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www graphics/graphics.fr.html graphics/po/graph...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www graphics/graphics.fr.html graphics/po/graph... |
|
Date: |
Fri, 20 Jan 2012 01:26:54 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 12/01/20 01:26:54
Modified files:
graphics : graphics.fr.html
graphics/po : graphics.fr-en.html graphics.fr.po
licenses : quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html
licenses/po : quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html
quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po
philosophy : can-you-trust.fr.html
computing-progress.fr.html
digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html
gates.fr.html microsoft.fr.html
nit-india.fr.html
open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html
philosophy/po : can-you-trust.fr.po computing-progress.fr.po
digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html
digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po gates.fr.po
gates.translist microsoft.fr.po nit-india.fr.po
nit-india.translist
open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po
Added files:
philosophy/po : can-you-trust.fr-en.html
computing-progress.fr-en.html gates.fr-en.html
microsoft.fr-en.html nit-india.fr-en.html
open-source-misses-the-point.fr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/graphics.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/graphics.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/graphics/po/graphics.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.13&r2=1.14
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/gates.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.26&r2=1.27
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.24&r2=1.25
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.1&r2=1.2
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gates.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.16&r2=1.17
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gates.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nit-india.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.9&r2=1.10
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nit-india.translist?cvsroot=www&r1=1.2&r2=1.3
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.25&r2=1.26
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/nit-india.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: graphics/graphics.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/graphics.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- graphics/graphics.fr.html 10 Jan 2012 17:29:59 -0000 1.14
+++ graphics/graphics.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:09 -0000 1.15
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@
<li><a href="/graphics/gnu-slash-linux.html">GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/wallpapers.html">Fonds d'écran</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/avatars.html">Avatars</a></li>
-<li><a href="/graphics/digital-restrictions-management.html">Gestion des
-restrictions numériques</a></li>
+<li><a href="/graphics/digital-restrictions-management.html">Gestion numérique
+des restrictions</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/trisquel.html">Trisquel</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/gnewsense.html">gNewSense</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/distros-dragora.html">Dragora</a></li>
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
<p><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:29:59 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:09 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: graphics/po/graphics.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/graphics.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- graphics/po/graphics.fr-en.html 10 Jan 2012 17:31:37 -0000 1.1
+++ graphics/po/graphics.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:16 -0000 1.2
@@ -149,7 +149,7 @@
<p>Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/01/10 17:31:37 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:16 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: graphics/po/graphics.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/graphics/po/graphics.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- graphics/po/graphics.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:21:58 -0000 1.3
+++ graphics/po/graphics.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:16 -0000 1.4
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-08 16:49+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "The GNU Art Gallery - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
Index: licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.13
retrieving revision 1.14
diff -u -b -r1.13 -r1.14
--- licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html 15 Nov 2011 15:00:33 -0000 1.13
+++ licenses/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:24 -0000 1.14
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@
Directive">EUCD</acronym> [dont la loi <acronym title=" Droit dâauteur et
droits voisins dans la société de lâinformation">DADVSI</acronym> est la
transposition française], ont criminalisé le fait d'écrire ou de distribuer
-des logiciels qui peuvent casser des mesures de mégestion des droits
-numériques (ou Digital Rights Mismanagement - DRM [jeu de mots avec Digital
+des logiciels qui peuvent casser des mesures de mégestion numérique des
+droits (ou Digital Rights Mismanagement - DRM [jeu de mots avec Digital
Rights Management], voir <a
href="#neutralizing-laws-that-prohibit-free-software-but-not-forbidding-drm">ci-dessous</a>).
Ces lois ne devraient pas interférer avec les droits que vous confère la
@@ -99,8 +99,8 @@
</div>
<div class="section"
id="neutralizing-laws-that-prohibit-free-software-but-not-forbidding-drm">
<h3>Neutraliser les lois prohibant les logiciels libres, sans interdire les
DRM</h3>
-<p>Vous êtes certainement au courant de l'existence de mesures de mégestion
des
-droits numériques (Digital Rights Mismanagement - DRM) sur les DVD et
+<p>Vous êtes certainement au courant de l'existence de mesures de mégestion
+numérique des droits (Digital Rights Mismanagement - DRM) sur les DVD et
d'autres médias. Vous êtes sans doute aussi au courant des lois qui ont
rendu illégale l'écriture de vos propres outils pour les contourner, comme
par exemple les lois Digital Millennium Copyright Act aux Ãtats-Unis ou la
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
cette page web à <a
@@ -368,15 +368,15 @@
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 2007, 2008, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>
-Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/11/15 15:00:33 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html 15 Nov 2011 09:42:06 -0000
1.1
+++ licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:31 -0000
1.2
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2011/11/15 09:42:06 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:31 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:05 -0000 1.12
+++ licenses/po/quick-guide-gplv3.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:31 -0000 1.13
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-10-02 11:37+0200\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "A Quick Guide to GPLv3 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
Index: philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:10 -0000 1.33
+++ philosophy/can-you-trust.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:38 -0000 1.34
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
<p>
Naturellement, Hollywood et l'industrie du disque se proposent d'employer
l'informatique déloyale dans le « DRM » (Digital Restrictions
-Management - gestion de restrictions numériques), de sorte que les vidéos ou
+Management - gestion numérique des restrictions), de sorte que les vidéos ou
la musique téléchargées ne puissent être lues que sur un ordinateur
déterminé. Vous ne pourrez absolument pas les partager, du moins si vous
utilisez les fichiers à droit de lecture nominatif obtenus auprès de ces
@@ -178,8 +178,8 @@
Contrer l'informatique déloyale va nécessiter que de nombreux citoyens
s'organisent. Nous avons besoin de votre aide ! Soutenez <a
href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Defective by Design</a>, la campagne de
-la Fondation pour le logiel libre contre la gestion des restrictions
-numériques.</p>
+la Fondation pour le logiel libre contre la gestion numérique des
+restrictions.</p>
<h3>Post-scriptum</h3>
@@ -290,24 +290,24 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
@@ -319,11 +319,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Fabien Illide<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:10 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:38 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -350,6 +352,7 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
@@ -385,7 +388,8 @@
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese(Traditional) -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/can-you-trust.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 2 Oct 2011 16:40:15 -0000
1.10
+++ philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000
1.11
@@ -68,9 +68,10 @@
Les logiciels non-libres font d'autres choses désagréables en plus
d'espionner. Ils mettent souvent en œuvre des menottes numériques
— des fonctionnalités conçues pour restreindre les utilisateurs
-(également appelées DRM, pour Digital Restrictions Management (gestion des
-restrictions numériques)). Ces fonctionnalités contrôlent la façon dont
vous
-accédez, copiez ou déplacez les fichiers dans votre propre ordinateur.</p>
+(également appelées DRM, pour <em>Digital Restrictions Management</em>,
+gestion numérique des restrictions). Ces fonctionnalités contrôlent la
façon
+dont vous accédez, copiez ou déplacez les fichiers dans votre propre
+ordinateur.</p>
<p>
Les DRM sont une pratique courante : Microsoft le fait, Apple le fait,
@@ -144,24 +145,24 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman
</p>
-<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
@@ -173,11 +174,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br /> Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/10/02 16:40:15 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -204,6 +207,7 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- English -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
@@ -211,7 +215,8 @@
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
<!-- Polish -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html 6 Jan 2012 01:28:01
-0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39
-0000 1.2
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@
auteurs, et que nous sommes moralement obligés de supporter les mesures
nécessaires au maintien de leur pouvoir, quelles qu'elles soient.</p>
-<h4 id="digitalrestrictionsmanagement">La gestion numérique des restrictions
</h4>
+<h4 id="digitalrestrictionsmanagement">La gestion numérique des
restrictions</h4>
<p>Les éditeurs se proposent de faire plus que de punir le partage. Ils se
sont
rendu compte qu'en publiant des œuvres dans des formats chiffrés,
@@ -1095,18 +1095,18 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2009 Richard Stallman</p>
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2012/01/06 01:28:01 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/gates.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/gates.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- philosophy/gates.fr.html 2 Oct 2011 16:40:15 -0000 1.12
+++ philosophy/gates.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.13
@@ -57,11 +57,12 @@
contrat de licence à payer pour avoir Windows sur leur ordinateur, même
s'ils n'ont pas l'intention de s'en servir. (Ils peuvent obtenir le
remboursement dans certains pays, mais l'effort à fournir pour obtenir
-satisfaction est décourageant). Sans parler des verrous numériques :
-des bouts de logiciels qui ont pour but de vous empêcher d'accéder à vos
-fichiers librement. (Des restrictions supplémentaires et insupportables de
-la liberté des utilisateurs, semblent être surtout « le grand
-progrès » du système Windows Vista).</p>
+satisfaction est décourageant). Sans parler des verrous numériques (DRM,
+<em>Digital Restrictions Management</em>) : des bouts de logiciels qui
+ont pour but de vous empêcher d'accéder à vos fichiers librement. (Des
+restrictions supplémentaires et insupportables de la liberté des
+utilisateurs, semblent être surtout « le grand progrès » du
+système Windows Vista).</p>
<p>Ensuite, vous devez subir les incompatibilités et les obstacles Ã
l'interopérabilité sans motif avec bien d'autres logiciels non
@@ -152,18 +153,18 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
@@ -200,11 +201,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Pierre-Marie Pédrot.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/10/02 16:40:15 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -231,6 +234,7 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/gates.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
@@ -242,7 +246,8 @@
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Dutch -->
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/microsoft.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.26
retrieving revision 1.27
diff -u -b -r1.26 -r1.27
--- philosophy/microsoft.fr.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:33 -0000 1.26
+++ philosophy/microsoft.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.27
@@ -93,10 +93,10 @@
<p>Chaque « mise à jour » de Windows augmente le pouvoir de
Microsoft
sur les utilisateurs ; Microsoft le planifie ainsi. Et chacune d'elle
est une étape supplémentaire dans les fonctionnalités malicieuses, ce qui
-comprend la <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Gestion des restrictions
-numériques (DRM)</a> et les portes dérobées. Donc la FSF fait des campagnes
-pour alerter les utilisateurs sur ces « mises à jour » de <a
-href="http://BadVista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> vers <a
+comprend la <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>gestion numérique des
+restrictions (DRM)</a> et les portes dérobées. Donc la FSF fait des
+campagnes pour alerter les utilisateurs sur ces « mises à jour »
+de <a href="http://BadVista.org/";>Windows Vista</a> vers <a
href="http://Windows7Sins.org";>Windows 7</a>. Nous visons à réduire la
capacité d'inertie sociale qu'elles créeront.</p>
@@ -116,24 +116,24 @@
<p>Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
-<p>Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
@@ -145,11 +145,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Cédric Corazza.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:33 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -176,6 +178,7 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
@@ -191,7 +194,8 @@
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Russian -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/nit-india.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.10
retrieving revision 1.11
diff -u -b -r1.10 -r1.11
--- philosophy/nit-india.fr.html 2 Oct 2011 16:40:15 -0000 1.10
+++ philosophy/nit-india.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39 -0000 1.11
@@ -221,9 +221,9 @@
pourraient faire des choses pour vous, mais parfois ils conçoivent des
programmes qui vous empêchent de faire certaines choses. Ceci est souvent
appelé <abbr title="Digital Restrictions Management">DRM</abbr>
-(« Gestion des droits numériques »). Où les programmes sont
conçus
-pour vous refuser l'accès à des fichiers, pour refuser de vous laisser les
-enregistrer ou de les copier ou de les convertir.
+(« Gestion numérique des restrictions »). Où les programmes sont
+conçus pour vous refuser l'accès à des fichiers, pour refuser de vous
+laisser les enregistrer ou de les copier ou de les convertir.
</p>
<p>Encore plus bizarre, il y a un dispositif malveillant dans les programmes de
@@ -1544,18 +1544,18 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
-href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
+href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
</p>
<p>
Veuillez consulter le <a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.fr.html">README des
-traductions</a> pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission
-de traductions de cet article.
+href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">README des traductions</a>
+pour des informations sur la coordination et la soumission de traductions de
+cet article.
</p>
<p>
@@ -1572,11 +1572,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Miluz.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/10/02 16:40:15 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -1603,12 +1605,14 @@
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- English -->
<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- French -->
<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li> -->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.24
retrieving revision 1.25
diff -u -b -r1.24 -r1.25
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:39
-0000 1.24
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:39
-0000 1.25
@@ -253,9 +253,10 @@
<p>Sous la pression des compagnies de film et de disque, les logiciels à usage
individuel sont de plus en plus conçus spécifiquement pour imposer des
restrictions. Ce dispositif malveillant est connu sous le nom de DRM, ou
-Digital Restrictions Management (ndt : Gestion Numérique des Droits)
-(voir <a href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et
-c'est l'antithèse dans l'esprit de la liberté que le logiciel libre vise Ã
+Digital Restrictions Management (ndt : Gestion Numérique des
+Restrictions) (voir <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>), et c'est
+l'antithèse dans l'esprit de la liberté que le logiciel libre vise Ã
fournir. Et pas simplement dans l'esprit : puisque le but des DRM est
de piétiner votre liberté, les concepteurs de DRM essayent de rendre
difficile, impossible ou même illégal pour vous de modifier le logiciel qui
@@ -384,16 +385,16 @@
<p>
Veuillez envoyer les requêtes concernant la FSF et GNU à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>. Il existe aussi <a
-href="/contact/contact.fr.html">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
+href="/contact/">d'autres moyens de contacter</a> la FSF.
<br />
-Veuillez envoyer (en anglais) les liens morts ou d'autres suggestions sur
-cette page web à <a
+Veuillez indiquer (en anglais) les liens orphelins et autres corrections ou
+suggestions à <a
href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
</p>
<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
<br />
-Cette page peut-être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
+Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States</a>.
@@ -405,11 +406,13 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
Traduction : Mathieu Stumpf.<br />Révision : <a
href="mailto:trad-gnu@april.org";>trad-gnu@april.org</a></div>
+
+
<p>
<!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:39 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:39 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -426,6 +429,7 @@
Translations of this page</h4> -->
<!-- -->
<!-- <gnun>
+
<ul class="translations-list"> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
<!-- <li><a hreflang="ar"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
@@ -459,7 +463,8 @@
<!-- <li><a hreflang="ta"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
<!-- Turkish -->
<!-- <li><a hreflang="tr"
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- </ul>
+</gnun> -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:11 -0000 1.22
+++ philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:46 -0000 1.23
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:35+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Therese <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -170,9 +170,8 @@
"Imaginez que vous receviez un courriel de votre patron vous disant de faire "
"quelque chose que vous estimez risqué ; un mois plus tard, lorsque la "
"situation s'envenime, vous ne pouvez plus utiliser ce message pour prouver "
-"que la décision n'était pas de vous. « Recevoir l'ordre par "
-"écrit » ne vous protège pas quand l'ordre est écrit avec une encre
qui "
-"disparaît."
+"que la décision n'était pas de vous. « Recevoir l'ordre par
écrit » "
+"ne vous protège pas quand l'ordre est écrit avec une encre qui disparaît."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -321,17 +320,16 @@
"connecter de vieux ordinateurs à Internet. La CBDTPA (nous l'appelons le "
"« Consume But Don't Try Programming Act » - Consommez mais "
"n'essayez pas de programmer) est l'une d'entre elles. Mais même s'ils ne "
-"vous forcent pas à passer à « l'informatique de confiance » par
"
-"des lois, les pressions pour l'accepter peuvent être énormes. Aujourd'hui "
-"les gens utilisent souvent le format Word pour communiquer, bien que cela "
-"cause des problèmes variés (voir la page <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/";
-"philosophy/no-word-attachments.fr.html\">Finissons-en avec les attachements "
-"Word !</a>). Si un jour seule une machine déloyale peut lire les documents "
-"créés avec la dernière version de Word, beaucoup de gens se mettront à "
-"l'utiliser, Ã supposer qu'ils envisagent la situation en termes de choix "
-"personnel (à prendre ou à laisser). Pour s'opposer à l'informatique "
-"déloyale, nous devons nous regrouper et confronter la situation en termes de
"
-"choix collectif."
+"vous forcent pas à passer à « l'informatique de confiance » par
des "
+"lois, les pressions pour l'accepter peuvent être énormes. Aujourd'hui les "
+"gens utilisent souvent le format Word pour communiquer, bien que cela cause "
+"des problèmes variés (voir la page <a href=\"http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/";
+"no-word-attachments.fr.html\">Finissons-en avec les attachements Word !</"
+"a>). Si un jour seule une machine déloyale peut lire les documents créés "
+"avec la dernière version de Word, beaucoup de gens se mettront Ã
l'utiliser, "
+"Ã supposer qu'ils envisagent la situation en termes de choix personnel (Ã "
+"prendre ou à laisser). Pour s'opposer à l'informatique déloyale, nous
devons "
+"nous regrouper et confronter la situation en termes de choix collectif."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -497,14 +495,14 @@
msgstr ""
"Dans la présentation on trouve fréquemment d'autres termes que nous "
"associons fréquemment à la notion de sécurité, tels que « "
-"attaque », « code malveillant », « spoofing », "
-"ainsi que « confiance » (trusted). Aucun d'eux n'est pris dans
son "
-"sens habituel. « Attaque » ne veut pas dire que quelqu'un essaye "
-"de vous faire du mal, mais que vous essayez de copier de la musique. « "
-"Code malveillant » signifie un code installé par vous pour faire ce
que "
-"quelqu'un d'autre ne veut pas que votre machine fasse. « "
-"Spoofing » ne veut pas dire que quelqu'un vous trompe, mais que vous "
-"trompez Palladium. Et ainsi de suite."
+"attaque », « code malveillant », « spoofing »,
ainsi "
+"que « confiance » (trusted). Aucun d'eux n'est pris dans son sens
"
+"habituel. « Attaque » ne veut pas dire que quelqu'un essaye de
vous "
+"faire du mal, mais que vous essayez de copier de la musique. « Code "
+"malveillant » signifie un code installé par vous pour faire ce que "
+"quelqu'un d'autre ne veut pas que votre machine fasse.
« Spoofing » "
+"ne veut pas dire que quelqu'un vous trompe, mais que vous trompez Palladium. "
+"Et ainsi de suite."
#. type: Content of: <ol><li>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.15
retrieving revision 1.16
diff -u -b -r1.15 -r1.16
--- philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12 -0000
1.15
+++ philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000
1.16
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:33+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.1
retrieving revision 1.2
diff -u -b -r1.1 -r1.2
--- philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html 6 Jan 2012
01:28:07 -0000 1.1
+++ philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012
01:26:47 -0000 1.2
@@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@
<p>
Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2012/01/06 01:28:07 $
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:47 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12
-0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/po/digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47
-0000 1.4
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:30+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Thérèse Godefroy <godef.th AT free.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <h2>
msgid "Is Digital Inclusion A Good Thing? How Can We Make Sure It Is?"
@@ -94,8 +94,8 @@
msgid ""
"Digital surveillance systems are spreading. The UK uses computers with "
"cameras to track all car travel. China plans to identify and photograph "
-"everyone that uses an Internet cafe.<a name=\"tex2html1\" href="
-"\"#foot100\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
+"everyone that uses an Internet cafe.<a name=\"tex2html1\" href=\"#foot100"
+"\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"Les systèmes de surveillance électronique se généralisent. Au
Royaume-Uni, "
"des ordinateurs couplés à des caméras tracent tous les déplacements "
@@ -112,9 +112,9 @@
"software in the phone is not free/libre, thus not under the users' control."
msgstr ""
"Les téléphones portables sont les outils de Big Brother. Certains sont "
-"activables à distance par la police<a name=\"tex2html3\" href="
-"\"#foot101\"><sup>2</sup></a>, et aussi par des personnes non autorisées<a "
-"name=\"tex2html5\" href=\"#foot102\"><sup>3</sup></a>, afin d'écouter les "
+"activables à distance par la police<a name=\"tex2html3\" href=\"#foot101"
+"\"><sup>2</sup></a>, et aussi par des personnes non autorisées<a name="
+"\"tex2html5\" href=\"#foot102\"><sup>3</sup></a>, afin d'écouter les "
"conversations de l'usager, sans donner aucun signe de l'écoute. Les usagers "
"ne peuvent rien y changer car le logiciel du téléphone n'est pas libre,
donc "
"n'est pas sous leur contrôle."
