, вÑдповÑдалÑна за пÑдÑÑимкÑ,
+залиÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· Ñваги пÑоÑÑгом доÑиÑÑ
ÑÑивалого ÑаÑÑ (бÑдÑ-лаÑка, заÑекайÑе
+Ñ
оÑа б два ÑижнÑ), ви можеÑе пÑднÑÑи
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° виÑий ÑÑвенÑ, напиÑавÑи за
+адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <address@hidden>. ÐÑобливо Ñе Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑенÑ,
ÑкÑо акÑивноÑÑÑ
+оÑоби вÑдповÑдалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÑнкÑ
давно не ÑпоÑÑеÑÑгалоÑÑ. </p>
+
+<h3 id="teaching">ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑозповÑдайÑе пÑо
вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами коÑиÑÑÑваÑам</h3>
+
+<p>Щоб вÑÑановиÑи ÑÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ð»Ñ ÑвободÑ,
недоÑÑаÑнÑо пÑоÑÑо даваÑи ÑвободÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑам. ÐеобÑ
Ñдно Ñакож пÑивÑаÑи ÑÑ
до ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñого, Ñо ознаÑаÑ
+Ñвобода, Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑеба в нÑй. ÐÑже, ми
наполегливо ÑекомендÑÑмо, Ñоб вÑлÑнÑ
+диÑÑÑибÑÑиви оголоÑÑвали помÑÑним Ñином
на екÑанÑ, пеÑед вÑ
одом в ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
+пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð²Ñ
одÑ, помÑÑне Ñипове повÑдомленнÑ
пÑо ÑвободÑ, Ñаке, Ñк “ЦÑ
+ÑиÑÑема ÑкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, ÑкÑ
поважаÑÑÑ Ñвободє,або
+Ñке-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑвнÑнне з ним, Ñ
демонÑÑÑÑвали поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ пÑкÑогÑамÑ, Ñо
+вказÑÑ Ð½Ð° gnu.org або gnu.org/philosophy длÑ
докладнÑÑиÑ
вÑдомоÑÑей пÑо Ñе
+пиÑаннÑ.</p>
+
+<h3 id="final-notes">ÐÑикÑнÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑваженнÑ</h3>
+
+<p>Ðи пÑдÑÑимÑÑмо пеÑелÑк <a
href="/distros/free-distros.html">вÑлÑниÑ
+диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв ÑиÑÑем</a>, пÑо ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼
вÑдомо. ЯкÑо ви знаÑÑе пÑо вÑлÑний
+диÑÑÑибÑÑивÑ, Ñкого Ñам немаÑ, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка,
попÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑÑлаÑи ÑозÑобникÑв
+нам за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <<a class="reference"
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>> повÑдомленнÑ
з
+опиÑом ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑеми Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиланнÑм на ÑÑ
ÑайÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ°Ñ ÑпиÑок ÑкладаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· ÑиÑÑем,
заÑнованиÑ
на GNU, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑ, Ñо вони
+заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° GNU. Рданий ÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ не вÑдомÑ
Ð¶Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑнÑÑ ÑиÑÑеми, ÑкÑ
+задоволÑнÑли б Ñим ÑекомендаÑÑÑм. ЯкÑо
коли-небÑÐ´Ñ Ñака ÑиÑÑема бÑде, ми
+внеÑемо ÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑпиÑкÑ, Ñ
оÑа, може бÑÑи,
оÑобливим Ñином. </p>
+
+<p>ЯкÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ заÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñз ÑиÑ
ÑекомендаÑÑй, надÑилайÑе ÑÑ
за
+адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <<a class="reference"
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>. Ðи
ÑподÑваÑмоÑÑ,
+Ñо вони допоможÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑм кÑаÑе зÑозÑмÑÑи
пиÑаннÑ, Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑивÑв
+вÑлÑниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ з неÑеÑпÑннÑм ÑекаÑмо
ÑпÑиÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð· ниÑ
Ñ
+майбÑÑнÑомÑ. </p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÑÑ —
Ðез
+поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:43 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html
diff -N distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.uk-en.html 9 Nov 2013
20:28:43 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>Guidelines for Free System Distributions - GNU Project - Free Software
Foundation</title>
+<link rel="alternate" title="Free GNU/Linux distributions"
+ href="http://www.gnu.org/distros/distros.rss";
+ type="application/rss+xml" />
+<!--#include
virtual="/distros/po/free-system-distribution-guidelines.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Guidelines for Free System Distributions</h2>
+
+<h3 id="introduction">Introduction</h3>
+
+<p>The purpose of these guidelines is to explain what it means for an
+installable system distribution (such as a GNU/Linux distribution) to
+qualify as free, and help distribution developers make their
+distributions qualify.</p>
+
+<p>These guidelines are not complete. We have mentioned the issues we
+are aware of now, but we're sure there are more. We will add them
+when we come across them.</p>
+
+<p>We would like to thank the Fedora Project for their help in focusing
+these policies, and allowing us to use their own distribution license
+guidelines as a basis for this document.</p>
+
+<h3 id="complete-distros">Complete Distros</h3>
+
+<p>Our list of distributions is a guide for what to install in a
+computer. Therefore, it only includes distributions that are complete
+in themselves and ready to use. If a distribution is incomplete
+— if using it requires further work or presupposes installing
+other software as well — then it doesn't belong in this list,
+even if it is free software.</p>
+
+<h3 id="license-rules">License Rules</h3>
+
+<p>“Information for practical use”
+includes software, documentation, fonts, and other data that has
+direct functional applications. It does not include artistic works
+that have an aesthetic (rather than functional) purpose, or statements
+of opinion or judgment.</p>
+
+<p>All information for practical use in a free distribution must be
+available in source form. (“Source” means the form of the
+information that is preferred for making changes to it.)</p>
+
+<p>The information, and the source, must be provided under an
+appropriate free license. We list the ones we have evaluated
+on <a class="reference" href="/licenses/license-list.html">our license
+list</a>, with separate sections for licenses that are suitable for
+software, documentation, fonts, and other useful works. If such a
+work is released under multiple licenses, at least one of which is
+free, it can be included in the system; the system developers just
+need to follow the terms of the available free license(s) when they
+distribute and/or modify it.</p>
+
+<p>A free system distribution must not steer users towards obtaining
+any nonfree information for practical use, or encourage them to do so.
+The system should have no repositories for nonfree software and no
+specific recipes for installation of particular nonfree programs. Nor
+should the distribution refer to third-party repositories that are not
+committed to only including free software; even if they only have free
+software today, that may not be true tomorrow. Programs in the system
+should not suggest installing nonfree plugins, documentation, and so
+on.</p>
+
+<p>A free system distribution should be self-hosting. This means that
+you must be able to develop and build the system with tools that the
+system provides you. As a result, a free system distribution cannot
+include free software that can only be built by using nonfree
+software.</p>
+
+<p>There's a lot of code in most free system distributions today; the
+amount of effort it would take to audit it all directly is impractical
+for most teams. In the past, some nonfree code has accidentally been
+included in free system distributions. We don't de-list distributions
+because of this; instead, we only ask that a distribution put forth a
+good faith effort to avoid including nonfree software, and commit
+itself to removing such programs if they are discovered later.</p>
+
+<p>Certain kinds of license situations merit special attention for people
+creating or considering free software distributions; those are
+discussed in the sections below.</p>
+
+<h3 id="nonfree-firmware">Nonfree Firmware</h3>
+
+<p>Some applications and drivers require firmware to function, and
+sometimes that firmware is distributed only in object code form, under
+a nonfree license. We call these firmware programs
+“blobs.” On most GNU/Linux systems, you'll typically find
+these accompanying some drivers in the kernel Linux. Such firmware
+should be removed from a free system distribution.</p>
+
+<p>Blobs can take many forms. Sometimes, they will be provided in
+separate files. Other times, they may be incorporated into the source
+of the driver itself—for example, it could be encoded as a large
+array of numbers. But no matter how it's encoded, any nonfree
+firmware needs to be removed from a free system.</p>
+
+<p>(To be clear, not every array of numbers in a driver is firmware.
+It's important to understand the purpose of the data before deciding
+whether or not it's appropriate for a free system.)</p>
+
+<p>Brian Brazil, Jeff Moe, and Alexandre Oliva have developed a series
+of <a class="reference"
+href="http://www.fsfla.org/svn/fsfla/software/linux-libre/scripts/";>scripts
+to remove nonfree firmware</a> from a stock version of the Linux kernel.
+You may find them helpful if you would like to develop your own free
+GNU/Linux distribution—although we recommend joining development
+of an existing free distro rather than fragmenting effort by starting a
+new one. The complete source for a blob-free version of the Linux
+kernel is also available; you can learn more about this project from the
+<a class="reference" href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux/";>Free
+Software Directory</a>.</p>
+
+<h3 id="non-functional-data">Non-functional Data</h3>
+
+<p>Data that isn't functional, that doesn't do a practical job, is
+more of an adornment to the system's software than a part of it.
+Thus, we don't insist on the free license criteria for non-functional
+data. It can be included in a free system distribution as long as its
+license gives you permission to copy and redistribute, both for
+commercial and non-commercial purposes. For example, some game
+engines released under the GNU GPL have accompanying game
+information—a fictional world map, game graphics, and so
+on—released under such a verbatim-distribution license. This
+kind of data can be part of a free system distribution, even though
+its license does not qualify as free, because it is non-functional.</p>
+
+<h3 id="trademarks">Trademarks</h3>
+
+<p>Trademarks are associated with some software. For example, the
+name of a program may be trademarked, or its interface may display a
+trademarked logo. Often, the use of these marks will be controlled
+in some way; in particular, developers are commonly asked to remove
+references to the trademark from the software when they modify
+it.</p>
+
+<p>In extreme cases, these restrictions may effectively render the
+program nonfree. It is unfair for someone to ask you to remove a
+trademark from modified code if that trademark is scattered all
+throughout the original source. As long as the practical
+requirements are reasonable, however, free system distributions may
+include these programs, either with or without the trademarks.</p>
+
+<p>Similarly, the distribution itself may hold particular trademarks.
+It is not a problem if modification requires removal of these
+trademarks, as long as they can readily be removed without losing
+functionality.</p>
+
+<p>However, it is unacceptable to use trademarks to restrict verbatim
+copying and redistribution of the whole distribution, or any part.</p>
+
+<h3 id="documentation">Documentation</h3>
+
+<p>All the documentation in a free system distribution must be released
+under an appropriate free license. Additionally, it must take care
+not to recommend nonfree software.</p>
+
+<p>In general, something that helps people who already use nonfree
+software to use the free software better with it is acceptable, but
+something that encourages users of the free software to install
+nonfree software is not.</p>
+
+<p>For example, a free system distribution may have documentation for
+users setting up dual boot systems. It could explain how to access
+filesystems of the proprietary operating system, import settings
+from it, and so on. That would be helping people install a free
+system distribution on a machine which already has proprietary
+software, which is good.</p>
+
+<p>What would be unacceptable is for the documentation to give people
+instructions for installing a nonfree program on the system, or
+mention conveniences they might gain by doing so.</p>
+
+<p>For a borderline case, a clear and serious exhortation not to use the
+nonfree program would move it to the acceptable side of the line.</p>
+
+<h3 id="patents">Patents</h3>
+
+<p>It is effectively impossible for free software developers and
+distributors to know whether or not a given piece of software
+infringes any patents: there are too many of them, they vary from
+country to country, they're often worded so as to make it hard to tell
+what they do or don't cover, and it isn't easy to tell which ones are
+valid. Therefore, we don't generally ask free system distributions to
+exclude software because of possible threats from patents. On the
+other hand, we also don't object if a distributor chooses to omit some
+software in order to avoid patent risk.</p>
+
+<h3 id="mistakes">Commitment to Correct Mistakes</h3>
+
+<p>Most distribution development teams don't have the resources to
+exhaustively check that their distribution meet all these criteria.
