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www/gnu/po thegnuproject.ru.po
From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
Subject: |
www/gnu/po thegnuproject.ru.po |
Date: |
Sat, 19 May 2012 08:14:53 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 12/05/19 08:14:53
Added files:
gnu/po : thegnuproject.ru.po
Log message:
New translation.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: thegnuproject.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: thegnuproject.ru.po
diff -N thegnuproject.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ thegnuproject.ru.po 19 May 2012 08:14:39 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2277 @@
+# Russian translation for http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html
+# Copyright (C) 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, # 2008, 2010 Richard
Stallman
+# Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2012
+# this translation lacks appropriate review
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: thegnuproject.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-05-16 04:25-0300\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-05-17 17:17+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Outdated-Since: 2012-05-16 04:25-0300\n"
+
+#. type: Content of: <title>
+msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr "РпÑоекÑе GNU - пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Attribute 'content' of: <meta>
+msgid "GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software, Free Software Foundation, History"
+msgstr ""
+"GNU, пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, ФСÐÐ, ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑениÑ, иÑÑоÑиÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h2>
+msgid "The GNU Project"
+msgstr "ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU"
+
+# type: Content of: <p>
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</strong></a>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"the original version was published in the book “Open Sources”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑвонаÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±Ñла опÑбликована
в книге “ÐÑкÑÑÑÑе иÑÑ
однÑе "
+"ÑекÑÑÑ”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first software-sharing community"
+msgstr "ÐеÑвое ÑообÑеÑÑво обмена пÑогÑаммами"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When I started working at the <acronym title=\"Massachusetts Institute of "
+"Technology\">MIT</acronym> Artificial Intelligence Lab in 1971, I became "
+"part of a software-sharing community that had existed for many years. "
+"Sharing of software was not limited to our particular community; it is as "
+"old as computers, just as sharing of recipes is as old as cooking. But we "
+"did it more than most."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда в 1971 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñал ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²
ÐабоÑаÑоÑии иÑкÑÑÑÑвенного "
+"инÑеллекÑа <abbr>MIT</abbr> <a href=\"#tf1\">[1]</a>, Ñ
ÑÑал ÑаÑÑÑÑ "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑва обмена пÑогÑаммами, коÑоÑое
ÑÑÑеÑÑвовало на пÑоÑÑжении многиÑ
"
+"леÑ. Ðбмен пÑогÑаммами не огÑаниÑивалÑÑ
наÑим конкÑеÑнÑм ÑообÑеÑÑвом; он бÑл "
+"Ñак же ÑÑаÑ, как компÑÑÑеÑÑ, подобно ÑомÑ,
как обмен ÑеÑепÑами Ñак же ÑÑаÑ, "
+"как кÑлинаÑиÑ. Ðо Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÑÑим
болÑÑе, Ñем болÑÑинÑÑво дÑÑгиÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called <acronym title="
+"\"Incompatible Timesharing System\">ITS</acronym> (the Incompatible "
+"Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had designed and "
+"written in assembler language for the Digital <acronym title=\"Programmed "
+"Data Processor\">PDP</acronym>-10, one of the large computers of the era. "
+"As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my job was to "
+"improve this system."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐРполÑзовалаÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемой
под названием <abbr>ITS</abbr> "
+"<a href=\"#tf2\">[2]</a> (ÐеÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñемени), коÑоÑÑÑ "
+"ÑÑаÑнÑе Ñ
акеÑÑ (1) лабоÑаÑоÑии
ÑпÑоекÑиÑовали и напиÑали на ÑзÑке
аÑÑемблеÑа "
+"компÑÑÑеÑа <abbr title=\"Programmed Data Processor\">PDP</abbr>-10
компании "
+"Digital, одного из кÑÑпнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов Ñой
ÑпоÑ
и. ÐÐ¾Ñ ÑабоÑа как Ñлена "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑва, ÑÑаÑного Ñ
акеÑа ÐÐÐ, ÑоÑÑоÑла
в ÑлÑÑÑении ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We did not call our software “free software”, because that term "
+"did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from another "
+"university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we gladly let "
+"them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and interesting program, you "
+"could always ask to see the source code, so that you could read it, change "
+"it, or cannibalize parts of it to make a new program."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ назÑвали Ñвои пÑогÑаммÑ
“ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑо Ñакого ÑеÑмина не ÑÑÑеÑÑвовало; но
именно ÑÑим они и бÑли. Ðогда лÑди из "
+"дÑÑгого ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа или компании Ñ
оÑели
пеÑенеÑÑи или воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммой, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñегда Ñ ÑадоÑÑÑÑ
позволÑли им ÑÑо. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸, ÑÑо кÑо-"
+"Ñо полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð¹ и инÑеÑеÑной
пÑогÑаммой, Ð²Ñ Ð²Ñегда могли попÑоÑиÑÑ "
+"взглÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
можно бÑло пÑоÑеÑÑÑ, измениÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
+"ÑазделаÑÑ Ð½Ð° запÑаÑÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð¹
пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security breaker” "
+"is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We hackers refuse to "
+"recognize that meaning, and continue using the word to mean someone who "
+"loves to program, someone who enjoys playful cleverness, or the combination "
+"of the two. See my article, <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-"
+"hacking.html\">On Hacking</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) УпоÑÑебление Ñлова “Ñ
акеє в
знаÑении “взломÑик "
+"заÑиÑÑ” — оÑибка, коÑоÑой мÑ
обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑÑедÑÑвам маÑÑовой "
+"инÑоÑмаÑии. ÐÑ, Ñ
акеÑÑ, оÑказÑваемÑÑ
пÑизнаваÑÑ ÑÑо знаÑение и пÑодолжаем "
+"ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÑÑо Ñлово в знаÑении “ÑоÑ,
кÑо лÑÐ±Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, кÑо "
+"полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑдоволÑÑÑвие Ð¾Ñ Ð¸Ð³ÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑли, или
комбинаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ Ñого, и "
+"дÑÑгого”. См. Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑÑаÑÑÑ <a
href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/"
+"on-hacking.html\"> “Ð Ñ
акеÑÑÑве”</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The collapse of the community"
+msgstr "ÐÐ¸Ð±ÐµÐ»Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑва"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The situation changed drastically in the early 1980s when Digital "
+"discontinued the PDP-10 series. Its architecture, elegant and powerful in "
+"the 60s, could not extend naturally to the larger address spaces that were "
+"becoming feasible in the 80s. This meant that nearly all of the programs "
+"composing ITS were obsolete."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðоложение Ñезко изменилоÑÑ Ð² наÑале
воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годов XX века, когда "
+"ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Digital пÑекÑаÑила поÑÑавки
обоÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑеÑии PDP-10. Ðе "
+"аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑа, изÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸ моÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑеÑÑидеÑÑÑÑÑ
, не могла еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑм "
+"обÑазом ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° более емкие
адÑеÑнÑе пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва, коÑоÑÑе "
+"ÑÑановилиÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¶Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð² воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
.
ÐÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо поÑÑи вÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"ÑоÑÑавлÑвÑие ITS, ÑÑÑаÑели."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before. In "
+"1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of the "
+"hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable to "
+"maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these events, "
+"as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its prime.) When the "
+"AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its administrators decided to use "
+"Digital's nonfree timesharing system instead of ITS."
+msgstr ""
+"СообÑеÑÑво Ñ
акеÑов ÐÐÐ Ñже ÑазвалилоÑÑ,
незадолго до ÑÑого. Ð 1981 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
+"оÑпоÑковавÑаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Symbolics
пеÑеманила поÑÑи вÑеÑ
Ñ
акеÑов из ÐÐÐ, и "
+"обезлÑдевÑее ÑообÑеÑÑво бÑло не в
ÑоÑÑоÑнии поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ (в книге СÑива "
+"Ðеви “ХакеÑÑ” опиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ ÑÑи ÑобÑÑиÑ, а
Ñакже дана ÑÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÑина "
+"ÑÑого ÑообÑеÑÑва в его ÑаÑÑвеÑе.) Ðогда в
1982 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐÐРкÑпила новÑÑ "
+"PDP-10, админиÑÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑеÑила полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
неÑвободной ÑиÑÑемой ÑÐ°Ð·Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"вÑемени компании Digital вмеÑÑо ITS."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The modern computers of the era, such as the VAX or the 68020, had their own "
+"operating systems, but none of them were free software: you had to sign a "
+"nondisclosure agreement even to get an executable copy."
+msgstr ""
+"У ÑовÑеменнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов Ñой ÑпоÑ
и, ÑакиÑ
, как VAX или 68020, бÑли Ñвои "
+"ÑобÑÑвеннÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ, но ни
одна из ниÑ
не бÑла Ñвободной: вам "
+"пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾
неÑазглаÑении, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ "
+"ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑполнÑемÑÑ
Ñайлов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This meant that the first step in using a computer was to promise not to "
+"help your neighbor. A cooperating community was forbidden. The rule made "
+"by the owners of proprietary software was, “If you share with your "
+"neighbor, you are a pirate. If you want any changes, beg us to make them."
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо знаÑило, ÑÑо пеÑвÑм Ñагом в
полÑзовании компÑÑÑеÑом бÑло обеÑание не "
+"помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑедÑ. СоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво в
ÑообÑеÑÑве бÑло запÑеÑено. ÐÑавило, "
+"ÑÑÑановленное владелÑÑами неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, глаÑило: “ÐÑли Ð²Ñ "
+"обмениваеÑеÑÑ Ñо Ñвоим ÑоÑедом, Ð²Ñ —
пиÑаÑ. ÐÑли вам нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð»ÑбÑе "
+"изменениÑ, ÑпÑаÑивайÑе Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑÑи иÑ
”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The idea that the proprietary software social system—the system that "
+"says you are not allowed to share or change software—is antisocial, "
+"that it is unethical, that it is simply wrong, may come as a surprise to "
+"some readers. But what else could we say about a system based on dividing "
+"the public and keeping users helpless? Readers who find the idea surprising "
+"may have taken the proprietary software social system as a given, or judged "
+"it on the terms suggested by proprietary software businesses. Software "
+"publishers have worked long and hard to convince people that there is only "
+"one way to look at the issue."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, ÑÑо обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема
неÑвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — ÑиÑÑема, в коÑоÑой
говоÑÑÑ, ÑÑо вам не позволено "
+"обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами или изменÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
— анÑиобÑеÑÑвенна, ÑÑо "
+"она неÑÑиÑна, ÑÑо она пÑоÑÑо непÑавилÑна,
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
ÑиÑаÑелей Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ "
+"ÑÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð¶Ð¸Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑÑ. Ðо ÑÑо еÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸
Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ Ð¾ ÑиÑÑеме, оÑнованной "
+"на Ñом, ÑÑо лÑдей ÑазобÑаÑÑ Ð¸
полÑзоваÑелей делаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÑпомоÑнÑми? "
+"ЧиÑаÑели, коÑоÑÑм ÑÑа мÑÑÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÑÑÑ
неожиданной, возможно, пÑинÑли "
+"обÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº данноÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ "
+"ÑÑдили о ней в ÑеÑминаÑ
, пÑедложеннÑÑ
пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑми, коÑоÑÑе занимаÑÑÑÑ "
+"неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. ÐздаÑели
пÑогÑамм долго и ÑпоÑно ÑабоÑали над Ñем, "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑбедиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, ÑÑо на вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾
ÑмоÑÑеÑÑ ÑолÑко Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ позиÑии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their “"
+"rights” or “stopping <a href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#Piracy\">piracy</a>”, what they actually <em>say</em> is "
+"secondary. The real message of these statements is in the unstated "
+"assumptions they take for granted, which the public is asked to accept "
+"without examination. Let's therefore examine them."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда издаÑели пÑогÑамм говоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±
“оÑÑÑеÑÑвлении” ÑвоиÑ
“"
+"пÑав” или “пÑекÑаÑении <a
href=\"/philosophy/words-to-avoid."
+"html#Piracy\"> пиÑаÑÑÑва</a>”, Ñо, ÑÑо они
<em>говоÑÑÑ</em> в "
+"дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи, вÑоÑиÑно. ÐаÑÑоÑÑее
ÑообÑение ÑÑиÑ
заÑвлений ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² "
+"невÑÑказаннÑÑ
допÑÑениÑÑ
, коÑоÑÑе они
ÑÑиÑаÑÑ Ñамо Ñобой ÑазÑмеÑÑимиÑÑ Ð¸ "
+"коÑоÑÑе обÑеÑÑво пÑоÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
пÑовеÑки. ÐÑак, давайÑе иÑ
пÑовеÑим."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One assumption is that software companies have an unquestionable natural "
+"right to own software and thus have power over all its users. (If this were "
+"a natural right, then no matter how much harm it does to the public, we "
+"could not object.) Interestingly, the US Constitution and legal tradition "
+"reject this view; copyright is not a natural right, but an artificial "
+"government-imposed monopoly that limits the users' natural right to copy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðдно из допÑÑений ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑкиÑ
компаний еÑÑÑ "
+"беÑÑпоÑное еÑÑеÑÑвенное пÑаво владеÑÑ
пÑогÑаммами, а Ñем ÑамÑм обладаÑÑ "
+"влаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ вÑеми полÑзоваÑелÑми ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм. (ÐÑли Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑло "
+"еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑм пÑавом, Ñо незавиÑимо оÑ
Ñого, ÑколÑко вÑеда ÑÑо пÑиÑинÑÐµÑ "
+"обÑеÑÑвÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð·ÑажаÑÑ.)
ÐнÑеÑеÑно, ÑÑо конÑÑиÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¡Ð¨Ð Ð¸ "
+"ÑÑидиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑÑадиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑгаÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑоÑкÑ
зÑениÑ; авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ "
+"еÑÑеÑÑвеннÑм, ÑÑо иÑкÑÑÑÑвеннаÑ
монополиÑ, Ð²Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑÑдаÑÑÑвом, коÑоÑаÑ
"
+"огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÑÑеÑÑвенное пÑаво
полÑзоваÑелей копиÑоваÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another unstated assumption is that the only important thing about software "
+"is what jobs it allows you to do—that we computer users should not "
+"care what kind of society we are allowed to have."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑгое невÑÑказанное допÑÑение ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
Ñом, ÑÑо единÑÑвенное, ÑÑо важно в "
+"пÑогÑамме — ÑÑо Ñо, какÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð°
позволÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ вÑполнÑÑÑ; ÑÑо "
+"наÑ, полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов, не должно
беÑпокоиÑÑ, какого Ñода обÑеÑÑво "
+"нам позволено имеÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A third assumption is that we would have no usable software (or would never "
+"have a program to do this or that particular job) if we did not offer a "
+"company power over the users of the program. This assumption may have "
+"seemed plausible, before the free software movement demonstrated that we can "
+"make plenty of useful software without putting chains on it."
+msgstr ""
+"ТÑеÑÑе допÑÑение ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
не бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑми "
+"можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ (или никогда не
поÑвилоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñой или иной конкÑеÑной
задаÑи), еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑедложили "
+"компании влаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ полÑзоваÑелÑми ÑÑой
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑо допÑÑение, возможно, "
+"казалоÑÑ Ð¿ÑавдоподобнÑм до Ñого, как
движение за Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное "
+"обеÑпеÑение пÑодемонÑÑÑиÑовало, ÑÑо мÑ
можем ÑделаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво полезнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм, не Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
Ñепей."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If we decline to accept these assumptions, and judge these issues based on "
+"ordinary commonsense morality while placing the users first, we arrive at "
+"very different conclusions. Computer users should be free to modify "
+"programs to fit their needs, and free to share software, because helping "
+"other people is the basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑклонÑем ÑÑи допÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑдим об
ÑÑиÑ
вопÑоÑаÑ
на оÑнове моÑали "
+"обÑÑного здÑавого ÑмÑÑла, оÑдаваÑ
пÑиоÑиÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм, Ñо Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одим к "
+"ÑовеÑÑенно дÑÑгим заклÑÑениÑм.