@@ -168,8 +168,8 @@
"opposition as “terrorists,” and using supposed “anti-"
"terror” laws to infiltrate and sabotage their activities, threatens "
"democracy everywhere. For instance, the US Joint Terrorism Task Force "
-"infiltrated a wide range of political opposition groups.<a name="
-"\"tex2html7\" href=\"#foot103\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
+"infiltrated a wide range of political opposition groups.<a name=\"tex2html7"
+"\" href=\"#foot103\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"L'Union européenne rend obligatoire l'archivage de tous les appels "
"téléphoniques et courriels pendant des périodes pouvant atteindre deux
ans. "
@@ -202,13 +202,13 @@
"Les fausses accusations de « terrorisme » sont pratique courante "
"pour éliminer l'opposition politique. Aux Ãtats-Unis, les manifestants qui "
"ont cassé des vitres à la Convention nationale républicaine de 2008 ont
été "
-"poursuivis pour « terrorisme ».<a name=\"tex2html9\" href="
-"\"#foot104\"><sup>5</sup></a> Plus récemment, le régime iranien a qualifié
"
-"de « terroristes. »<a name=\"tex2html11\" href="
-"\"#foot105\"><sup>6</sup></a> les manifestants qui demandaient de nouvelles "
-"élections. Les généraux au pouvoir dans la majeure partie de l'Amérique
du "
-"Sud dans les années 1970 justifiaient le meurtre systématique des
dissidents "
-"de manière identique.<a name=\"tex2html13\"
href=\"#foot20\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
+"poursuivis pour « terrorisme ».<a name=\"tex2html9\"
href=\"#foot104"
+"\"><sup>5</sup></a> Plus récemment, le régime iranien a qualifié de
« "
+"terroristes. »<a name=\"tex2html11\" href=\"#foot105\"><sup>6</sup></a>
"
+"les manifestants qui demandaient de nouvelles élections. Les généraux au "
+"pouvoir dans la majeure partie de l'Amérique du Sud dans les années 1970 "
+"justifiaient le meurtre systématique des dissidents de manière identique.<a
"
+"name=\"tex2html13\" href=\"#foot20\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@
"a>"
msgstr ""
"Le système britannique de surveillance du trafic routier a déjà été
utilisé "
-"contre des dissidents politiques.<a name=\"tex2html14\" href="
-"\"#foot106\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
+"contre des dissidents politiques.<a name=\"tex2html14\" href=\"#foot106"
+"\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <h3>
msgid "CENSORSHIP"
@@ -292,33 +292,32 @@
"la place une longue liste d'URL qu'il est interdit de mettre en lien. "
"<em>Electronic Frontier Australia</em> a été forcée, sous la menace de "
"11 000 dollars australiens d'amende par jour, de retirer un lien vers "
-"un site web politique anti-avortement.<a name=\"tex2html16\" href="
-"\"#foot107\"><sup>9</sup></a> La liste secrète d'URL interdites a fait "
-"l'objet d'une fuite et a été postée sur Wikileaks ; cette page-lÃ
est "
-"maintenant sur la liste interdite australienne.<a name=\"tex2html18\" href="
-"\"#foot108\"><sup>10</sup></a> L'Allemagne est sur le point de lancer un "
-"système de censure d'Internet.<a name=\"tex2html20\" href="
-"\"#foot109\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
+"un site web politique anti-avortement.<a name=\"tex2html16\" href=\"#foot107"
+"\"><sup>9</sup></a> La liste secrète d'URL interdites a fait l'objet d'une "
+"fuite et a été postée sur Wikileaks ; cette page-là est maintenant
sur "
+"la liste interdite australienne.<a name=\"tex2html18\" href=\"#foot108"
+"\"><sup>10</sup></a> L'Allemagne est sur le point de lancer un système de "
+"censure d'Internet.<a name=\"tex2html20\" href=\"#foot109\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Censorship of the contents of web sites is also a threat. India just "
"announced a broad plan of censorship that would effectively abolish freedom "
-"of the press on the Internet.<a name=\"tex2html22\" href="
-"\"#foot110\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
+"of the press on the Internet.<a name=\"tex2html22\" href=\"#foot110"
+"\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"La censure du contenu des sites web est également une menace. L'Inde vient "
"d'annoncer un projet ambitieux de censure qui abolirait complètement la "
-"liberté de la presse sur Internet.<a name=\"tex2html22\" href="
-"\"#foot110\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
+"liberté de la presse sur Internet.<a name=\"tex2html22\" href=\"#foot110"
+"\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Some European countries censor particular political views on the Internet. "
"In the United States, people have been imprisoned as “"
"terrorists” for running a web site which discussed actions taken "
-"against experiments on animals.<a name=\"tex2html24\" href="
-"\"#foot28\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
+"against experiments on animals.<a name=\"tex2html24\" href=\"#foot28"
+"\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"Quelques pays européens censurent certaines opinions politiques sur "
"Internet. Aux Ãtats-Unis, des gens ont été emprisonnés comme « "
@@ -334,8 +333,8 @@
"never to see such a thing again. But that does not justify censoring it; no "
"matter how obscene a work may be, censorship is more so. A variant of this "
"excuse is “protecting children,” which plays to the exaggerated "
-"and mostly misplaced fears of parents.<a name=\"tex2html25\" href="
-"\"#foot111\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
+"and mostly misplaced fears of parents.<a name=\"tex2html25\" href=\"#foot111"
+"\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"Autre excuse invoquée fréquemment pour justifier la censure : les "
"œuvres « obscènes » sont dangereuses. Je suis d'accord que
"
@@ -446,8 +445,8 @@
"propre ordinateur, et la liberté 3 donne aux utilisateurs la "
"possibilité de travailler ensemble pour, conjointement, contrôler leurs "
"ordinateurs ; la liberté 2, quant à elle, signifie que les "
-"utilisateurs ne restent plus divisés.<a name=\"tex2html31\" href="
-"\"#foot114\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
+"utilisateurs ne restent plus divisés.<a name=\"tex2html31\" href=\"#foot114"
+"\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -465,19 +464,18 @@
msgstr ""
"Beaucoup soutiennent que le logiciel ne peut pas être libre d'après la "
"théorie économique. Quelques-uns interprètent à tort « logiciel "
-"libre » comme « logiciel gratuit » ; d'autres "
-"comprennent cette expression correctement, mais de toute façon ils "
-"prétendent qu'aucune entreprise de voudra jamais développer de tels "
-"logiciels. Après avoir ajouté un postulat du genre « aucun logiciel "
-"utile ne peut être développé sans que les programmeurs soient "
-"rémunérés », ils concluent que le logiciel libre ne pourra jamais "
-"exister. Cette argumentation est présentée habituellement de manière "
-"elliptique, sous forme d'une question telle que : « Comment les "
-"programmeurs pourront-ils gagner leur vie si le logiciel est gratuit ?"
-" » Les deux présupposés, ainsi que la conclusion, vont à l'encontre
de "
-"faits bien connus ; peut-être que ces questions elliptiques ont pour "
-"but de cacher les présupposés pour que les gens ne les comparent pas à la "
-"réalité."
+"libre » comme « logiciel gratuit » ; d'autres
comprennent "
+"cette expression correctement, mais de toute façon ils prétendent qu'aucune
"
+"entreprise de voudra jamais développer de tels logiciels. Après avoir
ajouté "
+"un postulat du genre « aucun logiciel utile ne peut être développé
sans "
+"que les programmeurs soient rémunérés », ils concluent que le
logiciel "
+"libre ne pourra jamais exister. Cette argumentation est présentée "
+"habituellement de manière elliptique, sous forme d'une question telle "
+"que : « Comment les programmeurs pourront-ils gagner leur vie si
le "
+"logiciel est gratuit ? » Les deux présupposés, ainsi que la "
+"conclusion, vont à l'encontre de faits bien connus ; peut-être que ces
"
+"questions elliptiques ont pour but de cacher les présupposés pour que les "
+"gens ne les comparent pas à la réalité."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -607,9 +605,9 @@
"auprès de la <em>Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</em><a "
"href=\"#TransNote6\"><sup>f</sup></a>. Ironie du sort, la SMPTE détaille "
"ceci dans un fichier Word que je ne peux pas citer en référence, son format
"
-"n'étant pas conforme.<sup><a href=\"#TransNote7\">g</a> <a name="
-"\"tex2html51\" href=\"#foot123\">26</a></sup> Le standard VC-1 a été "
-"partiellement décodé par rétro-ingénierie."
+"n'étant pas conforme.<sup><a href=\"#TransNote7\">g</a> <a name=\"tex2html51"
+"\" href=\"#foot123\">26</a></sup> Le standard VC-1 a été partiellement "
+"décodé par rétro-ingénierie."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -889,27 +887,26 @@
msgstr ""
"Les éditeurs et leurs gouvernements amis voudraient aller aussi loin qu'ils "
"pourront se le permettre pour mener la guerre contre le partage. Aux Ãtats-"
-"Unis, le bras armé de l'industrie du disque (la RIAA)<a href="
-"\"#TransNote9\"><sup>i</sup></a> poursuit régulièrement des ados pour des "
-"centaines de milliers de dollars, et l'un des partageurs a reçu une amende "
-"de presque deux millions.<a name=\"tex2html56\" href=\"#foot125\"><sup>28</"
-"sup></a> Le gouvernement français a récemment fait passer une loi (HADOPI) "
-"qui abolissait le droit à un procès équitable en punissant les usagers "
+"Unis, le bras armé de l'industrie du disque (la RIAA)<a href=\"#TransNote9"
+"\"><sup>i</sup></a> poursuit régulièrement des ados pour des centaines de "
+"milliers de dollars, et l'un des partageurs a reçu une amende de presque "
+"deux millions.<a name=\"tex2html56\" href=\"#foot125\"><sup>28</sup></a> Le "
+"gouvernement français a récemment fait passer une loi (HADOPI) qui "
+"abolissait le droit à un procès équitable en punissant les usagers "
"d'Internet de déconnexion sur la simple accusation de copier. Seules "
"certaines organisations sélectionnées, agréées par le gouvernement,
étaient "
"habilitées à porter ces accusations : ainsi, cette loi aboutissait à "
"abolir Liberté, Ãgalité, et Fraternité d'un seul coup. La loi a été
rejetée "
-"comme inconstitutionnelle par le Conseil constitutionnel.<a name="
-"\"tex2html58\" href=\"#foot126\"><sup>29</sup></a> (Elle a été ensuite "
-"modifiée par l'introduction d'un simulacre de procès pour la rendre "
-"acceptable.) En Nouvelle-Zélande, une loi similaire a été retirée cette "
-"année sous les protestations du public. Le parlement européen a récemment "
-"voté contre l'application d'une injustice similaire à toute l'Union "
-"européenne, mais la forme fragile de démocratie qui a cours dans l'Union "
-"européenne ne donne pas au parlement le pouvoir de décision finale.
Quelques-"
-"uns voudraient aller encore plus loin : un membre du parlement du "
-"Royaume-Uni a proposé une peine de 10 ans de prison pour partage non "
-"commercial."
+"comme inconstitutionnelle par le Conseil constitutionnel.<a name=\"tex2html58"
+"\" href=\"#foot126\"><sup>29</sup></a> (Elle a été ensuite modifiée par "
+"l'introduction d'un simulacre de procès pour la rendre acceptable.) En "
+"Nouvelle-Zélande, une loi similaire a été retirée cette année sous les "
+"protestations du public. Le parlement européen a récemment voté contre "
+"l'application d'une injustice similaire à toute l'Union européenne, mais la
"
+"forme fragile de démocratie qui a cours dans l'Union européenne ne donne
pas "
+"au parlement le pouvoir de décision finale. Quelques-uns voudraient aller "
+"encore plus loin : un membre du parlement du Royaume-Uni a proposé une "
+"peine de 10 ans de prison pour partage non commercial."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -917,25 +914,25 @@
"in negotiating the “Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement.” The "
"negotiations are secret, but Canada reluctantly published a list of "
"suggestions it received from private parties, and HADOPI-style punishment "
-"without trial was one of them.<a name=\"tex2html60\" href="
-"\"#foot127\"><sup>30</sup></a> The suggestion is likely to have come from "
-"the copyright lobby, which has great influence in the US government and "
-"others, so the danger is not negligible. European officials may seek to use "
-"this treaty to circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice "
-"known as “policy laundering.”"
+"without trial was one of them.<a name=\"tex2html60\" href=\"#foot127"
+"\"><sup>30</sup></a> The suggestion is likely to have come from the "
+"copyright lobby, which has great influence in the US government and others, "
+"so the danger is not negligible. European officials may seek to use this "
+"treaty to circumvent the European Parliament, following a practice known as "
+"“policy laundering.”"
msgstr ""
"Les Ãtats-Unis, le Canada, l'Union européenne, et divers autres pays, sont "
"engagés dans les négociations de l'<em>Anti-Conterfeiting Trade Agreement</"
"em><a href=\"#TransNote10\">.<sup>j</sup></a> Les négociations sont "
"secrètes, mais le Canada a récemment publié à contrecœur une liste
de "
"suggestions qu'il a reçue des représentants d'intérêts privés, et une
forme "
-"de condamnation sans procès du style HADOPI y figurait.<a name="
-"\"tex2html60\" href=\"#foot127\"><sup>30</sup></a> Cette suggestion venait "
-"probablement du lobby du copyright, qui a une grande influence sur le "
-"gouvernement des Ãtats-Unis et sur d'autres, aussi le danger n'est pas "
-"négligeable. Les responsables de l'Union européenne pourraient chercher à "
-"utiliser ce traité pour court-circuiter le parlement européen, pratique "
-"connue sous le nom de « blanchiment politique »."
+"de condamnation sans procès du style HADOPI y figurait.<a name=\"tex2html60"
+"\" href=\"#foot127\"><sup>30</sup></a> Cette suggestion venait probablement "
+"du lobby du copyright, qui a une grande influence sur le gouvernement des "
+"Ãtats-Unis et sur d'autres, aussi le danger n'est pas négligeable. Les "
+"responsables de l'Union européenne pourraient chercher à utiliser ce
traité "
+"pour court-circuiter le parlement européen, pratique connue sous le nom de "
+"« blanchiment politique »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -958,25 +955,25 @@
"Public anger over these measures is growing, but it is held back by "
"propaganda. Terms such as “piracy,”<a name=\"tex2html62\" href="
"\"#foot128\"><sup>31</sup></a> “protecting authors” and “"
-"intellectual property,”<a name=\"tex2html64\" href="
-"\"#foot129\"><sup>32</sup></a> and claims that reading, viewing or listening "
-"to anything without paying is “theft,” have convinced many "
-"readers that their rights and interests do not count. This propaganda "
-"implicitly assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they "
-"exercise in the name of the authors), and that we are morally obliged to "
-"suffer whatever measures might be needed to maintain their power."
+"intellectual property,”<a name=\"tex2html64\" href=\"#foot129"
+"\"><sup>32</sup></a> and claims that reading, viewing or listening to "
+"anything without paying is “theft,” have convinced many readers "
+"that their rights and interests do not count. This propaganda implicitly "
+"assumes that publishers deserve the special power which they exercise in the "
+"name of the authors), and that we are morally obliged to suffer whatever "
+"measures might be needed to maintain their power."
msgstr ""
"La colère publique contre ces mesures s'amplifie, mais elle est masquée par
"
-"la propagande. Des termes comme « piraterie »,<a name="
-"\"tex2html62\" href=\"#foot128\"><sup>31</sup></a> « protéger les "
-"auteurs » et « propriété intellectuelle »,<a name="
-"\"tex2html64\" href=\"#foot129\"><sup>32</sup></a> ainsi que les "
-"déclarations affirmant que lire, regarder ou visionner quoi que ce soit sans
"
-"payer est du « vol », ont convaincu beaucoup de lecteurs que
leurs "
-"droits et leurs intérêts ne comptent pas. Cette propagande fait
l'hypothèse "
-"implicite que les éditeurs méritent le pouvoir spécial qu'ils exercent au "
-"nom des auteurs, et que nous sommes moralement obligés de supporter les "
-"mesures nécessaires au maintien de leur pouvoir, quelles qu'elles soient."
+"la propagande. Des termes comme « piraterie »,<a
name=\"tex2html62"
+"\" href=\"#foot128\"><sup>31</sup></a> « protéger les auteurs »
et "
+"« propriété intellectuelle »,<a name=\"tex2html64\"
href=\"#foot129"
+"\"><sup>32</sup></a> ainsi que les déclarations affirmant que lire, regarder
"
+"ou visionner quoi que ce soit sans payer est du « vol », ont "
+"convaincu beaucoup de lecteurs que leurs droits et leurs intérêts ne "
+"comptent pas. Cette propagande fait l'hypothèse implicite que les éditeurs "
+"méritent le pouvoir spécial qu'ils exercent au nom des auteurs, et que nous
"
+"sommes moralement obligés de supporter les mesures nécessaires au maintien "
+"de leur pouvoir, quelles qu'elles soient."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Digital restrictions management"
@@ -1009,9 +1006,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"Designing products and media to restrict the user is called Digital "
-"Restrictions Management, or DRM.<a name=\"tex2html68\" href="
-"\"#foot66\"><sup>34</sup></a> Its purpose is an injustice: to deny computer "
-"users what would otherwise be their legal rights in using their copies of "
+"Restrictions Management, or DRM.<a name=\"tex2html68\" href=\"#foot66"
+"\"><sup>34</sup></a> Its purpose is an injustice: to deny computer users "
+"what would otherwise be their legal rights in using their copies of "
"published works. Its method is a second injustice, since it imposes the use "
"of proprietary software."
msgstr ""
@@ -1116,9 +1113,9 @@
"autrement qu'avec une carte de crédit, ce qui permet la surveillance "
"informatique - et transformation des bibliothèques en commerces de détail. "
"Voilà le monde que les éditeurs veulent pour nous. Lorsque vous achetez le "
-"Kindle d'Amazon - nous l'appelons <em>Swindle</em><a href="
-"\"#TransNote13\"><sup>m</sup></a> - ou le Reader de Sony - nous l'appelons "
-"le <em>Shreader</em>,<a href=\"#TransNote14\"><sup>n</sup></a> Ã cause de ce
"
+"Kindle d'Amazon - nous l'appelons <em>Swindle</em><a href=\"#TransNote13"
+"\"><sup>m</sup></a> - ou le Reader de Sony - nous l'appelons le "
+"<em>Shreader</em>,<a href=\"#TransNote14\"><sup>n</sup></a> Ã cause de ce "
"qu'il menace de faire aux livres - vous payez pour que ce monde se "
"concrétise."