+Neither do we. So we expect developers to occasionally make mistakes
+that let some nonfree software slip through, and we don't reject a
+distribution just for that. Our requirement is for the distribution
+developers to have a firm commitment to promptly correct any mistakes
+that are reported to them.</p>
+
+<h3 id="maintenance">Maintenance</h3>
+
+<p>To be listed, a distribution should be actively maintained,
+and should give the GNU Project a clear and specific way to report problems
+of nonfree software that we find out about. It should also
+inform us when the problems we have reported are fixed.</p>
+
+<h3 id="name-confusion">Name Confusion</h3>
+
+<p>We will not list a distribution whose name makes confusion with
+nonfree distributions likely. For example, if Foobar Light is a free
+distribution and Foobar is a nonfree distribution, we will not list
+Foobar Light. This is because we expect that the distinction between
+the two would be lost in the process of communicating the message.</p>
+
+<h3 id="upstream">Contacting Upstream If You're Downstream</h3>
+
+<p>For distro developers (or anyone else) who have sent an important bug
+report for a GNU package: if it has gone unheeded by the package
+maintainer after a reasonable time (please allow at least two weeks),
+you can escalate the bug by writing to <address@hidden>.
+This is especially warranted if you can't find evidence of recent
+activity by the package maintainer.</p>
+
+<h3 id="teaching">Please Teach Users about Free Software</h3>
+
+<p>To establish lasting freedom, just giving users freedom isn't
+sufficient. It is necessary also to teach them to understand what it
+means and to demand it. Thus, we suggest and urge that free distros
+announce prominently on the screen, before login and on the default
+desktop after login, a prominent statement about freedom, such as
+“This system is freedom-respecting free/libre software” or
+something comparable, and to present a link or icon pointing at
+gnu.org or gnu.org/philosophy for further information about the
+issue.</p>
+
+<h3 id="final-notes">Final Notes</h3>
+
+<p>We maintain a list of the <a href="/distros/free-distros.html">free
+system distributions</a> we know about. If you know about a free
+distribution that isn't listed there, please ask its developers write
+to <<a class="reference"
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>> with a description of
+their system and a link to their web page.</p>
+
+<p>Our list consists of systems based on GNU which acknowledge that
+they are based on GNU. At present, we know of no other systems
+that would qualify. If someday there is one, we will list it,
+but not necessarily in same way.</p>
+
+<p>If you have questions or comments about these guidelines
+themselves, feel free to send those to <<a class="reference"
+href="mailto:address@hidden";>address@hidden</a>>. We hope
+that they help everyone better understand the issues that are important
+for free system distributions, and we look forward to promoting more
+of them in the future.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:43 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html
diff -N philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/not-ipr.uk.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Ðи Ñказав “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж! -ÐÑоекÑ
+GNU - Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<h2>Ðи Ñказали “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”? СпокÑÑливий мÑÑаж!</h2>
+
+<p><a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</a></p>
+
+<p>
+СÑало модним звалÑваÑи авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава,
паÑенÑи Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñки
+ÑÑи окÑемиÑ
Ñ ÑÑзниÑ
понÑÑÑÑ, вÑдповÑднÑ
ÑÑÑом окÑемим ÑÑзним ÑиÑÑемам
+пÑава,— Ñ Ñе деÑÑÑок ÑнÑиÑ
законÑв в
один казанок Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñи Ñе
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑнÑÑÑÑ”. Цей
ÑпоÑвоÑений Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»ÑÑаний ÑеÑмÑн
+набÑв поÑиÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ випадково.Ðого
пÑдÑÑимÑвали компанÑÑ, Ñким вигÑдна ÑÑ
+плÑÑанина. ÐайпÑоÑÑÑÑий ÑлÑÑ
з ÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑовини вÑдмовиÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд
+ÑÑого ÑеÑмÑна повнÑÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐгÑдно ÐаÑÐºÑ Ðемлs, Ñкий заÑаз
пÑоÑеÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¡ÑенÑоÑдÑÑÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑÑидиÑноÑ
+Ñколи, ÑиÑоке Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑмÑна
“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”—
+Ñе мода, Ñка поÑлÑдÑвала пÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑнÑваннÑ
Ñ 1967 ÑоÑÑ ÐÑеÑвÑÑнÑоÑ
+оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑноÑ
влаÑноÑÑÑ” (ÐÐÐÐ), Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑÑали
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи по-ÑпÑавжнÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑоко
ÑÑлÑки Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð°Ð²Ð½Ñ Ñоки. (ФоÑмалÑно
+ÐÐÐРоÑганÑзаÑÑÑ ÐÐÐ, але
ÑакÑиÑновона пÑедÑÑавлÑÑ ÑнÑеÑеÑи
+влаÑникÑв авÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
пÑав, паÑенÑÑв Ñ
ÑоÑговиÑ
маÑок. ШиÑоке вживаннÑ
+поÑинаÑÑÑÑÑ <a
+href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>пÑиблизно
+з 1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">ÐаÑа копÑÑ
гÑаÑÑкÑ</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТеÑмÑн неÑе необ'ÑкÑивнÑÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐºÐ¾
помÑÑиÑи: вÑн пÑопонÑÑ Ð´ÑмаÑи пÑо
+авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава, паÑенÑи Ñ ÑоÑÐ³Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñки
по аналогÑÑ Ð· пÑавом влаÑноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÑзиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð±'ÑкÑи. (Ð¦Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¹Ð´Ðµ вÑозÑÑз з
оÑÑÑÑйними докÑÑинами авÑоÑÑÑкиÑ
+пÑав, паÑенÑного пÑава Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñв пÑо
ÑоваÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¸, але ÑÑлÑки ÑаÑ
ÑвÑÑ
+знаÑÑÑ Ñе.) Ðа дÑÐ»Ñ ÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸ не дÑже ÑÑ
ожÑ
з законами пÑо ÑÑзиÑнÑ
+влаÑнÑÑÑÑ, але Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑого ÑеÑмÑна
пÑдводиÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ð²ÑÑв до змÑн, ÑкÑ
+зÑоблÑÑÑ ÑÑ
бÑлÑÑ ÑÑ
ожими один з одним.
ÐÑкÑлÑки ÑÑ Ð·Ð¼Ñни Ð±Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
+компанÑй, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´ÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑÑкими
пÑавами, паÑенÑами Ñ ÑоÑговими маÑками,
+необ'ÑкÑивнÑÑÑÑ, внеÑена ÑеÑмÑном
”ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”,
+влаÑÑовÑÑ ÑÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðеоб'ÑкÑивнÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина,
Ñоб вÑдмовиÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑдÑеÑмÑнÑ, Ñ
+лÑди ÑаÑÑо пÑоÑили мене запÑопонÑваÑи
ÑнÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑÑ
+каÑегоÑÑÑ — або пÑопонÑвали влаÑнÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑиви (ÑаÑÑо
+жаÑÑÑвливÑ). ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо “Ñежим
виклÑÑниÑ
пÑав”, але
+називаÑи забоÑони “пÑавами” Ñеж
внÑÑÑÑÑнÑо ÑÑпеÑеÑливо.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð· ÑиÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑивниÑ
назв полÑпÑили
б ÑпÑава, але замÑнÑваÑи
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑнÑÑÑÑ” ÑнÑим
ÑеÑмÑном — Ñе
+помилка. ÐнÑа назва не виÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð±ÑоÑ
пÑоблеми ÑеÑмÑнÑ
+надмÑÑного ÑзагалÑненнÑ. ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑакоÑ
ÑÐ´Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑ, Ñк “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
+влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”,— Ñе мÑÑаж. Ðдина пÑиÑина,
по ÑкÑй лÑди дÑмаÑÑÑ, нÑби
+Ñе Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ñкзв'Ñзкова каÑегоÑÑÑ Ñе
Ñо ÑиÑоке Ð²Ð¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑого
+ÑеÑмÑна ввело ÑÑ
Ñ Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ñ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТеÑмÑн “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ” в
кÑаÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ —
+обеÑемок ÑÑзноÑÑдниÑ
законÑв. Ðоли
непÑавник ÑÑÑ, Ñк одним ÑеÑмÑном
+називаÑÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸, вÑн ÑÑ
илÑний
вважаÑи, Ñо вони заÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
+загалÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑÐ¸Ð¿Ñ Ñ Ð´ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñбно.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑого бÑлÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾. Ð¦Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸
виникли окÑемо, ÑозвивалиÑÑ
+по-ÑÑзномÑ, оÑ
оплÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸
дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ, по-ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ, заÑÑпаÑÑÑ
+ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑÑÑпÑлÑного ÑÑÑÑоÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðакони пÑо авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
заоÑ
оÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑеÑÑва Ñа
+авÑоÑÑÑва. Ðони оÑ
оплÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑалÑ
виÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
ÑдожнÑÐ¾Ñ ÑобоÑи. ÐаÑенÑне пÑаво
+пÑизнаÑалоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¾Ñ
оÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑблÑкаÑÑÑ
коÑиÑниÑ
Ñдей ÑÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑомÑ, Ñ
Ñо
+пÑблÑкÑÑ ÑдеÑ, ÑимÑаÑÐ¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑ Ð½Ð° неÑ
— ÑÑна, ÑкÑ, можливо,
+ваÑÑо заплаÑиÑи в одниÑ
галÑзÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ðµ ваÑÑо
— в ÑнÑиÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ðакон пÑо ÑоваÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¸, навпаки,
пÑизнаÑавÑÑ Ð½Ðµ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¾Ñ
оÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑкогоÑÑ ÑодÑ
+дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ, а пÑоÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб покÑпÑÑ
могли знаÑи, Ñо вони
+кÑпÑÑÑÑ. Ðднак законодавÑÑ Ð¿Ñд впливом
ÑеÑмÑна “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
+влаÑнÑÑÑÑ” звеÑнÑли Ñе в ÑÑ
емÑ, Ñка даÑ
ÑÑимÑл Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñеклами.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑкÑлÑки ÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑозвивалиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð½Ð¾,
вони ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð² кожнÑй деÑалÑ, Ñак Ñ
+в оÑновниÑ
пÑизнаÑеннÑÑ
Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑодаÑ
. ÐÑож,
ÑкÑо ви дÑзналиÑÑ Ñо-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ñо
+авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво, з ваÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑоÑони бÑло б
мÑдÑим вважаÑи, Ñо Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑномÑ
+пÑÐ°Ð²Ñ Ñе по-ÑнÑомÑ. Ðи ÑÑдко помилиÑеÑÑ!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑди ÑаÑÑо кажÑÑÑ “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”, коли наÑпÑавдÑ
+ÑозÑмÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑе або вÑжÑе понÑÑÑÑ.