ÐолÑзоваÑели компÑÑÑеÑов Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
волÑÐ½Ñ "
+"изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñвои нÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¸
обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"помоÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим лÑдÑм ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновÑ
обÑеÑÑва."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning behind "
+"this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web page, <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-free.html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐдеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑоÑно меÑÑа Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñобного
Ð¸Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑин, пÑиводÑÑиÑ
к ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"заклÑÑениÑ, Ñак ÑÑо Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ»Ð°Ñ ÑиÑаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ðº
ÑÑÑаниÑе <a href=\"/philosophy/why-"
+"free.html\"> http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "A stark moral choice."
+msgstr "ÐеÑÑкий нÑавÑÑвеннÑй вÑбоÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"With my community gone, to continue as before was impossible. Instead, I "
+"faced a stark moral choice."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ðµ ÑообÑеÑÑво иÑÑезло, Ñ Ð½Ðµ мог
пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸ÑÑ, как ÑанÑÑе. "
+"ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого пеÑедо мной вÑÑал жеÑÑкий
нÑавÑÑвеннÑй вÑбоÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The easy choice was to join the proprietary software world, signing "
+"nondisclosure agreements and promising not to help my fellow hacker. Most "
+"likely I would also be developing software that was released under "
+"nondisclosure agreements, thus adding to the pressure on other people to "
+"betray their fellows too."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐегÑе вÑего бÑло пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº миÑÑ
неÑвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑениÑ, подпиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¾
неÑазглаÑении и обеÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ помогаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"бÑаÑÑ-Ñ
акеÑÑ. СкоÑее вÑего, Ñ Ñакже ÑÑал бÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе "
+"вÑпÑÑкали Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑловиÑÑ
неÑазглаÑениÑ,
ÑвелиÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ñаким обÑазом давление на "
+"дÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ñоже пÑедавали
ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑаÑÑев."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I could have made money this way, and perhaps amused myself writing code. "
+"But I knew that at the end of my career, I would look back on years of "
+"building walls to divide people, and feel I had spent my life making the "
+"world a worse place."
+msgstr ""
+"Я мог Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑом денÑги, и
возможно, мне бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑно "
+"пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ð», ÑÑо в конÑе
Ñвоей каÑÑеÑÑ Ñ Ð¾Ð³Ð»ÑнÑлÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° "
+"пÑоÑедÑие годÑ, в коÑоÑÑе Ñ ÑÑÑоил ÑÑенÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑазобÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей, и оÑÑÑил, "
+"ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ñовел ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ, Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ñ
Ñже."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I had already experienced being on the receiving end of a nondisclosure "
+"agreement, when someone refused to give me and the MIT AI Lab the source "
+"code for the control program for our printer. (The lack of certain features "
+"in this program made use of the printer extremely frustrating.) So I could "
+"not tell myself that nondisclosure agreements were innocent. I was very "
+"angry when he refused to share with us; I could not turn around and do the "
+"same thing to everyone else."
+msgstr ""
+"Я Ñже иÑпÑÑал на Ñебе, ÑÑо бÑваеÑ, еÑли
дÑÑгие подпиÑÑваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ "
+"неÑазглаÑении, когда кÑо-Ñо оÑказалÑÑ
даÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ðµ и ÐÐРиÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñим пÑинÑеÑом.
(ÐÑÑÑÑÑÑвие опÑеделеннÑÑ
ÑÑнкÑий "
+"в ÑÑой пÑогÑамме пÑиводило к ÑомÑ,
ÑÑо ÑабоÑа Ñ ÑÑим "
+"пÑинÑеÑом пÑоÑÑо вÑводила из ÑебÑ.) Так
ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ðµ мог ÑказаÑÑ Ñебе, ÑÑо "
+"договоÑÑ Ð¾ неÑазглаÑении — ÑÑо
ÑÑо-Ñо невинное. Я оÑÐµÐ½Ñ "
+"ÑазозлилÑÑ, когда он оÑказалÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸; Ñ Ð½Ðµ мог вÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° его "
+"меÑÑо и делаÑÑ Ñо же Ñамое
в оÑноÑении вÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Another choice, straightforward but unpleasant, was to leave the computer "
+"field. That way my skills would not be misused, but they would still be "
+"wasted. I would not be culpable for dividing and restricting computer "
+"users, but it would happen nonetheless."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑгой возможноÑÑÑÑ, пÑоÑÑой, но
непÑиÑÑной, бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð½ÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ "
+"вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники. Ð ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае мои
ÑпоÑобноÑÑи не поÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑед, "
+"но они Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе-Ñаки пÑопали впÑÑÑÑÑ. Я не
бÑл Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½ в ÑазобÑении и "
+"огÑаниÑении полÑзоваÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов,
но Ñем не менее ÑÑо пÑоиÑÑ
одило бÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"So I looked for a way that a programmer could do something for the good. I "
+"asked myself, was there a program or programs that I could write, so as to "
+"make a community possible once again?"
+msgstr ""
+"Так ÑÑо Ñ Ð¸Ñкал ÑпоÑоб, коÑоÑÑм
пÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо-Ñо Ñ
оÑоÑее. Я "
+"ÑпÑоÑил ÑебÑ, не бÑло ли пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
пÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ñ "
+"Ñем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑво Ð²Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñ ÑÑало
возможнÑм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The answer was clear: what was needed first was an operating system. That "
+"is the crucial software for starting to use a computer. With an operating "
+"system, you can do many things; without one, you cannot run the computer at "
+"all. With a free operating system, we could again have a community of "
+"cooperating hackers—and invite anyone to join. And anyone would be "
+"able to use a computer without starting out by conspiring to deprive his or "
+"her friends."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð±Ñл ÑÑен: ÑÑо бÑло нÑжно пÑежде
вÑего — ÑÑо опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"ÑиÑÑема. ÐÑи пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ðº "
+"полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑом. ÐÑли еÑÑÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, можно делаÑÑ "
+"многое; без нее на компÑÑÑеÑе нелÑзÑ
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе. Со Ñвободной "
+"опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемой Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñнова могло
Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑиÑ
"
+"Ñ
акеÑов — и Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиглаÑаÑÑ
лÑбого пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº нам. Ð "
+"лÑбой бÑл Ð±Ñ Ð² ÑоÑÑоÑнии полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑом, не наÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñа, "
+"обездоливаÑÑего его дÑÑзей."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So "
+"even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was "
+"elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so "
+"that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to "
+"it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as a recursive "
+"acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”"
+msgstr ""
+"У Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑика опеÑаÑионной
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñли нÑжнÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑой ÑабоÑÑ "
+"навÑки. Так ÑÑо, Ñ
оÑÑ Ñ Ð¸ не мог ÑвеÑдо
ÑаÑÑÑиÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑпеÑ
, Ñ Ð¾Ñознавал, "
+"ÑÑо Ñама ÑÑдÑба вÑбÑала Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого
дела. Я ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"ÑовмеÑÑимой Ñ Unix, Ñ Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° бÑла
пеÑеноÑима и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели "
+"Unix могли легко пеÑейÑи на нее. Ðазвание
“GNU” бÑло вÑбÑано по "
+"Ñ
акеÑÑкой ÑÑадиÑии как ÑекÑÑÑивное
ÑокÑаÑение ÑÑÐ°Ð·Ñ “GNU — "
+"не Unix” <a href=\"#tf3\">[3]</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run other "
+"programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the name included "
+"command processors, assemblers, compilers, interpreters, debuggers, text "
+"editors, mailers, and much more. ITS had them, Multics had them, VMS had "
+"them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating system would include them too."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐпеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ ÑолÑко
ÑдÑо, коÑоÑого едва доÑÑаÑоÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"вÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑамм. Ð ÑемидеÑÑÑÑе
Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ XX века в каждÑÑ "
+"опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, заÑлÑживаÑÑÑÑ
ÑÑого названиÑ, вÑ
одили команднÑе "
+"оболоÑки, аÑÑемблеÑÑ, компилÑÑоÑÑ,
инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑÑ, оÑладÑики, ÑекÑÑовÑе "
+"ÑедакÑоÑÑ, поÑÑовÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ многое
дÑÑгое. Ðни бÑли в ITS, они бÑли в "
+"Multics, они бÑли в VMS, они бÑли и в Unix. Ðни
бÑдÑÑ Ð¸ в опеÑаÑионной "
+"ÑиÑÑеме GNU."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):"
+msgstr "Ðозднее Ñ ÑÑлÑÑал Ñакие Ñлова,
пÑипиÑÑваемÑе ÐÐ¸Ð»Ð»ÐµÐ»Ñ (1):"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid "If I am not for myself, who will be for me?"
+msgstr "ÐÑли Ñ Ð½Ðµ за ÑебÑ, кÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð·Ð° менÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid "If I am only for myself, what am I?"
+msgstr "ÐÑли Ñ ÑолÑко за ÑебÑ, кÑо Ñ Ñакой?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <blockquote><p>
+msgid "If not now, when?"
+msgstr "ÐÑли не ÑейÑаÑ, когда?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit."
+msgstr "РеÑение наÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU бÑло оÑновано
на поÑ
ожем миÑооÑÑÑении."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I sometimes "
+"find I admire something one of them has said."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) Ðак аÑеиÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑвлÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледоваÑелем
какиÑ
Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло ÑелигиознÑÑ
"
+"лидеÑов, но иногда Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑживаÑ, ÑÑо воÑÑ
иÑаÑÑÑ Ñем, ÑÑо Ñказал кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ "
+"из ниÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free as in freedom"
+msgstr "“СвободнÑй” Ð¾Ñ Ñлова
“Ñвобода”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The term “free software” is sometimes misunderstood—it has "
+"nothing to do with price. It is about freedom. Here, therefore, is the "
+"definition of free software."
+msgstr ""
+"ТеÑмин “ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма” иногда
понимаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ²ÐµÑно "
+"— он не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº
ÑÑоимоÑÑи. Ðн оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº Ñвободе. "
+"Таким обÑазом, Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ñеделение Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if:"
+msgstr "ÐÑогÑамма Ñвободна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ,
конкÑеÑного полÑзоваÑелÑ, еÑли:"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid "You have the freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose."
+msgstr "У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñвобода вÑполнÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ, как вам Ñгодно, в лÑбÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to modify the program to suit your needs. (To make "
+"this freedom effective in practice, you must have access to the source code, "
+"since making changes in a program without having the source code is "
+"exceedingly difficult.)"
+msgstr ""
+"У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñвобода изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´
Ñвои нÑждÑ. (ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑа Ñвобода "
+"бÑла пÑакÑиÑеÑки оÑÑÑеÑÑвима, Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
должен бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑп к иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑекÑÑÑ, "
+"поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² пÑогÑаммÑ
без иÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа ÑÑезвÑÑайно "
+"ÑÑÑдно.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to redistribute copies, either gratis or for a fee."
+msgstr "У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñвобода пеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
копии, беÑплаÑно или за денÑги."
+
+#. type: Content of: <ul><li>
+msgid ""
+"You have the freedom to distribute modified versions of the program, so that "
+"the community can benefit from your improvements."
+msgstr ""
+"У Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ñвобода ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ
измененнÑе веÑÑии пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑво могло полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð°ÑиÑ
ÑлÑÑÑений."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since “free” refers to freedom, not to price, there is no "
+"contradiction between selling copies and free software. In fact, the "
+"freedom to sell copies is crucial: collections of free software sold on CD-"
+"ROMs are important for the community, and selling them is an important way "
+"to raise funds for free software development. Therefore, a program which "
+"people are not free to include on these collections is not free software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ “ÑвободнÑй” оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº
Ñвободе, а не ÑÑоимоÑÑи, Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ "
+"пÑодажей копий и ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑивоÑеÑиÑ. Ðа Ñамом деле "
+"Ñвобода пÑодаваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸ жизненно важна:
ÑбоÑники ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, "
+"пÑодаваемÑе на компакÑ-диÑкаÑ
, Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑообÑеÑÑва, и иÑ
пÑодажа "
+"— важнÑй ÑпоÑоб полÑÑиÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑва на
ÑазвиÑие ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. "
+"Таким обÑазом, пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð»Ñди не
волÑÐ½Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑи ÑбоÑники, не "
+"ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ñвободной."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long looked for "
+"alternatives, but no one has found a better term. The English language has "
+"more words and nuances than any other, but it lacks a simple, unambiguous, "
+"word that means “free”, as in freedom—“"
+"unfettered” being the word that comes closest in meaning. Such "
+"alternatives as “liberated”, “freedom”, and “"
+"open” have either the wrong meaning or some other disadvantage."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеоднознаÑноÑÑÑ Ñлова “ÑвободнÑй”
пÑивела к долгим поиÑкам "
+"алÑÑеÑнаÑив, но никÑо не наÑел лÑÑÑего
ÑеÑмина. РанглийÑком ÑзÑке болÑÑе "
+"Ñлов и нÑанÑов, Ñем в лÑбом дÑÑгом, но в нем
не Ñ
ваÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑого "
+"однознаÑного Ñлова, коÑоÑое знаÑиÑ
“ÑвободнÑй” Ð¾Ñ Ñлова “"
+"Ñвобода” — наиболее близко к
ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ñлово "
+"“неÑкованнÑй”. Такие алÑÑеÑнаÑивÑ,
как “"
+"оÑвобожденнÑй”, “Ñвобода”
(“пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ "
+"Ñвободє) и “оÑкÑÑÑÑй”, имеÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾
невеÑное знаÑение, либо "
+"какой-Ñо дÑÑгой недоÑÑаÑок."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "GNU software and the GNU system"
+msgstr "ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU и ÑиÑÑема GNU"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Developing a whole system is a very large project. To bring it into reach, "
+"I decided to adapt and use existing pieces of free software wherever that "
+"was possible. For example, I decided at the very beginning to use TeX as "
+"the principal text formatter; a few years later, I decided to use the X "
+"Window System rather than writing another window system for GNU."
+msgstr ""
+"РазÑабоÑка Ñелой ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ — оÑенÑ
болÑÑой пÑоекÑ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ "
+"ÑÑо доÑÑижимÑм, Ñ ÑеÑил адапÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
пÑименÑÑÑ, где ÑолÑко возможно, "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие ÑаÑÑи ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.