@@ -1173,8 +1170,8 @@
"Radiohead made millions in 2007 by inviting fans to copy an album and pay "
"what they wished, while it was also shared on the Internet. In 2008, Nine "
"Inch Nails released an album with permission to share copies and made "
-"750,000 dollars in a few days.<a name=\"tex2html74\" href="
-"\"#foot133\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
+"750,000 dollars in a few days.<a name=\"tex2html74\" href=\"#foot133"
+"\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"Les bestsellers également peuvent continuer à bien s'en tirer sans qu'on "
"empêche le partage. Stephen King a gagné des centaines de milliers de "
@@ -1183,8 +1180,8 @@
"des millions en 2007 en invitant ses fans à copier un album et à payer ce "
"qu'ils voulaient, alors que l'album était également en partage sur
Internet. "
"En 2008, Nine Inch Nails a publié un album avec permission d'en partager des
"
-"copies et a gagné 750 000 $ en quelques jours.<a name="
-"\"tex2html74\" href=\"#foot133\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
+"copies et a gagné 750 000 $ en quelques jours.<a name=\"tex2html74"
+"\" href=\"#foot133\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1255,9 +1252,9 @@
"l'argent de la taxe directement et complètement, et s'assurer que sous aucun
"
"prétexte il ne pourra leur être soustrait par des éditeurs tels que les "
"sociétés du disque. Ainsi, la mise au point de ce système fiscal destiné
à "
-"atteindre le but valable de « soutenir les arts » nécessite "
-"d'avoir auparavant rejeté le but peu judicieux de « donner des "
-"compensations aux ayants droit »."
+"atteindre le but valable de « soutenir les arts » nécessite
d'avoir "
+"auparavant rejeté le but peu judicieux de « donner des compensations
aux "
+"ayants droit »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -1547,11 +1544,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… cafe.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html1\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
+"… cafe.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html1"
+"\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… cybercafé.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html1\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
+"… cybercafé.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html1"
+"\"><sup>1</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1565,11 +1562,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… police<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html3\"><sup>2</sup></a>"
+"… police<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html3"
+"\"><sup>2</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… police<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html3\"><sup>2</sup></a>"
+"… police<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html3"
+"\"><sup>2</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1583,11 +1580,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… individuals.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html5\"><sup>3</sup></a>"
+"… individuals.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html5"
+"\"><sup>3</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… autorisées<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html5\"><sup>3</sup></a>"
+"… autorisées<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html5"
+"\"><sup>3</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1601,11 +1598,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… groups<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html7\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
+"… groups<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html7"
+"\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… opposition<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html7\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
+"… opposition<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html7"
+"\"><sup>4</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1653,11 +1650,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… dissidents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html13\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
+"… dissidents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html13"
+"\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… identique.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html13\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
+"… identique.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html13"
+"\"><sup>7</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1669,11 +1666,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… dissidents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html14\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
+"… dissidents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html14"
+"\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… politiques.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html14\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
+"… politiques.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html14"
+"\"><sup>8</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1687,8 +1684,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… site.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html16\"><sup>9</sup></a>"
+"… site.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html16"
+"\"><sup>9</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… anti-avortement.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html16\"><sup>9</sup></a>"
@@ -1707,8 +1704,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… list.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html18\"><sup>10</sup></a>"
+"… list.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html18"
+"\"><sup>10</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… australienne.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html18\"><sup>10</sup></a>"
@@ -1725,11 +1722,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… censorship.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html20\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
+"… censorship.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html20"
+"\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… d'Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html20\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
+"… d'Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html20"
+"\"><sup>11</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1743,11 +1740,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html22\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
+"… Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html22"
+"\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html22\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
+"… Internet.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html22"
+"\"><sup>12</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1763,11 +1760,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… animals.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html24\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
+"… animals.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html24"
+"\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… animales.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html24\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
+"… animales.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html24"
+"\"><sup>13</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1780,11 +1777,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… parents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html25\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
+"… parents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html25"
+"\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… parents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html25\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
+"… parents.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html25"
+"\"><sup>14</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1797,11 +1794,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… ways.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html27\"><sup>15</sup></a>"
+"… ways.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html27"
+"\"><sup>15</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… monde.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html27\"><sup>15</sup></a>"
+"… monde.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html27"
+"\"><sup>15</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1816,8 +1813,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… freedoms:<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html29\"><sup>16</sup></a>"
+"… freedoms:<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html29"
+"\"><sup>16</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… essentielles<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html29\"><sup>16</sup></a>"
@@ -1832,11 +1829,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… divided.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html31\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
+"… divided.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html31"
+"\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… divisés.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html31\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
+"… divisés.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html31"
+"\"><sup>17</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1852,11 +1849,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… programs,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html34\"><sup>18</sup></a>"
+"… programs,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html34"
+"\"><sup>18</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… utiles,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html34\"><sup>18</sup></a>"
+"… utiles,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html34"
+"\"><sup>18</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1868,8 +1865,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… users<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html36\"><sup>19</sup></a>"
+"… users<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html36"
+"\"><sup>19</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… d'utilisateurs<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html36\"><sup>19</sup></a>"
@@ -1884,11 +1881,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… GNU/Linux<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html38\"><sup>20</sup></a>"
+"… GNU/Linux<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html38"
+"\"><sup>20</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… GNU/Linux.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html38\"><sup>20</sup></a>"
+"… GNU/Linux.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html38"
+"\"><sup>20</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1900,11 +1897,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… volunteers.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html40\"><sup>21</sup></a>"
+"… volunteers.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html40"
+"\"><sup>21</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… bénévole.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html40\"><sup>21</sup></a>"
+"… bénévole.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html40"
+"\"><sup>21</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1917,8 +1914,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… user,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html43\"><sup>22</sup></a>"
+"… user,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html43"
+"\"><sup>22</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… l'utilisateur,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html43\"><sup>22</sup></a>"
@@ -1935,11 +1932,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… files,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html45\"><sup>23</sup></a>"
+"… files,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html45"
+"\"><sup>23</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… fichiers,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html45\"><sup>23</sup></a>"
+"… fichiers,<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html45"
+"\"><sup>23</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1952,11 +1949,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… time.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html47\"><sup>24</sup></a>"
+"… time.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html47"
+"\"><sup>24</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… quand.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html47\"><sup>24</sup></a>"
+"… quand.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html47"
+"\"><sup>24</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1970,11 +1967,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… own.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html49\"><sup>25</sup></a>"
+"… own.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html49"
+"\"><sup>25</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… siens.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html49\"><sup>25</sup></a>"
+"… siens.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html49"
+"\"><sup>25</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1990,11 +1987,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… reference.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html51\"><sup>26</sup></a>"
+"… reference.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html51"
+"\"><sup>26</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… conforme.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html51\"><sup>26</sup></a>"
+"… conforme.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html51"
+"\"><sup>26</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2010,11 +2007,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… patented.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html53\"><sup>27</sup></a>"
+"… patented.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html53"
+"\"><sup>27</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… breveté.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html53\"><sup>27</sup></a>"
+"… breveté.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html53"
+"\"><sup>27</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2026,11 +2023,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… million.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html56\"><sup>28</sup></a>"
+"… million.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html56"
+"\"><sup>28</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… millions.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html56\"><sup>28</sup></a>"
+"… millions.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html56"
+"\"><sup>28</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2044,8 +2041,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… Council.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html58\"><sup>29</sup></a>"
+"… Council.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html58"
+"\"><sup>29</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… constitutionnel.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html58\"><sup>29</sup></a>"
@@ -2062,11 +2059,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… them.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html60\"><sup>30</sup></a>"
+"… them.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html60"
+"\"><sup>30</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… figurait.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html60\"><sup>30</sup></a>"
+"… figurait.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html60"
+"\"><sup>30</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2115,11 +2112,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… purpose.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html66\"><sup>33</sup></a>"
+"… purpose.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html66"
+"\"><sup>33</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… adaptés.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html66\"><sup>33</sup></a>"
+"… adaptés.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html66"
+"\"><sup>33</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2131,11 +2128,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… DRM.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html68\"><sup>34</sup></a>"
+"… DRM.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html68"
+"\"><sup>34</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… DRM.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html68\"><sup>34</sup></a>"
+"… DRM.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html68"
+"\"><sup>34</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2147,11 +2144,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… 200.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html69\"><sup>35</sup></a>"
+"… 200.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html69"
+"\"><sup>35</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… 200.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html69\"><sup>35</sup></a>"
+"… 200.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html69"
+"\"><sup>35</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2165,11 +2162,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… charge.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html72\"><sup>36</sup></a>"
+"… charge.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html72"
+"\"><sup>36</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… disque.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html72\"><sup>36</sup></a>"
+"… disque.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html72"
+"\"><sup>36</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2183,11 +2180,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… days.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html74\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
+"… days.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html74"
+"\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… jours.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html74\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
+"… jours.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html74"
+"\"><sup>37</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2201,11 +2198,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… support.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html76\"><sup>38</sup></a>"
+"… support.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html76"
+"\"><sup>38</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… soutien.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html76\"><sup>38</sup></a>"
+"… soutien.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html76"
+"\"><sup>38</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2219,11 +2216,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… revenue.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html78\"><sup>39</sup></a>"
+"… revenue.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html78"
+"\"><sup>39</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… revenu.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html78\"><sup>39</sup></a>"
+"… revenu.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html78"
+"\"><sup>39</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2235,11 +2232,11 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… Muguet<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html80\"><sup>40</sup></a>"
+"… Muguet<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html80"
+"\"><sup>40</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
-"… Muguet<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
-"html#tex2html80\"><sup>40</sup></a>"
+"… Muguet<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr.html#tex2html80"
+"\"><sup>40</sup></a>"
#. type: Content of: <dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -2252,8 +2249,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"… payments.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom."
-"html#tex2html81\"><sup>41</sup></a>"
+"… payments.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.html#tex2html81"
+"\"><sup>41</sup></a>"
msgstr ""
"… volontaires.<a href=\"digital-inclusion-in-freedom.fr."
"html#tex2html81\"><sup>41</sup></a>"
Index: philosophy/po/gates.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/gates.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.16
retrieving revision 1.17
diff -u -b -r1.16 -r1.17
--- philosophy/po/gates.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12 -0000 1.16
+++ philosophy/po/gates.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.17
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:36+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "It's not the Gates, it's the bars - RMS"
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@
"<em>Digital Restrictions Management</em>) : des bouts de logiciels qui "
"ont pour but de vous empêcher d'accéder à vos fichiers librement. (Des "
"restrictions supplémentaires et insupportables de la liberté des "
-"utilisateurs, semblent être surtout « le grand progrès » du "
-"système Windows Vista)."
+"utilisateurs, semblent être surtout « le grand progrès » du
système "
+"Windows Vista)."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -195,8 +195,8 @@
"affaires et que vous voulez payer un programmeur pour ajuster ces logiciels "
"Ã vos besoins, vous ne le pouvez pas. Si vous en faites une copie, et que "
"vous la partagez avec un ami, ce qui est rien de plus naturel et convivial, "
-"on vous traite de « pirate ». Microsoft voudrait nous faire "
-"croire, qu'aider son voisin est moralement équivalent à attaquer un navire."
+"on vous traite de « pirate ». Microsoft voudrait nous faire
croire, "
+"qu'aider son voisin est moralement équivalent à attaquer un navire."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@
"système social déloyal. Gates en est l'icône même, à cause de son
infâme "
"lettre ouverte aux utilisateurs d'ordinateurs, qu'il abreuvait d'insultes "
"parce qu'ils partageaient des copies de ses programmes. Elle disait en "
-"substance : « Si vous m'empêchez de vous garder divisés et "
-"ligotés, je n'écrirai plus de programmes et vous n'en aurez plus du tout. "
-"Rendez-vous, ou vous êtes perdu ! »"
+"substance : « Si vous m'empêchez de vous garder divisés et
ligotés, "
+"je n'écrirai plus de programmes et vous n'en aurez plus du tout. Rendez-"
+"vous, ou vous êtes perdu ! »"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -241,14 +241,14 @@
"get software."
msgstr ""
"C'est en cela que consiste le mouvement du logiciel libre. Quand nous disons "
-"« libre », nous parlons de liberté : nous écrivons et "
-"publions des logiciels que les utilisateurs sont libres de partager et de "
-"modifier. Nous agissons ainsi systématiquement, au nom de la liberté ;
"
-"certains d'entre nous sont payés, d'autres sont bénévoles. Nous disposons "
-"déjà de systèmes d'exploitation libres complets, au rang desquels
GNU/Linux. "
-"Notre but est d'offrir une gamme complète de logiciels libres et utiles, "
-"afin qu'aucun utilisateur ne se voit tenté de céder sa liberté contre du "
-"logiciel propriétaire."
+"« libre », nous parlons de liberté : nous écrivons et
publions "
+"des logiciels que les utilisateurs sont libres de partager et de modifier. "
+"Nous agissons ainsi systématiquement, au nom de la liberté ; certains "
+"d'entre nous sont payés, d'autres sont bénévoles. Nous disposons déjà de
"
+"systèmes d'exploitation libres complets, au rang desquels GNU/Linux. Notre "
+"but est d'offrir une gamme complète de logiciels libres et utiles, afin "
+"qu'aucun utilisateur ne se voit tenté de céder sa liberté contre du
logiciel "
+"propriétaire."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/gates.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/gates.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- philosophy/po/gates.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:18:05 -0000 1.3
+++ philosophy/po/gates.translist 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.4
@@ -2,17 +2,17 @@
<div id="translations">
<ul class="translations-list">
<!-- Arabic -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/gates.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.ar.html">اÙعربÙØ©</a> [ar]</li>
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- Spanish -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.es.html">español</a> [es]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
<!-- Dutch -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
<!-- Russian -->
-<li><a
href="/philosophy/gates.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/gates.ru.html">ÑÑÑÑкий</a> [ru]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: philosophy/po/microsoft.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/microsoft.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- philosophy/po/microsoft.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12 -0000 1.14
+++ philosophy/po/microsoft.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.15
@@ -10,10 +10,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:31+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Cédric Corazza <cedric.corazza AT wanadoo.fr>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -203,8 +203,8 @@
"est une étape supplémentaire dans les fonctionnalités malicieuses, ce qui "
"comprend la <a href=\"http://DefectiveByDesign.org\";>gestion numérique des "
"restrictions (DRM)</a> et les portes dérobées. Donc la FSF fait des "
-"campagnes pour alerter les utilisateurs sur ces « mises à jour »
"
-"de <a href=\"http://BadVista.org/\";>Windows Vista</a> vers <a href=\"http://";
+"campagnes pour alerter les utilisateurs sur ces « mises à jour »
de "
+"<a href=\"http://BadVista.org/\";>Windows Vista</a> vers <a href=\"http://";
"Windows7Sins.org\">Windows 7</a>. Nous visons à réduire la capacité "
"d'inertie sociale qu'elles créeront."
Index: philosophy/po/nit-india.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/nit-india.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.9
retrieving revision 1.10
diff -u -b -r1.9 -r1.10
--- philosophy/po/nit-india.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12 -0000 1.9
+++ philosophy/po/nit-india.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.10
@@ -11,10 +11,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:37+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -934,8 +934,8 @@
"peut pas être utilisé pour extorquer l'argent des autres de manière Ã
nuire "
"à la société. Mais cela ne signifie pas que l'argent ne change jamais de "
"main. Cela ne signifie pas la gratuité. Parfois les gens en Inde se
réfèrent "
-"au logiciel « Mukth » ou « Swatantra », pour
souligner "
-"que nous ne parlons pas de gratuité. Mais il est vrai que l'économie que
les "
+"au logiciel « Mukth » ou « Swatantra », pour
souligner que "
+"nous ne parlons pas de gratuité. Mais il est vrai que l'économie que les "
"utilisateurs peuvent faire à ne pas être obligés de payer la licence peut "
"être important pour les encourager à utiliser l'ordinateur dans un pays
dont "
"le nombre de gens pauvres est élevé. Parce que les copies autorisées de "
@@ -1537,10 +1537,10 @@
"suffisant pour une machine embarquée, et c'est tout. Ainsi, si vous voulez "
"éviter de rendre les personnes confuses, vous devez les distinguer, utiliser
"
"différents noms pour différentes choses. Quand vous parlez du noyau s'il "
-"vous plaît, appelez-le « Linux ». Cela a été écrit par une "
-"personne qui a choisi le nom Linux. Et nous devons utiliser le nom qu'il a "
-"choisi. Quand vous parlez du système d'exploitation, c'est surtout GNU. Et "
-"quand j'ai commencé à le développer, j'ai choisi le nom GNU. Veuillez
ainsi "
+"vous plaît, appelez-le « Linux ». Cela a été écrit par une
personne "
+"qui a choisi le nom Linux. Et nous devons utiliser le nom qu'il a choisi. "
+"Quand vous parlez du système d'exploitation, c'est surtout GNU. Et quand "
+"j'ai commencé à le développer, j'ai choisi le nom GNU. Veuillez ainsi "
"appeler cette combinaison GNU + Linux. Tout ce que je demande, c'est une "
"référence égale par principe pour les développeurs du système : le "
"projet GNU. Nous avons écrit la plus grande partie du système et nous avons
"
@@ -2078,19 +2078,19 @@
"l'utiliser. Les gens ayant le sens moral, les gens qui insistent pour vivre "
"une vie honnête vont le rejeter de toute façon. Ainsi ce programme est sans
"
"effet. Seulement utile aux nigauds qui n'ont pas une conscience très
élevée. "
-"En quoi est-cebon ? Ainsi à la personne qui me dit : « Je "
-"peux seulement développer ce programme si je le rends propriétaire ; "
-"c'est la seule manière pour moi de gagner assez d'argent pour passer mon "
-"temps à le développer », je ne vais pas lui dire que ça ne peut pas "
-"être vrai parce que je ne connais pas sa situation. S'il dit qu'il n'y a "
-"aucun moyen de développer ce programme à moins d'être payé à plein temps
et "
-"qu'il ne sait pas comment faire autrement que de le rendre propriétaire, je "
-"ne vais pas lui dire que c'est faux parce qu'il connaît sa situation. Ce que
"
-"je lui dirai c'est…: « S'il vous plaît, ne développez pas le "
-"programme. Développer le programme de cette façon serait mauvais ou serait "
-"nocif. Ainsi ça serait mieux si vous ne le faisiez pas du tout. Faites autre
"
-"chose. Puisque dans quelques années tôt ou tard, quelqu'un d'autre sera
dans "
-"une situation différente. Quelqu'un qui pourra écrire ce programme sans "
+"En quoi est-cebon ? Ainsi à la personne qui me dit : « Je
peux "
+"seulement développer ce programme si je le rends propriétaire ; c'est "
+"la seule manière pour moi de gagner assez d'argent pour passer mon temps à "
+"le développer », je ne vais pas lui dire que ça ne peut pas être
vrai "
+"parce que je ne connais pas sa situation. S'il dit qu'il n'y a aucun moyen "
+"de développer ce programme à moins d'être payé à plein temps et qu'il ne
"
+"sait pas comment faire autrement que de le rendre propriétaire, je ne vais "
+"pas lui dire que c'est faux parce qu'il connaît sa situation. Ce que je lui "
+"dirai c'est…: « S'il vous plaît, ne développez pas le
programme. "
+"Développer le programme de cette façon serait mauvais ou serait nocif.
Ainsi "
+"ça serait mieux si vous ne le faisiez pas du tout. Faites autre chose. "
+"Puisque dans quelques années tôt ou tard, quelqu'un d'autre sera dans une "
+"situation différente. Quelqu'un qui pourra écrire ce programme sans "
"assujetir les utilisateurs. Et nous pouvons nous permettre d'attendre "
"quelques années pour garder notre liberté. La liberté vaut la peine d'un "
"petit sacrifice. Nous pouvons attendre quelques années »."