ÐапÑиклад, багаÑÑ ÐºÑаÑни ÑаÑÑо
+накладаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑпÑÐ°Ð²ÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸ на бÑднÑ
кÑаÑни, Ñоб виÑавиÑи з ниÑ
+гÑоÑÑ. ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð· ÑиÑ
законÑв закони
“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑноÑ
+влаÑноÑÑÑ”, ÑнÑÑ Ð½Ñ; Ñим не менÑ
пÑоÑивники ÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑики
+ÑаÑÑо вÑÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑлик, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони звикли до
нÑого. ÐживаÑÑи його, вони
+невÑÑно виÑажаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑ. ÐÑло б
кÑаÑе вживаÑи ÑоÑний ÑеÑмÑн,
+Ñакий, Ñк “законодавÑа колонÑзаÑÑÑ”,
Ñкий ÑÑ
оплÑÑ ÑÑÑÑ ÑпÑави.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Цей ÑеÑмÑн заплÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑлÑки пÑоÑÑиÑ
лÑдей. ÐавÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑоÑÑв-ÑÑиÑÑÑв, ÑкÑ
+викладаÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð¸, заманÑÑ Ñ ÑпокÑÑаÑ
пÑивабливÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑмÑнÑ
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”, Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
кажÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð°Ð»ÑÐ½Ñ ÑвеÑдженнÑ,
+ÑÐºÑ ÑÑпеÑеÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñдомим Ñм ÑакÑам.
ÐапÑиклад, один пÑоÑеÑоÑ
+напиÑав 2006 ÑоÑÑ:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Ðа вÑдмÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑвоÑÑ
поÑлÑдовникÑв, Ñо
пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐÐÐÐ, Ñ ÑвоÑÑÑв
+конÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð±Ñло пÑинÑипове
анÑимонополÑне ÑÑавленнÑ
+до ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ. Ðони
знали, Ñо пÑава, можливо, необÑ
ÑднÑ,
+але… вони зв'Ñзали ÑÑки конгÑеÑÑ,
обмеживÑи його Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´Ñ ÑиÑленними
+заÑ
одами.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+Це ÑвеÑÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдноÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑаÑÑÑ 1,
ÑоздÑÐ»Ñ 8, паÑагÑаÑÑ 8
+ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¡Ð¨Ð, де говоÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
авÑоÑÑÑке пÑаво Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑне пÑаво. Цей
+паÑагÑаÑ, однак, не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкого вÑдноÑеннÑ
до законÑв пÑо ÑоваÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¸ або
+ÑнÑиÑ
законÑв. ТеÑмÑн “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ” пÑивÑв
+пÑоÑеÑоÑа до помилкового ÑзагалÑненнÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ТеÑмÑн “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”
веде Ñакож до ÑпÑоÑеного
+миÑленнÑ. ÐÑн змÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей зоÑеÑедиÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°
малопомÑÑнÑй ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑÑÑ,
+Ñка Ñ Ñ ÑиÑ
ÑÑзноÑÑдниÑ
законаÑ
(Ñо вони
ÑÑвоÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑивÑÐ»ÐµÑ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼
+ÑÑоÑонам), Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ
ÑÑваÑи деÑалÑми, Ñо
ÑоÑмÑÑÑÑ ÑÑ
ÑÑÑÑ: конкÑеÑними
+обмеженнÑми, ÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½ закон Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑво, Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÑÑими
+наÑлÑдками. Це ÑпÑоÑене зоÑеÑÐµÐ´Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¾Ñ
оÑÑÑ
+“економÑÑний” пÑдÑ
Ñд до вÑÑÑ
ÑиÑ
пиÑанÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐкономÑка дÑÑ ÑÑÑ, Ñк Ñе ÑаÑÑо бÑваÑ, Ñк
апаÑÐ°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿ÐµÑевÑÑениÑ
пÑипÑÑенÑ. Це
+допÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑнноÑÑÑ, напÑиклад, обÑÑг
виÑобниÑÑва Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ, а Ñвобода
+Ñ ÑпоÑÑб жиÑÑÑ Ð½Ñ, Ñ Ð¿ÑипÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо
ÑакÑи, бÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑаÑÑиноÑ
+помилковÑ, напÑиклад, Ñо авÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава
на мÑÐ·Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¿ÑдÑÑимÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÑзиканÑÑв,
+або Ñо паÑенÑи на лÑки пÑдÑÑимÑÑÑÑ
доÑлÑдженнÑ, ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐнÑа пÑоблема Ñо на ÑÐ»Ñ ÑиÑокиÑ
маÑÑÑабÑв, ÑкладениÑ
в ÑеÑмÑнÑ
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑнавлаÑнÑÑÑÑ”, пÑиваÑнÑ
пиÑаннÑ, Ñо поÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑзними законами,ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð¶Ðµ невидимÑ. ЦÑ
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÑÑÑ Ð· оÑобливоÑÑей
+кожного Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑоÑноÑÑÑ Ð· Ñого, Ñо
ÑеÑмÑн
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна влаÑнÑÑÑÑ” закликаÑ
ÑгноÑÑваÑи. ÐапÑиклад, одне
+з пиÑанÑ, пов'ÑзаниÑ
з авÑоÑÑÑким
пÑавом,— Ñи ÑлÑд допÑÑкаÑи обмÑн
+мÑзикоÑ. ÐаÑенÑне пÑаво не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑÑого
нÑÑкого вÑдноÑеннÑ. ÐаÑенÑне пÑаво
+пÑднÑÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑ, Ñк ÑлÑд дозволÑÑи
бÑдним кÑаÑнам виÑоблÑÑи пÑепаÑаÑи,
+ÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð¿ÑодаваÑи ÑÑ
деÑево,
Ñоб вÑÑÑÑваÑи жиÑÑÑ. ÐвÑоÑÑÑке
+пÑаво не Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð½ÑÑкого вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ ÑакиÑ
пÑоблем.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ñе, Ð½Ñ ÑнÑе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ Ð·Ð° пÑиÑодоÑ
ÑиÑÑо економÑÑними, але ÑÑ
+неекономÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð°ÑпекÑи дÑже ÑÑзнÑ;
заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи повеÑÑ
неве економÑÑне
+надмÑÑне ÑзагалÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñк вÑдпÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑоÑкÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÑÑкÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑÑ
+ÑгноÑÑваÑи вÑдмÑнноÑÑÑ. ÐвалÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñого Ñ
ÑнÑого пÑава Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ коÑел
+“ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ” заважаÑ
ÑÑно миÑлиÑи пÑо кожне з
+ниÑ
.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Таким Ñином, вÑÑка дÑмка пÑо “пÑедмеÑ
ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑÑÑ”
+Ñ Ð±ÑдÑ-ÑÐºÑ ÑзагалÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñодо ÑÑого нÑбиÑо
понÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð¶Ðµ напевно дÑÑнÑ. ЯкÑо
+ви дÑмаÑÑе, Ñо ÑÑ ÑоздÑли пÑава
Ñдине ÑÑле, ви, Ñк пÑавило,
+бÑдеÑе вибиÑаÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ñмки з ÑиÑокиÑ
надмÑÑниÑ
ÑзагалÑненÑ, ÑеÑед ÑкиÑ
немаÑ
+нÑÑого пÑÑнÑого.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе ÑÑно миÑлиÑи пÑо пиÑаннÑ, Ñо
поÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами,
+авÑоÑÑÑким пÑавом, ÑоваÑними знаками Ñи
ÑнÑими об'ÑкÑами пÑава, пеÑÑоÑ
+ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð±ÑдÑÑе пÑо дÑÐ¼ÐºÑ ÑозглÑдаÑи ÑÑ
Ñазом Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð´ÑÑеÑÑ Ð· ними, Ñк з
+окÑемими Ñемами. ÐоÑÑм вÑдкинÑÑе вÑзÑкÑ
поглÑди Ñ ÑпÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÑинÑ, ÑкÑ
+пеÑедбаÑÐ°Ñ ÑеÑмÑн “ÑнÑелекÑÑалÑна
влаÑнÑÑÑÑ”. РозглÑдайÑе кожен
+з ÑиÑ
пÑедмеÑÑв окÑемо, Ñ Ð²ÑÑй його
повноÑÑ, Ñ Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð±Ñде можливÑÑÑÑ
+обмÑÑкÑваÑи ÑÑ
Ñк ÑлÑд.
+</p>
+
+<p>Рколи ÑпÑава дÑйде до ÑеÑоÑми ÐÐÐÐ, оÑÑ <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.html";>одна пÑопозиÑÑÑ
змÑни назви Ñ
+ÑÑÑÑ ÐÐÐÐ</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<a
+href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep
+our-liberties-130714/"> Ð ÑкаÑд ФалквÑнгпÑдÑÑимÑÑ
вÑÐ´Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñд ÑÑого
+ÑеÑмÑнÑ</a>.</p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÑÑ —
Ðез
+поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html
diff -N philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.uk.html 9 Nov 2013 20:28:44
-0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.uk.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+
+<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
+ <!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE"
value="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html" -->
+
+<title>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код не пеÑедаÑ
понÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑна пÑогÑама - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
+- Фонд вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑеннÑ</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.uk.html" -->
+<h2>Ð§Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код не пеÑедаÑ
понÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑна пÑогÑама</h2>
+
+<p><strong>Ð ÑÑаÑд СÑолмен</strong></p>
+
+<p>Ðоли ми називаÑмо пÑогÑамÑ
“вÑлÑноє, ми маÑмо на ÑвазÑ, Ñо вона
+Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">оÑновнÑ
Ñвободи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв</a>:
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑваÑи ÑÑ, вивÑаÑи Ñ Ð·Ð¼ÑнÑваÑи
ÑÑ, а Ñакож поÑиÑÑваÑи Ñз змÑнами
+або без ниÑ
. Це пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи, а не ÑÑни,
ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвлÑйÑе ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ “вÑлÑнÑ
+мовє, а не “безкоÑÑовне пиво”.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ñвободи жиÑÑÑво важливÑ. Ðони маÑÑÑ
знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑлÑки Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÐºÑемиÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, але Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑого ÑÑÑпÑлÑÑÑва
в ÑÑломÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо вони ÑпÑиÑÑÑÑ
+ÑозвиÑÐºÑ ÑÑÑпÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑолÑдаÑноÑÑÑ —
ÑобÑо обмÑнÑ
+ÑпÑвÑобÑÑниÑÑва. Ðони ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñе важливÑÑÑ
ÑомÑ, Ñо ÑиÑÑова ÑеÑ
нÑка вÑе
+бÑлÑÑе вÑ
одиÑÑ Ð² наÑÑ ÐºÑлÑÑÑÑÑ Ñ
жиÑÑÑдÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ. У ÑвÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑовиÑ
звÑкÑв,
+зобÑÐ°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ ÑлÑв вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами ÑÑаÑÑÑ
вÑе бÑлÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñвободи
+взагалÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑÑÑки мÑлÑйонÑв лÑдей по вÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвÑÑÑ
викоÑиÑÑовÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами: гÑомадÑÑÐºÑ Ñколи деÑкиÑ
ÑÑаÑÑв
ÐндÑÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑовÑнÑÑй ÐÑпанÑÑ ÑепеÑ
+викладаÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑм ÑÑнÑм ÑобоÑÑ Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑй <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">опеÑаÑÑйнÑй ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU/Linux</a>. Ðднак
+бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв нÑколи не ÑÑли
пÑо еÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑини, за Ñкими ми
+ÑозÑобили ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÑдÑвали гÑомадÑ
вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ,
+ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо ÑÑÐ¾Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñо ÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ
ÑпÑлÑноÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ Ñк пÑо “вÑдкÑиÑий
+виÑ
Ñдний код”, ÑпÑввÑдноÑÑÑи ÑÑ
з ÑнÑоÑ
ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑÑ, в ÑкÑй ÑÑ Ñвободи
+Ð»ÐµÐ´Ñ Ð·Ð³Ð°Ð´ÑÑÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑÑ
за вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ
боÑовÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв з
+1983 ÑокÑ. У 1984 ÑоÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ дали ÑÑаÑÑ
ÑозÑобÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU, Ñоб ми могли обÑ
одиÑиÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
вÑлÑниÑ
опеÑаÑÑйниÑ
ÑиÑÑем, ÑкÑ
+вÑдмовлÑÑÑÑ ÑвоÑм коÑиÑÑÑваÑам Ñ ÑвободÑ.