ÐапÑимеÑ, Ñ Ñ Ñамого наÑала "
+"ÑеÑил пÑименÑÑÑ TeX в каÑеÑÑве оÑновной
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑмаÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑекÑÑа; "
+"ÑеÑез неÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ Ñ ÑеÑил
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемой X Window вмеÑÑо "
+"Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ ÐµÑе Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ GNU."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Because of this decision, the GNU system is not the same as the collection "
+"of all GNU software. The GNU system includes programs that are not GNU "
+"software, programs that were developed by other people and projects for "
+"their own purposes, but which we can use because they are free software."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðз-за ÑÑого ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU — ÑÑо
не Ñо же Ñамое, ÑÑо "
+"ÑобÑание вÑеÑ
пÑогÑамм GNU. СиÑÑема GNU
вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе не "
+"ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами GNU — пÑогÑаммÑ,
коÑоÑÑе ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑгими "
+"лÑдÑми и пÑоекÑами в иÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
ÑелÑÑ
,
но коÑоÑÑми Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ "
+"воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они ÑвободнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Commencing the project"
+msgstr "ÐаÑало пÑоекÑа"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In January 1984 I quit my job at MIT and began writing GNU software. "
+"Leaving MIT was necessary so that MIT would not be able to interfere with "
+"distributing GNU as free software. If I had remained on the staff, MIT "
+"could have claimed to own the work, and could have imposed their own "
+"distribution terms, or even turned the work into a proprietary software "
+"package. I had no intention of doing a large amount of work only to see it "
+"become useless for its intended purpose: creating a new software-sharing "
+"community."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑнваÑе 1984 года Ñ ÑволилÑÑ Ð¸Ð· MIT и наÑал
пиÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU. УйÑи "
+"из MIT бÑло необÑ
одимо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ
Ñмог помеÑаÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GNU "
+"в каÑеÑÑве ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ
оÑÑалÑÑ Ð² ÑÑаÑе, инÑÑиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ Ð±Ñ "
+"заÑвиÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑабоÑа пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð°Ð´Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ, и
навÑзаÑÑ Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ даже обÑаÑиÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ
в Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. Я бÑл "
+"не намеÑен пÑоделаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ
ÑолÑко заÑем, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвидеÑÑ, как она "
+"ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð±ÐµÑполезной Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, Ñади Ñего она
заÑевалаÑÑ — ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "
+"нового ÑообÑеÑÑва обмена пÑогÑаммами."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, Professor Winston, then the head of the MIT AI Lab, kindly invited "
+"me to keep using the lab's facilities."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако пÑоÑеÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð£Ð¸Ð½ÑÑон, ÑогдаÑний
ÑÑководиÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÐÐÐ, лÑбезно пÑиглаÑил Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ "
+"пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑÑÑами
лабоÑаÑоÑии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The first steps"
+msgstr "ÐеÑвÑе Ñаги"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free University "
+"Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for “free” is "
+"written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler designed to handle multiple "
+"languages, including C and Pascal, and to support multiple target machines. "
+"I wrote to its author asking if GNU could use it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑкоÑе поÑле оÑганизаÑии пÑоекÑа GNU Ñ
ÑÑлÑÑал о “ÐабоÑе Ñвободного "
+"ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑоÑов” <a
href=\"#tf4\">[4]</a>, "
+"извеÑÑном Ñакже как VUCK. (ÐолландÑкое Ñлово
“ÑвободнÑй” пиÑеÑÑÑ "
+"ÑеÑез <em>v</em>.) ÐÑо бÑл компилÑÑоÑ,
ÑпÑоекÑиÑованнÑй Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑабоÑÑ Ñо "
+"многими ÑзÑками, вклÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¡Ð¸ и ÐаÑкалÑ, и
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжки многиÑ
ÑелевÑÑ
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+"Я напиÑал его авÑоÑÑ Ð¸ ÑпÑоÑил, не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸
GNU воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим "
+"компилÑÑоÑом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"He responded derisively, stating that the university was free but the "
+"compiler was not. I therefore decided that my first program for the GNU "
+"Project would be a multilanguage, multiplatform compiler."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðн оÑвеÑил Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑмеÑкой, заÑвив, ÑÑо
ÑнивеÑÑиÑÐµÑ Ñвободен, а компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"— неÑ. Таким обÑазом, Ñ ÑеÑил, ÑÑо моей
пеÑвой пÑогÑаммой Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа "
+"GNU ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ÑзÑÑнÑй
многоплаÑÑоÑменнÑй компилÑÑоÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Hoping to avoid the need to write the whole compiler myself, I obtained the "
+"source code for the Pastel compiler, which was a multiplatform compiler "
+"developed at Lawrence Livermore Lab. It supported, and was written in, an "
+"extended version of Pascal, designed to be a system-programming language. I "
+"added a C front end, and began porting it to the Motorola 68000 computer. "
+"But I had to give that up when I discovered that the compiler needed many "
+"megabytes of stack space, and the available 68000 Unix system would only "
+"allow 64k."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐадеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимоÑÑи пиÑаÑÑ
веÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑамомÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑал "
+"иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¸Ð»ÑÑоÑа ÑзÑка ÐаÑÑелÑ.
ÐÑо бÑл многоплаÑÑоÑменнÑй "
+"компилÑÑоÑ, ÑазÑабоÑаннÑй в ÐивеÑмоÑÑкой
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+"ÑаÑÑиÑеннÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑзÑка ÐаÑкалÑ,
задÑманнÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ÑиÑÑемнÑй ÑзÑк "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, и бÑл напиÑан на ÑÑом
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+"Си и наÑал пеÑеноÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ на компÑÑÑеÑ
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+"бÑоÑиÑÑ ÑÑо, когда Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑжил, ÑÑо
компилÑÑоÑÑ ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ Ð¼ÐµÐ³Ð°Ð±Ð°Ð¹Ñ "
+"ÑÑекового пÑоÑÑÑанÑÑва, а доÑÑÑпнаÑ
ÑиÑÑема Unix 68000 допÑÑкала ÑолÑко 64k."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the entire "
+"input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree into a chain "
+"of “instructions”, and then generating the whole output file, "
+"without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I concluded I would have "
+"to write a new compiler from scratch. That new compiler is now known as "
+"<acronym title=\"GNU Compiler Collection\">GCC</acronym>; none of the Pastel "
+"compiler is used in it, but I managed to adapt and use the C front end that "
+"I had written. But that was some years later; first, I worked on GNU Emacs."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑем Ñ Ð¾Ñознал, ÑÑо компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐаÑÑели
ÑÑнкÑиониÑовал, пÑеобÑазÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ "
+"вÑ
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пеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñе деÑево в ÑепоÑÐºÑ “"
+"инÑÑÑÑкÑий”, а заÑем генеÑиÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ
одной Ñайл, не оÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ "
+"памÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ на каком ÑÑапе. Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ
пÑиÑел к заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо мне "
+"пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñй компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñ
нÑлÑ. ÐовÑй компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð²ÐµÑÑен как "
+"<abbr>GCC</abbr> <a href=\"#tf5\">[5]</a>, из компилÑÑоÑа
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+"ниÑего не иÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ, но мне ÑдалоÑÑ
адапÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸ иÑполÑзоваÑÑ "
+"пÑедобÑабоÑÑик Си, коÑоÑÑй Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñал. Ðо
ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло неÑколÑко Ð»ÐµÑ ÑпÑÑÑÑ; "
+"ÑнаÑала Ñ ÑабоÑал над GNU Emacs."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "GNU Emacs"
+msgstr "GNU Emacs"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I began work on GNU Emacs in September 1984, and in early 1985 it was "
+"beginning to be usable. This enabled me to begin using Unix systems to do "
+"editing; having no interest in learning to use vi or ed, I had done my "
+"editing on other kinds of machines until then."
+msgstr ""
+"Я наÑал ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ GNU Emacs в ÑенÑÑбÑе
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+"1985 года им можно бÑло наÑинаÑÑ
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+"полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемами Unix длÑ
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+"полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ vi или ed мне бÑло не инÑеÑеÑно,
до ÑÑого Ñ Ð¿Ñоводил "
+"ÑедакÑиÑование на дÑÑгиÑ
видаÑ
маÑин."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At this point, people began wanting to use GNU Emacs, which raised the "
+"question of how to distribute it. Of course, I put it on the anonymous ftp "
+"server on the MIT computer that I used. (This computer, prep.ai.mit.edu, "
+"thus became the principal GNU ftp distribution site; when it was "
+"decommissioned a few years later, we transferred the name to our new ftp "
+"server.) But at that time, many of the interested people were not on the "
+"Internet and could not get a copy by ftp. So the question was, what would I "
+"say to them?"
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñ Ð»Ñдей наÑало возникаÑÑ
желание полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ GNU Emacs, ÑÑо "
+"поÑÑавило вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, как его
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+"ÑеÑвеÑе анонимного ftp на компÑÑÑеÑе MIT,
коÑоÑÑм Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзовалÑÑ. (ÐÑÐ¾Ñ "
+"компÑÑÑеÑ, prep.ai.mit.edu, ÑÑал, Ñаким обÑазом,
оÑновнÑм ÑайÑом ftp Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ GNU; когда ÑеÑез неÑколÑко
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+"ÑÑо Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñвой новÑй ÑеÑÐ²ÐµÑ ftp.) Ðо в Ñо
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+"лÑди не бÑли в ÐнÑеÑнеÑе и не могли
полÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ftp. ÐÑак, вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð±Ñл "
+"в Ñом, ÑÑо мне им говоÑиÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"I could have said, “Find a friend who is on the net and who will make "
+"a copy for you.” Or I could have done what I did with the original PDP-"
+"10 Emacs: tell them, “Mail me a tape and a <acronym title=\"Self-"
+"addressed Stamped Envelope\">SASE</acronym>, and I will mail it back with "
+"Emacs on it.” But I had no job, and I was looking for ways to make "
+"money from free software. So I announced that I would mail a tape to "
+"whoever wanted one, for a fee of $150. In this way, I started a free "
+"software distribution business, the precursor of the companies that today "
+"distribute entire Linux-based GNU systems."
+msgstr ""
+"Я мог Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ: “ÐайдиÑе знакомого, Ñ
коÑоÑого еÑÑÑ ÑеÑÑ Ð¸ "
+"коÑоÑÑй ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ копиє. Ðли Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ бÑ
делаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ð» Ñ "
+"пеÑвонаÑалÑнÑм Emacs Ð´Ð»Ñ PDP-10 — ÑказаÑÑ
им: “ÐÑиÑлиÑе мне "
+"ленÑÑ Ð¸ конвеÑÑ Ñ Ð¼Ð°Ñкой и обÑаÑнÑм
адÑеÑом, и Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑÐ»Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ ее Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð¸ÑаннÑм "
+"на ней Emacs”. Ðо Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑло ÑабоÑÑ, и Ñ
подÑÑкивал ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"заÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
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+"ленÑÑ Ð²Ñем, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° нÑжна, за
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+"к коммеÑÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ
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+"компаний, коÑоÑÑе в наÑи дни
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑелÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU на базе Linux."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Is a program free for every user?"
+msgstr "ÐÐ»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ли полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма
Ñвободна?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"If a program is free software when it leaves the hands of its author, this "
+"does not necessarily mean it will be free software for everyone who has a "
+"copy of it. For example, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories."
+"html#PublicDomainSoftware\"> public domain software</a> (software that is "
+"not copyrighted) is free software; but anyone can make a proprietary "
+"modified version of it. Likewise, many free programs are copyrighted but "
+"distributed under simple permissive licenses which allow proprietary "
+"modified versions."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли пÑогÑамма Ñвободна, когда она вÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑк авÑоÑа, ÑÑо не обÑзаÑелÑно "
+"ознаÑаеÑ, ÑÑо она бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ñвободной длÑ
вÑÑкого, Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð³Ð¾ еÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ копиÑ. "
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, <a
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð² обÑеÑÑвенном доÑÑоÑнии</a>
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+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое пÑаво)
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+"неÑвободнÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑикаÑÐ¸Ñ Ñакой пÑогÑаммÑ.
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
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лиÑензиÑми, ÑÑо допÑÑÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе "
+"модиÑикаÑии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The paradigmatic example of this problem is the X Window System. Developed "
+"at MIT, and released as free software with a permissive license, it was soon "
+"adopted by various computer companies. They added X to their proprietary "
+"Unix systems, in binary form only, and covered by the same nondisclosure "
+"agreement. These copies of X were no more free software than Unix was."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¥ÑеÑÑомаÑийной иллÑÑÑÑаÑией ÑÑой
пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑема X Window. "
+"РазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð² MIT и вÑпÑÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº пакеÑ
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+"компÑÑÑеÑнÑми компаниÑми. Ðни добавили X к
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+"поÑÑавлÑÑ ÐµÐµ ÑолÑко в двоиÑном виде, и
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+"Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñ Ð¾ неÑазглаÑении. ÐÑи копии X
бÑли не более ÑвободнÑ, Ñем Unix."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a problem—"
+"they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was not freedom, just "
+"“success”, defined as “having many users.” They did "
+"not care whether these users had freedom, only that they should be numerous."
+msgstr ""
+"РазÑабоÑÑики ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ X Window не ÑÑиÑали
ÑÑо пÑоблемой — они "
+"ÑÑого ждали, и ÑÑо ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвовало иÑ
намеÑениÑм. ÐÑ
ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñла не Ñвобода, "
+"а ÑолÑко “ÑÑпеÑ
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+"полÑзоваÑелей”. Ðм бÑло вÑе Ñавно, еÑÑÑ
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+"Ñвобода; они забоÑилиÑÑ ÑолÑко о Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели бÑли многоÑиÑленнÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"This led to a paradoxical situation where two different ways of counting the "
+"amount of freedom gave different answers to the question, “Is this "
+"program free?” If you judged based on the freedom provided by the "
+"distribution terms of the MIT release, you would say that X was free "
+"software. But if you measured the freedom of the average user of X, you "
+"would have to say it was proprietary software. Most X users were running "
+"the proprietary versions that came with Unix systems, not the free version."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑивело к паÑадокÑалÑной ÑиÑÑаÑии,
в коÑоÑой ÑазнÑе ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"подÑÑеÑа колиÑеÑÑва ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð°ÑÑ ÑазнÑе
оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° вопÑÐ¾Ñ “Ñвободна ли "
+"пÑогÑамма?” ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ ÑÑдили на
оÑновании ÑвободÑ, пÑедоÑÑавлÑемой "
+"ÑÑловиÑми лиÑензии MIT, Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð±Ñ Ñказали,
ÑÑо X Ñвободна. Ðо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ "
+"меÑили ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑеднего полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ X,
вам пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð±Ñ ÑказаÑÑ, ÑÑо она "
+"неÑвободна. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво полÑзоваÑелей X
ÑабоÑало Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми веÑÑиÑми, "
+"поÑÑавлÑемÑми Ñ ÑиÑÑемами Unix, а не Ñо
Ñвободной веÑÑией."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Copyleft and the GNU GPL"
+msgstr "ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево и GNU GPL"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So we "
+"needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software from being "
+"turned into proprietary software. The method we use is called “"
+"copyleft”.(1)"
+msgstr ""
+"ЦелÑÑ GNU бÑло даÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм ÑвободÑ,
а не пÑоÑÑо бÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑной. "
+"ÐоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼ нÑжно бÑло пÑименÑÑÑ ÑÑловиÑ
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+"пÑедоÑвÑаÑили Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑение пÑогÑамм GNU в
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+"коÑоÑÑм Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ, назÑваеÑÑÑ
“авÑоÑÑким левом”.(1)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite of its "
+"usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it becomes a "
+"means for keeping the program free."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑким
пÑавом, но пеÑевоÑаÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¾ "
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+"вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑвом
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+"ÑÑедÑÑвом ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The central idea of copyleft is that we give everyone permission to run the "
+"program, copy the program, modify the program, and distribute modified "
+"versions—but not permission to add restrictions of their own. Thus, "
+"the crucial freedoms that define “free software” are guaranteed "
+"to everyone who has a copy; they become inalienable rights."
+msgstr ""
+"ЦенÑÑалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого лева
заклÑÑаеÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÐ¼ вÑем "
+"ÑазÑеÑение иÑполнÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, изменÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
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+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñе веÑÑии —
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+"Ñвои ÑобÑÑвеннÑе огÑаниÑениÑ. Таким
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+"опÑеделÑÑÑие “ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммє,
гаÑанÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, Ñ "
+"кого еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ; они ÑÑановÑÑÑÑ
неоÑÑÑждаемÑми пÑавами."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For an effective copyleft, modified versions must also be free. This "
+"ensures that work based on ours becomes available to our community if it is "
+"published. When programmers who have jobs as programmers volunteer to "
+"improve GNU software, it is copyleft that prevents their employers from "
+"saying, “You can't share those changes, because we are going to use "
+"them to make our proprietary version of the program.”"