@@ -2148,8 +2148,8 @@
"disponibles aux écoles. Un programme d'étude complet des matériaux
éducatifs "
"libres. Parce que lesmatériaux éducatifs devraient être libres. Aussi je "
"suggère que vous regardiez le site gnowledge.org. C'est comme « "
-"knowledge » mais orthographié avec un « g » au lieu d'un "
-"« k ». Et vous verrez l'une de cesinitiatives effectuées par le
Pr "
+"knowledge » mais orthographié avec un « g » au lieu d'un
« "
+"k ». Et vous verrez l'une de cesinitiatives effectuées par le Pr "
"Nagarjuna à Mumbai."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -2683,8 +2683,8 @@
"<b>[MOC]</b> What do you think is the greatest obstacle for free software in "
"India? How do we break them up?"
msgstr ""
-"<b>[MOC]</b> : « Quel est pour vous le plus grand obstacle pour "
-"les logiciels libres en Inde ? Comment les
détruisons-nous ? »"
+"<b>[MOC]</b> : « Quel est pour vous le plus grand obstacle pour
les "
+"logiciels libres en Inde ? Comment les détruisons-nous ? »"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/nit-india.translist
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/nit-india.translist,v
retrieving revision 1.2
retrieving revision 1.3
diff -u -b -r1.2 -r1.3
--- philosophy/po/nit-india.translist 25 Dec 2011 05:18:07 -0000 1.2
+++ philosophy/po/nit-india.translist 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.3
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
<!-- English -->
<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.en.html">English</a> [en]</li>
<!-- French -->
-<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
+<li><a href="/philosophy/nit-india.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li>
</ul>
</div> <!-- id="translations" -->
<!-- end translinks file -->
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po,v
retrieving revision 1.25
retrieving revision 1.26
diff -u -b -r1.25 -r1.26
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po 19 Jan 2012 20:22:12
-0000 1.25
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.fr.po 20 Jan 2012 01:26:48
-0000 1.26
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
"PO-Revision-Date: 2012-01-19 19:29+0100\n"
"Last-Translator: Denis Barbier <address@hidden>\n"
"Language-Team: French <address@hidden>\n"
-"Language: fr\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+"Language: fr\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid ""
@@ -122,10 +122,10 @@
"Cependant, tous les utilisateurs et les développeurs de logiciel libre "
"n'étaient pas en accord avec les buts du mouvement du logiciel libre. En "
"1998, une partie de la communauté du logiciel libre s'est mise à part et a "
-"commencé à faire campagne au nom de l'« open source ». Le terme
"
-"fut originellement proposé pour éviter une possible incompréhension du
terme "
-"« logiciel libre » (ndt : « free software »)
mais "
-"il fut bientôt associé avec des points de vue philosophique complètement "
+"commencé à faire campagne au nom de l'« open source ». Le terme
fut "
+"originellement proposé pour éviter une possible incompréhension du terme "
+"« logiciel libre » (ndt : « free software »)
mais il "
+"fut bientôt associé avec des points de vue philosophique complètement "
"différents de ceux du mouvement du logiciel libre."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -148,12 +148,12 @@
"en évitant les idées de bien ou de mal qu'ils pourraient ne pas aimer "
"entendre. D'autres partisans rejetèrent catégoriquement les valeurs morales
"
"et sociales du mouvement du logiciel libre. Quel que fut leur point de vue, "
-"pendant leur campagne sur l'« open source » ils ne mentionnèrent
"
-"ou ne préconisèrent pas ces valeurs. Le terme « open source » "
-"devint rapidement associé avec la pratique de ne citer que les valeurs "
-"pratiques, tel que faire des logiciels puissants et fiables. La plupart des "
-"défenseurs de l'« open source » se sont ralliés à celui-ci
depuis, "
-"et cette pratique est celle dont ils se servent."
+"pendant leur campagne sur l'« open source » ils ne mentionnèrent
ou "
+"ne préconisèrent pas ces valeurs. Le terme « open source »
devint "
+"rapidement associé avec la pratique de ne citer que les valeurs pratiques, "
+"tel que faire des logiciels puissants et fiables. La plupart des défenseurs "
+"de l'« open source » se sont ralliés à celui-ci depuis, et
cette "
+"pratique est celle dont ils se servent."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -191,13 +191,13 @@
"above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to help do this, "
"it is essential to speak of “free software.”"
msgstr ""
-"« Logiciel libre ». « Open source ». Si ce sont les "
-"mêmes logiciels, le nom utilisé pour les qualifier est-il important ? "
-"Oui, parce que des mots différents véhiculent des idées différentes. Bien
"
-"qu'un programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom vous donnerait la même "
-"liberté aujourd'hui, l'établissement de la liberté de manière durable
dépend "
-"par dessus tout de l'enseignement de la valeur de la liberté. Si vous "
-"voulez aider à faire cela, il est essentiel de parler de « logiciel "
+"« Logiciel libre ». « Open source ». Si ce sont les
mêmes "
+"logiciels, le nom utilisé pour les qualifier est-il important ? Oui, "
+"parce que des mots différents véhiculent des idées différentes. Bien
qu'un "
+"programme libre avec n'importe quel autre nom vous donnerait la même
liberté "
+"aujourd'hui, l'établissement de la liberté de manière durable dépend par "
+"dessus tout de l'enseignement de la valeur de la liberté. Si vous voulez "
+"aider à faire cela, il est essentiel de parler de « logiciel "
"libre »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -233,8 +233,8 @@
"correct term would be better, if it didn't present other problems."
msgstr ""
"Le terme de « free software » souffre d'un problème de mauvaise "
-"interprétation : une signification fortuite, « un logiciel que "
-"vous pouvez avoir gratuitement » correspond au terme aussi bien que la "
+"interprétation : une signification fortuite, « un logiciel que
vous "
+"pouvez avoir gratuitement » correspond au terme aussi bien que la "
"signification voulue, « un logiciel qui donne certaines libertés à "
"l'utilisateur ». Nous traitons ce problème en publiant la définition
de "
"logiciel libre, et en disant « Pensez à la liberté d'expression, pas
à "
@@ -257,10 +257,10 @@
"problèmes. Nous avons étudié de nombreuses alternatives que les gens nous "
"ont proposées, mais aucune n'est aussi clairement « juste » pour
"
"que changer soit une bonne idée. (Par exemple, dans certains contextes, le "
-"mot français/espagnol « libre » peut être utilisé, mais les
gens "
-"en Inde ne reconnaissent pas le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements "
-"suggérés pour « free software » ont des problèmes de
sémantique, "
-"ce qui inclut « open source software »."
+"mot français/espagnol « libre » peut être utilisé, mais les
gens en "
+"Inde ne reconnaissent pas le mot du tout). Tous les remplacements suggérés "
+"pour « free software » ont des problèmes de sémantique, ce qui "
+"inclut « open source software »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -318,35 +318,35 @@
"freely and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary "
"as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”"
msgstr ""
-"Puisque la signification évidente pour « open source » n'est pas
"
-"la signification que ses défenseurs entendent, le résultat est que la "
-"plupart des gens se comprennent mal le terme. Selon Neal Stephenson, « "
-"Linux est un logiciel « open source » signifie, simplement, que "
-"quiconque peut obtenir des copies de son code source ». Je ne pense pas
"
-"qu'il ait délibérément cherché à rejeter ou à remettre en cause la "
-"définition « officielle ». Je pense qu'il a simplement appliqué
"
-"les conventions de la langue anglaise pour en arriver à une signification "
-"pour ce terme. L'état du Kansas a publié une définition similaire : "
-"« Utiliser des logiciels open source (OSS). Les logiciels open source "
-"sont des logiciels pour lesquels le code est librement et publiquement "
-"disponible, bien que les accords de licence spécifiques varient sur ce que "
-"l'on peut faire avec ce code »."
+"Puisque la signification évidente pour « open source » n'est pas
la "
+"signification que ses défenseurs entendent, le résultat est que la plupart "
+"des gens se comprennent mal le terme. Selon Neal Stephenson, « Linux
est "
+"un logiciel « open source » signifie, simplement, que quiconque "
+"peut obtenir des copies de son code source ». Je ne pense pas qu'il ait
"
+"délibérément cherché à rejeter ou à remettre en cause la définition
« "
+"officielle ». Je pense qu'il a simplement appliqué les conventions de "
+"la langue anglaise pour en arriver à une signification pour ce terme.
L'état "
+"du Kansas a publié une définition similaire : « Utiliser des "
+"logiciels open source (OSS). Les logiciels open source sont des logiciels "
+"pour lesquels le code est librement et publiquement disponible, bien que les "
+"accords de licence spécifiques varient sur ce que l'on peut faire avec ce "
+"code »."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
"The <i>New York Times</i> has <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
-"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-"
-"design-37415.html\"> run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</"
-"a> to refer to user beta testing—letting a few users try an early "
-"version and give confidential feedback—which proprietary software "
-"developers have practiced for decades."
+"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
+"37415.html\"> run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to "
+"refer to user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version "
+"and give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers "
+"have practiced for decades."
msgstr ""
"Le New York Times a <a href=\"http://www.nytimes.com/external/";
-"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-"
-"design-37415.html\">étendu le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests "
-"d'utilisateur — laisser quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-"
-"version et donner un retour confidentiel — ce que les "
-"développeurs de logiciels propriétaires pratiquent depuis des décennies."
+"gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-"
+"37415.html\">étendu le terme</a> pour référer aux bêta tests
d'utilisateur "
+"— laisser quelques utilisateurs essayer une pré-version et donner
"
+"un retour confidentiel — ce que les développeurs de logiciels "
+"propriétaires pratiquent depuis des décennies."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -379,10 +379,10 @@
"software licenses."
msgstr ""
"Un autre malentendu de l'« open source », est l'idée que cela "
-"signifie « ne pas utiliser la GNU GPL ». Cela tend à accompagner
"
-"le malentendu de « logiciel libre » égale « logiciel
couvert "
-"par la GPL ». Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL est considérée
"
-"comme une licence open source, et la plupart des licences open source sont "
+"signifie « ne pas utiliser la GNU GPL ». Cela tend à accompagner
le "
+"malentendu de « logiciel libre » égale « logiciel couvert
par "
+"la GPL ». Ce sont deux erreurs, puisque la GNU GPL est considérée
comme "
+"une licence open source, et la plupart des licences open source sont "
"considérées comme des licences de logiciels libres."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -565,12 +565,12 @@
"devices that do not allow you to change it."
msgstr ""
"Pourtant quelques défenseurs de l'open source ont proposé des logiciels "
-"« DRM open source ». Leur idée est qu'en publiant le code source
"
-"de leur programme conçu pour restreindre votre accès aux medias chiffrés,
et "
-"en autorisant d'autres à le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel "
-"pluspuissant et plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme "
-"vous. Il vous sera alors livré dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent "
-"pas de le changer."
+"« DRM open source ». Leur idée est qu'en publiant le code source
de "
+"leur programme conçu pour restreindre votre accès aux medias chiffrés, et
en "
+"autorisant d'autres à le modifier, ils produiront un logiciel pluspuissant "
+"et plus fiable pour limiter le droit des utilisateurs comme vous. Il vous "
+"sera alors livré dans des dispositifs qui ne vous permettent pas de le "
+"changer."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -603,13 +603,13 @@
"follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues."
msgstr ""
"La principale motivation initiale pour le terme « logiciel open "
-"source » est que les idées éthiques du « logiciel libre »
"
-"rend certaines personnes mal à l'aise. C'est vrai : parler de liberté,
"
-"de problèmes d'éthique, de responsabilités aussi bien que de commodités, "
-"c'est demander aux gens de penser à des choses qu'ils préféreraient
ignorer, "
-"comme leur conduite est-elle éthique ou non. Ceci peut déclencher un
malaise "
-"et certains peuvent simplement fermer leurs esprits à cela. Il ne s'en suit "
-"pas que nous devrions cesser de parler de ces choses."
+"source » est que les idées éthiques du « logiciel libre »
rend "
+"certaines personnes mal à l'aise. C'est vrai : parler de liberté, de "
+"problèmes d'éthique, de responsabilités aussi bien que de commodités,
c'est "
+"demander aux gens de penser à des choses qu'ils préféreraient ignorer,
comme "
+"leur conduite est-elle éthique ou non. Ceci peut déclencher un malaise et "
+"certains peuvent simplement fermer leurs esprits à cela. Il ne s'en suit pas
"
+"que nous devrions cesser de parler de ces choses."
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
@@ -669,8 +669,8 @@
"la valeur de cette liberté en tant que telle plutôt que la commodité "
"technique et pratique de logiciels libres spécifiques. Pour diffuser cette "
"idée, nous devons parler de logiciel libre. Une certaine quantité de "
-"l'approche « passer sous silence » avec les entreprises peut "
-"être utile pour la communauté, mais elle est dangereuse si elle devient si "
+"l'approche « passer sous silence » avec les entreprises peut
être "
+"utile pour la communauté, mais elle est dangereuse si elle devient si "
"commune que l'amour de la liberté en vient à sembler comme une
excentricité."
#. type: Content of: <p>
@@ -706,8 +706,8 @@
"non-libres GNU/Linux, trouvent un sol fertile parce que notre communauté "
"n'insiste pas sur la liberté de ses logiciels. Ce n'est pas une
coïncidence. "
"La plupart des utilisateurs GNU/Linux furent introduits au système par un "
-"discours « open source » qui ne leur a pas dit que la liberté "
-"était le but. Les aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la liberté et les "
+"discours « open source » qui ne leur a pas dit que la liberté
était "
+"le but. Les aspects pratiques qui n'impliquent pas la liberté et les "
"discours qui ne parlent pas de liberté vont de pair, l'un favorisant "
"l'autre. Pour surmonter cette tendance, nous avons besoin de plus parler de "
"liberté, pas l'inverse."
@@ -728,10 +728,10 @@
"Alors que ceux qui préconisent l'open source amènent de nouveaux "
"utilisateurs dans notre communauté, nous, activistes du logiciel libre, "
"devons travailler encore plus pour porter l'attention de ces nouveaux "
-"utilisateurs sur les problèmes de liberté. Nous devons leur dire « "
-"C'est le logiciel libre et il te donne la liberté ! » plus
souvent "
-"et plus fort que jamais. Chaque fois que vous dites « logiciel "
-"libre » plutôt qu'« open source » vous aidez notre
campagne."
+"utilisateurs sur les problèmes de liberté. Nous devons leur dire
« C'est "
+"le logiciel libre et il te donne la liberté ! » plus souvent et "
+"plus fort que jamais. Chaque fois que vous dites « logiciel
libre » "
+"plutôt qu'« open source » vous aidez notre campagne."
#. type: Content of: <h4>
msgid "Notes"
@@ -739,9 +739,9 @@
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
-"Joe Barr's article, <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/";
-"LWD010523vcontrol4\">“Live and let license,”</a> gives his "
-"perspective on this issue."
+"Joe Barr's article, <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";
+"\">“Live and let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this "
+"issue."
msgstr ""
"Joe Barr a écrit un article intitulé <a href=\"http://www.itworld.com/";
"LWD010523vcontrol4\">Live and let license</a><sup><a href=\"#TransNote6\">6</"
@@ -776,9 +776,9 @@
"dans la langue anglaise. En effet, en anglais on parle de « free "
"software », le mot « free » pouvant s'interpréter aussi
bien "
"par « libre » que par « gratuit ». En français cet "
-"amalgame n'existe pas.</li><li id=\"TransNote5\">« Think of free "
-"speech, not free beer. »).</li><li id=\"TransNote6\">Vivre et mettre "
-"sous licencie.</li></ol>"
+"amalgame n'existe pas.</li><li id=\"TransNote5\">« Think of free
speech, "
+"not free beer. »).</li><li id=\"TransNote6\">Vivre et mettre sous "
+"licencie.</li></ol>"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
Index: philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/can-you-trust.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:46 -0000
1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Can You Trust Your Computer? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/can-you-trust.translist" -->
+<h2>Can You Trust Your Computer?</h2>
+
+<!-- This document uses XHTML 1.0 Strict, but may be served as -->
+<!-- text/html. Please ensure that markup style considers -->
+<!-- appendex C of the XHTML 1.0 standard. See validator.w3.org. -->
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+<!-- Change include statements to be consistent with the relevant -->
+<!-- language, where necessary. -->
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>
+Who should your computer take its orders from? Most people think
+their computers should obey them, not obey someone else. With a plan
+they call “trusted computing”, large media corporations
+(including the movie companies and record companies), together with
+computer companies such as Microsoft and Intel, are planning to make
+your computer obey them instead of you. (Microsoft's version of this
+scheme is called Palladium.) Proprietary programs have
+included malicious features before, but this plan would make it
+universal.</p>
+<p>
+Proprietary software means, fundamentally, that you don't control what
+it does; you can't study the source code, or change it. It's not
+surprising that clever businessmen find ways to use their control to
+put you at a disadvantage. Microsoft has done this several times: one
+version of Windows was designed to report to Microsoft all the
+software on your hard disk; a recent “security” upgrade in
+Windows Media Player required users to agree to new restrictions. But
+Microsoft is not alone: the KaZaa music-sharing software is designed
+so that KaZaa's business partner can rent out the use of your computer
+to its clients. These malicious features are often secret, but even
+once you know about them it is hard to remove them, since you don't
+have the source code.</p>
+<p>
+In the past, these were isolated incidents. “Trusted
+computing” would make the practice pervasive. “Treacherous
+computing” is a more appropriate name, because the plan is
+designed to make sure your computer will systematically disobey you.
+In fact, it is designed to stop your computer from functioning as a
+general-purpose computer. Every operation may require explicit
+permission.</p>
+<p>
+The technical idea underlying treacherous computing is that the
+computer includes a digital encryption and signature device, and the
+keys are kept secret from you. Proprietary programs will use this
+device to control which other programs you can run, which documents or
+data you can access, and what programs you can pass them to. These
+programs will continually download new authorization rules through the
+Internet, and impose those rules automatically on your work. If you
+don't allow your computer to obtain the new rules periodically from
+the Internet, some capabilities will automatically cease to function.</p>
+<p>
+Of course, Hollywood and the record companies plan to use treacherous
+computing for Digital Restrictions Management (DRM), so
+that downloaded videos and music can be played only on one specified
+computer. Sharing will be entirely impossible, at least using the
+authorized files that you would get from those companies. You, the
+public, ought to have both the freedom and the ability to share these
+things. (I expect that someone will find a way to produce unencrypted
+versions, and to upload and share them, so DRM will not entirely
+succeed, but that is no excuse for the system.)</p>
+<p>
+Making sharing impossible is bad enough, but it gets worse. There are
+plans to use the same facility for email and documents—resulting
+in email that disappears in two weeks, or documents that can only be
+read on the computers in one company.</p>
+<p>
+Imagine if you get an email from your boss telling you to do something
+that you think is risky; a month later, when it backfires, you can't
+use the email to show that the decision was not yours. “Getting
+it in writing” doesn't protect you when the order is written in
+disappearing ink.</p>
+<p>
+Imagine if you get an email from your boss stating a policy that is
+illegal or morally outrageous, such as to shred your company's audit
+documents, or to allow a dangerous threat to your country to move
+forward unchecked. Today you can send this to a reporter and expose
+the activity. With treacherous computing, the reporter won't be able
+to read the document; her computer will refuse to obey her.