Ðа вÑÑÑмдеÑÑÑÑ Ñоки
+XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¸ ÑозÑобили бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ
оÑновниÑ
компоненÑÑв ÑÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми Ñ
+Ñклали <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">ÐагалÑнÑ
гÑомадÑÑÐºÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ GNU (GNU
+GPL)</a>, Ñоб випÑÑкаÑи ÑÑ
пÑд ÑÑÑÑ
лÑÑензÑÑÑ,— лÑÑензÑÑ, ÑÑвоÑенÑ
+ÑпеÑÑалÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб заÑ
иÑÑиÑи ÑвободÑ
вÑÑÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв пÑогÑами.</p>
+
+<p>Ðе вÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ñ ÑозÑобники вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам ÑпÑвÑÑвали ÑÑлÑм ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð°
+вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ. Ð
1998 ÑоÑÑ ÑаÑÑина ÑпÑлÑноÑи вÑлÑного
+пÑогÑамного забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдкололаÑÑ Ñ
поÑала кампанÑÑ Ð¿Ñд Ñменем
+“вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодє. Цей
ÑеÑмÑн ÑпоÑаÑÐºÑ Ð±Ñло
+запÑопоновано, Ñоб ÑникнÑÑи можливого
непÑавилÑного ÑлÑмаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑеÑмÑна
+“вÑлÑна пÑогÑама”, але дÑже ÑкоÑо вÑн
поÑав аÑоÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð·
+ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑкими поглÑдами, абÑолÑÑно
вÑдмÑнними вÑд поглÑдÑв ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
+пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
илÑники вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
ÑекÑÑÑ ÑозглÑдали Ñей ÑеÑмÑн Ñк
+“ÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð¼Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑеннє, Ñка
+пÑивеÑнÑла б ÑÐ²Ð°Ð³Ñ Ð¿ÑдпÑиÑмÑÑв,
пÑдкÑеÑлÑÑÑи пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð¸, пов'ÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð·
+Ñими пÑогÑамами, не заÑÑпаÑÑи в Ñой же ÑаÑ
пиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñа Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð°, пÑо ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸,
+можливо, не Ñ
оÑÑли ÑлÑÑ
аÑи. ÐнÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑ
илÑники пÑоÑÑо вÑдкидали еÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ñ
+ÑоÑÑалÑÐ½Ñ ÑÑнноÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ. Якими б не бÑли
+ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди, коли вони ÑаÑÑвали за
вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код, вони не
+згадÑвали Ñ Ð½Ðµ заÑ
иÑали ÑÑ ÑÑнноÑÑÑ.
ТеÑмÑн “вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний
+код” Ñвидко ÑÑав аÑоÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð· ÑдеÑми
Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑами, заÑнованими на
+пÑакÑиÑниÑ
ÑÑнноÑÑÑÑ
, ÑакиÑ
, Ñк ÑÑвоÑеннÑ
Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´ÑÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐµÑекÑивними надÑйними
+пÑогÑамами. Ðгодом до ÑÑого пÑийÑло
бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑ
илÑникÑв вÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ аÑоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· Ñим
же.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑеÑмÑни опиÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð¹Ð¶Ðµ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑ Ð¶
каÑегоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑам, але вони
+вÑдповÑдаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñдам, заÑнованим на
пÑинÑипово ÑÑзниÑ
ÑÑнноÑÑÑÑ
. ÐÑдкÑиÑий
+виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ — Ñе меÑодика
ÑозÑобки; вÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами — Ñе ÑÑÑпÑлÑний ÑÑÑ
. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
+забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами — Ñе
еÑиÑний ÑмпеÑаÑив —
+повага Ñвободи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв. ÐаÑомÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ
+ÑозглÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблеми з ÑоÑки зоÑÑ Ñого, Ñк
зÑобиÑи пÑогÑами
+“кÑаÑими” — ÑÑлÑки в
пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑенÑÑ. ÐгÑдно з ÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑÑ, невÑлÑна пÑогÑама — Ñе
незадовÑлÑне ÑÑÑеннÑ
+поÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ. У
бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ “ вÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного кодє Ñвага пÑидÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑлÑки попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑпÑÑ
Ñ, а не
+ÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½ÐµÑпÑаведливоÑÑÑ; <a
+href="http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html";>
+Ñиповий пÑиклад</a> можна знайÑи в LinuxInsider.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами — Ñе ÑоÑÑалÑна пÑоблема, Ñ
ÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ðµ пÑипиненнÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
Ñд на вÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами.</p>
+
+<p>“ÐÑлÑна пÑогÑама”. “ÐÑдкÑиÑий
виÑ
Ñдний код”. ЯкÑо Ñе
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑ Ð¶ пÑогÑами (<a
href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">або майже
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑÑ Ð¶</a>), Ñ
Ñба Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ, Ñким з
двоÑ
назв ви коÑиÑÑÑÑÑеÑÑ? ÐаÑ,
+бо ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ñлова пеÑедаÑÑÑ ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑÑÑ.
ХоÑа вÑлÑна пÑогÑама пÑд бÑдÑ-ÑкоÑ
+ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑÑ Ð¶ ÑвободÑ
ÑÑогоднÑ, вÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи на
+поÑÑÑйнÑй оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸ÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑампеÑед вÑд
Ñого, Ñи бÑдÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑивÑаÑи лÑдей
+ÑÑнÑваÑи ÑвободÑ. ЯкÑо ви Ñ
оÑеÑе допомогÑи
ÑÑомÑ, важливо говоÑиÑи пÑо
+“вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами”.</p>
+
+<p>Ðи, ÑÑаÑники ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне
забезпеÑеннÑ, не дÑмаÑмо пÑо ÑабÑÑ
+вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ñк пÑо воÑога:
пÑоÑивник - невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами. Ðле
+ми Ñ
оÑемо, Ñоб лÑди знали, Ñо ми ÑÑоÑмо за
ÑвободÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ не допÑÑкаÑмо
+невÑÑного вÑднеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ пÑиÑ
илÑникÑв
вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑакÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑдмÑнноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñж вÑлÑними
пÑогÑамами Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом</h3>
+
+<p>Ðа пÑакÑиÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний ÑекÑÑ
ознаÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑоÑ
и ÑлабÑÑ ÐºÑиÑеÑÑÑ, Ñим
+кÑиÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. ÐаÑкÑлÑки ми
знаÑмо, вÑÑ ÑÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами
+можна бÑло б ÑозÑÑнÑваÑи Ñк пÑогÑами з
вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом. Ðайже вÑÑ
+пÑогÑами з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом
вÑлÑнÑ, але Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð½ÑÑки. Ðо-пеÑÑе, деÑкÑ
+лÑÑензÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ
занадÑо жоÑÑÑкÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не можÑÑÑ
+вважаÑиÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑми вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам. Ðа
ÑаÑÑÑ, ÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
+заÑÑоÑовÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² багаÑÑоÑ
пÑогÑамаÑ
.</p>
+
+<p>РдÑÑге, важливÑÑе, - багаÑо пÑодÑкÑÑв, Ñо
мÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿'ÑÑеÑи (Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑлÑ
+багаÑо пÑиÑÑÑоÑв на Ð±Ð°Ð·Ñ Android),
поÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· виконÑваними Ñайлами
+пÑогÑам, ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑдповÑдаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
ÑÐ´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, але ÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ðµ
+дозволÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð²ÑÑановлÑваÑи
змÑÐ½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
ÑайлÑв, ÑÑлÑки
+одна оÑоблива компанÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ Ð¿Ñавом
змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ
. Ðи називаÑмо ÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑоÑ
+“ÑиÑанами”, а пÑакÑика називаÑÑÑÑÑ
“ÑÑвоÑзаÑÑÑ” за
+Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑодÑкÑÑ, в ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ впеÑÑе Ñе
побаÑили. Ð¦Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñайли не Ñ
+вÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, незважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо
ÑÑ
виÑ
Ñдний код ÑвлÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
+пÑогÑами. ÐÑиÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
код не визнаÑÑÑ ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ; вони
+ÑозглÑдаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸ÐºÐ»ÑÑно лÑÑензÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ñ
Ñдного кодÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐоÑиÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ Ñодо “вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам” Ñа “вÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного кодє</h3>
+
+<p>ТеÑмÑн “вÑлÑна пÑогÑама” ÑÑ
илÑний
до невÑÑного ÑлÑмаÑеннÑ:
+ненавмиÑне знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “пÑогÑама, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¸
можеÑе оÑÑимаÑи за нÑлÑовоÑ
+ÑÑноє пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ Ð¿Ñд Ñей ÑеÑмÑн Ñазом
Ñз ÑлÑмаÑеннÑм, Ñо Ñе “
+пÑогÑама, Ñка Ð´Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÐµÐ²Ñ Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ñ
Ñвободи”. Ðи виÑÑÑÑÑмо ÑÑ
+пÑоблемÑ, пÑблÑкÑÑÑи визнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶ÑÑи: “ÐÑмайÑе пÑо
+‘вÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ñомовђ, а не пÑо
‘безкоÑÑовне
+пиво’”. Це не ÑдеалÑне ÑÑÑеннÑ; воно
не може повнÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑнÑÑи
+пÑоблемÑ. ÐднознаÑний Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑекÑний ÑеÑмÑн