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое лево бÑло дейÑÑвеннÑм,
измененнÑе веÑÑии Ñоже Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ "
+"ÑвободнÑ. ÐÑо гаÑанÑиÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо ÑабоÑа,
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+"доÑÑÑпной наÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑвÑ, еÑли ее
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ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ ÑобиÑаемÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ "
+"ими, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑделаÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑой пÑогÑаммє."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The requirement that changes must be free is essential if we want to ensure "
+"freedom for every user of the program. The companies that privatized the X "
+"Window System usually made some changes to port it to their systems and "
+"hardware. These changes were small compared with the great extent of X, but "
+"they were not trivial. If making changes were an excuse to deny the users "
+"freedom, it would be easy for anyone to take advantage of the excuse."
+msgstr ""
+"ТÑебование, ÑÑо Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
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+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑенеÑÑи ее на Ñвои ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ ÑвоÑ
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+"Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ ÑиÑоÑайÑим оÑ
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+"ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð½ÐµÑение изменений опÑавдÑвало
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+"бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾ воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим
опÑавданием."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A related issue concerns combining a free program with nonfree code. Such a "
+"combination would inevitably be nonfree; whichever freedoms are lacking for "
+"the nonfree part would be lacking for the whole as well. To permit such "
+"combinations would open a hole big enough to sink a ship. Therefore, a "
+"crucial requirement for copyleft is to plug this hole: anything added to or "
+"combined with a copylefted program must be such that the larger combined "
+"version is also free and copylefted."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑвÑзи Ñ ÑÑим Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾
ÑоÑеÑании Ñвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ "
+"неÑвободнÑми иÑÑ
однÑми ÑекÑÑами. Такое
ÑоÑеÑание неизбежно бÑло Ð±Ñ "
+"неÑвободнÑм; еÑли неÑвободной ÑаÑÑи
недоÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
Ð±Ñ Ñо ни бÑло Ñвобод, "
+"ÑÑиÑ
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в Ñелом. ÐопÑÑÑиÑÑ Ñакие ÑоÑеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "
+"ознаÑало Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑ Ð±ÑеÑÑ, доÑÑаÑоÑнÑÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑопиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑаблÑ. "
+"СледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑебование пеÑекÑÑÑÑ ÑÑÑ
бÑеÑÑ ÐºÑиÑиÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого лева: "
+"вÑе, ÑÑо добавлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ ÑоÑеÑаеÑÑÑ Ñ
пÑогÑаммой под авÑоÑÑким левом, должно "
+"бÑÑÑ Ñаким, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ кÑÑпнаÑ
комбиниÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñакже бÑла
Ñвободной "
+"и ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° нее ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑлоÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкое
лево."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The specific implementation of copyleft that we use for most GNU software is "
+"the GNU General Public License, or GNU GPL for short. We have other kinds "
+"of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances. GNU manuals are "
+"copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of copyleft, because the "
+"complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary for manuals.(2)"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонкÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑеализаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого лева,
коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑименÑем в болÑÑинÑÑве "
+"пÑогÑамм GNU — ÑÑо СÑандаÑÑнаÑ
обÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ GNU, или "
+"ÑокÑаÑенно GNU GPL. У Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие видÑ
авÑоÑÑкого лева, ÑпоÑÑебиÑелÑнÑе "
+"в оÑобÑÑ
обÑÑоÑÑелÑÑÑваÑ
. Ð ÑководÑÑва GNU
Ñакже вÑпÑÑкаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ авÑоÑÑким "
+"левом, но Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ Ð³Ð¾Ñаздо более
пÑоÑÑÑм видом авÑоÑÑкого лева, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑо Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑководÑÑв не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑ
ÑложноÑÑÑ GNU GPL.(2)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me a "
+"letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings, including "
+"this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I used the word "
+"“copyleft” to name the distribution concept I was developing at "
+"the time."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) Ð 1984 или 1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ðон Ð¥Ð¾Ð¿ÐºÐ¸Ð½Ñ (малÑй Ñ
богаÑÑм вообÑажением) "
+"пÑиÑлал мне пиÑÑмо. Ðа конвеÑÑе он напиÑал
неÑколÑко забавнÑÑ
изÑеÑений, в "
+"Ñом ÑиÑле Ñакое: “ÐвÑоÑÑкое лево —
вÑе пÑава "
+"заÑевеÑÑиÑованє. Я воÑполÑзовалÑÑ
вÑÑажением “авÑоÑÑкое "
+"лево” в каÑеÑÑве Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑепÑии
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ, над коÑоÑой Ñ Ð² "
+"Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑабоÑал."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(2) We now use the <a href=\"/licenses/fdl.html\">GNU Free Documentation "
+"License</a> for documentation."
+msgstr ""
+"(2) СейÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑии Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ <a
href=\"/licenses/fdl.html"
+"\"> ÐиÑензией Ñвободной докÑменÑаÑии GNU</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The Free Software Foundation"
+msgstr "Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑениÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became involved in the "
+"GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek funding once again. So "
+"in 1985 we created the <a href=\"http://www.fsf.org/\">Free Software "
+"Foundation</a> (FSF), a tax-exempt charity for free software development. "
+"The <acronym title=\"Free Software Foundation\">FSF</acronym> also took over "
+"the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding other "
+"free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling free "
+"manuals as well."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо меÑе Ñого как инÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Emacs
возÑаÑÑал, в пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU ÑÑали "
+"вовлекаÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгие лÑди, и Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑили, ÑÑо
поÑа Ñнова поиÑкаÑÑ ÑондÑ. ÐÑак, в "
+"1985 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñоздали <a
href=\"http://www.fsf.org/\">Фонд Ñвободного "
+"пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</a> (ФСÐÐ),
благоÑвоÑиÑелÑнÑÑ Ð¾ÑганизаÑиÑ, "
+"полÑзÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ñми лÑгоÑами, длÑ
ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного "
+"обеÑпеÑениÑ. ФСÐÐ Ñакже взÑл на ÑебÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Emacs "
+"на ленÑаÑ
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добавлением на ленÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
"
+"ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм (как GNU, Ñак и неGNU), а
Ñакже пÑодажей ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"ÑÑководÑÑв."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Most of the FSF's income used to come from sales of copies of free software "
+"and of other related services (CD-ROMs of source code, CD-ROMs with "
+"binaries, nicely printed manuals, all with the freedom to redistribute and "
+"modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for which we built the "
+"whole collection of software for the customer's choice of platform). Today "
+"the FSF still <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/\"> sells manuals and other "
+"gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You can "
+"join the FSF at <a href=\"http://fsf.org/join\">fsf.org</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð Ñе вÑемена доÑ
од ФСÐÐ ÑоÑÑоÑл по болÑÑей
ÑаÑÑи из пÑибÑли Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ñодажи копий "
+"ÑвободнÑÑ
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ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ
ÑÑим ÑÑлÑг (компакÑ-диÑков Ñ "
+"иÑÑ
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+"ÑаÑпеÑаÑаннÑÑ
ÑÑководÑÑв — вÑе ÑÑо
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+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑÑе) и диÑÑÑибÑÑивов
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+"коÑоÑÑÑ
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пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑбÑанной клиенÑом "
+"плаÑÑоÑмÑ). Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¤Ð¡ÐРпо-пÑÐµÐ¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ <a
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+"\">пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑководÑÑва и дÑÑгой ÑоваÑ</a>, но
оÑновнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑв он "
+"полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑленÑкиÑ
взноÑов. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
пÑиÑоединиÑÑÑÑ Ðº ФСÐРна <a href="
+"\"http://fsf.org/join\">fsf.org</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a number of "
+"GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library and the shell. "
+"The GNU C library is what every program running on a GNU/Linux system uses "
+"to communicate with Linux. It was developed by a member of the Free "
+"Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The shell used on most GNU/Linux "
+"systems is <acronym title=\"Bourne Again Shell\">BASH</acronym>, the Bourne "
+"Again Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox."
+msgstr ""
+"СоÑÑÑдники Фонда Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñали и поддеÑживали "
+"некоÑоÑое колиÑеÑÑво пакеÑов пÑогÑамм GNU.
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+"пÑимеÑаÑелÑнÑÑ
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+"ÐиблиоÑека Си GNU — ÑÑо Ñо, Ñем каждаÑ
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+"ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux, полÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑвÑзи Ñ Linux.
Ðна бÑла ÑазÑабоÑана "
+"ÑÑаÑнÑм ÑоÑÑÑдником Фонда Ñвободного
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+"ÐÑÑÑом. ÐоманднÑй инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ,
пÑименÑемÑй в болÑÑинÑÑве ÑиÑÑем GNU/"
+"Linux — BASH <a href=\"#tf6\">[6]</a>, “ÐпÑÑÑ
оболоÑка "
+"ÐаÑÑна”(1), ÑазÑабоÑаннÑй ÑоÑÑÑдником
ФСÐÐ ÐÑайеном ФокÑом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was not just "
+"about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a complete operating "
+"system, and these programs were needed for that goal."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ ÑинанÑиÑовали ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ÑелÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU бÑли "
+"не ÑолÑко ÑÑедÑÑва или ÑÑеда ÑазÑабоÑки.
ÐаÑей ÑелÑÑ Ð±Ñла Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, а ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
бÑли нÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой Ñели."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name “Bourne "
+"Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) “ÐпÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ñка ÐаÑÑна” —
игÑа Ñлов, поÑÑÑÐ¾ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"на названии “ÐболоÑка
ÐаÑÑна” — Ñак назÑвали обÑÑнÑй "
+"в Unix команднÑй инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ."
+
+# type: Attribute 'title' of: <link>
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free software support"
+msgstr "ÐоддеÑжка ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business "
+"practice, but it is not against business. When businesses respect the "
+"users' freedom, we wish them success."
+msgstr ""
+"ФилоÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑÐ³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделеннÑÑ ÑиÑоко
"
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¿ÑакÑикÑ, но она
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+"Ðогда пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑважаÑÑ ÑвободÑ
полÑзоваÑелей, Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÐ¼ им ÑÑпеÑ
а."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Selling copies of Emacs demonstrates one kind of free software business. "
+"When the FSF took over that business, I needed another way to make a "
+"living. I found it in selling services relating to the free software I had "
+"developed. This included teaching, for subjects such as how to program GNU "
+"Emacs and how to customize GCC, and software development, mostly porting GCC "
+"to new platforms."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑодажа копий Emacs иллÑÑÑÑиÑÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸Ð·
ÑазновидноÑÑей пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑкой "
+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, оÑнованной на ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
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+"на ÑебÑ, мне понадобилÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгой ÑпоÑоб
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+"ÑпоÑоб в пÑодаже ÑÑлÑг, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
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+"ÑазÑабоÑал. СÑда вÑ
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+"Emacs, наÑÑÑойка GCC и ÑазÑабоÑка пÑогÑамм (по
болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи — "
+"пеÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ GCC на новÑе плаÑÑоÑмÑ)."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Today each of these kinds of free software business is practiced by a number "
+"of corporations. Some distribute free software collections on CD-ROM; "
+"others sell support at levels ranging from answering user questions, to "
+"fixing bugs, to adding major new features. We are even beginning to see "
+"free software companies based on launching new free software products."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй из ÑÑиÑ
видов деÑÑелÑноÑÑи
пÑакÑикÑеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑм ÑиÑлом "
+"коÑпоÑаÑий. Ðдни ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÑбоÑники
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пÑогÑамм на компакÑ-"
+"диÑкаÑ
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+"оÑвеÑов на вопÑоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей и
иÑпÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñибок и заканÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ "
+"добавлением новÑÑ
ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ
ÑÑнкÑий. ÐÑ
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+"занимаÑÑиеÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами,
оÑнованнÑе на вÑпÑÑке новÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑаммнÑÑ
пÑодÑкÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Watch out, though—a number of companies that associate themselves with "
+"the term “open source” actually base their business on nonfree "
+"software that works with free software. These are not free software "
+"companies, they are proprietary software companies whose products tempt "
+"users away from freedom. They call these programs “value-added "
+"packages”, which shows the values they would like us to adopt: "
+"convenience above freedom. If we value freedom more, we should call them "
+"“freedom-subtracted” packages."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако бÑдÑÑе внимаÑелÑÐ½Ñ —
некоÑоÑое ÑиÑло компаний, коÑоÑÑе "
+"аÑÑоÑииÑÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ñ ÑеÑмином “оÑкÑÑÑÑй
иÑÑ
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+"дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи оÑновÑваÑÑ Ñвои
пÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммаÑ
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+"коÑоÑÑе ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñо ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑи компании не ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ "
+"компаниÑми по ÑазÑабоÑке ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм — они занимаÑÑÑÑ "
+"неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, и пÑодÑкÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
заманиваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей пÑоÑÑ Ð¾Ñ "
+"ÑвободÑ. Ðни назÑваÑÑ ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ
“пакеÑами добавоÑной "
+"ÑенноÑÑи”. ÐÑо показÑваеÑ, какие
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оÑели Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"ÑÑвоиÑÑ: пÑиоÑиÑÐµÑ ÑдобÑÑва над Ñвободой.
ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñеним ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе, Ð¼Ñ "
+"Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑÑи пакеÑÑ “пакеÑами Ñ
деÑиÑиÑом Ñвободє."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Technical goals"
+msgstr "ТеÑ
ниÑеÑкие Ñели"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The principal goal of GNU is to be free software. Even if GNU had no "
+"technical advantage over Unix, it would have a social advantage, allowing "
+"users to cooperate, and an ethical advantage, respecting the user's freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ GNU — бÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑм
пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением. Ðаже "
+"еÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ GNU не бÑло ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑв пеÑед Unix, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ бÑло Ð±Ñ "
+"ÑоÑиалÑное пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво —
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+"и ÑÑиÑеÑкое пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво — Ñважение
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But it was natural to apply the known standards of good practice to the "
+"work—for example, dynamically allocating data structures to avoid "
+"arbitrary fixed size limits, and handling all the possible 8-bit codes "
+"wherever that made sense."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо бÑло еÑÑеÑÑвенно пÑименÑÑÑ Ð² ÑабоÑе
извеÑÑнÑе ÑÑандаÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑей "
+"пÑакÑики — напÑимеÑ, динамиÑеÑкое
ÑазмеÑение ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½ÑÑ
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+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизволÑнÑÑ
ÑикÑиÑованнÑÑ
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+"обÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑеÑ
возможнÑÑ
8-ÑазÑÑднÑÑ
кодов везде, где ÑÑо Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ ÑмÑÑл. "
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In addition, we rejected the Unix focus on small memory size, by deciding "
+"not to support 16-bit machines (it was clear that 32-bit machines would be "
+"the norm by the time the GNU system was finished), and to make no effort to "
+"reduce memory usage unless it exceeded a megabyte. In programs for which "
+"handling very large files was not crucial, we encouraged programmers to read "
+"an entire input file into core, then scan its contents without having to "
+"worry about I/O."