+Treacherous computing becomes a paradise for corruption.</p>
+<p>
+Word processors such as Microsoft Word could use treacherous computing
+when they save your documents, to make sure no competing word
+processors can read them. Today we must figure out the secrets of
+Word format by laborious experiments in order to make free word
+processors read Word documents. If Word encrypts documents using
+treacherous computing when saving them, the free software community
+won't have a chance of developing software to read them—and if
+we could, such programs might even be forbidden by the Digital
+Millennium Copyright Act.</p>
+<p>
+Programs that use treacherous computing will continually download new
+authorization rules through the Internet, and impose those rules
+automatically on your work. If Microsoft, or the US government, does
+not like what you said in a document you wrote, they could post new
+instructions telling all computers to refuse to let anyone read that
+document. Each computer would obey when it downloads the new
+instructions. Your writing would be subject to 1984-style retroactive
+erasure. You might be unable to read it yourself.</p>
+<p>
+You might think you can find out what nasty things a treacherous-computing
+application does, study how painful they are, and decide
+whether to accept them. Even if you can find this out, it would
+be foolish to accept the deal, but you can't even expect the deal
+to stand still. Once you come to depend on using the program, you are
+hooked and they know it; then they can change the deal. Some
+applications will automatically download upgrades that will do
+something different—and they won't give you a choice about
+whether to upgrade.</p>
+<p>
+Today you can avoid being restricted by proprietary software by not
+using it. If you run GNU/Linux or another free operating system, and
+if you avoid installing proprietary applications on it, then you are
+in charge of what your computer does. If a free program has a
+malicious feature, other developers in the community will take it out,
+and you can use the corrected version. You can also run free
+application programs and tools on nonfree operating systems; this
+falls short of fully giving you freedom, but many users do it.</p>
+<p>
+Treacherous computing puts the existence of free operating systems and
+free applications at risk, because you may not be able to run them at
+all. Some versions of treacherous computing would require the
+operating system to be specifically authorized by a particular
+company. Free operating systems could not be installed. Some
+versions of treacherous computing would require every program to be
+specifically authorized by the operating system developer. You could
+not run free applications on such a system. If you did figure out
+how, and told someone, that could be a crime.</p>
+<p>
+There are proposals already for US laws that would require all computers to
+support treacherous computing, and to prohibit connecting old computers to
+the Internet. The CBDTPA (we call it the Consume But Don't Try Programming
+Act) is one of them. But even if they don't legally force you to switch to
+treacherous computing, the pressure to accept it may be enormous. Today
+people often use Word format for communication, although this causes
+several sorts of problems (see
+<a href="/philosophy/no-word-attachments.html">“We Can Put an End to Word
+Attachments”</a>). If only a treacherous-computing machine can read the
+latest Word documents, many people will switch to it, if they view the
+situation only in terms of individual action (take it or leave it). To
+oppose treacherous computing, we must join together and confront the
+situation as a collective choice.</p>
+<p>
+For further information about treacherous computing, see
+<a
href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html";>http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/tcpa-faq.html</a>.</p>
+<p>
+To block treacherous computing will require large numbers of citizens
+to organize. We need your help! Please support
+<a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Defective by Design</a>, the
+FSF's campaign against Digital Restrictions Management.</p>
+
+<h3>Postscripts</h3>
+
+<ol>
+<li>The computer security field uses the term “trusted
+computing” in a different way—beware of confusion
+between the two meanings.
+</li>
+<li>The GNU Project distributes the GNU Privacy Guard, a program that
+implements public-key encryption and digital signatures, which you can
+use to send secure and private email. It is useful to explore how GPG
+differs from treacherous computing, and see what makes one helpful and
+the other so dangerous.
+<p>
+When someone uses GPG to send you an encrypted document, and you use
+GPG to decode it, the result is an unencrypted document that you can
+read, forward, copy, and even reencrypt to send it securely to
+someone else. A treacherous-computing application would let you read
+the words on the screen, but would not let you produce an unencrypted
+document that you could use in other ways. GPG, a free software
+package, makes security features available to the users; <em>they</em> use
<em>it</em>.
+Treacherous computing is designed to impose restrictions on the users;
+<em>it</em> uses <em>them</em>.</p></li>
+
+<li>
+The supporters of treacherous computing focus their discourse on its
+<a name="beneficial">beneficial uses</a>. What they say is often
+correct, just not important.
+<p>
+Like most hardware, treacherous-computing hardware can be used for
+purposes which are not harmful. But these features can be implemented in
+other ways, without treacherous-computing hardware. The principal
+difference that treacherous computing makes for users is the nasty
+consequence: rigging your computer to work against you.</p>
+<p>
+What they say is true, and what I say is true. Put them together and
+what do you get? Treacherous computing is a plan to take away our
+freedom, while offering minor benefits to distract us from what we
+would lose.</p></li>
+
+<li>Microsoft presents Palladium as a security measure, and claims that
+it will protect against viruses, but this claim is evidently false. A
+presentation by Microsoft Research in October 2002 stated that one of
+the specifications of Palladium is that existing operating systems and
+applications will continue to run; therefore, viruses will continue to
+be able to do all the things that they can do today.
+<p>
+When Microsoft employees speak of “security” in connection with
+Palladium, they do not mean what we normally mean by that word:
+protecting your machine from things you do not want. They mean
+protecting your copies of data on your machine from access by you in
+ways others do not want. A slide in the presentation listed several
+types of secrets Palladium could be used to keep, including
+“third party secrets” and “user
+secrets”—but it put “user secrets” in
+quotation marks, recognizing that this is somewhat of an absurdity in the
+context of Palladium.</p>
+<p>
+The presentation made frequent use of other terms that we frequently
+associate with the context of security, such as “attack”,
+“malicious code”, “spoofing”, as well as
+“trusted”. None of them means what it normally means.
+“Attack” doesn't mean someone trying to hurt you, it means
+you trying to copy music. “Malicious code” means code
+installed by you to do what someone else doesn't want your machine to
+do. “Spoofing” doesn't mean someone's fooling you, it means
+your fooling Palladium. And so on.</p></li>
+
+<li>A previous statement by the Palladium developers stated the basic
+premise that whoever developed or collected information should have
+total control of how you use it. This would represent a revolutionary
+overturn of past ideas of ethics and of the legal system, and create
+an unprecedented system of control. The specific problems of these
+systems are no accident; they result from the basic goal. It is the
+goal we must reject.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<hr />
+<h4>This essay is published
+in <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a></h4>
+
+
+<!-- If needed, change the copyright block at the bottom. In general, -->
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+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2002, 2007 Richard Stallman
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
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+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- Bulgarian -->
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+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/computing-progress.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:46 -0000
1.1
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Computing ‘Progress’: Good and Bad - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/computing-progress.translist" -->
+<h2>Computing ‘progress’: good and bad</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a></p>
+
+<p><i>
+The BBC invited me to write an article for their column series, The
+Tech Lab, and this is what I sent them. (It refers to a couple of
+other articles published in that series.) The BBC was ultimately unwilling
+to publish it with a copying-permission notice, so I have published it
+here.</i></p>
+
+<p>
+Bradley Horowitz of Yahoo proposed here that every object in our world
+have a unique number so that your cell phone could record
+everything you do—even which cans you picked up while in the
+supermarket.</p>
+
+<p>
+If the phone is like today's phones, it will use proprietary software:
+software controlled by the companies that developed it, not by its
+users. Those companies will ensure that your phone makes the
+information it collects about you available to the phone company's
+database (let's call it Big Brother) and probably to other
+companies.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the UK of the future, as New Labour would have it, those companies
+will surely turn this information over to the police. If your phone
+reports you bought a wooden stick and a piece of poster board, the
+phone company's system will deduce that you may be planning a protest,
+and report you automatically to the police so they can accuse you of
+“terrorism”.</p>
+
+<p>
+In the UK, it is literally an offense to be suspect—more precisely,
+to possess any object in circumstances that create a “reasonable
+suspicion” that you might use it in certain criminal ways.
+Your phone will give the police plenty of opportunities to suspect
+you so they can charge you with having been suspected by them.
+Similar things will happen in China, where Yahoo has already given the
+government all the information it needed to imprison a dissident; it
subsequently asked for our understanding on the excuse that it was “just
+following orders.”</p>
+
+<p>
+Horowitz would like cell phones to tag information automatically, based
+on knowing when you participate in an event or meeting. That means
+the phone company will also know precisely whom you meet. That
+information will also be interesting to governments, such as those of
+the UK and China, that cut corners on human rights.</p>
+
+<p>
+I do not much like Horowitz's vision of total surveillance. Rather, I
+envision a world in which our computers never collect, or release, any
+information about us except when we want them to.</p>
+
+<p>
+Nonfree software does other nasty things besides spying; it often
+implements digital handcuffs—features designed to restrict the
+users (also called DRM, for Digital Restrictions Management). These
+features control how you can access, copy, or move the files in your
+own computer.</p>
+
+<p>
+DRM is a common practice: Microsoft does it, Apple does it, Google
+does it, even the BBC's iPlayer does it. Many governments, taking the
+side of these companies against the public, have made it illegal to
+tell others how to escape from the digital handcuffs. As a result,
+competition does nothing to check the practice: no matter how many
+proprietary alternatives you might have to choose from, they will
+all handcuff you just the same. If the computer knows where you are
+located, it can make DRM even worse: there are companies that would
+like to restrict what you can access based on your present
+location.</p>
+
+<p>
+My vision of the world is different. I would like to see a world in
+which all the software in our computers — in our desktop PCs, our
+laptops, our handhelds, our phones — is under our control and
+respects our freedom. In other words, a world where all software is
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html"><em>free</em></a> software.</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software, freedom-respecting software, means that every user of
+the program is free to get the program's source code and change the
+program to do what she wants, and also free to give away or sell
+copies, either exact or modified. This means the users are in
+control. With the users in control of the software, nobody has power
+to impose nasty features on others.</p>
+
+<p>
+Even if you don't exercise this control yourself, you are part of a
+society where others do. If you are not a programmer, other users of
+the program are. They will probably find and remove any nasty
+features, which might spy on or restrict you, and publish safe
+versions. You will have only to elect to use them—and since
+all other users will prefer them, that will usually happen with no
+effort on your part.</p>
+
+<p>
+Charles Stross envisioned computers that permanently record everything
+that we see and hear. Those records could be very useful, as long as
+Big Brother doesn't see and hear all of them. Today's cell phones are
+already capable of listening to their users without informing them, at
+the request of the police, the phone company, or anyone that knows the
+requisite commands. As long as phones use nonfree software,
+controlled by its developers and not by the users, we must expect this
+to get worse. Only free software enables computer-using citizens to
+resist totalitarian surveillance.</p>
+
+<p>
+Dave Winer's article suggested that Mr. Gates should send a copy of
+Windows Vista to Alpha Centauri. I understand the feeling, but
+sending just one won't solve our problem here on Earth. Windows is
+designed to spy on users and restrict them. We should collect all the
+copies of Windows, and of MacOS and iPlayer for the same reason, and send
+them to Alpha Centauri at the slowest possible speed. Or just erase
+them.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2007 Richard Stallman
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:46 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/bin/nightly-vars either TAGSLANG or WEBLANG -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the 2 letter language code right, cf. -->
+<!-- <URL:http://www.w3.org/WAI/ER/IG/ert/iso639.htm> -->
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+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.fr.html">Français</a> [fr]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/computing-progress.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/gates.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title> It's not the Gates, it's the bars - RMS</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/gates.translist" -->
+<h2> It's not the Gates, it's the bars</h2>
+
+<p>by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard
+Stallman</strong></a><br />
+Founder, Free Software Foundation
+</p>
+
+<blockquote>
+<p><em>(This article was <a
+href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7487060.stm";>published by
+BBC News in 2008</a>.)</em></p>
+</blockquote>
+
+ <p>To pay so much attention to Bill Gates' retirement is
+ missing the point. What really matters is not Gates, nor
+ Microsoft, but the unethical system of restrictions that
+ Microsoft—like many other software companies—imposes on its
+ customers.</p>
+
+ <p>That statement may surprise you, since most people interested in
+ computers have strong feelings about Microsoft. Businessmen and their
+ tame politicians admire its success in building an empire over so many
+ computer users. Many outside the computer field credit Microsoft for
+ advances which it only took advantage of, such as making computers
+ cheap and fast, and convenient graphical user interfaces.</p>
+
+ <p>Gates' philanthropy for health care for poor countries has won
+ some people's good opinion. The LA Times reported that his
+ foundation spends five to 10% of its money annually and invests
+ the rest, sometimes in companies it suggests cause environmental
+ degradation and illness in the same poor countries.
+ (2010 update: The Gates Foundation is supporting a project with
+ agribusiness giant Cargill on a <a
+
href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/poverty-matters/2010/sep/29/gates-foundation-gm-monsanto";>project
+ that could involve pushing genetically modified crops in Africa</a>.)</p>
+
+ <p>Many computerists specially hate Gates and Microsoft. They have
+ plenty of reasons. Microsoft persistently engages in anti-competitive
+ behaviour, and has been convicted three times. (Bush, who let
+ Microsoft off the hook for the second US conviction, was invited to
+ Microsoft headquarters to solicit funds for the 2000 election. In the
+ UK, Microsoft established a major office in Gordon Brown's
+ constituency. Both lawful, both potentially corrupting.)</p>
+
+ <p>Many users hate the “Microsoft tax”, the retail
+ contracts that make you pay for Windows on your computer even if you
+ won't use it. (In some countries you can get a refund, but the effort
+ required is daunting.) There's also the Digital Restrictions
+ Management: software features designed to “stop” you from
+ accessing your files freely. (Increased restriction of users seems to
+ be the main advance of Vista.)</p>
+
+ <p>Then there are the gratuitous incompatibilities and obstacles to
+ interoperation with other software. (This is why the EU required
+ Microsoft to publish interface specifications.) This year Microsoft
+ packed standards committees with its supporters to procure ISO
+ approval of its unwieldy, unimplementable and patented “open
+ standard” for documents. (The EU is now investigating this.)</p>
+
+ <p>These actions are intolerable, of course, but they are not
+ isolated events. They are systematic symptoms of a deeper wrong
+ which most people don't recognize: proprietary software.</p>
+
+ <p>Microsoft's software is distributed under licenses that keep
+ users divided and helpless. The users are divided because they
+ are forbidden to share copies with anyone else. The users are
+ helpless because they don't have the source code that programmers
+ can read and change.</p>
+
+ <p>If you're a programmer and you want to change the software, for
+ yourself or for someone else, you can't. If you're a business and you
+ want to pay a programmer to make the software suit your needs better,
+ you can't. If you copy it to share with your friend, which is simple
+ good-neighbourliness, they call you a “pirate”.
+ Microsoft would have us believe that helping your neighbour is the
+ moral equivalent of attacking a ship.</p>
+
+ <p>The most important thing that Microsoft has done is to promote this
+ unjust social system. Gates is personally identified with it, due to
+ his infamous open letter which rebuked microcomputer users for sharing
+ copies of his software. It said, in effect, “If you don't let me
+ keep you divided and helpless, I won't write the software and you
+ won't have any. Surrender to me, or you're lost!”</p>
+
+ <p>But Gates didn't invent proprietary software, and thousands of
+ other companies do the same thing. It's wrong—no matter who does
+ it. Microsoft, Apple, Adobe, and the rest, offer you software that
+ gives them power over you. A change in executives or companies is not
+ important. What we need to change is this system.</p>
+
+ <p>That's what the free software movement is all
+ about. “Free” refers to freedom: we write and publish
+ software that users are free to share and modify. We do this
+ systematically, for freedom's sake; some of us paid, many as
+ volunteers. We already have complete free operating systems, including
+ GNU/Linux. Our aim is to deliver a complete range of useful free
+ software, so that no computer user will be tempted to cede her freedom
+ to get software.</p>
+
+ <p>In 1984, when I started the free software movement, I was hardly
+ aware of Gates' letter. But I'd heard similar demands from others,
+ and I had a response: “If your software would keep us divided
+ and helpless, please don't write it. We are better off without
+ it. We will find other ways to use our computers, and preserve our
+ freedom.”</p>
+
+ <p>In 1992, when the GNU operating system was completed by the
+ kernel, Linux, you had to be a wizard to run it. Today GNU/Linux
+ is user-friendly: in parts of Spain and India, it's standard in
+ schools. Tens of millions use it, around the world. You can use
+ it too.</p>
+
+ <p>Gates may be gone, but the walls and bars of proprietary software
+ he helped create remain—for now. Dismantling them is up to
+ us.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2008 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></p>
+
+<p>Richard Stallman is the founder of the Free Software Foundation. You
+can copy and redistribute this article under the <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative Commons
+Attribution Noderivs 3.0 license</a>.</p>
+
+<!--
+<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://creativecommons.org/ns#";
+ xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
+ xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#";>
+<Work rdf:about="">
+<license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/"; />
+</Work>
+
+<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/";>
+ <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Attribution"; />
+ <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Reproduction"; />
+
+ <permits rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Distribution"; />
+ <requires rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/ns#Notice"; />
+</License>
+
+</rdf:RDF>
+
+-->
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:47 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
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-->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- Spanish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.es.html">Español</a> [es]</li>
-->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/gates.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Dutch -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/gates.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/microsoft.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Is Microsoft the Great Satan? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/microsoft.translist" -->
+<h2>Is Microsoft the Great Satan?</h2>
+
+<div class="announcement">
+<blockquote><p>This article was given a major rewrite in 2009.
+The <a href="/philosophy/microsoft-old.html">old version</a> is also
+available.</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+<p>Many people think of Microsoft as the monster menace of the
+software industry. There is even a specific campaign to boycott
+Microsoft. This feeling has intensified since Microsoft expressed
+active hostility towards free software.</p>
+
+<p>In the free software movement, our perspective is different. We
+see that Microsoft is doing something that mistreats software users:
+making software <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#ProprietarySoftware">
+proprietary</a> and thus denying users their rightful freedom. But
+Microsoft is not alone in this; many other companies do the same thing
+to the users. If other companies manage to dominate fewer users than
+Microsoft, that is not for lack of trying.</p>
+
+<p>This is not meant to excuse Microsoft. Rather, it is meant as a
+reminder that Microsoft is the natural development of a software
+industry based on <a href="/philosophy/shouldbefree.html">keeping
+users divided and subjugating them</a>. When criticizing Microsoft,
+we should not focus so narrowly on Microsoft that we let other
+proprietary software developers off the hook.</p>
+
+<p>When we reject Microsoft's proprietary software, that is not a
+boycott. The word “boycott” means rejection, as a
+protest, of products that are otherwise acceptable. Rejecting a
+product because it hurts you is not a boycott, just ordinary
+rationality. To maintain your freedom, you need to
+reject <em>all</em> proprietary software, regardless of who developed
+it or who distributes it.</p>
+
+<p>There is no need to reject Microsoft non-software products, or
+services that you can use without proprietary software. (When you use
+a web service, whether Microsoft's or not, watch out for
+<a href="/philosophy/javascript-trap.html">non-free JavaScript
+programs</a> that it may try to slip into your browser.) When
+Microsoft releases free programs, which it occasionally does, they are
+acceptable in theory; but most of them depend fundamentally on
+Microsoft proprietary software, which we do need to reject, and that
+makes them useless for anyone that chooses to live in freedom.</p>
+
+<p>In the “Halloween documents”, leaked in October 1998,
+Microsoft executives stated an intention to use various methods to
+obstruct the development of free software: specifically, designing
+secret protocols and file formats, and patenting algorithms and
+software features.</p>
+
+<p>These obstructionist policies were not new: Microsoft, and many
+other software companies, had been doing them for years. Secrecy
+and patents have obstructed us greatly, and they may be more damaging
+in the future. For the most part, the companies' main motivation in
+doing these things is to attack each other; now, it seems, we are
+specifically targeted. Microsoft is using its patents directly to
+<a href="http://press.redhat.com/2009/09/09/microsoft-and-patent-trolls/";>
+attack the free software community</a>, and our community is fighting
+back.</p>
+
+<p>But Microsoft's patents are not the only patents that threaten us
+(and software developers and users generally)—consider the harm
+that the MP3 patent has done. Thus, defending against specific
+attacks is necessary but not sufficient. The only full solution is
+to <a href="http://endsoftpatents.org/";>eliminate software
+patents</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Other Microsoft practices specifically harmful to the adoption of
+free software are the ones designed to build up social inertia that
+obstructs migration to GNU/Linux. For instance, when Microsoft
+“donates” copies of Windows to schools, it converts these
+schools into tools for implanting a dependence on Windows. There are
+indications that Microsoft systematically plans these
+activities <a href="http://boycottnovell.com/wiki/index.php/EDGI";> as
+a campaign against the adoption of GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Each Windows “upgrade” augments Microsoft's power over
+the users; Microsoft plans it that way. And each one is a step
+forward in malicious features, which
+include <a href="http://DefectiveByDesign.org";>Digital Restrictions
+Management</a> and back doors. So the FSF runs campaigns to warn
+users against “upgrading”
+to <a href="http://BadVista.org/";>Windows Vista</a>
+and <a href="http://Windows7Sins.org";>Windows 7</a>. We aim to reduce
+the amount of inertia they will create.</p>
+
+<p>We don't hate Microsoft, and we don't consider it the Great Satan.