бÑв би кÑаÑим, Ñкби вÑн не мÑÑÑив Ñ
+ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑнÑиÑ
пÑоблем.</p>
+
+<p>Ðа жалÑ, Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑив в англÑйÑÑкÑй
Ð¼Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñоблеми. Ðи
+ÑозглÑнÑли багаÑо Ñого з Ñого, Ñо нам
пÑопонÑвали, але нÑÑо не бÑло Ñак Ñвно
+“пÑавилÑно”, Ñоб пеÑеÑ
Ñд на Ñе Ñлово
бÑло б гаÑноÑ
+ÑдеÑÑ. (ÐапÑиклад, Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
конÑекÑÑаÑ
ÑÑанÑÑзÑке Ñа ÑÑпанÑÑке Ñлово “
+libre” добÑе пÑдÑ
одиÑÑ, але в ÐндÑÑ Ð»Ñди з
ним зовÑÑм не знайомÑ). У
+кожнÑй запÑопонованÑй замÑÐ½Ñ ÑеÑмÑнÑ
“вÑлÑна пÑогÑама” ÑÑа Ñи
+ÑнÑа ÑеманÑиÑна пÑоблема Ñ ÑомÑ
ÑиÑÐ»Ñ Ñ Ñ “ вÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного кодє.</p>
+
+<p><a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>ÐÑÑÑÑйне
визнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “
+пÑогÑами з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом”</a>
(Ñке опÑблÑковано
+ÐнÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð³ÑÑÐ¿Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
ÑекÑÑÑ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð´Ñо довге, Ñоб
+наводиÑи його ÑÑÑ) бÑло виведене
(опоÑеÑедковано) Ñз наÑиÑ
кÑиÑеÑÑÑв вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам. Це не одне Ñ Ñеж, воно ÑÑоÑ
и ÑиÑÑе
в деÑкиÑ
аÑпекÑаÑ
. Тим не менÑе
+ÑÑ
визнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑзгоджÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· наÑим Ñ
бÑлÑÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑв. </p>
+
+<p>ÐÑоÑе оÑевидне знаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¸ÑазÑ
“пÑогÑама з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним
+кодом” — “ви можеÑе пеÑеглÑдаÑи
джеÑелÑний
+код”,— Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, вÑÑогÑдно,
дÑмаÑÑÑ, Ñо воно й ÑпÑавдÑ
+Ñе ознаÑаÑ. Цей кÑиÑеÑÑй набагаÑо ÑлабÑий
за визнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами, а
+Ñакож набагаÑо ÑлабÑий за оÑÑÑÑйне
визнаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
+кодÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑдповÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñо пÑогÑам, ÑкÑ
не Ñ Ð²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, а нÑ
+пÑогÑамами з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом.</p>
+
+<p><!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. -->
+ÐÑкÑлÑки наÑвне ÑлÑмаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “вÑдкÑиÑого
виÑ
Ñдного кодє не
+ознаÑÐ°Ñ Ñого, Ñо пеÑедбаÑаÑÑÑ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ заÑ
иÑники, Ñе пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, Ñо
+бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей непÑавилÑно ÑозÑмÑÑÑÑ
ÑеÑмÑн. Ðа пиÑÑменником ÐÑлом
+СÑеÑенÑоном “Linux — Ñе пÑогÑама з
‘вÑдкÑиÑим
+виÑ
Ñдним ÑекÑÑом’, ÑобÑо кожен може
оÑÑимаÑи копÑÑ ÑайлÑв виÑ
Ñдного
+кодє. Я не дÑмаÑ, Ñо вÑн навмиÑно
пÑагнÑв ÑпÑоÑÑÑваÑи Ñи запеÑеÑиÑи
+оÑÑÑÑйне визнаÑеннÑ. Я вважаÑ, Ñо вÑн
пÑоÑÑо заÑÑоÑÑвав пÑавила англÑйÑÑкоÑ
+мови, Ñоб оÑÑимаÑи ÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑмÑнÑ. ШÑаÑ
ÐÐ°Ð½Ð·Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑблÑкÑвав подÑбне
+визнаÑеннÑ: “ÐаÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам з
вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом (ÐÐÐÐÐ
+або OSS). OSS — Ñе пÑогÑама, виÑ
Ñдний код
ÑÐºÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑно Ñ Ð¿ÑблÑÑно
+доÑÑÑпний, Ñ
оÑа ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ñ Ð»ÑÑензÑÐ¹Ð½Ñ Ñгоди
по-ÑÑÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑÑ, Ñо дозволено
+ÑобиÑи з Ñим виÑ
Ñдним кодом”.</p>
+
+<p><em>ÐÑÑ-ÐоÑк ТаймÑ</em> <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+надÑÑкÑвала ÑÑаÑÑÑ, Ñка поÑиÑÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑеннÑ
ÑÑого понÑÑÑÑ</a> на попеÑеднÑ
+ÑеÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑами — пеÑедаÑÑ
Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑлÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв на пÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑаннÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÑÑ
пÑогÑами Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑÑденÑÑйниÑ
+вÑдгÑкÑв Ñо пÑакÑикÑвалоÑÑ
ÑозÑобниками невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам
+деÑÑÑилÑÑÑÑми.</p>
+
+<p>ÐÑиÑ
илÑники вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ
намагаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾ÑоÑиÑÑ Ð· Ñим, вказÑÑÑи
+на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑÑйне визнаÑеннÑ, але Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ñей коÑигÑÑÑий пÑдÑ
Ñд менÑ
+еÑекÑивний, нÑж Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ. У ÑеÑмÑнÑ
“вÑлÑна пÑогÑама” Ñ Ð´Ð²Ð°
+пÑиÑодниÑ
знаÑеннÑ, одне з ÑкиÑ
ми маÑмо на
ÑвазÑ, ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ñдина, Ñкий вÑ
опила
+ÑÐ´ÐµÑ “вÑлÑна мова, а не безкоÑÑовне
пиво”, нÑколи бÑлÑÑе не
+зÑозÑмÑÑ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ непÑавилÑно. ТеÑмÑн
“вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код” маÑ
+ÑÑлÑки одне пÑиÑодне знаÑеннÑ, Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¾
вÑдмÑнне вÑд знаÑеннÑ, Ñке маÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
+ÑÐ²Ð°Ð·Ñ Ð¹Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ пÑиÑ
илÑники. Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ ÑÑÑкого
ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑниÑи Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑавдаÑи
+його оÑÑÑÑйне визнаÑеннÑ. Це пÑизводиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾
Ñе бÑлÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑанини.</p>
+
+<p>Ще одна омана Ñодо “вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ ”
+дÑмка, Ñо воно “не викоÑиÑÑовÑÑ GNU GPL”.
Ð¦Ñ Ð´Ñмка Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑенденÑÑÑ
+поÑднÑваÑиÑÑ Ð· ÑнÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¾Ñ, Ñо “
вÑлÑна пÑогÑама”
+“пÑогÑама пÑд GPL”. ÐÑ Ñе, Ð½Ñ ÑнÑе не
вÑÑно, бо GNU GPL
+задоволÑнÑÑ ÐºÑиÑеÑÑÑм вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ, Ñ Ð±ÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑй
+пÑогÑам з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом можна
визнаÑи лÑÑензÑÑми вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам. ÐÑÑ ÑÑÑ <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">
багаÑо лÑÑензÑй
+вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам</a> вÑдмÑнниÑ
вÑд GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>ÐонÑÑÑÑ “вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний код”
згодом бÑло пеÑенеÑене на ÑнÑÑ
+дÑÑлÑнÑÑÑÑ, напÑиклад, деÑжавнÑ, оÑвÑÑнÑ,
наÑковÑ, де Ñакого понÑÑÑÑ, Ñк
+“виÑ
Ñдний код”, не ÑÑнÑÑ, Ñ Ð´Ðµ
кÑиÑеÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑензÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑам
+пÑоÑÑо безглÑздÑ. Ðдине, Ñо об'ÑднÑÑ ÑÑ
види дÑÑлÑноÑÑÑ — Ñе Ñе,
+Ñо вони Ñим Ñи ÑнÑим Ñином запÑоÑÑÑÑÑ
лÑдей до ÑÑаÑÑÑ. Ðони ÑозÑÑгнÑли Ñе
+понÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ Ñого, Ñо воно ознаÑÐ°Ñ ÑÑлÑки
ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð· бокÑ, пÑозоÑÑÑÑÑ Ð°Ð±Ð¾ навÑÑÑ
+менÑе. У найгÑÑÑиÑ
випадкаÑ
воно <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html";>
+ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑожнÑм модним ÑлÑвÑем</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Ð ÑÐ·Ð½Ñ ÑÑнноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑи до подÑбниÑ
виÑновкÑв… але не завжди</h3>
+
+<p>РадикалÑÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑÑпи ÑÑÑÑдеÑÑÑиÑ
ÑокÑв
XX ÑÑолÑÑÑÑ Ð±Ñли вÑÐ´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑвоÑÑ
+ÑÑ
илÑнÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ ÑозколÑв: оÑганÑзаÑÑÑ
ÑозбивалиÑÑ ÑеÑез незгоди в деÑалÑÑ
+ÑÑÑаÑегÑÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑÑпи вважали
один одного воÑогами, незважаÑÑи на
+Ñе, Ñо оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÑÑÐ»Ñ Ñа ÑÑнноÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
бÑли
ÑÑ
ожÑ. ÐÑаве кÑило вÑÑлÑко
+ÑоздÑвало Ñе Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑвалоÑÑ Ñим длÑ
кÑиÑики лÑвиÑ
взагалÑ. </p>
+
+<p>ÐеÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑименÑиÑи ÑÑÑ
за
вÑлÑне пÑогÑамне забезпеÑеннÑ,
+поÑÑвнÑÑÑи наÑÑ ÑозбÑжноÑÑÑ Ð·
“вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом”
+зÑозбÑжноÑÑÑми мÑж Ñими ÑадикалÑними
гÑÑпами. Ðони пеÑевеÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе з нÑг на
+головÑ. Ðи не Ð·Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð· ÑабоÑом вÑдкÑиÑого
виÑ
Ñдного ÑекÑÑÑ Ð² оÑновниÑ
ÑÑлÑÑ
+Ñа ÑÑнноÑÑÑÑ
, але ÑÑ
Ð½Ñ Ñа наÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди
пÑизводÑÑÑ Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑоÑ
випадкаÑ
до
+Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ñ ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶ пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ´Ñнки
ÑакоÑ, Ñк ÑозÑобка вÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам. </p>
+
+<p>Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑÑ Ð»Ñди з ÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð·Ð° вÑлÑне
пÑогÑамне забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñа з ÑабоÑÑ
+вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑаÑÑо пÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
Ñазом над пÑакÑиÑними
+пÑоекÑами Ñакими, Ñк ÑозÑобка
пÑогÑам. ЧÑдово, Ñо ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑÑзнÑ
+ÑÑлоÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ñди можÑÑÑ Ñак ÑаÑÑо
моÑивÑваÑи ÑÑзниÑ
лÑдей на ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð²
+одниÑ
Ñ ÑиÑ
же пÑоекÑаÑ
. ÐÑоÑе Ñ ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ, в
ÑкиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипово ÑÑзнÑ
+поглÑди ведÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ абÑолÑÑно ÑÑзниÑ
дÑй. </p>
+
+<p>ÐÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð²
ÑомÑ, Ñо дозвÑл коÑиÑÑÑваÑам
+змÑнÑваÑи Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑиÑÑваÑи пÑогÑами зÑобиÑÑ ÑÑ
еÑекÑивнÑÑими Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑйнÑÑими. Ðле
+Ñе не гаÑанÑовано. РозÑобники невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам не обов'Ñзково
+некомпеÑенÑнÑ. ÐÐ½Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ випÑÑкаÑÑÑ
пÑогÑамÑ, Ñка еÑекÑивна Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ñйна, Ñ
оÑа
+вона Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв.