+msgstr ""
+"Рдополнение, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑказалиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
ÑвойÑÑвенной Unix опÑимизаÑии под неболÑÑие "
+"ÑазмеÑÑ Ð¿Ð°Ð¼ÑÑи, ÑеÑив не поддеÑживаÑÑ
16-ÑазÑÑднÑе маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ (бÑло ÑÑно, ÑÑо 32-"
+"ÑазÑÑднÑе маÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ñмой к ÑомÑ
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"
+"Ñайлов не бÑла жизненно важна, мÑ
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+"вÑ
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его ÑодеÑжимое, не беÑпокоÑÑÑ Ð¾ "
+"вводе-вÑводе."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"These decisions enabled many GNU programs to surpass their Unix counterparts "
+"in reliability and speed."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐлагодаÑÑ ÑÑим ÑеÑениÑм многие пÑогÑаммÑ
GNU Ñмогли пÑевзойÑи Ñвои аналоги "
+"из Unix по надежноÑÑи и ÑкоÑоÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Donated computers"
+msgstr "ÐÑинеÑеннÑе в Ð´Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑеÑÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As the GNU Project's reputation grew, people began offering to donate "
+"machines running Unix to the project. These were very useful, because the "
+"easiest way to develop components of GNU was to do it on a Unix system, and "
+"replace the components of that system one by one. But they raised an "
+"ethical issue: whether it was right for us to have a copy of Unix at all."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо меÑе Ñого, как ÑепÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU
возÑаÑÑала, лÑди ÑÑали пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð² "
+"Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ ÑпÑавлением Unix. Ðни
бÑли оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"ÑамÑм пÑоÑÑÑм ÑпоÑобом ÑазÑабоÑки
компоненÑов GNU бÑло делаÑÑ ÑÑо в ÑиÑÑеме "
+"Unix и заменÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½ÑÑ ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ
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+"возникла ÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема: пÑавилÑно ли
бÑло, ÑÑо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе бÑла ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ "
+"Unix."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Unix was (and is) proprietary software, and the GNU Project's philosophy "
+"said that we should not use proprietary software. But, applying the same "
+"reasoning that leads to the conclusion that violence in self defense is "
+"justified, I concluded that it was legitimate to use a proprietary package "
+"when that was crucial for developing a free replacement that would help "
+"others stop using the proprietary package."
+msgstr ""
+"Unix бÑла (и оÑÑаеÑÑÑ) неÑвободной, а
ÑоглаÑно ÑилоÑоÑии пÑоекÑа GNU, нам не "
+"ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами. Ðо пÑименив ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ Ñ
од "
+"ÑаÑÑÑждений, коÑоÑÑй пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº
заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо наÑилие Ñ ÑелÑÑ ÑамозаÑиÑÑ "
+"опÑавдано, Ñ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ»ÑÑил, ÑÑо пÑименение
неÑвободного пакеÑа законно, когда ÑÑо "
+"кÑиÑиÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки Ñвободной заменÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгим "
+"пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑим неÑвободнÑм
пакеÑом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But, even if this was a justifiable evil, it was still an evil. Today we no "
+"longer have any copies of Unix, because we have replaced them with free "
+"operating systems. If we could not replace a machine's operating system "
+"with a free one, we replaced the machine instead."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо Ñ
оÑÑ ÑÑо бÑло опÑавданное зло, вÑе-Ñаки
ÑÑо бÑло зло. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"болÑÑе Ð½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
копий Unix, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо мÑ
заменили иÑ
на ÑвободнÑе "
+"опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли
замениÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ "
+"на ÑвободнÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо ÑÑого заменÑли
маÑинÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Task List"
+msgstr "СпиÑок Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ GNU"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"As the GNU Project proceeded, and increasing numbers of system components "
+"were found or developed, eventually it became useful to make a list of the "
+"remaining gaps. We used it to recruit developers to write the missing "
+"pieces. This list became known as the GNU Task List. In addition to "
+"missing Unix components, we listed various other useful software and "
+"documentation projects that, we thought, a truly complete system ought to "
+"have."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо меÑе оÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU и
ÑвелиÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑла найденнÑÑ
или "
+"ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемнÑÑ
компоненÑов в
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+"ÑоÑÑавиÑÑ ÑпиÑок оÑÑавÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¿Ñобелов. ÐÑ
полÑзовалиÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñа "
+"ÑазÑабоÑÑиков, коÑоÑÑе пиÑали бÑ
недоÑÑаÑÑие ÑаÑÑи. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑпиÑок ÑÑал "
+"извеÑÑен как “СпиÑок Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ GNU”. Ð
дополнение к недоÑÑаÑÑим "
+"компоненÑам Unix Ð¼Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¾Ñили ÑÑда ÑазнÑе
дÑÑгие полезнÑе пÑоекÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ "
+"напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм и докÑменÑаÑии,
коÑоÑÑе, как Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ñмали, обÑзана ÑодеÑжаÑÑ "
+"по-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task List—"
+"those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential ones. But the list "
+"is full of projects that some might call “applications”. Any "
+"program that appeals to more than a narrow class of users would be a useful "
+"thing to add to an operating system."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ (1) в “СпиÑке Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ GNU” едва ли
оÑÑалиÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ-нибÑÐ´Ñ "
+"компоненÑÑ Unix — вÑе ÑÑи задаÑи бÑли
вÑполненÑ, кÑоме неÑколÑкиÑ
"
+"неÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
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коÑоÑÑе кÑо-Ñо мог Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°ÑÑ "
+"“пÑиложениÑми”. ÐÑбÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
пÑивлекаÑелÑнÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ, Ñем Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"Ñзкого клаÑÑа полÑзоваÑелей, бÑло бÑ
полезно добавиÑÑ Ðº опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑеме."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Even games are included in the task list—and have been since the "
+"beginning. Unix included games, so naturally GNU should too. But "
+"compatibility was not an issue for games, so we did not follow the list of "
+"games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of different kinds of "
+"games that users might like."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑпиÑок Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ
игÑÑ — и Ñак бÑло Ñ Ñамого наÑала. "
+"Ð Unix вÑ
одили игÑÑ, Ñак ÑÑо в GNU они,
еÑÑеÑÑвенно, Ñоже Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð²Ñ
одиÑÑ. Ðо "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð³Ñ Ð¿Ñоблема ÑовмеÑÑимоÑÑи не ÑÑоÑла,
поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ повÑоÑÑли ÑпиÑок "
+"игÑ, коÑоÑÑе бÑли в Unix. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого мÑ
запиÑали ÑелÑй ÑпекÑÑ Ñазного Ñода "
+"игÑ, коÑоÑÑе могли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÑавиÑÑÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long task "
+"list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't even keep "
+"track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority Projects, a much "
+"shorter list of projects we really want to encourage people to write."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) ÐÑо бÑло напиÑано в 1998 годÑ. Ð
2009 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе не "
+"поддеÑживаем длиннÑй ÑпиÑок задаÑ.
СообÑеÑÑво ÑазÑабаÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñак бÑÑÑÑо, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем даже
оÑÑлеживаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
вÑе. ÐмеÑÑо ÑÑого "
+"Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ ÑпиÑок вÑÑокопÑиоÑиÑеÑнÑÑ
пÑоекÑов — гоÑаздо более "
+"коÑоÑкий ÑпиÑок пÑоекÑов, к оÑÑÑеÑÑвлениÑ
коÑоÑÑÑ
Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим пооÑÑиÑÑ Ð»Ñдей "
+"пÑежде вÑего."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Library GPL"
+msgstr "ÐиблиоÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ GNU GPL"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU Library "
+"General Public License(1), which gives permission to link proprietary "
+"software with the library. Why make this exception?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки Си GNU иÑполÑзована оÑобаÑ
ÑазновидноÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑÑкого лева, "
+"Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐиблиоÑеÑной ÑÑандаÑÑной
обÑеÑÑвенной лиÑензией GNU (1), "
+"коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑазÑеÑение компоноваÑÑ Ñ
ÑÑой библиоÑекой неÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐаÑем бÑло Ñделано ÑÑо
иÑклÑÑение?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says proprietary "
+"software products are entitled to include our code. (Why contribute to a "
+"project predicated on refusing to share with us?) Using the LGPL for the C "
+"library, or for any library, is a matter of strategy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо не бÑло делом пÑинÑипа; Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипа,
ÑоглаÑно коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммнÑе пÑодÑкÑÑ Ð²Ð¿Ñаве вклÑÑаÑÑ Ð²
ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñи пÑогÑаммÑ. (ÐаÑем вноÑиÑÑ "
+"вклад в пÑоекÑ, в оÑнове коÑоÑого лежиÑ
оÑказ делиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ ÑезÑлÑÑаÑами?) "
+"ÐÑименение LGPL Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки Си или длÑ
лÑбой дÑÑгой библиоÑеки "
+"— вопÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÑÑаÑегии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The C library does a generic job; every proprietary system or compiler comes "
+"with a C library. Therefore, to make our C library available only to free "
+"software would not have given free software any advantage—it would "
+"only have discouraged use of our library."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐиблиоÑека Си вÑполнÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ;
лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема или "
+"компилÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑавлÑеÑÑÑ Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñекой Си.
СледоваÑелÑно, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñделали "
+"ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾ÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¡Ð¸ доÑÑÑпной ÑолÑко длÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑÑо не "
+"пÑедоÑÑавило Ð±Ñ ÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммам
никакого пÑеимÑÑеÑÑва — ÑÑо "
+"ÑолÑко Ñоздало Ð±Ñ ÑÑимÑл не полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
наÑей библиоÑекой."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One system is an exception to this: on the GNU system (and this includes GNU/"
+"Linux), the GNU C library is the only C library. So the distribution terms "
+"of the GNU C library determine whether it is possible to compile a "
+"proprietary program for the GNU system. There is no ethical reason to allow "
+"proprietary applications on the GNU system, but strategically it seems that "
+"disallowing them would do more to discourage use of the GNU system than to "
+"encourage development of free applications. That is why using the Library "
+"GPL is a good strategy for the C library."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо не веÑно: в ÑиÑÑеме
GNU (в Ñом ÑиÑле GNU/"
+"Linux) библиоÑека Си GNU — единÑÑвеннаÑ
библиоÑека Си. Так ÑÑо "
+"ÑÑÐ»Ð¾Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки Си GNU
опÑеделÑÑÑ, можно ли "
+"ÑкомпилиÑоваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. ÐÐµÑ ÑÑиÑеÑкой пÑиÑинÑ, "
+"по коÑоÑой ÑледÑÐµÑ ÑазÑеÑаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе
пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² ÑиÑÑеме GNU, но Ñо "
+"ÑÑÑаÑегиÑеÑкой ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶ÐµÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
иÑ
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+"Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемой GNU, Ñем пооÑÑÑл бÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ ÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑиложениÑ. ÐÐ¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ñименение
ÐиблиоÑеÑной GPL — Ñ
оÑоÑее "
+"ÑÑÑаÑегиÑеÑкое ÑеÑение Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñеки Си."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be considered on a case-"
+"by-case basis. When a library does a special job that can help write "
+"certain kinds of programs, then releasing it under the GPL, limiting it to "
+"free programs only, is a way of helping other free software developers, "
+"giving them an advantage against proprietary software."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ»Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
библиоÑек ÑÑÑаÑегиÑеÑкое
ÑеÑение нÑжно пÑинимаÑÑ Ð¾ÑделÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"каждого ÑлÑÑаÑ. Ðогда библиоÑека ÑеÑаеÑ
ÑпеÑиалÑнÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ "
+"помоÑÑ Ð² напиÑании пÑогÑамм опÑеделеннÑÑ
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+"GPL, огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑолÑко ÑвободнÑми
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пÑогÑамм, Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ пÑеимÑÑеÑÑво пеÑед "
+"неÑвободнÑм пÑогÑаммнÑм обеÑпеÑением."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide command-line "
+"editing for BASH. Readline is released under the ordinary GNU GPL, not the "
+"Library GPL. This probably does reduce the amount Readline is used, but "
+"that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at least one useful application has been "
+"made free software specifically so it could use Readline, and that is a real "
+"gain for the community."
+msgstr ""
+"РаÑÑмоÑÑим GNU Readline, библиоÑекÑ,
ÑазÑабоÑаннÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеализоваÑÑ "
+"ÑедакÑиÑование командной ÑÑÑоки Ð´Ð»Ñ BASH.
Readline вÑпÑÑкаеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ обÑÑной "
+"GNU GPL, а не ÐиблиоÑеÑной GPL. ÐÑо, возможно, и
ÑÑÐ¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñименение Readline, "
+"но Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑÑо не поÑеÑÑ. Ð Ñо же вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
менÑÑей меÑе одно полезное "
+"пÑиложение Ñделали Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой
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+"иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Readline, а ÑÑо ÑеалÑнÑй вÑигÑÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑообÑеÑÑва."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Proprietary software developers have the advantages money provides; free "
+"software developers need to make advantages for each other. I hope some day "
+"we will have a large collection of GPL-covered libraries that have no "
+"parallel available to proprietary software, providing useful modules to "
+"serve as building blocks in new free software, and adding up to a major "
+"advantage for further free software development."
+msgstr ""
+"У ÑазÑабоÑÑиков неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм
еÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑеимÑÑеÑÑва, пÑедоÑÑавлÑемÑе "
+"денÑгами; ÑазÑабоÑÑикам ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм нÑжно ÑоздаваÑÑ Ð¿ÑеимÑÑеÑÑва
дÑÑг "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´ÑÑга. Я надеÑÑÑ, наÑÑÑÐ¿Ð¸Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ, когда
Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой ÑбоÑник "
+"библиоÑек под GPL, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
Ð½ÐµÑ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¾Ð²,
доÑÑÑпнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм. ÐÑÐ¾Ñ ÑбоÑник бÑдеÑ
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñе модÑли в каÑеÑÑве "
+"ÑÑÑоиÑелÑнÑÑ
блоков Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, дополнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ Ñо вÑеменем "
+"ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ ÑеÑÑезнÑм ÑÑÑагом Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑнейÑего
ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License, to "
+"avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it. See <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html\">Why you shouldn't use the Lesser GPL for your "
+"next library</a> for more information."
+msgstr ""
+"(1) ÐÑа лиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваеÑÑÑ ÐенÑÑей
ÑÑандаÑÑной обÑеÑÑвенной "
+"лиÑензией GNU, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ наводиÑÑ Ð½Ð° мÑÑлÑ,
бÑдÑо вÑе библиоÑеки обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ "
+"еÑ. ÐодÑобноÑÑи Ñм. в ÑÑаÑÑе <a
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+"\">“ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ не ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑименÑÑÑ
ÐенÑÑÑÑ GPL Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñвоей ÑледÑÑÑей "
+"библиоÑеки”</a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Scratching an itch?"
+msgstr "ТвоÑÑеÑкий зÑд?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by "
+"scratching a developer's personal itch.” Maybe that happens sometimes, "
+"but many essential pieces of GNU software were developed in order to have a "
+"complete free operating system. They come from a vision and a plan, not "
+"from impulse."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑик Реймонд говоÑиÑ, ÑÑо “лÑÐ±Ð°Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑабоÑа по пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "
+"наÑинаеÑÑÑ Ñ ÑдовлеÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñного
ÑвоÑÑеÑкого зÑда ÑазÑабоÑÑика”. "
+"ÐÐ¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, иногда Ñак и пÑоиÑÑ
одиÑ, но
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+"бÑли ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ
полнÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ "
+"ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐÑ
поÑодило ÑÑÑаÑегиÑеÑкое
планиÑование, а не импÑлÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"For example, we developed the GNU C library because a Unix-like system needs "
+"a C library, BASH because a Unix-like system needs a shell, and GNU tar "
+"because a Unix-like system needs a tar program. The same is true for my own "
+"programs—the GNU C compiler, GNU Emacs, GDB and GNU Make."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐапÑимеÑ, Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑали библиоÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¡Ð¸ GNU,
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо в ÑиÑÑеме Ñипа Unix "
+"нÑжна библиоÑека Си, BASH — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
в ÑиÑÑеме Ñипа Unix нÑжен "
+"команднÑй инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ, GNU tar —
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+"нÑжна пÑогÑамма tar. То же Ñамое веÑно и длÑ
моиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
пÑогÑамм "
+"— компилÑÑоÑа Си GNU, GNU Emacs и GNU Make."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some GNU programs were developed to cope with specific threats to our "
+"freedom. Thus, we developed gzip to replace the Compress program, which had "
+"been lost to the community because of the <acronym title=\"Lempel-Ziv-Welch"
+"\">LZW</acronym> patents. We found people to develop LessTif, and more "
+"recently started <acronym title=\"GNU Network Object Model Environment"
+"\">GNOME</acronym> and Harmony, to address the problems caused by certain "
+"proprietary libraries (see below). We are developing the GNU Privacy Guard "
+"to replace popular nonfree encryption software, because users should not "
+"have to choose between privacy and freedom."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐекоÑоÑÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ GNU ÑазÑабоÑанÑ, ÑÑобÑ
боÑоÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÐºÑеÑнÑми ÑгÑозами "
+"наÑей Ñвободе. Так, Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑали gzip,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Compress, "
+"коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла поÑеÑÑна Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва из-за
паÑенÑов на <abbr>LZW</abbr>. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ñли "
+"лÑдей Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки Lesstif, а позднее
оÑганизовали <abbr>GNOME</abbr> "
+"<a href=\"#tf7\">[7]</a> и Harmony, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑаÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, вÑзваннÑе "
+"опÑеделеннÑми неÑвободнÑми библиоÑеками
(Ñм. ниже). ÐÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваем GNU "
+"Privacy Guard, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑнÑÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑиÑÑованиÑ, "
+"поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели не должнÑ
вÑбиÑаÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð½ÑиденÑиалÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ "
+"Ñвободой."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the people writing these programs became interested in the work, "
+"and many features were added to them by various people for the sake of their "
+"own needs and interests. But that is not why the programs exist."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонеÑно, Ñ Ð»Ñдей, пиÑавÑиÑ
ÑÑи пÑогÑаммÑ,
поÑвлÑлÑÑ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº ÑÑой ÑабоÑе, и "
+"ÑазнÑе лÑди добавили к ÑÑим пÑогÑаммам
много возможноÑÑей Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑдовлеÑвоÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
нÑжд и инÑеÑеÑов. Ðо ÑÑо
не пÑиÑина ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑиÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Unexpected developments"
+msgstr "ÐеожиданнÑе ÑазÑабоÑки"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"At the beginning of the GNU Project, I imagined that we would develop the "
+"whole GNU system, then release it as a whole. That is not how it happened."