+But we do recognize it as the company that has separated more users
+from their freedom than any other, and a powerful avowed enemy of
+computer users' freedom. We act accordingly.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 Free
+Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:47 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text. -->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- French -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- Malayalam -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ml.html">മലയാളം</a> [ml]</li>
-->
+<!-- Polish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/microsoft.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- Russian -->
+<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/microsoft.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul> -->
+<!-- </div> -->
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
Index: philosophy/po/nit-india.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: philosophy/po/nit-india.fr-en.html
diff -N philosophy/po/nit-india.fr-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ philosophy/po/nit-india.fr-en.html 20 Jan 2012 01:26:47 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1506 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+<title>Stallman's Speech at National Institute of Technology, Trichy, India,
17 February 2004 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/nit-india.translist" -->
+<h2>National Institute of Technology - Trichy - India - 17 February 2004</h2>
+
+<p>
+by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>
+</p>
+
+ <p><em>Transcript of the speech on “Free Software” by
+Dr. Richard Stallman on Feb 17, 2004 at the National Institute of
+Technology, Trichy, TN, India.</em>
+</p>
+
+ <p><b>[MOC]</b> We will be starting off with the video conferencing
+session in a short while, audience please note, the questions should
+be written on a piece of paper, and handed over to MOC desk. We have
+volunteers all around waiting with papers, so please use them to ask
+your questions. Dr. Richard Stallman has a hearing problem and
+therefore he will not be able to understand your language.
+</p>
+
+ <p>Ladies and gentlemen, I feel privileged to be given the opportunity to
+to take you through this morning session, which is a trend setter in
+many ways. This is the first time in the history of NIT, Trichy that a
+video conference is going to take place. And the ECE association,
+prides itself in taking this initiative. This wouldn't have been
+possible without the vision and hard work of the staff and the final
+years. We hope this initiative will be the first of many in the future
+and the good work is carried on in the coming years.
+</p>
+
+<p>Software, a product of digital revolution is a more like
+magic. Hundreds of copies of a software can be made at touch of a
+button. Portions of code can copied and used in another program
+without much effort. These and lot of other properties make it an
+entirely different beast. A beast that does not bow to the
+conventional copyright laws. But some people for their own selfishness
+have tamed this beast and deprived the society the benefits of
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>Amidst this rose a man, who vowed to give back computer users their
+lost freedom. He proved to the world not by words, but by action that
+it is possible to produce software without computer users having to
+give up their freedom. A man who needs no introduction, but
+nevertheless must be introduced for sake formality. Dr. Richard
+Stallman is the founder of the GNU project, 1984 to develop the free
+operating system, GNU. And thereby give computer users the freedom,
+that most of them had lost. GNU is a free software. Everyone is free
+to copy it, and redistribute it, as well as make changes, either large
+or small.
+</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Richard Stallman graduated from Harvard in 1974, with a B.A in
+physics. During his college years he also worked as a staff hacker, at
+the <abbr title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</abbr> AI
+lab, learning operating system development on the fly. In 1984, he
+resigned from <abbr>MIT</abbr> to start the GNU project. He has
+received numerous prizes and awards for his work, which need no
+mention.
+</p>
+
+<p>Today Linux based systems, variants of the GNU system based on the
+kernel Linux, developed by Linus Torvalds are in wide spread use. There
+are estimated to be some 20 million users of Linux based systems
+today. And the number is growing at an unprecedented rate.
+</p>
+
+<p>Ladies and gentlemen, meet the man, the driving force of the free
+software movement, Dr. Richard Stallman. [applause] [silence]
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Should I start?
+[silence]
+</p>
+
+<p>Can you hear me?
+[silence]
+</p>
+
+<p>Please raise your hands if you cannot hear me. [silence] So, if
+people could possibly be a bit quieter, I guess that I can start.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Audience please maintain silence. Thank you.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Or may be it is just the system that is generating noise. I
+can't tell, I can't hear, if its people talking or it's some artifact
+of the communication system. It's just coming across as lot of noise
+to me. Just turn the volume down some how, I will see how to do
+that. I don't seem to have a control for that. Don't worry about
+it. Don't turn it all the way off though. Just a little bit lower.
+</p>
+
+<p>I want to have some indication of what's going on in the room, so that
+I can hear you, but the volume may be just a bit too high, so that the
+room noise is getting tremendous.
+</p>
+
+<p>Okay. Lets see. [silence] Well I guess, I will just start, if
+that's the thing to do. My speech today well… Is it the time I
+should start. Or people are still coming into the room, should I wait
+a couple of more minutes.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we can start.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I see people coming in. I will wait till the people
+come in and get seated.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, it is getting late, I think we can start.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay. What is free software? Free Software is software
+that respects the freedom of the users. This doesn't have anything to
+do with price, at least not directly. I am not talking about gratis
+software. I don't mean software that you get without paying. That is
+actually a side issue that is not particularly relevant. I mean
+software that you can use in freedom. Software that respects the
+freedoms of the user. Or I should be more specific. Which are the
+freedoms, that I mean.
+</p>
+
+<p>For programs to be free software, you the user must have four specific
+freedoms. There is freedom zero, the freedom to run the program, for
+whatever purpose in whatever manner. There is freedom one, the freedom
+to study the source code, to see what the program really does. And
+then change it to do, what you want. There is freedom two, which is
+the freedom to distribute copies to others, in other words the freedom
+to help your neighbor. And there is freedom three, the freedom to help
+build your community which is the freedom to publish a modified
+version, so that others can benefit from your contribution.
+</p>
+
+<p>All these freedoms, are essential. It's a mistake to think of them as
+levels of freedom, because all four must be present, in order for the
+software to be ethically legitimate.
+</p>
+
+<p>Why these particular freedoms? Freedom zero is essential so that you
+can have control over your own computer. If you are not free to use
+the program for whatever purpose in whatever manner then your use of
+your own computer, is being restricted. But freedom zero is not enough
+to have control over your own computer, because without more than that
+you can't control what the program does.
+</p>
+
+<p>Freedom one is essential, freedom one enables to see personally what
+the program really does, and then it change to do whatever you really
+want it to do. If you don't have freedom one, then you do not control
+what your computer is doing, the developer of the program controls,
+what it's going to do on your computer, and you have no recourse.
+</p>
+
+<p>In fact, its not unusual for developers put in malicious
+features. This is primarily developers non-free software, that put in
+malicious features and they figure that you cannot take them out. They
+figure, they will get away with it. Because you are helpless. It is
+very common for non-free programs to spy on the user. And they figure
+you might not be able to tell that its are spying on you, because you
+can't get the source code and so how would you know what it is
+reporting about you. We found out some cases, where programs spy on
+you. For example, Windows spies on you. 3 years ago there was a
+scandal, because Microsoft setup Windows to report what is installed
+on your disk. It would send this information back to Microsoft. Then
+there was a scandal there was an uproar so Microsoft took it out, and
+put it back in disguise.
+</p>
+
+<p>About a year ago, some developers… some researchers found
+out that, they figured out that, Windows XP when it asked for an
+upgrade, also reports to Microsoft, what's installed on your disk. And
+it does this secretly, it sends the list of files encrypted, so that
+it was impossible for people to tell easily that this was going
+on. They had to work hard [FIXME: 12:10] ??? to determine what
+information Windows was sending back to Microsoft. But, Windows is not
+the only software package, non-free software package that [FIXME:
+12:30 spies] on you. Windows media player also spies on you. Every time
+you access something, it sends a report to Microsoft, saying what you
+are looking at. And Real Player also spies on you. So Microsoft is not
+the only non-free software developer guilty of this kind of special
+mistreatment of the users. The Tivo spies on you. Some people
+enthusiastic on Tivo, because it is based on GNU and Linux to some
+extent.
+</p>
+
+<p>But it also contains non-free software. And it is designed to spy
+on you, and report what you watch. I am told there are many other
+programs that are spy-ware. Then there are programs that do other
+nasty things to you. For instance there are programs that reconfigure
+your computer, so for instance that it will display ads for you all
+the time, and they don't tell you install this program and it will
+display these ads. They figure that most of the users won't notice,
+they won't will be able to figure out. They figure you will install
+several programs and you won't know which one changed your computer's
+configuration. Or that you won't know how to undo it. Of course, if it
+were free software this could be fixed. I will get to that in a
+minute. But sometimes they get even worse. Sometimes programs have
+features designed to stop you from doing things. Software developers
+like to talk about how their programs could do things for you. But
+sometimes they design programs that will refuse to do things for
+you. This is often called DRM — Digital Restrictions
+Management. Where programs are designed to refuse to access files for
+you, to refuse to let you save files, or copy files or convert files.
+</p>
+
+<p>Even more bizarre, there is a malicious feature in the music
+sharing program, Kazaa, where the company… the developers sell
+time on your computer. So, other people will pay Kazaa, so that they
+can run their programs on your computer. They don't pay you. In fact,
+this was being kept secret. The developers of Kazaa didn't say to the
+users, “By the way, we are going to be selling time on your
+computer.” People had to figure this out.
+</p>
+
+<p>So, I am telling you examples, that I have heard of. But you never
+know, if there is some other non free program, how do you it has some
+malicious secret feature. The point is you can't get the
+source. Without freedom one, the freedom to help yourself, the freedom
+to study the source code and change it to do what you want, you can't
+tell what the program is really doing. All you can do is put blind
+faith in the developer. The developer says, “The program does
+this” Now you either believe it or you don't.
+</p>
+
+<p>Of course, not all developers of non-free software are putting
+malicious features. Some really are sincerely doing their best to put
+in features to please the user. But, they are all human, and they all
+mistakes. These mistakes are called bugs. Well, we free software
+developers are also human, and we also make mistakes. Our programs
+have bugs too. The difference is, when you have freedom you can study
+the source code and you can find whatever is bad in the program,
+whether it is a deliberate malicious feature or an accident. Either
+way you can find it, and then you can fix the program to get rid of
+it. You can make the program better. With non-free software you are
+just helpless. But with free software you have power over your
+computer. You are in control. But freedom one is not enough. Freedom
+one is the freedom, to personally study the source code and then
+change it to do what you want. That is the freedom to help
+yourself. But freedom one is not enough, because first of all there
+are millions of people who use computers but do not know how to
+program. Freedom one is not enough for them. They don't how to
+personally study the source code and change it to do what they
+want. But even for us programmers freedom one is not enough. Because
+there are so many programs. Nobody has time to study them all, and
+master them all, to be able to make changes in each one of them.
+</p>
+
+<p>So, we need to be able to work together. And that's what freedom three
+is for. Freedom three is the freedom to help build your community, by
+publishing a modified version. So other people can use your
+version. This is what makes it possible for us all to work together
+taking control of our computers and our software.
+</p>
+
+<p>…That there are a million users and all of them want a
+certain change in a certain program. They want it to work like this
+way instead. Well, in those million people, just by luck, there will
+be a thousand who know how to program. Sooner or later there will be a
+ten of them, who read the source of the program, and made the change
+and publish a modified version that does what they want. And there are
+million other people who want the same thing. So, they will use the
+modified version. They all get a change to have what they
+want. Because a few of them made the change.
+</p>
+
+<p>With freedom three, a few people can make change and it then
+becomes available to many people. And this way, any collectivity of
+users can take control over their software. What happens if there is a
+group of people who want a change but none of them knows how to
+program. Suppose if only 500 people and none of them is a
+programmer. Now, suppose it is 10000 but they are all people who have
+stores, so that they don't know how to program. Well, with free
+software they can still make use of freedom one and three. They can
+all put together some money and when they have collected the money
+they can go to a programmer or to a programming company and say,
+“How much would you charge, to make this particular change and
+when can you have it done?”
+</p>
+
+<p>And if they don't like what that particular company says, they can
+go to a different company and say, “What would you charge to
+make this change and when can you have it done?” They can choose
+who they are going to deal with. And this illustrates the fact that
+free software means that there is a free market, for all kinds of
+services such as, to make the program do what you want. With non-free
+software, support is a monopoly, because only the developer has the
+source code and only the developer can make any change.
+</p>
+
+<p>So if you don't like what the program does, you have to go to the
+developer and beg, “Oh, please developer, please do my change
+for me.” And probably the developer says, “You are not
+important enough, why should I care about you. There are just a
+hundred thousand of you why should I care.” But with free
+software, there is a free market for support and if the developer
+isn't interested in what you want some body else will be, especially
+if you have some money to pay.
+</p>
+
+<p>There are users of software who consider good support crucial and they
+are willing to pay money so that they could have good support. In
+general, because free software support is a free market, these users
+can expect better support for their money, if they are using free
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>Paradoxically speaking, when you have a choice between several
+non-free programs to do the same job, which ever one you choose the
+support for it is going to be a monopoly afterwards, so at the
+beginning you get a choice, but afterwards you are stuck in a
+monopoly. That's the paradox you have a choice between monopolies. In
+other words you get to choose who is going to be your master. But a
+choice of masters is not freedom, with free software you don't have to
+choose a master. You get to choose freedom, you don't have to choose
+between monopolies instead, you continue to have freedom for as long
+as you keep using that program you are using it in freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>So I have explained freedom zero, one and three. These freedoms are
+all necessary so that you can have control over your computer. Freedom
+two is a different matter, Freedom two is to help your neighbor by
+distributing copies of the programs to others. Freedom two is
+essential for a basic ethical reason, so that you can live an upright
+life where you help other people.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, the spirit… the most important resource of any society
+is the spirit of good will, the spirit of readiness to help your
+neighbors. Of course, nobody spends a 100% of time helping his
+neighbors, nobody does a 100% of whatever other people ask. And that
+is appropriate because you have to take care of yourself also. But
+only extremely bad people do zero to help their neighbors and in fact
+normally in society you have levels of helping the neighbors in
+between, not 0 and not a 100% and these levels can get bigger or
+smaller depending on social change, by how we organize society we can
+encourage people to help their neighbor and help each other some what
+more or some what less and these changes in the levels make the
+difference between a livable society and a dog eat dog jungle. And it
+is not by accident that the world's major religions for 1000 of years
+have been encouraging people to help their neighbors, encouraging a
+spirit of benevolence of good will towards your fellow human beings.
+</p>
+
+<p>So what does it mean when powerful social institutions start saying
+sharing with your neighbor is wrong, they are discouraging people from
+helping each other reducing the level of cooperation. They are
+poisoning this essential resource. What does it mean when they say if
+you help your neighbor you are a pirate. They are saying that to share
+with your neighbor is the moral equivalent of attacking a ship. That
+morality is upside down, because attacking ships are really really bad
+but helping your neighbor is good and must be encouraged and what does
+it mean when the start making harsh punishments for people who share
+with their neighbors. How much fear is it going to take before people
+are too scared to help their neighbors. Do you want to be living in a
+society filled with this level of terror. The only … for what
+they are doing is terror campaign. In 2 countries so far in Argentina
+and then in Germany, these companies, the developers of non-free
+software have sent public threats, threatening people would be raped
+in prison for using unauthorized copies of software. The only thing
+you can call it when people are threatening others will rape is a
+terror campaign and we should put and end to this terrorism, right
+away.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, why did I say that freedom two, the freedom to help your
+neighbor is necessary to live an upright life. Because if you agree to
+license for a non-free program, you have partly participated in the
+evil. You have put yourself in a bad moral situation. By using a
+program that does not give you freedom two, the freedom to help your
+neighbor, you have put yourself in a moral dilemma, potentially. It
+may never happen, but as soon as somebody comes to you and says, could
+I have a copy of this program. You are now in a moral dilemma, where
+you have to choose between two evils. One evil is make a copy help
+your neighbor, but you violate the license, the other evil is you
+follow the license but you are a bad neighbor. They are both wrong, so
+you have to choose the lesser evil, the lesser evil in my opinion is
+to share with your neighbor and violate the license. Because your
+neigh deserves… presuming this person had done nothing wrong,
+hasn't mistreated you, then he deserves your cooperation. Where as,
+who ever tried to divide you from your neighbors is doing something
+very very wrong and doesn't deserve your cooperation, so if you got to
+do something wrong, you got to do it to somebody who deserves it.
+</p>
+
+<p>However, once you recognize this, once you realize, that using this
+non free program means you are liable to end up with a choice between
+two evils, what you should really do is to refuse to get into that
+situation, by refusing to use the non free program, refusing to have
+the non-free program. If you insist on using and having only free
+software then you cant ever get into this moral dilemma. Because when
+ever your friend asks you for a copy of the program, you will be able
+to say “sure,” and it wont be any evil because free
+software means you are free to distribute copies. It means you have
+not promised that you refuse to share with other people. You can share
+and there is nothing bad about the situation. So once you recognize
+that, using and having the non free program means putting yourself in
+a potential moral dilemma, you say no to it. And that way you avoid
+the moral dilemma. You stay in a position where you can live in a
+upright life and you are not going to find yourself forced to do
+something wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p>Once I was in the audience when John Perry Barlow was giving his
+speech, and he asked raise your hand if you don't have any
+unauthorized copies of software and only one person in the audience
+raised his hand, it was me. And he saw that and he said, “Oh, of
+course you.” He knew that all my copies were legal authorized
+copies because the programs were all free software. There are people
+who made copies from me were all authorized to copy the program and
+give me a copy. And all my copies were authorized.
+</p>
+
+<p>The information police, who are trying to put people in prison for
+having unauthorized copies, are doing something wrong. What they are
+doing is something illegitimate, what ah… what is it
+called… NASCOM, what they are doing is wrong, but at the same
+time I don't want to have to be sneaking when I give you copies of the
+software, so I would rather use the free software and then I can stand
+up even with the police watching. And I can give you a copy and I
+don't have to be scared we don't have to live in fear, by choosing
+free software. So these are the reasons that the four freedoms that
+define free software. Freedom zero is the freedom to run the program
+as you seek it. Freedom one is the freedom to help yourself by
+studying the source code and changing it to do what you want. Freedom
+two is to distribute copies to others, and freedom three is the
+freedom to build your community by publishing an improved version, so
+as to help the other users of software.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, none of these is a question of price. Free software does not mean
+you can get it at zero price. In fact it is perfectly legitimate for
+people to sell copies. That's an example of freedom two, freedom two is
+the freedom to make copies and distribute it to others. That includes
+selling them if you wish. You are free to make copies and sell
+them. It is true that typically people won't pay a large amount of
+money for their copies, because they know that can find someone else
+can give him a copy, so most people won't pay very much for a
+copy. They might pay a certain amount you know if the price is small
+enough, if it is easier them for them to pay it, than to go hunt
+around and go to the trouble of getting a copy gratis. There are
+people sell copies, and they make some money with it. But people
+generally can't do is hold the users to ransom, squeezing a lots of
+painful money out of them, because at that point the users will
+redistribute copies to each other, they will make the effort. So free
+software can't be used to squeeze money out of people in a way that
+hurts society. But it doesn't mean that no money ever changes hands it
+does not mean gratis. Sometimes people in India refer it to as Mukth
+software or Swatantra software, to emphasis that we are not talking
+about gratis. But it is true that the savings that users can have
+because they are not forced to pay for permission, can be important
+for encouraging computer use, in a country with lots of poor people,
+because authorized copies of the software can cost more than the
+computer. Now the computer can cost this much and the authorized
+copies of software can cost this much. Well, there are lots of people
+in India who might be able to afford the computer, but couldn't
+possibly afford the software, because they can just barely afford a
+computer. So free software can make a big difference in terms of who
+in India can get a computer and run it. We don't see this yet, because
+a lot of people in India are using unauthorized copies. I don't think
+it is wrong to use unauthorized copies, but we can see the developers
+of non-free software are trying to make this impossible. They have two
+different ways, one is the terror campaign you know threatening to
+rape people in prison, and the other one is technical changes that can
+prevent the unauthorized copies from running, making people register
+in order for the software to run, you can see this in Windows XP, and
+there are more such measures coming. So what we can expect is, that it
+would be harder and harder in India to get by using unauthorized
+copies. And that means computer use in India and computer users in
+India are heading for a train wreck. They are on a course that leads
+to disaster and the thing that India needs to build is, start making
+effort to get on to the other track, to get on to the free software
+track, the track that escapes from this problem. So every social
+institutions in India, every government agency, every school, every
+organization, should be working as quickly as feasible, to switch
+people from the non-free track to the free track.