ÐкÑивÑÑÑи вÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
+забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñа енÑÑзÑаÑÑи вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑеагÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° Ñе дÑже
+по-ÑÑзномÑ.</p>
+
+<p>ЧиÑÑий енÑÑзÑаÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ñой, Ñ
Ñо зовÑÑм не
+ÑÑ
илÑний до Ð²Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ñ ÑдеалÑв вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Ñкаже:
+“Я не дÑмав, Ñо ви зÑмÑÑÑе змÑÑиÑи
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑваÑи Ñак добÑе без
+заÑÑоÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑозÑобки, але ви
Ñе зÑобили. Як Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾ÑÑимаÑи
+копÑÑ?” Таке ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð±Ñде заоÑ
оÑÑваÑи
ÑÑ
еми, ÑÐºÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð¸ÑаÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
+ÑвободÑ, Ñ Ð¿Ñизведе до ÑÑ Ð²ÑÑаÑи. </p>
+
+<p>ÐкÑивÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑного пÑогÑамного
забезпеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñкаже: “ÐаÑа пÑогÑама дÑже
+пÑиваблива, але не ваÑÑо моÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ. Так Ñо Ñ
обÑйдÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· неÑ. ÐамÑÑÑÑ ÑÑого
+Ñ Ð¿ÑдÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑ, Ñкий ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑÐ¸Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑÑй
+пÑогÑамє. ÐÑкÑлÑки ми ÑÑнÑÑмо ÑвоÑ
ÑвободÑ, ми Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑÑи, Ñоб
+пÑдÑÑимаÑи Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑÑиÑи ÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h3>ÐÑекÑивна надÑйна пÑогÑама може бÑÑи
поганоÑ</h3>
+
+<p>ÐÑмка, нÑби ми Ñ
оÑемо, Ñоб пÑогÑами бÑли
еÑекÑÐ¸Ð²Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÑйнÑ, Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð·
+пÑипÑÑеннÑ, Ñо вони ÑÑвоÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñоб
ÑлÑжиÑи ÑвоÑм коÑиÑÑÑваÑам. ЯкÑо
+пÑогÑама еÑекÑивна Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ñйна, Ñе ознаÑаÑ,
Ñо вона ÑлÑжиÑÑ Ñм кÑаÑе.</p>
+
+<p>Ðле говоÑиÑи, Ñо пÑогÑама ÑлÑжиÑÑ ÑвоÑм
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам, можна ÑÑлÑки ÑодÑ,
+коли вона Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñ ÑвободÑ. Що, ÑкÑо
пÑогÑама ÑозÑоблÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
+закÑваÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв в кайдани? ТодÑ
еÑекÑивнÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑ, Ñо ланÑÑги
+ÑиÑнÑÑÑ ÑилÑнÑÑе, а надÑйнÑÑÑÑ Ñо ÑÑ
важÑе ÑкинÑÑи. ШкÑдливÑ
+ÑÑнкÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° кÑÑÐ°Ð»Ñ ÑÑÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°
коÑиÑÑÑваÑами, Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв,
лазÑвки
+Ñ Ð¿ÑимÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
невÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, Ñ Ð´ÐµÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑиÑ
илÑники
+вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑеалÑзÑваÑи ÑÑ
Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамаÑ
з вÑдкÑиÑим
+виÑ
Ñдним кодом. </p>
+
+<p>ÐÑд ÑиÑком компанÑй вÑдео - Ñ Ð·Ð²ÑкозапиÑÑ
пÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾ÑобиÑÑого
+коÑиÑÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÑозÑоблÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе бÑлÑÑоÑ
мÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпеÑÑалÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñоб
+обмежиÑи коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв. Ð¦Ñ Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð²Ð¼Ð¸Ñна ÑиÑа
вÑдома Ñк DRM, або “ÑиÑÑове
+кеÑÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñми” (див. <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>). Ð¦Ñ Ð´ÑÑ
+ÑÑпеÑеÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑ
Ñ Ñвободи, ÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами пÑагнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи. Рне ÑÑлÑки
+дÑÑ
овÑ: адже меÑа DRM полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñоб
ÑозÑопÑаÑи ваÑÑ ÑвободÑ,
+ÑозÑобники DRM намагаÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑкладниÑи,
зÑобиÑи неможливим або навÑÑÑ
+пÑоÑизаконним Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð¼Ñн в
пÑогÑамÑ, Ñка ÑеалÑзÑÑ DRM.</p>
+
+<p>РвÑе ж деÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑиÑ
илÑники вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑопонÑвали пÑогÑами з
+“DRM з вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом”. ÐÑ
нÑ
ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñ ÑомÑ,
+Ñо, пÑблÑкÑÑÑи виÑ
Ñдний код пÑогÑам,
ÑозÑоблениÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¿Ñ Ð´Ð¾
+ÑиÑÑованиÑ
ноÑÑÑв, Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð·Ð²Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑи ÑнÑим
пÑавиÑийого, вони зÑоблÑÑÑ ÐµÑекÑивнÑÑÑ
+Ñа надÑйнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼ÐµÐ¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв на кÑÑалÑ
+ваÑ. РпоÑÑм Ñака пÑогÑама бÑла б
доÑÑавлена вам в пÑиÑÑÑоÑÑ
, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ
+дозволÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ змÑнÑваÑи ÑÑ. </p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑама могла б бÑÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð·
вÑдкÑиÑим виÑ
Ñдним кодом Ñ
+заÑÑоÑовÑваÑи ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑозÑобки, але вона
не бÑде вÑлÑноÑ, бо вона не бÑде
+поважаÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв, ÑкÑ
наÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð· неÑ. ЯкÑо ÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ
+ÑозÑобки дозволиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ñ ÐµÑекÑивнÑÑе Ñ
надÑйнÑÑе обмежÑваÑи ваÑ, Ñо Ñе
+зÑобиÑÑ ÑÑ Ñе гÑÑÑоÑ. </p>
+
+<h3>СÑÑаÑ
Ñвободи</h3>
+
+<p>Ðоловна пеÑвÑÑна моÑиваÑÑÑ ÑиÑ
, Ñ
Ñо
вÑдокÑемивÑÑ Ð² ÑабÑÑ Ð²ÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ, полÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð² ÑомÑ, Ñо еÑиÑнÑ
ÑÐ´ÐµÑ “вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам”
+вÑдлÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÑкиÑ
лÑдей. Це пÑавда:
пÑднÑмаÑи ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÐµÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑ, Ñк
+Ñвобода, говоÑиÑи пÑо вÑдповÑдалÑнÑÑÑÑ, а
не ÑÑлÑки пÑо зÑÑÑнÑÑÑÑ, знаÑиÑÑ
+пÑоÑиÑи лÑдей дÑмаÑи пÑо ÑеÑÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸,
можливо, волÑли б ÑгноÑÑваÑи,
+напÑиклад, Ñи еÑиÑний ÑÑ
ÑпоÑÑб жиÑÑÑ. Це
може викликаÑи диÑкомÑоÑÑ, Ñ Ð´ÐµÑкÑ
+можÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо вÑдвеÑнÑÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñд ÑÑого. Ðле
з ÑÑого не випливаÑ, Ñо ми повиннÑ
+пеÑеÑÑаÑи говоÑиÑи пÑо ÑÑ Ð¿Ñоблеми. </p>
+
+<p>Саме Ñе виÑÑÑили зÑобиÑи лÑдеÑи
вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного кодÑ. Ðони зÑозÑмÑли,
+Ñо замовÑÑÑÑи пÑо еÑÐ¸ÐºÑ Ñа Ñвободи Ñ
говоÑÑÑи ÑÑлÑки пÑо Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð°Ð¹Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑнÑ
+вигоди визнаÑениÑ
вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам, вони
могли б еÑекÑивнÑÑе
+“пÑопонÑваÑи” ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑами певним
коÑиÑÑÑваÑам, оÑобливо
+пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑм. </p>
+
+<p>Цей пÑдÑ
Ñд виÑвивÑÑ ÐµÑекÑивним з його
влаÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑоÑки зоÑÑ. ÐаÑла вÑдкÑиÑого
+виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеконали багаÑо
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑв Ñ Ð¿ÑиваÑниÑ
оÑÑб
+викоÑиÑÑовÑваÑи Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ ÑозвиваÑи вÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами, Ñо ÑозÑÑнÑло Ñамки наÑоÑ
+ÑпÑлÑноÑи, але ÑÑлÑки на повеÑÑ
невомÑ,
пÑакÑиÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑвнÑ. ФÑлоÑоÑÑÑ
+вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð· ÑÑ ÑиÑÑо
пÑакÑиÑними ÑÑнноÑÑÑми пеÑеÑкоджаÑ
+ÑозÑмÑÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ñ
Ñдей вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ; вона пÑиводиÑÑ
+багаÑÑоÑ
лÑдей в наÑÑ Ð³ÑомадÑ, але не вÑиÑÑ
ÑÑ
заÑ
иÑаÑи його. Це Ñамо по
+ÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ñе, але ÑÑого не доÑÑаÑнÑо, Ñоб
забезпеÑиÑи ÑвободÑ. ÐалÑÑеннÑ
+коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв до вÑлÑниÑ
пÑогÑам вÑдкÑиваÑ
Ñм лиÑе ÑаÑÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ ÑлÑÑ
Ñ, на ÑкомÑ
+вони ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ñ
иÑниками ÑвоÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑноÑ
Ñвободи. </p>
+
+<p>Рано Ñи пÑзно ÑиÑ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв запÑоÑÑÑÑ
повеÑнÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð°Ð´ до невÑлÑниÑ
+пÑогÑам заÑади ÑкоÑ-небÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑноÑ
вигоди. ÐезлÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½ÑÑ Ð¿ÑагнÑÑÑ
+запÑопонÑваÑи ÑÐ°ÐºÑ ÑпокÑÑа, деÑÐºÑ Ð½Ð°Ð²ÑÑÑ
пÑопонÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·ÐºÐ¾ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿ÑÑ. Ð
+ÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑ Ð±ÑдÑÑÑ
вÑдмовлÑÑиÑÑ? ТÑлÑки ÑкÑо вони навÑилиÑÑ
+ÑÑнÑваÑи ÑвободÑ, ÑÐºÑ Ñм даÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑнÑ
пÑогÑами,— ÑÑнÑваÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñк
+ÑакÑ, а не ÑеÑ
нÑÑÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑиÑÐ½Ñ Ð·ÑÑÑноÑÑÑ
конкÑеÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами. Щоб
+донеÑÑи ÑÑ Ð´ÑмкÑ, нам необÑ
Ñдно говоÑиÑи
пÑо ÑвободÑ. ÐÑдÑ
Ñд
+“замовÑÑваннє по вÑдноÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾
пÑдпÑиÑмÑÑв Ð¿ÐµÐ²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ðµ
+бÑÑи коÑиÑний Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑпÑлÑноÑи, але Ñе
небезпеÑно, ÑкÑо ÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑлÑки звиÑним,
+Ñо лÑбов до Ñвободи поÑинаÑÑÑ Ð²Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð°Ñи
екÑÑенÑÑиÑнÑÑÑÑ.</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±ÐµÐ·Ð¿ÐµÑна ÑиÑÑаÑÑÑ Ñ Ñе, Ñо ми
маÑмо. ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, Ñо
+займаÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²ÑлÑними пÑогÑамами, оÑобливо
поÑÑаÑалÑники, мало говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð¸Ñай ÑеÑез пÑагненнÑ
бÑÑи “ пÑийнÑÑнÑÑими длÑ
+дÑловиÑ
кÑл”. Ðайже вÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви
опеÑаÑÑÐ¹Ð½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux
+додаÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑи пÑогÑам до
оÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ñ Ð²ÑлÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑиÑÑеми, Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð½Ð¸
+запÑоÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв ÑозглÑдаÑи Ñе Ñк
пеÑевагÑ, а не недолÑк. </p>
+
+<p>ÐевÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÐºÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑами Ñ ÑаÑÑково
невÑлÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð¸ÑÑÑибÑÑиви опеÑаÑÑйноÑ
+ÑиÑÑеми GNU/Linux знаÑ
одÑÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°Ñний ÒÑÑнÑ
ÑомÑ, Ñо бÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑаÑникÑв Ñ
+наÑÑй гÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð½Ðµ наполÑгаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободÑ
ÑвоÑÑ
пÑогÑам. Це не
+випадково. ÐÑлÑÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв GNU/Linux
познайомилоÑÑ Ð· ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑез
+обговоÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ “вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
кодє, в Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñкого не
+говоÑиÑÑÑÑ, Ñо Ñвобода — Ñе меÑа. ÐÑдÑ
оди, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑдÑÑоÑÑÑÑ
+ÑвободÑ, Ñ Ñлова, ÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ говоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñо
ÑвободÑ, йдÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»ÑÑ-о-плÑÑ,
+пÑдÑÑимÑÑÑи один одного. Щоб подолаÑи ÑÑ
ÑенденÑÑÑ, нам поÑÑÑбно бÑлÑÑе, а
+не менÑе, говоÑиÑи пÑо ÑвободÑ. </p>
+
+<h3>ÐиÑновок</h3>
+
+<p>Ðоли пÑиÑ
илÑники вÑдкÑиÑого виÑ
Ñдного
ÐºÐ¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑгÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ
коÑиÑÑÑваÑÑв Ñ
+наÑÑ Ð³ÑомадÑ, ми, акÑивÑÑÑи вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ, Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð·ÑÑи
+на ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð»ÐµÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð»ÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ ÑÑ
Ñваги
до пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñвободи. ЧаÑÑÑÑе Ñ
+голоÑнÑÑе, нÑж коли-небÑдÑ, ми повиннÑ
говоÑиÑи: “Це вÑлÑна пÑогÑама,
+вона Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ÑвободÑ!” ЩоÑазÑ, коли ви
говоÑиÑе “вÑлÑна
+пÑогÑама”, а не “вÑдкÑиÑий виÑ
Ñдний
код”, ви допомагаÑÑе
+наÑÑй кампанÑÑ.</p>
+
+<h4>ÐÑимÑÑки</h4>
+
+<!-- The article is incomplete (#793776) as of 21st January 2013.