+msgstr ""
+"РнаÑале пÑоекÑа GNU Ñ Ð¿ÑедÑÑавлÑл Ñебе, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑаем вÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, "
+"а заÑем вÑпÑÑÑим ее Ñеликом. Ðо вÑÑло
по-дÑÑгомÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Since each component of the GNU system was implemented on a Unix system, "
+"each component could run on Unix systems long before a complete GNU system "
+"existed. Some of these programs became popular, and users began extending "
+"them and porting them—to the various incompatible versions of Unix, "
+"and sometimes to other systems as well."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñй ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU бÑл
Ñеализован в ÑиÑÑеме Unix, каждÑй "
+"ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑиÑÑемаÑ
Unix
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+"GNU. ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ÑÑиÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑÑали
попÑлÑÑнÑми, и полÑзоваÑели наÑали "
+"ÑаÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ пеÑеноÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
— на
ÑазлиÑнÑе неÑовмеÑÑимÑе веÑÑии "
+"Unix, а иногда и на дÑÑгие ÑиÑÑемÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The process made these programs much more powerful, and attracted both funds "
+"and contributors to the GNU Project. But it probably also delayed "
+"completion of a minimal working system by several years, as GNU developers' "
+"time was put into maintaining these ports and adding features to the "
+"existing components, rather than moving on to write one missing component "
+"after another."
+msgstr ""
+"РпÑоÑеÑÑе ÑÑого пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑановилиÑÑ
гоÑаздо ÑÑÑекÑивнее и пÑивлекали как "
+"ÑинанÑовÑе, Ñак и ÑеловеÑеÑкие ÑеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU. Ðо ÑÑо Ñакже, веÑоÑÑно, "
+"оÑдалило завеÑÑение минималÑной
ÑабоÑаÑÑей ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð° неÑколÑко леÑ, "
+"поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков GNU ÑÑ
одило
на поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑÑиÑ
пеÑенеÑеннÑÑ
"
+"веÑÑий и добавление возможноÑÑей к
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑим компоненÑам, вмеÑÑо Ñого "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеÑ
одиÑÑ Ðº напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
недоÑÑаÑÑего компоненÑа за дÑÑгим."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "The GNU Hurd"
+msgstr "GNU Hurd"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"By 1990, the GNU system was almost complete; the only major missing "
+"component was the kernel. We had decided to implement our kernel as a "
+"collection of server processes running on top of Mach. Mach is a "
+"microkernel developed at Carnegie Mellon University and then at the "
+"University of Utah; the GNU Hurd is a collection of servers (i.e., a herd of "
+"GNUs) that run on top of Mach, and do the various jobs of the Unix kernel. "
+"The start of development was delayed as we waited for Mach to be released as "
+"free software, as had been promised."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð 1990 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU бÑла поÑÑи
завеÑÑена; единÑÑвеннÑм ÑеÑÑезнÑм "
+"недоÑÑаÑÑим компоненÑом бÑло ÑдÑо. ÐÑ
ÑеÑили ÑеализоваÑÑ Ñвое ÑдÑо как "
+"ÑобÑание ÑеÑвеÑнÑÑ
пÑоÑеÑÑов, вÑполнÑÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð½Ð° Mach. Mach — "
+"микÑоÑдÑо, ÑазÑабаÑÑвавÑееÑÑ Ð²
УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе ÐаÑнеги-Ðеллона, а заÑем "
+"— в УнивеÑÑиÑеÑе ЮÑÑ; GNU Hurd —
ÑобÑание ÑеÑвеÑов (Ñ. "
+"е. ÑабÑн GNU <a href=\"#tf8\">[8]</a>), коÑоÑÑе
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° Mach и "
+"вÑполнÑÑÑ ÑазлиÑнÑе задаÑи ÑдÑа Unix.
ÐаÑало ÑазÑабоÑки оÑдалилоÑÑ, "
+"поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸, когда Mach вÑпÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²
каÑеÑÑве Ñвободной пÑогÑаммÑ, как "
+"бÑло обеÑано."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"One reason for choosing this design was to avoid what seemed to be the "
+"hardest part of the job: debugging a kernel program without a source-level "
+"debugger to do it with. This part of the job had been done already, in "
+"Mach, and we expected to debug the Hurd servers as user programs, with GDB. "
+"But it took a long time to make that possible, and the multithreaded servers "
+"that send messages to each other have turned out to be very hard to debug. "
+"Making the Hurd work solidly has stretched on for many years."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðдной из пÑиÑин, по коÑоÑÑм Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑбÑали
ÑакÑÑ Ð°ÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ, бÑло желание "
+"избежаÑÑ Ñого, ÑÑо казалоÑÑ ÑÑÑднее вÑего
в ÑÑой ÑабоÑе: оÑлаживаÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑдÑа, не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого
оÑладÑика ÑÑÐ¾Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
одного ÑекÑÑа. ÐÑа "
+"ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð±Ñла Ñже вÑполнена в Mach, и мÑ
ÑобиÑалиÑÑ Ð¾ÑлаживаÑÑ ÑеÑвеÑÑ "
+"Hurd как полÑзоваÑелÑÑкие пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñ
помоÑÑÑ GDB. Ðо на Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо возможнÑм, ÑÑла маÑÑа вÑемени,
а многопоÑоÑнÑе "
+"ÑеÑвеÑÑ, коÑоÑÑе ÑаÑÑÑлали дÑÑг дÑÑгÑ
ÑообÑениÑ, оказалиÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑÑÑÐ´Ð½Ñ Ð² "
+"оÑладке. ÐоÑÑижение ÑÑабилÑной ÑабоÑÑ Hurd
ÑаÑÑÑнÑлоÑÑ Ð½Ð° долгие годÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Alix"
+msgstr "Alix"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU kernel was not originally supposed to be called the Hurd. Its "
+"original name was Alix—named after the woman who was my sweetheart at "
+"the time. She, a Unix system administrator, had pointed out how her name "
+"would fit a common naming pattern for Unix system versions; as a joke, she "
+"told her friends, “Someone should name a kernel after me.” I "
+"said nothing, but decided to surprise her with a kernel named Alix."
+msgstr ""
+"СнаÑала не пÑедполагалоÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑдÑо GNU
бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑÑÑ Hurd. "
+"ÐеÑвонаÑалÑное название бÑло
“Alix” — в ÑеÑÑÑ "
+"женÑинÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла в Ñо вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ¹
лÑбимой. Ðна, бÑдÑÑи ÑиÑÑемнÑм "
+"админиÑÑÑаÑоÑом Unix, обÑаÑила внимание,
ÑÑо ее Ð¸Ð¼Ñ ÑкладÑваеÑÑÑ Ð² обÑÑнÑÑ "
+"ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑий ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Unix; в
ÑÑÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° Ñказала Ñвоим дÑÑзÑÑм: "
+"“ÐомÑ-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ñледовало Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°ÑÑ ÑдÑо
в Ð¼Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑÑÑ”. Я ниÑего не "
+"оÑвеÑил, но ÑеÑил ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐ¹ ÑÑÑпÑиз,
назвав ÑдÑо “Alix”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"It did not stay that way. Michael (now Thomas) Bushnell, the main developer "
+"of the kernel, preferred the name Hurd, and redefined Alix to refer to a "
+"certain part of the kernel—the part that would trap system calls and "
+"handle them by sending messages to Hurd servers."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо поÑом положение изменилоÑÑ. Ðайкл
(ÑепеÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ) ÐÑÑнелл, главнÑй "
+"ÑазÑабоÑÑик ÑдÑа, пÑедпоÑел название
“Hurd” и пеÑÐµÐ½ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ "
+"Alix на опÑеделеннÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑдÑа — ÑÑ,
ÑÑо пеÑеÑ
ваÑÑвала ÑиÑÑемнÑе "
+"вÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¸ обÑабаÑÑвала иÑ
, ÑаÑÑÑлаÑ
ÑообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑвеÑам Hurd."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Later, Alix and I broke up, and she changed her name; independently, the "
+"Hurd design was changed so that the C library would send messages directly "
+"to servers, and this made the Alix component disappear from the design."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐпоÑледÑÑвии Ð¼Ñ Ñ ÐÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ ÑазоÑлиÑÑ, а она
Ñменила имÑ; незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ ÑÑого "
+"аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑа Hurd изменилаÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑо
библиоÑека Си ÑÑала ÑаÑÑÑлаÑÑ ÑообÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ "
+"ÑеÑвеÑам напÑÑмÑÑ, и в ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе
ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð¾Ð½ÐµÐ½Ñ Alix иÑÑез из ÑиÑÑемÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But before these things happened, a friend of hers came across the name Alix "
+"in the Hurd source code, and mentioned it to her. So she did have the "
+"chance to find a kernel named after her."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо до Ñого, как вÑе ÑÑо пÑоизоÑло, ее
знакомÑй наÑкнÑлÑÑ Ð½Ð° название “"
+"Alix” в иÑÑ
одном ÑекÑÑе Hurd и ÑпомÑнÑл об
ÑÑом в ÑазговоÑе Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¹. Так "
+"ÑÑо возможноÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ñи ÑдÑо, названное в ее
ÑеÑÑÑ, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐµ бÑла."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Linux and GNU/Linux"
+msgstr "Linux и GNU/Linux"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use, and we don't know if it "
+"ever will be. The capability-based design has problems that result directly "
+"from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear whether solutions "
+"exist."
+msgstr ""
+"GNU Hurd непÑигодно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ñедневного
полÑзованиÑ, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ знаем, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ "
+"оно когда-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ñигодно. У аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑного ÑеÑениÑ, пÑинÑÑого на
оÑновании "
+"поÑенÑиалÑнÑÑ
возможноÑÑей, еÑÑÑ
пÑоблемÑ, вÑÑекаÑÑие непоÑÑедÑÑвенно из "
+"гибкоÑÑи аÑÑ
иÑекÑÑÑÑ, и неÑÑно, можно ли иÑ
ÑеÑиÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Fortunately, another kernel is available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed "
+"a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux free "
+"software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in "
+"a complete free operating system. (Combining them was a substantial job in "
+"itself, of course.) It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version "
+"of the GNU system today."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ, доÑÑÑпно дÑÑгое ÑдÑо. Ð
1991 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐинÑÑ Ð¢Ð¾ÑвалÑÐ´Ñ ÑазÑабоÑал "
+"ÑовмеÑÑимое Ñ Unix ÑдÑо и назвал его Linux. Ð
1992 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð½ Ñделал его "
+"Ñвободной пÑогÑаммой; Ñоединение Linux Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑовÑем полной ÑиÑÑемой GNU дало "
+"полнÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ.
(ÐонеÑно, Ñоединение бÑло Ñамо по "
+"Ñебе болÑÑой ÑабоÑой.) Ðменно благодаÑÑ
Linux Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾-наÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° одной из веÑÑий ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We call this system version GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a "
+"combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем ÑÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑазиÑÑ ÐµÐµ "
+"ÑоÑÑав как ÑоÑеÑание ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ Linux в
каÑеÑÑве ÑдÑа."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Challenges in our future"
+msgstr "ÐаÑи ÑÑÑдноÑÑи в бÑдÑÑем"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"We have proved our ability to develop a broad spectrum of free software. "
+"This does not mean we are invincible and unstoppable. Several challenges "
+"make the future of free software uncertain; meeting them will require "
+"steadfast effort and endurance, sometimes lasting for years. It will "
+"require the kind of determination that people display when they value their "
+"freedom and will not let anyone take it away."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð»Ð¸, ÑÑо ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ð½Ñ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
ÑиÑокий ÑпекÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм. "
+"ÐÑо не знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð¸
неÑдеÑжимÑ. ÐеÑколÑко пÑепÑÑÑÑвий вноÑÑÑ "
+"неопÑеделенноÑÑÑ Ð² наÑе бÑдÑÑее;
пÑеодоление иÑ
поÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ñеклонной "
+"ÑÑойкоÑÑи и ÑпоÑÑÑва, иногда на
пÑоÑÑжении долгиÑ
леÑ. ÐÑо поÑÑебÑÐµÑ "
+"ÑеÑимоÑÑи, какÑÑ Ð²ÑказÑваÑÑ Ð»Ñди, когда
они ÑенÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¸ не даÑÑ "
+"Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑнÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid "The following four sections discuss these challenges."
+msgstr "Ð ÑледÑÑÑиÑ
ÑеÑÑÑеÑ
ÑазделаÑ
обÑÑждаÑÑÑÑ ÑÑи пÑепÑÑÑÑвиÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Secret hardware"
+msgstr "СекÑеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑа"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers increasingly tend to keep hardware specifications "
+"secret. This makes it difficult to write free drivers so that Linux and "
+"XFree86 can support new hardware. We have complete free systems today, but "
+"we will not have them tomorrow if we cannot support tomorrow's computers."