+</p>
+
+<p>But this is not what they are doing. And you can see easily if you
+look around easily, government organization in India are mostly using
+non-free software. And schools in India are using non-free
+software. This is a terrible mistake, it is a foolish and disastrous
+policy, governments of course deserves to use free software. Every
+computer user deserves to have the four freedoms, and that includes
+government agencies that use software. But when it is a government
+agency it has a responsibility, a duty to choose free
+software. Because government agency does data processing for the
+public, and they have a responsibility to maintain control over their
+computers, to make sure that the data processing that they are doing
+is right. They do not, they cannot legitimately allow the processing
+of data to fall into private hands, so our private parties to have
+control over what their computers are doing.
+</p>
+
+<p>I see a lot of people moving around, what's happening…
+what's happening… I can't hear you, the sound is turned off
+apparently…
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we are collecting questions.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Any way I hope it is over now. I will continue. So
+government agencies have a duty to make sure that they continue to
+control, what's going on in their own computers.
+</p>
+
+<p>So I see, you are collecting the questions already. But I am not
+even finished yet! Anyway… I am probably about a half
+finished. OK, now I understand. So okay, I will continue.
+</p>
+
+<p>Because remember, if you are using a non-free program, you don't
+really know what it does and you have no control over what it really
+does. You can't tell if there is a back door. There are people who
+suspect that Microsoft has put a back door into Windows or other
+software. We don't know, because we can't see the source code, there
+is no way to find out, if there is a back door. And it is possible
+also, that some of Microsoft employees put in a back door without
+being asked to. I heard some of the people working on Windows XP, were
+arrested, accused of working a terrorist organization and accused of
+trying to put in a back door. Now, this means, if you are using
+non-free software, you have be scared that the company, that is the
+developer put in a back door, and you also have to be scared that some
+developers secretly put in a back door, that even the company doesn't
+know about. The point is, that because you can't get the source code,
+study it and change it, you are helpless either way.
+</p>
+
+<p>And Microsoft did something really stupid. Well, really
+absurd. Supposedly, they offered various governments access to the
+source code. But they did it in a way that is fraudulent. For
+instance, they offered the Indian government access to the source code
+of Windows. But, that doesn't mean that they offered a copy of the
+source code to Indian government. Oh No! They offered access to a
+special server site, where a few chosen people from the government
+will be able to login and then single step through programs. And
+supposedly, see what's going on in the source code. But there would be
+no way they could guarantee that the source code they are looking at
+in the server, is the same thing that is running on their own
+machines. So the whole this is a fraud. A joke. Except, the joke would
+be on the Indian government, if it said yes to this project.
+</p>
+
+<p>And, meanwhile, even if one organization got access to the source
+code, if your organization doesn't have access to the source code,
+that doesn't help you.
+</p>
+
+<p>Every school in India should be using free software. So as, to teach
+the children of India to grow up to be free software users. You see,
+teaching these children to become users of non-free software is
+guiding them on to the track that leads to the train wreck. So schools
+have to be teaching these children to grow up to be free software
+users.
+</p>
+
+<p>It should be no surprise, that Microsoft is offering gratis copies of
+Windows to schools in India. They are doing this for the same reason
+that tobacco companies used to offer gratis packs of cigarettes to
+children. They are trying to get children hooked. They are not doing
+this, to be helpful to anybody. They are doing this so as to have more
+of their grip around these children. So, they are asking the schools
+to become accessories, in maintaining their grip. And this should not
+be surprising. If you compare Microsoft with other forms of
+colonialism, you will see a lot of similarities. Because you see,
+non-free software is a system of colonialism. The developers…
+Instead of one country colonizing another, it is various companies
+trying to colonize the whole world. And they do this, using divide
+conquer tactics. Keeping the user divided and helpless. And if you
+think about it, that is what a non-free program does, it keeps the
+users divided and helpless. Divided, because you are forbidden to
+distribute copies to other people, forbidden to help your
+neighbor. And helpless, because you can't get the source code and
+change it. So, with this divide and conquer policy, you also see the
+policy of using the local [45:20] ???? to keep everyone else
+inline. So Microsoft offers special deals, to whoever seems to have
+special influence, to get them to use Windows, and thus keep everyone
+else inline. Governments are being used in this way. And schools are
+being used in this way. The schools of India should reject non-free
+software, and thus refuse to be used to keep the population of India
+inline and under the domination of the developers of non-free
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>But there are two even deeper reasons, why schools in India should
+insist on free software. One reason is for the sake of education. As
+people reach their teenage years, some of them are going to be
+fascinated by computers. They are going want to learn everything about
+what is going on inside that computer. They are going to want to learn
+how does this program work. If they are using non-free software, the
+teacher has to tell them, “Sorry, you can't learn that, I can't
+learn that. It's a secret. Nobody is allowed to learn that.”
+Non-free software prohibits education. But with free software, the
+teacher can say, “Go ahead. Here's the source code for this
+program. Read it. You can learn. And then, now that you have read the
+source code, try making a change, try making a small change in this
+program. And then try making another. Try changing that program. Try
+changing that program.” And this way the students who are
+fascinated by computers will learn to write good software.
+</p>
+
+<p>As far as I can tell, some people are born with the skill program,
+are born with their brains growing so that they will have the skill to
+program. They will be natural programmers. But writing clear
+understandable software is something you have to learn. That's
+judgment. The way you learn is by reading lots of source and by
+changing lots of programs. That way you learn what makes a program
+easy to understand and easy to change. Every time you try to read a
+program and it is hard to figure out a certain part, you learn this is
+not the way to write clear code. Non-free software doesn't help you do
+this. Non-free software just keeps you in the dark. But if the schools
+of India switched to free software, then they can offer the students
+the opportunity to learn to be good programmers. To learn the same way
+I learnt. In the 1970s, I had a special opportunity. I worked at the
+AI lab at <abbr>MIT</abbr>. And there, we had our own time sharing
+system, which was free software. We would share with anybody. In fact,
+we were delighted anytime when somebody was interested in any part of
+it. We were delighted anytime somebody wanted to join us in using it
+and then help develop it. And so I had the opportunity to read all
+these different programs that were part of the system, and make
+changes in them. And by doing this over and over again, for years, I
+learnt to be a good programmer. I had to go to one particular place on
+earth, to have this opportunity, which was very unusual, very
+rare. Today any PC running the GNU plus Linux operating system, will
+offer you this opportunity. Every school in India that has a computer
+can offer its students the same opportunity, that I could only get at
+<abbr>MIT</abbr>.
+</p>
+
+<p>So schools should use free software for the sake of education, but
+there is an even deeper reason, because schools are not supposed to
+teach just facts, just skills, but even more deep, they are supposed
+to teach the spirit of goodwill, the habit of cooperating with other
+people. So schools shall have a rule: If you bring software to class,
+you are not allowed to keep it for yourself, you must let the other
+kids copy it. A rule of good citizenship. Of course, the school has to
+practice its on own. So, the school also should only bring free
+software to class. The software running on computers in class should
+all be free software and this way the schools can teach good
+citizenship.
+</p>
+
+<p>Three weeks ago… No it was two weeks ago, when i met with
+Dr. Kalam and explained to him about why schools should use free
+software and about how non-free software is colonial system, I was
+really delighted, because he understood it instantly. He recognized
+the analogy, how the colonial powers tried to recruit the [FIXME:
+51:40 weaks] ??? to become their assistants for keeping the rest of
+the population inline. And then, the most delightful part was that
+some people from Microsoft were waiting to see him next. I am sure
+when he spoke with them… that this comparison will go through
+his mind, as they try to convince him to do something or other, as
+they offered some kind of inducement to help keep India inline. What
+happened in that meeting, of course I don't know; because I wasn't
+there in his subsequent meeting with Microsoft. But I'm sure with this
+analogy running through his minds, he would have had some effect and I
+hope it will have some effect on you. When you, as part of the Indian
+[FIXME: 52:30] ??? are invited to help keep India inline. That you
+recognize that it's your duty to say no. When somebody invites you to
+join in a free software movement, where we weave our own code
+together, that you'll recognize that this is the way to put an end to
+colonialism.
+</p>
+
+<p>Well, when somebody says, “What?! we have an office in India;
+we were spending a million dollars a year paying a few people in
+India. Doesn't this make it okay for us the colonizer of the rest of
+India.” Well, you will recognize how stupid is this. The British
+employed people in India too, but that didn't make colonialism a good
+thing; didn't make it legitimate; didn't make it ethical. Because
+every computer user deserves freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>So I've been explaining why software should be free. So what do we do
+about it? I was thinking about these issues in 1983 and I reached the
+conclusion that software should be free; that the only way to live in
+freedom is to insist on free software. But what can i do about it? If
+you want to get a computer and run it, the first thing you need is an
+operating system and in 1983 all the operating systems for modern
+computers were non free, were proprietary. So what can I do? The only
+way you can get a modern computer and run it was to sign a contract
+promising to betray your neighbors. How could there be an alternative?
+The only way to have an alternative, the only way to use a computer
+and within freedom, was to write a free operating system. So I decided
+I would do that. I was an operating system developer, I've the skills
+to undertake this project. So I decided I would write free operating
+system, or die trying, presumably of old age. Because at that time,
+the free software movement which was just beginning, had no
+enemies. We just had a lot of work to do. So I decided that I would
+develop a free operating system and I decided to make it a Unix like
+operating system. So that it would be portable and so that Unix users
+would be having easy times switching over to this operating system
+that would give them freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>I figured, by making it compatible with some existing popular
+systems, we'll have more users and thus the community of freedom, the
+free world would grow bigger. And I gave the system the name GNU,
+which stands for GNU's Not Unix. It's a humorous way of giving credit
+to the ideas of Unix. It's a recursive acronym and that was a
+traditional programmers of having fun and giving credit at the same
+time. At the same time the word GNU, is used for lots of word plays,
+it's a word that has a lot of humor associated with it which makes it
+the best possible name for anything. I should explain that the word
+GNU is the name of an animal that was in Africa. We use the animal as
+our symbol. So if you see a smiling animal with some horns that is
+associated with our software, that's a gnu. So 20 years and 1 month
+ago, in January 1984, I quit my job at <abbr>MIT</abbr> and began
+developing the GNU system. I didn't do it all myself, of course, I was
+also trying to recruit other people to help and gradually over the
+years more and more people joined in. During the 1980s, well we had
+only a few parts of the GNU system; some of these parts were superior
+and so people would take them and install them on their non-free
+systems. For instance, the GNU Emacs text editor and the GNU C
+compiler. These were programs that people would learn even on top of
+their non-free Unix system. But our real goal was not just to have a
+few popular programs, the goal was to make a complete system. So that
+we should reject the non-free systems; reject non-free software,
+escape from the bondage of non-free software. So we kept filling in
+these gaps in the system and by the early 90s we had just one
+important gap remaining and that was the kernel.
+</p>
+
+<p>In 1991, a college student in Finland, wrote a free kernel and
+released it under the name Linux. Actually in 1991, it was not
+free. Initially it was released under a license which was little too
+restrictive and did not qualify as free. But in 1992, he changed the
+license and he made it free software. At that point it was possible to
+take this kernel and fit it into the gap in the GNU system and make a
+complete system. The system which is a combination of GNU and
+Linux. This GNU plus Linux operating system now has tens of millions
+of users.
+</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, most of them don't know that it's basically the GNU
+system. They think the whole system is Linux. That's the result of a
+confusion. The people who combined the Linux and the GNU system, they
+didn't realize that they were using Linux to fill this gap. They
+thought that they were starting with Linux, and adding all the other
+components that were needed to make a complete system. Well, all the
+other components were pretty much the GNU system. But they did not
+recognize that. They thought they were starting with Linux and turning
+it into a complete system. So, they started speaking of this entire
+system as Linux. Even though it was actually more GNU. The result is
+the confusion that you will see today. Many people when they talk
+about the GNU system call it Linux. In fact, if you see someone
+talking about Linux, then unless he is talking about an embedded
+system, he almost certainly means the GNU system with Linux added. But
+sometimes he is talking about embedded systems, and there maybe he really
+means Linux. Because in embedded systems, sometimes people use Linux
+by itself, without the rest of the operating system. You don't need a
+whole operating system in an embedded computer.
+</p>
+
+<p>So there is a lot of confusion. People say Linux, and sometimes
+they mean an entire operating system that you could run on a desktop
+or a server, and sometimes they mean just this kernel, which is enough
+for a embedded machine and that's all. So, if you want to avoid
+confusing people, you need to distinguish them, use different names
+for different things. When you are talking about the kernel, please
+call it ‘Linux’. That was written by a person, who chose
+the name Linux. And we ought to use the name he chose. When you are
+talking of the operating system, that's mostly GNU. And when I started
+developing it, I chose the name GNU. So please call this combination
+GNU plus Linux. All I am asking for, is a equal mention, for the
+principle developers of the system, the GNU project. We wrote the
+largest part of the system, and we had the vision for doing this whole
+job. Please give us equal mention. We need it. We need it, so that we
+can spread the philosophy. Teach people the ethical reasons. The
+social and political issues that are stake here. Why software should
+be free.
+</p>
+
+<p>Now, it was suggested I should talk about, some issues having to do
+with hardware. Sometimes, people ask whether hardware also should be
+free. Well, the issue only partly is meaningful. Because you see, what
+does it mean for software to be free. It means that, you are free to
+use it if you wish, study what it does, and change it. And copy it,
+and distribute copies, including modified copies. But you see,
+ordinary users of hardware, can't copy the hardware. There are no
+copiers. If I am ordinary user of software, I can copy it. Because
+every computer is a copier for software. And I don't need any special
+facilities to be able to study the plans and change them. I just need
+to understand programming. Then I can read the source code, as long as
+the developer will let me have a copy of the source code. But hardware
+isn't made by copying. You don't make computers, by putting them into
+a universal copier. You know, if somebody gives you one CPU chip, you
+can't copy that CPU chip to make another identical chip. Nobody can do
+that. There are no copiers. Now what about modifying it. Nobody can
+modify a chip. Once it's made, it's made. There are chips that are
+customizable. But to actually go in and modify the hardware of the
+chip, is impossible. For those chips that are customizable, suppose
+it is a microcodable chip, or a programmable gate array, the
+microcode, that's software, that's not hardware. The pattern of gates
+circuitry that goes in a programmable gate array chip, that pattern is
+software. That pattern can easily be changed and can easily be
+copied, because it is software.
+</p>
+
+<p>So that will help you understand, how these issues relate to various
+situations. The pattern that you load into something, that's
+software. And the physical object, that's the hardware. The physical
+object that can't just be copied, but has to be made in a factory.
+</p>
+
+<p>But sometimes, there is a different issue that does make sense for
+hardware. And that is the design spec, visible. You know, can the
+public get copies of design, to find out what the hardware does. Well,
+this is necessary in certain cases, so that you can check for
+malicious features. This is a fairly new issue. In the past, you know,
+if you go to disk controller, you know, it's a card, you are going to
+put it in your computer, you didn't have to worry very much. Is there
+a danger that there will be malicious feature on this disk
+controller. Because there wasn't really much danger. There wasn't much
+scope for putting in malicious feature into people's disk
+controllers. Because, how would they send a command to your disk
+controller. It just wasn't really feasible, to do those things. But,
+as these controllers get to be more… as the hardware gets more
+and more powerful hardware can be put in a smaller place, it becomes
+feasible, that somebody could put back doors, into your disk
+controller, into your CPU, into your network card. Now, how do you
+know that your network card isn't setup to receive some secret
+message, which is going to tell it to start spying on you somehow.
+</p>
+
+<p>So these issues start mattering, once the hardware becomes powerful
+enough, we need to insist that we can control what's really inside
+it. But you noticed, that the lot of stuff inside this so called
+hardware, is really software. A lot of device controllers nowadays,
+have computers in them. And there is software to get downloaded into
+this computer, and that software should be free. That's the only way
+we can trust it. That's the only way we can tell that it doesn't have
+some secret back door feature, to spy on us. It has got to be free
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p>So, the general rule is, if people ask me the question, “Does
+this apply to computers that are embedded?” I thought about this
+and I reached the conclusion, that if new software can be loaded into
+this computer, then it's visibly a computer, it really is a computer,
+for you the user. And that means you must have the freedom to control
+the software. But more recently, another issue is arising, that if the
+device can talk to the network, whether that's the Internet, or the
+cell phone network, or whatever. If it can talk to other people, then
+you don't know whether it is spying on you. So, it has to be free
+software. Consider for instance, portable phones. You shouldn't use a
+portable, unless the software is free. There really have been
+dangerous malicious features, in portable phones. There are portable
+phones in Europe which have this feature, that somebody can remotely
+tell the phone to listen to you. It really is a spy device, in the
+most classical sense. And if you have a portable phone, do you know
+who could be spying on you at any time? You don't unless you
+are… unless the software in your portable phone is a free
+software. So, we must insist on free software for this portable
+phones. That's just one of the reasons I won't use a portable
+phone. Because the portable phone network is a surveillance device. It
+can keep records of where you go. It can keep a permanent record of
+where you have been at all the time. And I think this is so dangerous
+such as threat to our freedom, that we must refuse to have these
+phones. They're dangerous, they're poison.
+</p>
+
+<p>Any way for more information I would like to refer you the gnu
+projects web site, which is www.gnu.org and also to the web site of
+the free software foundation of India, which is FSFIndia no
+sorry… I … no it's… It's gnu.org.in that's
+gnu.org.in. If you would like to help free software in India, please
+get in touch with FSF-India so that you can combine your efforts with
+other people and together you can fight for freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>From now I'll accept questions.
+</p>
+
+<p>Oh boy, am I sleepy!
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we will be reading out the questions one by one
+collected from the audience, and… then you can answer the
+questions.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay, if one person asks multiple questions, please
+give them to me one at a time.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Yes, sir.
+</p>
+
+<p>The first question comes from H. Sundar Raman. His question is,
+“What is the difference between Open Source Software and Free
+Software?”
+</p>
+<p>[RMS yawns]
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I should first explain that Free Software and Open
+Source each has two related meanings.
+</p>
+
+<p>I am looking at a mirror image of myself. So it's hard to me to see
+where to put my hands.
+</p>
+
+<p>Each one refers to a categorical software and each one refers to a
+philosophical movement. So there is the free software… the free
+software is a category of licenses. And there is the free software
+movement and it's philosophy. Likewise open source is a category of
+licenses and a philosophy. For we can compare the free software
+movement and the open source movement… sorry, we can compare
+free software as a category of software with open source as a category
+of software. And we can compare the free software movement philosophy
+with the open source philosophy. And what you find is as categories of
+software they are very close together. Open source is a category of
+licenses just as free software is a category of licenses. And these
+two categories are defined with very different language. But so far
+practically speaking they are pretty similar. There are some licenses
+that qualify as open source but do not qualify as free software. How
+ever they are not used very much. So, if you know that of certain
+program is open source and that's all you know, you can't be sure it's
+free software but it probably is free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile, there are also the two movements and their philosophies.