+<p>
+
+Joe Barr's article,
+<a href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+-->
+<p>
+РобоÑа ÐакÑ
Ð°Ð½Ñ Ñ ÐолÑÑа <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>
+пÑо моÑиваÑÑÑ ÑозÑобникÑв вÑлÑного
пÑогÑамного забезпеÑеннÑ</a> говоÑиÑÑ, Ñо
+Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑÑ
ÑаÑÑини моÑивом бÑли
поглÑди, згÑдно ÑкиÑ
пÑогÑами повиннÑ
+бÑÑи вÑлÑними. Ð Ñе незважаÑÑи на Ñе, Ñо
вони опиÑÑвали ÑозÑобникÑв на
+SourceForge ÑайÑÑ, Ñкий не подÑлÑÑ Ð´Ñмки
пÑо Ñе, Ñо
+Ñе пиÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ñ ÐµÑики. </p>
+
+
+<div style="font-size: small;">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.-->
+ </div>
+</div>
+
+<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.uk.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>ÐÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, надÑилайÑе загалÑÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñи
ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ñа GNU за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. ÐаÑвнÑ
Ñакож <a
+href="/contact/">ÑнÑÑ ÑпоÑоби зв'ÑзкÑ</a> з Ñондом.
ÐвÑÑи пÑо непÑаÑÑÑÑÑ
+поÑÐ¸Ð»Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑнÑÑ Ð²Ð¸Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñи
пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð° надÑилаÑи за адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p>
+
+<!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Ðи намагалиÑÑ Ð·ÑобиÑи Ñей пеÑеклад ÑоÑним
Ñа ÑкÑÑним, але виклÑÑиÑи
+можливÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¸Ð»ÐºÐ¸ ми не можемо.
ÐадÑилайÑе, бÑÐ´Ñ Ð»Ð°Ñка, ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÐ²Ð°Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ Ñ
+пÑопозиÑÑÑ Ñодо пеÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð° адÑеÑÐ¾Ñ <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p><p>ÐÑдомоÑÑÑ Ð· кооÑдинаÑÑÑ Ñа пÑопозиÑÑй
пеÑекладÑв наÑиÑ
ÑÑаÑей див. Ñ
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">“ÐоÑÑбникÑ
з
+пеÑекладє</a>.</p>
+
+<p>ÐвÑоÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¿Ñава © 2007, 2010, 2012 Ð ÑÑаÑд
СÑолмен</p>
+
+<p>Ð¦Ñ ÑÑоÑÑнка доÑÑÑпна на ÑмоваÑ
<a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru";>лÑÑензÑÑ
+Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÑÑ —
Ðез
+поÑ
ÑдниÑ
ÑвоÑÑв</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.uk.html" -->
+<div class="translators-credits">
+
+<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
+ÐÑдÑÑимка ÑкÑаÑнÑÑкого пеÑекладÑ: ÐндÑÑй
ÐандÑÑа
+(address@hidden)</div>
+
+
+ <p><!-- timestamp start -->
+Ðновлено:
+
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:44 $
+
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage
+- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/not-ipr.translist" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Did You Say “Intellectual Property”? It's a Seductive
Mirage</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard M. Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+It has become fashionable to toss copyright, patents, and
+trademarks—three separate and different entities involving three
+separate and different sets of laws—plus a dozen other laws into
+one pot and call it “intellectual property”. The
+distorting and confusing term did not become common by accident.
+Companies that gain from the confusion promoted it. The clearest way
+out of the confusion is to reject the term entirely.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to Professor Mark Lemley, now of the Stanford Law School,
+the widespread use of the term “intellectual property” is
+a fashion that followed the 1967 founding of the World “Intellectual
+Property” Organization (WIPO), and only became really common in recent
+years. (WIPO is formally a UN organization, but in fact represents the
+interests of the holders of copyrights, patents, and trademarks.) Wide use
dates from
+<a
href="http://ngrams.googlelabs.com/graph?content=intellectual+property&year_start=1800&year_end=2008&corpus=0&smoothing=1";>around
+1990</a>. (<a href="/graphics/seductivemirage.png">Local image copy</a>)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term carries a bias that is not hard to see: it suggests thinking
+about copyright, patents and trademarks by analogy with property
+rights for physical objects. (This analogy is at odds with the legal
+philosophies of copyright law, of patent law, and of trademark law,
+but only specialists know that.) These laws are in fact not much like
+physical property law, but use of this term leads legislators to
+change them to be more so. Since that is the change desired by the
+companies that exercise copyright, patent and trademark powers, the
+bias introduced by the term “intellectual property” suits them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The bias is reason enough to reject the term, and people have often
+asked me to propose some other name for the overall category—or
+have proposed their own alternatives (often humorous). Suggestions
+include IMPs, for Imposed Monopoly Privileges, and GOLEMs, for
+Government-Originated Legally Enforced Monopolies. Some speak of
+“exclusive rights regimes”, but referring to restrictions
+as “rights” is doublethink too.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of these alternative names would be an improvement, but it is a
+mistake to replace “intellectual property” with any other
+term. A different name will not address the term's deeper problem:
+overgeneralization. There is no such unified thing as
+“intellectual property”—it is a mirage. The only
+reason people think it makes sense as a coherent category is that
+widespread use of the term has misled them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” is at best a catch-all to
+lump together disparate laws. Nonlawyers who hear one term applied to
+these various laws tend to assume they are based on a common
+principle and function similarly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could be further from the case.
+These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different
+activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers
+the details of expression of a work. Patent law was intended to
+promote the publication of useful ideas, at the price of giving the
+one who publishes an idea a temporary monopoly over it—a price
+that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Trademark law, by contrast, was not intended to promote any particular
+way of acting, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are
+buying. Legislators under the influence of the term “intellectual
+property”, however, have turned it into a scheme that provides
+incentives for advertising.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since these laws developed independently, they are different in every
+detail, as well as in their basic purposes and methods. Thus, if you
+learn some fact about copyright law, you'd be wise to assume that
+patent law is different. You'll rarely go wrong!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+People often say “intellectual property” when they really
+mean some larger or smaller category. For instance, rich countries
+often impose unjust laws on poor countries to squeeze money out of
+them. Some of these laws are “intellectual property” laws,
+and others are not; nonetheless, critics of the practice often grab
+for that label because it has become familiar to them. By using it,
+they misrepresent the nature of the issue. It would be better to use
+an accurate term, such as “legislative colonization”, that
+gets to the heart of the matter.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Laymen are not alone in being confused by this term. Even law
+professors who teach these laws are lured and distracted by the
+seductiveness of the term “intellectual property”, and
+make general statements that conflict with facts they know. For
+example, one professor wrote in 2006:
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Unlike their descendants who now work the floor at WIPO, the framers
+of the US constitution had a principled, procompetitive attitude to
+intellectual property. They knew rights might be necessary,
+but…they tied congress's hands, restricting its power in
+multiple ways.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>
+That statement refers to Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8 of the US
+Constitution, which authorizes copyright law and patent law. That
+clause, though, has nothing to do with trademark law or various
+others. The term “intellectual property” led that
+professor to make false generalization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The term “intellectual property” also leads to simplistic
+thinking. It leads people to focus on the meager commonality in form
+that these disparate laws have—that they create artificial
+privileges for certain parties—and to disregard the details
+which form their substance: the specific restrictions each law places
+on the public, and the consequences that result. This simplistic focus
+on the form encourages an “economistic” approach to all
+these issues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Economics operates here, as it often does, as a vehicle for unexamined
+assumptions. These include assumptions about values, such as that
+amount of production matters while freedom and way of life do not,
+and factual assumptions which are mostly false, such as that
+copyrights on music supports musicians, or that patents on drugs
+support life-saving research.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another problem is that, at the broad scale implicit in the term
“intellectual
+property”, the specific issues raised by the various laws become
+nearly invisible. These issues arise from the specifics of each
+law—precisely what the term “intellectual property”
+encourages people to ignore. For instance, one issue relating to
+copyright law is whether music sharing should be allowed; patent law
+has nothing to do with this. Patent law raises issues such as whether
+poor countries should be allowed to produce life-saving drugs and sell
+them cheaply to save lives; copyright law has nothing to do with such
+matters.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Neither of these issues is solely economic in nature, and their
+noneconomic aspects are very different; using the shallow economic
+overgeneralization as the basis for considering them means ignoring the
+differences. Putting the two laws in the “intellectual
+property” pot obstructs clear thinking about each one.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, any opinions about “the issue of intellectual
+property” and any generalizations about this supposed category
+are almost surely foolish. If you think all those laws are one issue,
+you will tend to choose your opinions from a selection of sweeping
+overgeneralizations, none of which is any good.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you want to think clearly about the issues raised by patents, or
+copyrights, or trademarks, or various other different laws, the first
+step is to
+forget the idea of lumping them together, and treat them as separate
+topics. The second step is to reject the narrow perspectives and
+simplistic picture the term “intellectual property”
+suggests. Consider each of these issues separately, in its fullness,
+and you have a chance of considering them well.