+msgstr ""
+"У пÑоизводиÑелей аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
возÑаÑÑаÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑенденÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ "
+"ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð² ÑекÑеÑе. ÐÑо
заÑÑÑднÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð¿Ð¸Ñание ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"дÑайвеÑов, нÑжнÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Linux и XFree86
могли поддеÑживаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ "
+"аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ñе
ÑвободнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ, но Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑÐ´ÐµÑ "
+"иÑ
завÑÑа, еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñможем поддеÑживаÑÑ
завÑÑаÑние компÑÑÑеÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are two ways to cope with this problem. Programmers can do reverse "
+"engineering to figure out how to support the hardware. The rest of us can "
+"choose the hardware that is supported by free software; as our numbers "
+"increase, secrecy of specifications will become a self-defeating policy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑпоÑоба пÑÐµÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой
пÑоблемÑ. ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводиÑÑ "
+"обÑаÑнÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑкÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð²ÑÑÑниÑÑ, как
поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð¿Ð¿Ð°ÑаÑÑÑÑ. "
+"ÐÑÑалÑнÑе из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ Ð²ÑбиÑаÑÑ
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаеÑÑÑ "
+"ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами; по меÑе Ñого, как
наÑи ÑÑÐ´Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½ÑÑÑÑÑ, "
+"Ñ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑпеÑиÑикаÑии в ÑекÑеÑе бÑдеÑ
ÑÑановиÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÑаÑÑÑоÑиÑеÑки невÑгодно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Reverse engineering is a big job; will we have programmers with sufficient "
+"determination to undertake it? Yes—if we have built up a strong "
+"feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and nonfree drivers are "
+"intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend extra money, or even a "
+"little extra time, so we can use free drivers? Yes, if the determination to "
+"have freedom is widespread."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐбÑаÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑазÑабоÑка — болÑÑаÑ
ÑабоÑа; бÑдÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ, ÑеÑимоÑÑи коÑоÑÑÑ
Ñ
ваÑило
Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð° ее оÑÑÑеÑÑвление? Ðа "
+"— еÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÑпиÑаем ÑÑойкÑÑ
ÑбежденноÑÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ "
+"— дело пÑинÑипа, а неÑвободнÑе дÑайвеÑÑ
недопÑÑÑимÑ. ÐоÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ "
+"многие из Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñние денÑги или Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ
немного вÑемени, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ "
+"полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑми дÑайвеÑами? Ðа,
еÑли ÑеÑимоÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð´Ð°ÑÑ Ñвободой не "
+"бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑедкоÑÑÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free BIOS, "
+"coreboot; the problem is getting specs for machines so that coreboot can "
+"support them.)"
+msgstr ""
+"(ÐамеÑание 2008 года: ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑ
каÑаеÑÑÑ Ñакже BIOS. ÐÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"BIOS, назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ coreboot; пÑоблема ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð²
полÑÑении ÑпеÑиÑикаÑий на "
+"маÑинÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ coreboot мог иÑ
поддеÑживаÑÑ.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Nonfree libraries"
+msgstr "ÐеÑвободнÑе библиоÑеки"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"A nonfree library that runs on free operating systems acts as a trap for "
+"free software developers. The library's attractive features are the bait; "
+"if you use the library, you fall into the trap, because your program cannot "
+"usefully be part of a free operating system. (Strictly speaking, we could "
+"include your program, but it won't <em>run</em> with the library missing.) "
+"Even worse, if a program that uses the proprietary library becomes popular, "
+"it can lure other unsuspecting programmers into the trap."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñека, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ ÑабоÑаеÑ
под ÑпÑавлением ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем, дейÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº
Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð°Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм. ÐÑивлекаÑелÑнÑе оÑобенноÑÑи
библиоÑеки — ÑÑо пÑиманка; "
+"еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñекой, вÑ
попадаеÑе в западнÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо ваÑа "
+"пÑогÑамма не Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑаÑÑÑÑ
Ñвободной опеÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ. "
+"(СÑÑого говоÑÑ, Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑоединиÑÑ
ваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, но она не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ "
+"<em>ÑабоÑаÑÑ</em>, еÑли ей бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаваÑÑ
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+"пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑеÑÑÑ
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+"попÑлÑÑной, она Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸ÑÑ Ð² западнÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
ниÑего не подозÑеваÑÑиÑ
"
+"пÑогÑаммиÑÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The first instance of this problem was the Motif toolkit, back in the 80s. "
+"Although there were as yet no free operating systems, it was clear what "
+"problem Motif would cause for them later on. The GNU Project responded in "
+"two ways: by asking individual free software projects to support the free X "
+"Toolkit widgets as well as Motif, and by asking for someone to write a free "
+"replacement for Motif. The job took many years; LessTif, developed by the "
+"Hungry Programmers, became powerful enough to support most Motif "
+"applications only in 1997."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑвÑм ÑлÑÑаем ÑÑой пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑала
библиоÑека Motif, еÑе в воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑÑ
. "
+"ХоÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑем еÑе не
ÑÑÑеÑÑвовало, бÑло ÑÑно, какой "
+"пÑоблемой ÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Motif впоÑледÑÑвии.
ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU оÑвеÑил двÑÐ¼Ñ "
+"меÑами: он пÑоÑил оÑделÑнÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм поддеÑживаÑÑ "
+"ÑвободнÑе библиоÑеки оÑганов ÑпÑавлениÑ
X, а не ÑолÑко Motif, и пÑоÑил найÑи "
+"кого-нибÑдÑ, кÑо напиÑал Ð±Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Motif. РабоÑа занÑла много леÑ; "
+"Lesstif, ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð³ÑÑппой “ÐолоднÑе
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ”, ÑÑала "
+"доÑÑаÑоÑно ÑÑÑекÑивной, ÑÑобÑ
поддеÑживаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑинÑÑво пÑиложений Motif, "
+"ÑолÑко в 1997 годÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Between 1996 and 1998, another nonfree <acronym title=\"Graphical User "
+"Interface\">GUI</acronym> toolkit library, called Qt, was used in a "
+"substantial collection of free software, the desktop <acronym title=\"K "
+"Desktop Environment\">KDE</acronym>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ 1996 и 1998 годами дÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнаÑ
библиоÑека гÑаÑиÑеÑкого "
+"инÑеÑÑейÑа полÑзоваÑелÑ, Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Qt,
пÑименÑлаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑного коÑпÑÑа "
+"ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, гÑаÑиÑеÑкой ÑÑедÑ
<abbr>KDE</abbr>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free GNU/Linux systems were unable to use KDE, because we could not use the "
+"library. However, some commercial distributors of GNU/Linux systems who "
+"were not strict about sticking with free software added KDE to their "
+"systems—producing a system with more capabilities, but less freedom. "
+"The KDE group was actively encouraging more programmers to use Qt, and "
+"millions of new “Linux users” had never been exposed to the idea "
+"that there was a problem in this. The situation appeared grim."
+msgstr ""
+"СвободнÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux бÑли не в
ÑоÑÑоÑнии полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ KDE, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо "
+"Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑÑой
библиоÑекой. Ðднако некоÑоÑÑе
коммеÑÑеÑкие "
+"поÑÑавÑики ÑиÑÑем GNU/Linux, коÑоÑÑе не
пÑидеÑживалиÑÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм "
+"ÑÑÑого, добавлÑли KDE в Ñвои ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ —
полÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñ "
+"повÑÑеннÑми возможноÑÑÑми, но Ñниженной
Ñвободой. ÐÑÑппа KDE акÑивно "
+"пооÑÑÑла дÑÑгиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов пÑименÑÑÑ
Qt, и Ð¼Ð¸Ð»Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
“"
+"полÑзоваÑелей Linux” никогда не озаÑÑла
мÑÑлÑ, ÑÑо здеÑÑ ÐµÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ-Ñо "
+"пÑоблема. Ðоложение бÑло оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑалÑно."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The free software community responded to the problem in two ways: GNOME and "
+"Harmony."
+msgstr ""
+"СообÑеÑÑво Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑило на пÑÐ¾Ð±Ð»ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ "
+"меÑами: ÑÑедой GNOME и библиоÑекой Harmony."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"GNOME, the GNU Network Object Model Environment, is GNU's desktop project. "
+"Started in 1997 by Miguel de Icaza, and developed with the support of Red "
+"Hat Software, GNOME set out to provide similar desktop facilities, but using "
+"free software exclusively. It has technical advantages as well, such as "
+"supporting a variety of languages, not just C++. But its main purpose was "
+"freedom: not to require the use of any nonfree software."
+msgstr ""
+"GNOME, СеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑеда
GNU — пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ Ð³ÑаÑиÑеÑкой "
+"ÑÑÐµÐ´Ñ GNU. ÐаÑаÑÑй в 1997 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ðигелем де
Ðказой и ÑазвивавÑийÑÑ Ð¿Ñи "
+"поддеÑжке Red Hat Software, GNOME задалÑÑ ÑелÑÑ
пÑедоÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÑ
однÑе "
+"ÑÑедÑÑва гÑаÑиÑеÑкой ÑÑедÑ, но Ñ
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+"пÑогÑамм. У него еÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие
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+"неÑколÑкиÑ
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+"Ñвобода: ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑебовалоÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ð¼Ð¸ неÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Harmony is a compatible replacement library, designed to make it possible to "
+"run KDE software without using Qt."
+msgstr ""
+"Harmony — ÑовмеÑÑÐ¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾Ñека длÑ
заменÑ, ÑпÑоекÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±Ñло возможно вÑполнÑÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ KDE без Qt."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"In November 1998, the developers of Qt announced a change of license which, "
+"when carried out, should make Qt free software. There is no way to be sure, "
+"but I think that this was partly due to the community's firm response to the "
+"problem that Qt posed when it was nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient "
+"and inequitable, so it remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)"
+msgstr ""
+"РноÑбÑе 1998 года ÑазÑабоÑÑики Qt
обÑÑвили о Ñмене лиÑензии, коÑоÑаÑ, "
+"когда она бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñоведена, должна ÑделаÑÑ
Qt Ñвободной. ÐÑо невозможно "
+"доказаÑÑ, но Ñ Ð´ÑмаÑ, ÑÑо ÑаÑÑиÑно ÑÑо бÑло
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+"ÑообÑеÑÑва на пÑоблемÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Qt
пÑедÑÑавлÑла, когда бÑла неÑвободной. "
+"(ÐÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÑдобна и неÑпÑаведлива,
Ñак ÑÑо до ÑиÑ
Ð¿Ð¾Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑелÑно "
+"избегаÑÑ Qt.)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL, "
+"which essentially solved this problem.]"
+msgstr ""
+"[ÐоÑледÑÑÑее замеÑание: в ÑенÑÑбÑе
2000 года Qt бÑла пеÑевÑпÑÑена под "
+"GNU GPL, ÑÑо по ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑеÑило ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ.]"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the whole "
+"community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will many of us "
+"give up freedom for convenience, and produce a major problem? Our future "
+"depends on our philosophy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðак Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑвеÑим на ÑледÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑоблазниÑелÑнÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¾ÑекÑ?
ÐÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ "
+"вÑе ÑообÑеÑÑво понимаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимоÑÑÑ
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+"пÑоменÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑдобÑÑво и поÑодÑÑ
ÑеÑÑезнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ? ÐаÑе бÑдÑÑее "
+"завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей ÑилоÑоÑии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Software patents"
+msgstr "ÐаÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° пÑогÑаммÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put "
+"algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty years. "
+"The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in 1983, and we still "
+"cannot release free software to produce proper compressed <acronym title="
+"\"Graphics Interchange Format\">GIF</acronym>s. [As of 2009 they have "
+"expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce <acronym title=\"MPEG-1 Audio "
+"Layer 3\">MP3</acronym> compressed audio was removed from distribution under "
+"threat of a patent suit."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡Ð°Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑгÑоза, вÑÑавÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑед нами,
иÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑов на пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ Ð²ÑноÑиÑÑ Ð°Ð»Ð³Ð¾ÑиÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸
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+"Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°
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+"паÑенÑÑ Ð½Ð° алгоÑиÑм ÑжаÑÐ¸Ñ LZW бÑли поданÑ
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Ð¿Ð¾Ñ "
+"не можем вÑпÑÑкаÑÑ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑоÑÑиÑ
ÑжаÑÑÑ
Ñайлов "
+"<abbr>GIF</abbr>. [Ðа 2009 год ÑÑоки дейÑÑвиÑ
паÑенÑов иÑÑекли.] Ð "
+"1998 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ
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+"<abbr>MP3</abbr> Ñдалили из диÑÑÑибÑÑива под
ÑÑÑаÑ
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+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a "
+"patent is invalid, and we can look for alternative ways to do a job. But "
+"each of these methods works only sometimes; when both fail, a patent may "
+"force all free software to lack some feature that users want. What will we "
+"do when this happens?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑпоÑоба боÑÑÐ±Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð°ÑенÑами: мÑ
можем ÑазÑÑкиваÑÑ ÑвидеÑелÑÑÑва "
+"Ñого, ÑÑо паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвиÑелен, и можем
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+"ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ñи. Ðо каждÑй из ÑÑиÑ
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+"Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ Ñо, ни дÑÑгое, паÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
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+"миÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¾ÑÑÑÑÑÑвием какой-Ñо
оÑобенноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑÑ Ñ
оÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑели.
ЧÑо "
+"Ð¼Ñ ÑÑанем делаÑÑ, когда ÑÑо ÑлÑÑиÑÑÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Those of us who value free software for freedom's sake will stay with free "
+"software anyway. We will manage to get work done without the patented "
+"features. But those who value free software because they expect it to be "
+"technically superior are likely to call it a failure when a patent holds it "
+"back. Thus, while it is useful to talk about the practical effectiveness of "
+"the “bazaar” model of development, and the reliability and power "
+"of some free software, we must not stop there. We must talk about freedom "
+"and principle."
+msgstr ""
+"Те из наÑ, кÑо ÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
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+"Ñо ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑи вÑполнении
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+"поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ожидаÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ опÑавдали надежд, когда
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ÑазвиÑие. Таким "
+"обÑазом, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð¾ говоÑиÑÑ Ð¾
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+"базаÑной” ÑÑ
ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки, надежноÑÑи
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+"о Ñвободе и пÑинÑипаÑ
."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Free documentation"
+msgstr "Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑиÑ"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The biggest deficiency in our free operating systems is not in the "
+"software—it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in "
+"our systems. Documentation is an essential part of any software package; "
+"when an important free software package does not come with a good free "
+"manual, that is a major gap. We have many such gaps today."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаиболÑÑий деÑиÑиÑ, коÑоÑÑй иÑпÑÑÑваÑÑ
наÑи ÑвободнÑе опеÑаÑионнÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ, "
+"ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ðµ в пÑогÑаммаÑ
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оÑоÑиÑ
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+"ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑководÑÑв, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼
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+"ÐокÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ — ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ
лÑбого пакеÑа пÑогÑамм; когда Ñ "
+"важного пакеÑа пÑогÑамм Ð½ÐµÑ Ñ
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+"пÑобел. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ ÑакиÑ
пÑобелов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Free documentation, like free software, is a matter of freedom, not price. "
+"The criterion for a free manual is pretty much the same as for free "
+"software: it is a matter of giving all users certain freedoms. "
+"Redistribution (including commercial sale) must be permitted, online and on "
+"paper, so that the manual can accompany every copy of the program."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡Ð²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÑменÑаÑиÑ, как и ÑвободнÑе
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+"ÑÑоимоÑÑÑÑ. ÐÑиÑеÑий ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑководÑÑва
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+"пÑогÑаммÑ: ÑÑо вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñем
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+"ÐеÑеÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение (в Ñом ÑиÑле
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+"ÑазÑеÑено, в ÑлекÑÑонном виде и на бÑмаге,
Ñ Ñем ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑководÑÑво могло "
+"ÑопÑовождаÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´ÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Permission for modification is crucial too. As a general rule, I don't "
+"believe that it is essential for people to have permission to modify all "
+"sorts of articles and books. For example, I don't think you or I are "
+"obliged to give permission to modify articles like this one, which describe "
+"our actions and our views."
+msgstr ""
+"РазÑеÑение вноÑиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñоже
жизненно важно. ÐообÑе Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑиÑаÑ, ÑÑо "
+"важно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð»ÑдÑм бÑло ÑазÑеÑено
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+"ÐапÑимеÑ, Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаÑ, ÑÑо Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑзанÑ
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+"ÑÑаÑÑи, как ÑÑа, опиÑÑваÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñи дейÑÑвиÑ
и наÑи взглÑдÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But there is a particular reason why the freedom to modify is crucial for "
+"documentation for free software. When people exercise their right to modify "
+"the software, and add or change its features, if they are conscientious they "
+"will change the manual, too—so they can provide accurate and usable "
+"documentation with the modified program. A nonfree manual, which does not "
+"allow programmers to be conscientious and finish the job, does not fill our "
+"community's needs."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина, по коÑоÑой
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+"докÑменÑаÑии ÑвободнÑÑ
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+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ добавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ изменÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ
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+"бÑдÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑÑководÑÑво — Ñ Ñем
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+"пÑогÑаммой ÑоÑнÑÑ Ð¸ полезнÑÑ
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+"позволÑÑÑее пÑогÑаммиÑÑам бÑÑÑ
ÑознаÑелÑнÑми и пÑоделаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ конÑа,
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+"ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÐµÑ Ð½Ñждам наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some kinds of limits on how modifications are done pose no problem. For "
+"example, requirements to preserve the original author's copyright notice, "
+"the distribution terms, or the list of authors, are OK. It is also no "
+"problem to require modified versions to include notice that they were "
+"modified, even to have entire sections that may not be deleted or changed, "
+"as long as these sections deal with nontechnical topics. These kinds of "
+"restrictions are not a problem because they don't stop the conscientious "
+"programmer from adapting the manual to fit the modified program. In other "
+"words, they don't block the free software community from making full use of "
+"the manual."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐекоÑоÑого Ñода огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, как
вноÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ, не пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ "
+"пÑоблемÑ. ÐапÑимеÑ, ÑÑÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑ
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пÑаваÑ
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+"ÑоÑ
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+"поÑвÑÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑ
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+"пÑоблемÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо они не меÑаÑÑ
ÑознаÑелÑÐ½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑабаÑÑваÑÑ "
+"ÑÑководÑÑво в ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвии Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñми
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+"не пÑепÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ "
+"ÑÑководÑÑвом в полном обÑеме."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"However, it must be possible to modify all the <em>technical</em> content of "
+"the manual, and then distribute the result in all the usual media, through "
+"all the usual channels; otherwise, the restrictions do obstruct the "
+"community, the manual is not free, and we need another manual."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако должно бÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ изменÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе
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+"ÑÑководÑÑво не Ñвободно и нам нÑжно
дÑÑгое ÑÑководÑÑво."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Will free software developers have the awareness and determination to "
+"produce a full spectrum of free manuals? Once again, our future depends on "
+"philosophy."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ ÑазÑабоÑÑиков ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм оÑведомленноÑÑи и ÑеÑимоÑÑи "
+"на Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑоизвеÑÑи веÑÑ ÑпекÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑÑководÑÑв? Ð ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае наÑе "
+"бÑдÑÑее опÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð²Ð¸ÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑилоÑоÑии."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "We must talk about freedom"
+msgstr "ÐÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾ÑиÑÑ Ð¾ Ñвободе"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux systems "
+"such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”. Free software has "
+"developed such practical advantages that users are flocking to it for purely "
+"practical reasons."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо ÑегоднÑÑним оÑенкам ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð´ÐµÑÑÑÑ
миллионов полÑзоваÑелей ÑиÑÑем GNU/"
+"Linux, ÑакиÑ
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+"СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиобÑели Ñакие
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+"полÑзоваÑели ÑкÑÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ÐºÑÑг ниÑ
по
ÑиÑÑо пÑакÑиÑеÑким пÑиÑинам."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The good consequences of this are evident: more interest in developing free "
+"software, more customers for free software businesses, and more ability to "
+"encourage companies to develop commercial free software instead of "
+"proprietary software products."
+msgstr ""
+"ХоÑоÑие поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑÑого оÑевиднÑ: ÑоÑÑ
инÑеÑеÑа к ÑазвиÑÐ¸Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм, ÑиÑла клиенÑов пÑедпÑиÑÑий,
занимаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ ÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами, "
+"повÑÑение возможноÑÑи пооÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¹
к ÑазÑабоÑке коммеÑÑеÑкиÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
"
+"пÑогÑамм вмеÑÑо неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑаммнÑÑ
пÑодÑкÑов."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But interest in the software is growing faster than awareness of the "
+"philosophy it is based on, and this leads to trouble. Our ability to meet "
+"the challenges and threats described above depends on the will to stand firm "
+"for freedom. To make sure our community has this will, we need to spread "
+"the idea to the new users as they come into the community."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо инÑеÑÐµÑ Ðº пÑогÑаммам ÑаÑÑÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑÑее,
Ñем извеÑÑноÑÑÑ ÑилоÑоÑии, на "
+"коÑоÑой они зиждÑÑÑÑ, а ÑÑо Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº
непÑиÑÑноÑÑÑм. ÐаÑа ÑпоÑобноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑвеÑаÑÑ "
+"на ÑÑÑдноÑÑи и ÑгÑозÑ, опиÑаннÑе вÑÑе,
завиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñей воли ÑвеÑдо ÑÑоÑÑÑ "
+"за ÑвободÑ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð³Ð°ÑанÑиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо Ñ
наÑего ÑообÑеÑÑва бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð»Ñ, "
+"нам нÑжно пеÑедаваÑÑ ÑÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñм
полÑзоваÑелÑм по меÑе Ñого, как они "
+"вÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð² ÑообÑеÑÑво."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"But we are failing to do so: the efforts to attract new users into our "
+"community are far outstripping the efforts to teach them the civics of our "
+"community. We need to do both, and we need to keep the two efforts in "
+"balance."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо нам ÑÑого не ÑдаеÑÑÑ: ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
пÑивлеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей в наÑе "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑво намного опеÑежаÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
обÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
гÑажданÑким ноÑмам наÑего "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑва. Ðам нÑжно делаÑÑ Ð¸ Ñо, и
дÑÑгое, ÑоблÑÐ´Ð°Ñ Ð±Ð°Ð»Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð²ÑÐ¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑими видами деÑÑелÑноÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "“Open Source”"
+msgstr "“ÐÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Teaching new users about freedom became more difficult in 1998, when a part "
+"of the community decided to stop using the term “free software” "
+"and say “open source software” instead."
+msgstr ""
+"РаÑÑказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñм полÑзоваÑелÑм о
Ñвободе ÑÑало ÑÑÑднее в 1998 годÑ, "
+"когда ÑаÑÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑва ÑеÑила пÑекÑаÑиÑÑ
полÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑмином “"
+"ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма” и вмеÑÑо ÑÑого
говоÑиÑÑ “пÑогÑамма Ñ "
+"оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом”."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Some who favored this term aimed to avoid the confusion of “"
+"free” with “gratis”—a valid goal. Others, however, "
+"aimed to set aside the spirit of principle that had motivated the free "
+"software movement and the GNU Project, and to appeal instead to executives "
+"and business users, many of whom hold an ideology that places profit above "
+"freedom, above community, above principle. Thus, the rhetoric of “"
+"open source” focuses on the potential to make high-quality, powerful "
+"software, but shuns the ideas of freedom, community, and principle."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐекоÑоÑÑе из ÑеÑ
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ÑеÑмин, ÑÑÑемилиÑÑ Ð¸Ð·Ð±ÐµÐ¶Ð°ÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑаниÑÑ "
+"Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ “ÑвободнÑм” и
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+"бÑла ÑазÑÐ¼Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑелÑ. Ðднако дÑÑгие
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+"пÑинÑипов, коÑоÑÑе моÑивиÑовали движение
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+"обеÑпеÑение и пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU, и апеллиÑоваÑÑ
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+"пÑедпÑиÑÑиÑм, многие из коÑоÑÑÑ
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+"вÑÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð²ÑÑе ÑвободÑ, вÑÑе единÑÑва, вÑÑе
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+"аÑгÑменÑаÑÐ¸Ñ “оÑкÑÑÑого иÑÑ
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+"возможноÑÑи полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÑÑококаÑеÑÑвеннÑÑ
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+"ÑÑоÑоной идеи ÑвободÑ, единÑÑва и
пÑинÑипиалÑноÑÑи."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The “Linux” magazines are a clear example of this—they are "
+"filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU/"
+"Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines warn "
+"programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¾ “Linux” — ÑÑкий пÑимеÑ
Ñакого подÑ
ода "
+"— они Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ñ ÑÐµÐºÐ»Ð°Ð¼Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, ÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
Ñ GNU/Linux. "
+"Ðогда поÑвиÑÑÑ ÑледÑÑÑий Motif или Qt, бÑдÑÑ
ли ÑÑи жÑÑÐ½Ð°Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑеÑегаÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑÑов Ð¾Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾, или они бÑдÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑекламиÑоваÑÑ?"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"The support of business can contribute to the community in many ways; all "
+"else being equal, it is useful. But winning their support by speaking even "
+"less about freedom and principle can be disastrous; it makes the previous "
+"imbalance between outreach and civics education even worse."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоддеÑжка пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва можеÑ
обогаÑаÑÑ ÑообÑеÑÑво Ñ ÑазнÑÑ
ÑÑоÑон; "
+"пÑи пÑоÑиÑ
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ÑÑловиÑÑ
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+"говоÑÑ ÐµÑе менÑÑе о Ñвободе и пÑинÑипаÑ
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+"ÑÑо еÑе болÑÑе ÑвелиÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð¸ÑбаланÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¿ÑлÑÑноÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ гÑажданÑким "
+"воÑпиÑанием."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"“Free software” and “open source” describe the same "
+"category of software, more or less, but say different things about the "
+"software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to use the term "
+"“free software”, to express the idea that freedom, not just "
+"technology, is important."
+msgstr ""
+"“СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммє и
“оÑкÑÑÑÑй иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ” "
+"опиÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ каÑегоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм
(более или менее), но о Ñвободе, о "
+"ÑенноÑÑÑÑ
они говоÑÑÑ Ñазное. ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU
пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ ÑеÑмин "
+"“ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма”, ÑÑобÑ
вÑÑазиÑÑ Ð¼ÑÑлÑ, ÑÑо важна Ñвобода, "
+"а не ÑолÑко ÑеÑ
ника."
+
+#. type: Content of: <h3>
+msgid "Try!"
+msgstr "ÐопÑÑайÑÑ!"
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Yoda's aphorism (“There is no ‘try’”) sounds neat, "
+"but it doesn't work for me. I have done most of my work while anxious about "
+"whether I could do the job, and unsure that it would be enough to achieve "
+"the goal if I did. But I tried anyway, because there was no one but me "
+"between the enemy and my city. Surprising myself, I have sometimes "
+"succeeded."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоÑизм ÐÐ¾Ð´Ñ (“‘ÐопÑÑок’ не
бÑваеє) звÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñ
оÑоÑо, "
+"но Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¾Ð½ не подÑ
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+"беÑпокоилÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¼ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ Ñ ÐµÐµ вÑполниÑÑ, и Ñ
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+"доÑÑаÑоÑно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÐ¸Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñели, еÑли Ñ ÐµÐµ
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+"поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð²Ñагом и моим гоÑодом не
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+"ÑобÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑдивлениÑ, кое-ÑÑо мне
ÑдавалоÑÑ."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Sometimes I failed; some of my cities have fallen. Then I found another "
+"threatened city, and got ready for another battle. Over time, I've learned "
+"to look for threats and put myself between them and my city, calling on "
+"other hackers to come and join me."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðое-ÑÑо мне не ÑдавалоÑÑ; некоÑоÑÑе из моиÑ
гоÑодов пали. Тогда Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одил "
+"дÑÑгой оÑажденнÑй гоÑод и гоÑовилÑÑ Ðº
дÑÑгой биÑве. Со вÑеменем Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑилÑÑ "
+"иÑкаÑÑ ÑгÑÐ¾Ð·Ñ Ð¸ ÑÑавиÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ и
моим гоÑодом, пÑизÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
"
+"Ñ
акеÑов вÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑдом Ñо мной."
+
+#. type: Content of: <p>
+msgid ""
+"Nowadays, often I'm not the only one. It is a relief and a joy when I see a "
+"regiment of hackers digging in to hold the line, and I realize, this city "
+"may survive—for now. But the dangers are greater each year, and now "
+"Microsoft has explicitly targeted our community. We can't take the future "
+"of freedom for granted. Don't take it for granted! If you want to keep your "
+"freedom, you must be prepared to defend it."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ñ ÑаÑÑо не одинок. С ÑадоÑÑÑÑ Ð¸
облегÑением Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð¶Ñ ÑÑÐ´Ñ "
+"Ñ
акеÑов, коÑоÑÑе окапÑваÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
деÑжаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾ÑонÑ, и Ñ Ð¾ÑознаÑ, ÑÑо "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ñод, возможно, вÑдеÑжиÑ
оÑÐ°Ð´Ñ — на ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ñаз. Ðо опаÑноÑÑи "
+"ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ñм годом, и Ñже ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Microsoft
оÑкÑÑÑо ополÑилаÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑе "
+"ÑообÑеÑÑво. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ можем дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
бÑдÑÑее ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÐµÑпеÑено. Ðе дÑмайÑе "
+"Ñак! ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе ÑоÑ
ÑаниÑÑ ÑвоÑ
ÑвободÑ, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑаÑÑ "
+"ее."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+#. type: Content of: <div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr ""
+"<h3>ÐÑимеÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑеводÑиков</h3> <ol><li
id=\"tf1\"><span lang=\"en\">Massachusetts Institute "
+"of Technology</span> (ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкий ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкий
инÑÑиÑÑÑ).</li> <li id=\"tf2"
+"\">Incompatible Timesharing System.</li> <li id=\"tf3\"><span
lang=\"en\">GNU's Not Unix</span>.</li> "
+"<li id=\"tf4\"><span lang=\"en\">Free University Compiler Kit</span>;
название Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ñакже "
+"инÑеÑпÑеÑиÑоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº “ÑвободнÑй
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑкий Ð½Ð°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"компилÑÑоÑов”.</li> <li id=\"tf5\"><span lang=\"en\">GNU
Compiler Collection</span> (ÑбоÑник "
+"компилÑÑоÑов GNU).</li><li id=\"tf6\"><span lang=\"en\">Bourne
Again Shell</span>.</li><li id=\"tf7"
+"\"><span lang=\"en\">GNU Network Object Model Environment</span>
(СеÑÐµÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑекÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑеда "
+"GNU).</li><li id=\"tf8\">Ðо-английÑки “ÑабÑн”
(herd) звÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ñак "
+"же, как название ÑдÑа (Hurd).</li></ol>"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a href=\"mailto:"
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ Ñондом."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки или
"
+"пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>."
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и пÑедложениÑм
пеÑеводов ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи Ñм. в <a href="
+"\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве
по "
+"пеÑеводам”</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><p>
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard "
+"Stallman"
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010 Richard "
+"Stallman</p><p>Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. "
+"(translation)"
+
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid ""
+"This page is licensed under a <a rel=\"license\" href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/\">Creative Commons Attribution-"
+"NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel=\"license\"
href=\"http://"
+"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.ru\">лиÑензии Creative
"
+"Commons Attribution-NoDerivs (<em>ÐÑÑибÑÑÐ¸Ñ — Ðез
пÑоизводнÑÑ
"
+"пÑоизведений</em>) 3.0 СШÐ</a>."
+
+# type: Content of: <div><div>
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+#. type: Content of: <div><div>
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"<em>Ðнимание! РподгоÑовке ÑÑого пеÑевода
ÑÑаÑÑвовал ÑолÑко один Ñеловек. ÐÑ "
+"можеÑе ÑÑÑеÑÑвенно ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑевод, еÑли
пÑовеÑиÑе его и ÑаÑÑкажеÑе о "
+"найденнÑÑ
оÑибкаÑ
в <a
href=\"http://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-ru"
+"\">ÑÑÑÑкой гÑÑппе пеÑеводов gnu.org</a>.</em>"
+
+#. timestamp start
+#. type: Content of: <div><p>
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
- www/gnu/po thegnuproject.ru.po,
Pavel Kharitonov <=