+</p>
+
+<p>And when it comes to reforming WIPO, here is <a
+href="http://fsfe.org/projects/wipo/wiwo.en.html";>one proposal for
+changing the name and substance of WIPO</a>.
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>
+<a
href="http://torrentfreak.com/language-matters-framing-the-copyright-monopoly-so-we-can-keep-our-liberties-130714/";>
+Rickard Falkvinge supports rejection of this term</a>.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF. Broken links and other corrections or suggestions can be sent
+to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ our web pages, see <a
+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+ README</a>. -->
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
+ files generated as part of manuals) on the GNU web server should
+ be under CC BY-ND 3.0 US. Please do NOT change or remove this
+ without talking with the webmasters or licensing team first.
+ Please make sure the copyright date is consistent with the
+ document. For web pages, it is ok to list just the latest year the
+ document was modified, or published.
+
+ If you wish to list earlier years, that is ok too.
+ Either "2001, 2002, 2003" or "2001-2003" are ok for specifying
+ years, as long as each year in the range is in fact a copyrightable
+ year, i.e., a year in which the document was published (including
+ being publicly visible on the web or in a revision control system).
+
+ There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
+ Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004, 2006, 2010, 2013 Richard M. Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:45 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk-en.html
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diff -N philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.uk-en.html
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20:28:45 -0000 1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.75 -->
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project -
+Free Software Foundation</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist"
-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">users' essential freedoms</a>:
+the freedom to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute
+copies with or without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not
+price, so think of “free speech,” not “free
+beer.”</p>
+
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just
+for the individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they
+promote social solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They
+become even more important as our culture and life activities are
+increasingly digitized. In a world of digital sounds, images, and words,
+free software becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software;
+the public schools of some regions of India and Spain now teach all
+students to use the free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux
+operating system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of
+the ethical reasons for which we developed this system and built the free
+software community, because nowadays this system and community are more
+often spoken of as “open source”, attributing them to a
+different philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users'
+freedom since 1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free
+operating system GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems
+that deny freedom to their users. During the 1980s, we developed most
+of the essential components of the system and designed
+the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL)
+to release them under—a license designed specifically to protect
+freedom for all users of a program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software
+agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In 1998, a part
+of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in
+the name of “open source.” The term was originally
+proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term “free
+software,” but it soon became associated with philosophical
+views quite different from those of the free software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a
+“marketing campaign for free software,” which would appeal
+to business executives by highlighting the software's practical
+benefits, while not raising issues of right and wrong that they might
+not like to hear. Other supporters flatly rejected the free software
+movement's ethical and social values. Whichever their views, when
+campaigning for open source, they neither cited nor advocated those
+values. The term “open source” quickly became associated
+with ideas and arguments based only on practical values, such as
+making or having powerful, reliable software. Most of the supporters
+of open source have come to it since then, and they make the same
+association.</p>
+
+<p>The two terms
+describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for
+views based on fundamentally different values. Open source is a
+development methodology; free software is a social movement. For the
+free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative,
+essential respect for the users' freedom. By contrast,
+the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make
+software “better”—in a practical sense only. It
+says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the practical
+problem at hand. Most discussion of “open source” pays no
+attention to right and wrong, only to popularity and success; here's
+a <a
href="http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Open-Source-Is-Woven-Into-the-Latest-Hottest-Trends-78937.html";>
+typical example</a>.</p>
+
+<p>For the free software movement, however, nonfree software is a
+social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and move to free
+software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
+software (<a href="/philosophy/free-open-overlap.html">or nearly so</a>),
+does it matter which name you use? Yes, because different words convey
+different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give you the
+same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way depends above all
+on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this, it is
+essential to speak of “free software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source
+camp as an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But
+we want people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being
+mislabeled as open source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Practical Differences between Free Software and Open Source</h3>
+
+<p>In practice, open source stands for criteria a little weaker than
+those of free software. As far as we know, all existing free software
+would qualify as open source. Nearly all open source software is free
+software, but there are exceptions. First, some open source licenses
+are too restrictive, so they do not qualify as free licenses.
+Fortunately, few programs use those licenses.</p>
+
+<p>Second, and more important, many products containing computers
+(including many Android devices) come with executable programs that
+correspond to free software source code, but the devices do not allow
+the user to install modified versions of those executables; only one
+special company has the power to modify them. We call these devices
+“tyrants”, and the practice is called
+“tivoization” after the product where we first saw it.
+These executables are not free software even though their source code
+is free software. The criteria for open source do not recognize this
+issue; they are concerned solely with the licensing of the source code.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and
+“Open Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation:
+an unintended meaning, “software you can get
+for zero price,” fits the term just as well as the intended
+meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.”
+We address this problem by publishing the definition of free software,
+and by saying “Think of ‘free speech,’ not ‘free
+beer.’” This is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely
+eliminate the problem. An unambiguous and correct term would be better, if
+it didn't present other problems.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of
+their own. We've looked at many that people have
+suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching
+to it would be a good idea. (For instance, in some contexts the
+French and Spanish word “libre” works well, but people in India
+do not recognize it at all.) Every proposed replacement for
+“free software” has some kind of semantic problem—and
+this includes “open source software.”</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived
+indirectly from our criteria for free software. It is not the same;
+it is a little looser in some respects. Nonetheless, their definition
+agrees with our definition in most cases.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That
+criterion is much weaker than the free software definition, much
+weaker also than the official definition of open source. It includes
+many programs that are neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p>Since the obvious meaning for “open source” is not the
+meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people
+misunderstand the term. According to writer Neal Stephenson,
+“Linux is ‘open source’ software meaning, simply,
+that anyone can get copies of its source code files.” I don't
+think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
+official definition. I think he simply applied the
+conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition:
+<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. --> “Make use of open-source
+software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is freely
+and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i>
+has <a
+href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to
+user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and
+give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers
+have practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their
+official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective
+for them than it is for us. The term “free software” has
+two natural meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a
+person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
+beer” will not get it wrong again. But the term “open
+source” has only one natural meaning, which is different from
+the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no succinct way to
+explain and justify its official definition. That makes for worse
+confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea
+that it means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to
+accompany another misunderstanding that “free software”
+means “GPL-covered software.” These are both mistaken,
+since the GNU GPL qualifies as an open source license and most of the
+open source licenses qualify as free software licenses. There
+are <a href="/licenses/license-list.html"> many free software
+licenses</a> aside from the GNU GPL.</p>
+
+<p>The term “open source” has been further stretched by
+its application to other activities, such as government, education,
+and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where
+criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only
+thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite
+people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only
+means “participatory” or “transparent”, or
+less than that. At worst, it
+has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/opinion/sunday/morozov-open-and-closed.html";>
+become a vacuous buzzword</a>.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
+and the two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite
+having similar basic goals and values. The right wing made much of
+this and used it to criticize the entire left.</p>
+
+<p>Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our
+disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical
+groups. They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source
+camp on the basic goals and values, but their views and ours lead in
+many cases to the same practical behavior—such as developing
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open
+source camp often work together on practical projects such as software
+development. It is remarkable that such different philosophical views
+can so often motivate different people to participate in the same
+projects. Nonetheless, there are situations where these fundamentally
+different views lead to very different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and
+redistribute the software will make it more powerful and reliable.
+But this is not guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are
+not necessarily incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that
+is powerful and reliable, even though it does not respect the users'
+freedom. Free software activists and open source enthusiasts will
+react very differently to that.</p>
+
+<p>A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by
+the ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able
+to make the program work so well without using our development model,
+but you did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward
+schemes that take away our freedom, leading to its loss.</p>
+
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very
+attractive, but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program.
+Instead I will support a project to develop a free
+replacement.” If we value our freedom, we can act to maintain and
+defend it.</p>
+
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
+
+<p>The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes
+from the supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.
+If it is powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better.</p>
+
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects
+their freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its
+users? Then powerfulness means the chains are more constricting,
+and reliability that they are harder to remove. Malicious features,
+such as spying on the users, restricting the users, back doors, and
+imposed upgrades are common in proprietary software, and some open
+source supporters want to implement them in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for
+individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict
+them. This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is
+the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims
+to provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to
+trample your freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible,
+or even illegal for you to change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source
+DRM” software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code
+of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by
+allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and
+reliable software for restricting users like you. The software would then
+be delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open
+source development model, but it won't be free software since it
+won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the
+open source development model succeeds in making this software more
+powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even
+worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source
+camp from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of
+“free software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising
+ethical issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer
+to ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It
+does not follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source
+decided to do. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and
+freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of
+certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the
+software more effectively to certain users, especially business.</p>
+
+<p>This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric
+of open source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use,
+and even develop, free software, which has extended our
+community—but only at the superficial, practical level. The
+philosophy of open source, with its purely practical values, impedes
+understanding of the deeper ideas of free software; it brings many
+people into our community, but does not teach them to defend it. That
+is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make freedom
+secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of the
+way to becoming defenders of their own freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
+proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
+companies seek to offer such temptation, some even offering copies
+gratis. Why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value
+the freedom free software gives them, to value freedom in and of itself
+rather than the technical and practical convenience of specific free
+software. To spread this idea, we have to talk about freedom. A
+certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business can be
+useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes so common
+that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people
+involved with free software, especially its distributors, say little about
+freedom—usually because they seek to be “more acceptable to
+business.” Nearly all GNU/Linux operating system distributions add
+proprietary packages to the basic free system, and they invite users to
+consider this an advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux
+distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does
+not insist on freedom with its software. This is no coincidence.
+Most GNU/Linux users were introduced to the system through “open
+source” discussion, which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.
+The practices that don't uphold freedom and the words that don't talk
+about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting the other. To overcome
+this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about freedom.</p>
+
+<h3>Conclusion</h3>
+
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community,
+we free software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue
+of freedom to their attention. We have to say, “It's
+free software and it gives you freedom!”—more and louder
+than ever. Every time you say “free software” rather than
+“open source,” you help our campaign.</p>
+
+<h4>Notes</h4>
+
+<!-- The article is incomplete (#793776) as of 21st January 2013.
+<p>
+Joe Barr's article,
+<a href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+-->
+<p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's <a
+href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>
+paper on the motivation of free software developers</a> says that a
+considerable fraction are motivated by the view that software should be
+free. This is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on
+SourceForge, a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical
+issue.</p>
+
+</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. There are also <a
+href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a> the FSF. Broken links and other
+corrections or suggestions can be sent to <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+<p><!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph,
+ replace it with the translation of these two:
+
+ We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality
+ translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection.
+ Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard
+ to <a href="mailto:address@hidden";>
+ <address@hidden></a>.</p>
+
+ <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
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+ href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
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+
+Please see the <a
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+of this article.</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010, 2012 Richard Stallman</p>
+
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.</p>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/bottom-notes.html" -->
+
+<p>Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2013/11/09 20:28:45 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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