+And these are very far apart. In the free software movement we have a
+philosophy based on freedom and ethics. We say that you must insist on
+free software so that you can live an up-right life and have freedom
+to help other people. The open source movement was formed specifically
+to avoid saying that, to reject our ethical principles. The open
+source movement doesn't say you should insist on open source
+software. They say that it may be convenient or advantageous. They
+sight practical values only. They say that they have a superior
+design… sorry a superior development model — superior in
+its shallow technical sense, that it usually produces technically
+better software. But that's the most they will say. They won't say
+that this is an ethical imperative, they won't say that software
+should be open source, they won't say that closed source software is
+an attempt to colonize you and you should escape. They won't say
+anything like that and in-fact the reason for their movement is
+specifically not to say that; to cover that up. And so when it comes
+to the philosophical foundation what they say and what we say are as
+different as night and day. And that's why I am always very unhappy
+when anybody associates me or my work with open source.
+</p>
+
+<p>The people who developed, who are motivated by the open source
+movement, they are usually contributing to our community because
+usually their software is free. And that can be a good
+contribution. But I disagree with their philosophy completely. I think
+it is shallow. And I am very unhappy when people label me by their
+slogan and give people the impression I agree with that philosophy.
+</p>
+
+<p>So next question please.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question comes from Advait Thumbde. His
+question is freedom to copy may not generate enough money; which is
+essential to fund resources for technological development. Where as
+many rival firms…
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> No. That's false. That's false. Money is
+not essential for technological development, not in the software
+field. May be in an other field it is because other fields are much
+more difficult. It cause a lot of money to setup a factory to build
+hardware. Well, that requires an investment. But we have proved, in
+the free software movement we have proved that we can develop a wide
+range of software with out any investment. We proved this by doing
+it. There are about a million people contributing to the free software
+and most of them are volunteers. Large programs has been developed by
+volunteers, which proves that its not necessary to raise a lot of
+money. It's not necessary to have any money. Now I suppose that these
+volunteers are not starving, they are not living on the streets. They
+must have jobs. I don't know what their jobs are, but remember that if
+you look at all computer related employment, only a small fraction of
+that is programming. And most of that is custom software design, only
+a small fraction of that is developing software for publication. To be
+made available to the public. So there are lots of jobs these people
+might have to support themselves. So that they can spend some of their
+free time developing our free software. And this is not a problem as
+long as we develop lots of free software. And we do. The fact is we
+know this is not a problem.
+</p>
+
+<p>So, the people who say that free software won't work because we can't
+raise enough money, that's like people saying air planes won't work
+because of we don't have anti-gravity. Well, air planes do work which
+proves we don't need anti-gravity. I should also point out there are
+also people who are getting payed to develop free software. The money
+comes from in-various ways. Sometimes these people are extending
+existing free programs to meet the demands of clients. Sometimes, they
+are getting funding from universities or governments.
+</p>
+
+<p>Governments fund the large fraction of all the software developments
+in the world and except in the rare cases where the software has to be
+kept secret. It could just as well be free software. So we should be
+spreading the word in academia. When you have a project to develop
+some software, it must be free software. It's an ethical requirement
+to make it free software.
+</p>
+
+<p>Finally, I should say that you might want to get money to do
+something; you might want to make money out of an activity. And this
+is not wrong, not in itself. But if the activity itself is wrong then
+you can't justify it by saying I'm going to get money. You know, the
+[FIXME 81:00] get money; but that's no excuse for robing
+people. Non-free software is ethically poison. It's a scheme to keep
+people divided and helpless. It's a form of colonization. And that's
+wrong. So when a person says to me “I'm going to make my program
+proprietary so that I can get money, so that I can work full time
+developing the program” I say to him “That's like saying
+you're going to rob people so that you can get money, so that you can
+spend full time robing people.” It's all wrong. And you
+shouldn't do it.
+</p>
+
+<p>I believe that people who contribute to society made it…
+Well… People contribute to society it's a good idea if we
+reward them for it. And when people are doing things that harm
+society, it's a good idea if we find ways to punish them for it. That
+will encourage people to do things that contribute to society and not
+to do things that hurt society. And therefore people who develop free
+software should be rewarded and people who develop non-free software
+should be punished. Because, free software is a contribution to
+society but non-free software is a scheme to colonize society and that
+deserves punishment not reward. Another way to look at it is to
+realize that to use a non-free program is either to be foolish or
+unethical or both. Which means that, for me, these non-free program
+…is… might as well be nothing because I am not going to
+use it. Ethical people, people who insists on living an up-right life
+are going to reject it any way. So his program is only avail…
+only going to be of used to suckers. Who don't have well trained
+consciousness. And what good is that? So the person says to me
+“I can only develop this program if I make it proprietary;
+that's the only way I can bring in enough money so that I can spend
+the time developing this program.” I'm not going to tell him
+that can't be true because I don't know his circumstances. If he says
+that there is no way he can develop this program unless he has paid
+full time and if he says that he doesn't know any way to get payed
+full time except to make the program proprietary; I'm not going to
+tell him this is false because he knows his situation. What I will
+tell him is, “Please don't develop the program.”
+Developing the program in that way would be evil or would be
+harmful. So it's better if you don't do it at all. Do something
+else. Because a few years from now sooner or later some one else will
+be in a different situation. Some one will be able to write this
+program with out subjugating the users. And we could afford to wait a
+few years so that we keep our freedom. Freedom is worth a small
+sacrifice. We can wait a few years.
+</p>
+
+<p>So next question.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> His next question is “All intellectual work like
+books are proprietary”. Is it not justified in case of software?
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, he is mistaken. There are plenty of free books
+as well. In fact more and more the movement is catching on to makes
+books free, free as in freedom I mean. Now, we started doing this in
+the 1980's. The manuals for GNU software that are developed by the GNU
+project are all free in the sense that you are free to copy them. They
+are not gratis at-least not always. We print copies and we sell them
+and we sell them for more than the production cost because we're
+trying to raise money. So, you know, of course this was to produce
+re-charge this much because we're trying to raise substantial money
+with these books. But you are free to copy and change them. And you
+could even get the source code through the Internet, the source code
+for the books. And now we are not the only ones. There is now a
+movement for free text books. In-fact there are projects in India and
+elsewhere to develop free educational materials to make available to
+schools. A complete curriculum of free educational materials. Because
+educational materials should be free. And so I suggest that you look
+at the site <a href="http://gnowledge.org";>gnowledge.org</a>. That's
+like knowledge but spells with a ‘g’ instead of a
+‘k’. And you will see one of these initiatives being
+carried out by Prof. Nagarjuna in Mumbai.
+</p>
+
+<p>Also, I should mention the free encyclopedia —
+Wikipedia. It's the largest encyclopedia in history. I believe, it now
+has more than a hundred and sixty thousand entries. Which is far more
+than any other encyclopedia has ever had. Like around twice. And this
+has been done in just a few years; by the public.
+</p>
+
+<p>So, if we were to believe these threats, ???? people say the only way
+to develop these things, the only way to write and update an
+encyclopedia is proprietary, they are making a threat. They're saying
+if you don't agree to give up your freedom, you won't get the
+encyclopedia, you won't get the software. They're asking us to feel
+helpless and feel desperate. And that's really foolish.
+</p>
+
+<p>[RMS yawns]
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Ganapathy. He says “I
+believe the greatest challenge to free software lies in getting
+quality software which means quality software developers. But enough
+drive has to be there for them to spend time and brain. So what do you
+suggest for getting enthusiastic developers.”
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> That's not true.
+</p>
+
+<p>Well, you know I keep getting questions from people who believe things
+that are demonstrably false. People who are making guesses about our
+community and they're guessing wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p>The fact is free software has a reputation for high quality. The
+GNU plus Linux operating system initially began catching on back in
+the 90's because of its high quality. People discovered that it would
+stay up for months. That they would find… the only time the
+system went down is when the power failed. And this contrasts with
+non-free software that's often quite unreliable. So you see this
+often, you will see people foolishly making the assumptions that free
+software can't work. They don't know any thing but they're making it
+all up. Now, why is this? I guess because non-free software is so
+common, they make the assumption it must work well.
+</p>
+
+<p>Do you think that people use Windows because it is good? What a
+ridiculous idea. People use Windows because other people use Windows
+and that's the only reason. Well, no that's not the only
+reason… they use Windows because it comes on their
+computers. These are the two reasons. The only reason that… let
+any one… one thing in the usual thing why does some alternative
+survive; only because it's better. Free software has to be twice as
+good. In order to get practically minded people to choose it. Of
+course you can hear my scorn in the term practically minded. These are
+people who don't value their freedom. They're fools. A fool and this
+freedom are soon parted. But there are plenty of fools; especially in
+a lot of organizations are people who believe that they are not
+supposed to pay attention to ethics or freedom. They are only supposed
+to pay attention to short-term practicalities. Which is a recipe for
+making bad decisions. For hurting society. But that's the way they
+are. So why is it that even those people some times choose free
+software? Because it has practical advantages. For instances it's
+powerful and it's reliable.
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Subramani. Distributing the
+software as a free copy is user friendly but is it business
+friendly. Don't you think it will disturb the economic balance in the
+software.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> This is utterly foolish. First of all, remember that I
+explain that free software is a matter of freedom not price. Free
+software does not mean that it is gratis. But sometimes it's
+gratis. On the other hand some time you can get non-free software
+gratis. That doesn't make it ethically legitimate, because it's still
+tramples your freedom. It still keeps you divided and helpless, even
+if you didn't have to pay. Schools in India can get Windows
+gratis. But it's still harmful. So the issue is not about price. The
+issue is about whether the software respects your freedom. And
+this… this… idea there is some kind of balance. I don't
+know what in the world he is talking about? But remember if a business
+is making money by subjugating people, that's bad, that's some thing
+we should bring to an end. There are many businesses that operate by
+mistreating people. And those businesses are bad. They don't have a
+right to continue. They deserved to be brought to an end. I won't say
+that non-free software is the biggest such problem. Because, you know
+child labor is very common but I don't think that's mostly free
+software development. I think it's mostly other things. There are many
+ways that a business can be… can operate that is harmful to
+society. And we have to put in an end to that.
+</p>
+
+<p>Or in looking at Coca Cola, poisoning people, while draining away the
+water supply from the people. And not only that; they murder union
+organizers in Colombia. So, there is a world wide boycott of Coca Cola
+company. Coca Cola company is, by the way, being sued in the U.S. for
+arranging with paramilitary [FIXME: subs..94:07] to murder union
+organizers in Colombia. So join the boycott. Don't buy Coke.
+</p>
+
+<p>So I hope… I said this basically to illustrate that there
+are many ways a business can conduct itself unethically. And
+businesses that conduct itself unethically don't have a right to
+continue. They're not legitimate and they shouldn't be treated as
+legitimate. Non-free software development is an example because what
+ever the program itself does, the license subjugate the users. And
+that's wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Windows is supporting regional languages and it's
+helping the people of India but GNU doesn't have this feature. What is
+your suggestion in this regard?
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> He is mistaken. You know, I have never given a speech
+where so many questions that make false statements, criticizing the
+free software movement in a ways that are not true. Why is it…
+you know I can understand not knowing. Every one of us is born
+completely ignorant. And every one of us, in any particular subject
+starts out knowing nothing. But why are peoples here are so ready to
+make assumptions when they don't know. Why do not admit you don't
+know? Why these people believes things which are false. Which clearly
+they don't have good evidence for.
+</p>
+
+<p>Actually, Windows… doesn't it support all the Indian
+languages? And are the other hand free software does. And it is not
+just Windows by the way, there are many other non-free software
+packages and non-free means you can't change it. With free software
+you can change it. So if you want a program to support your favorite
+language and it's non-free, you have to beg and plead with that
+developer to cater to you. But if the program is free software, you
+don't have to beg anybody. You can just do it. And this is what
+happening. People in India are adapting GNU/Linux to various different
+Indian languages. And if they haven't yet done your favorite language,
+you can start the project. You are not helpless. Launch the project to
+support your favorite language. You know, even tribal people can
+localize the system to their language. You don't have to have the one
+of the major recognized languages. In order to get support in free
+software, you just have to be willing to do the work.
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question please.
+</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Sir, we would like to know how long can we continue this
+question and answer session?
+</p>
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, certainly I'll do another fifteen minutes.
+</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> Yes sir.
+</p>
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Oh, Please don't call me sir. I believe in
+equality. And it's really a sort of bad for me if you call me sir. It
+might make me get in over inflated estimate of how important I am. And
+that will be bad for me, as well as bad for you.
+</p>
+<p>The important thing here is freedom. I am just its representative.
+</p>
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Vijay Anand. The question
+is, “There are lots of incompatible GNU/Linux distributions. Is
+this a drawback to the free software movement?”
+</p>
+<p>Well, we shouldn't over estimate the extent to which they're
+incompatible. At the source level they are almost all… they are
+mostly compatible, unless you are doing very obscure things. You don't
+need to worry about the variations when you are writing source
+code. They will have different binary and different packaging but
+that's not a very big difficulty. So, I say, no It's not a major
+drawback. Of course you know, having different versions of the system
+can be good if users… different users want them. Now let's
+contrast this with the kind of incompatibility that we have, that we
+find in the non-free world. You'll find that Microsoft makes gross
+incompatibilities in each version of its systems. They makes…
+they deliberately make formats incompatible with everything else and
+protocols incompatible with everything else. They try many different
+ways to prevent other people from inter operating with them. And each
+version of a Microsoft package is likely to be incompatible with the
+previous version.
+</p>
+
+<p>They impose incompatibility because they have power and they think
+they can get away with it. Whereas in free software world we
+developers don't have power. If I make a decision that you don't like,
+you are not stuck with it. Because you have the source code, you can
+change it, you can change any of my decisions. Whether I make this
+decision… you know, if hypothetically I choose to impose
+incompatibility on you, you could change it, you could take my program
+and modify it to compatible with whatever. Where is… you know,
+…even if I made a decision that you just don't like for some
+other reason, you can still change it. You can change any of my
+decisions regardless of why I made the decision, regardless of why you
+don't like it; you can change it. So I don't have any power over you
+when I develop free software. You, the users are in control of your
+software. So it will you generally do what you want more or less. But
+the developers of non-free software, they do have power over you. And
+so you are stuck with their decisions.
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question please.
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Rakesh. “Since the
+source code of free software is available, it is possible for a
+cracker to introduce malicious code into the program and distribute
+binaries, so that it looks like the original. Is this a drawback to
+the free software movement?”
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, we have ways of protecting against this. For
+instance you can get your copies from a reputable distributor and we
+use digital signatures to sign our co… and we use … you
+know, cryptographic [FIXME: catches 1:42:48] the checksums. So that
+you can see the checksum that the developer publish and thus get an
+assurance that the version you have is the correct version.
+</p>
+<p>[silence]</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Krishnan. The question is,
+“When do you expect the GNU HURD to be available to the public
+for normal use?”
+</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> I have learned I should not try to predict that. A few
+months ago, the HURD developers concluded that they really should
+switch to a different micro kernel. And it's going to take a
+substantial amount of work to do that. So I'm… I'm disappointed
+by this delay. But it looks like that will mean some delay.
+</p>
+
+<p>Next question please.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Manu Meta…
+Metallurgy. The question is, “Is developing free software on
+non-free operating systems wrong?”</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, it's not exactly wrong. But it's foolish to use
+the non-free operating system because you can't live in freedom as
+long as you do that. And your software, although it be free, is not a
+contribution to the free world when it doesn't… if it doesn't
+run on a free operating system.</p>
+
+<p>And in particular you should be careful about Sun's Java
+platform. Never use Sun's Java platform to develop software. And at
+least not develop free software because Sun's Java program is not
+free. There are free Java platforms, but they don't have all the
+capabilities of the Sun's Java platform. So the danger is if you are
+using the Sun's Java platform you might use some features we don't
+have yet. And you wouldn't even know it. You won't notice because you
+won't notice a problem because it will work. It will work on Sun's
+platform. So then several months later you'll try the program on our
+platform and find that you did months work based on a feature we don't
+have and you will say “Oh! it would be so much work to redo
+that; that I can't do it.” So then your program won't run on a
+free platform at all. At least not until years go by and we have
+implemented a replacement for that feature. So you should use our free
+Java platform to develop that. Use the GNU Java platform… the
+GNU Java compiler and use the GNU Classpath as the libraries. Don't
+use Sun's Java Libraries, they are not free. So this way if you ever
+start to use a standard Java feature that we don't have, you'll find
+out immediately. And you'll be able to choose some other way of
+solving the problem with out wasting a lot of time.</p>
+
+<p>Next question please.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> What do you think is the greatest obstacle for free
+software in India? How do we break them up?</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS</b> I'd say the biggest obstacle for free software in India
+right now is the tendency of government agencies and schools to use
+non-free software. It's vital to convince the schools to teach the
+children in India to grow up living in freedom. When Windows…
+Microsoft offers the schools gratis copies of Windows, the schools
+have to say “We are not going to accept them; we are not going
+to participate in teaching our kids to be addicts.”</p>
+
+<p>Next question please.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The next question is from Pankaj. The question is
+“Does the availability of source code make them more vulnerable
+to attacks?”</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Well, [FIXME 108:00] speaking the answer is just
+opposite. Our software is much more secure. People have various
+speculations about why that is the case. I don't know why, but that's
+what people observe. </p>
+
+<p>Next question.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> This is the last question of this conference.</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Okay.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The question is, “There was a recent controversy
+over the GFDL. What was the controversy?”</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Sorry, controversy over what?</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> The GFDL; License.</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS]</b> Oh, There are some people who don't like some of the
+provisions of the GFDL. The GFDL arose non-technical sections,
+sections that give your opinions about the… the field and so
+on, which are in-variant. They can't be changed or removed. The GFDL
+says that the actual subject matter of the work, it's designed for
+manuals. And the GFDL says that the actual documentation has to be
+free, but you could also have opinion sections which don't have any
+documentation but they give your opinion about the ethics of the field
+and so on. And those have to be preserved and can't be changed. There
+are people who think that this is wrong. I think that they are being
+too rigid in their understanding of the freedoms. People need the
+freedom to change the technical substance of the work. And the GFDL
+provides that freedom. But having the authors opinion in there
+somewhere doesn't interfere with your user of the work to do with
+technical job and doesn't interfere with your changing in the work to
+do a different technical job.</p>
+
+<p>So if that was the last question then I guess we're done.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> We thank you sir, for this inspiring and interesting
+session.</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> Please don't call me sir.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> We thank you Richard, for this inspiring and
+interesting session. You have provided us with immense knowledge over
+free software. And cleared many doubts pertaining to the movement. We
+now fully understand the importance of using free software. We assure
+this would have earned you many followers among the students community
+of our college. We find ourself…</p>
+
+<p><b>[RMS interrupts]</b> Happy Hacking and Good Night.</p>
+
+<p><b>[MOC]</b> A very Good Night to you sir.</p>
+
+<p>[applause]</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2004 Vijay Kumar
+
+<br />Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted
+in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+
+<br />Contributors (in alphabetical order): Krishnan, Saravana
+Manickam, Vijay Kumar, Vimal Joseph.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><em>address@hidden</em></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 2003 Richard M. Stallman
+<br />
+Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is
+permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:47 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical. -->
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+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software - GNU Project - Free
Software Foundation (FSF)</title>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.translist"
-->
+
+<h2>Why Open Source misses the point of Free Software</h2>
+
+<p>by <strong>Richard Stallman</strong></p>
+
+<p>When we call software “free,” we mean that it respects
+the <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">users' essential freedoms</a>:
+the freedom to run it, to study and change it, and to redistribute
+copies with or without changes. This is a matter of freedom, not
+price, so think of “free speech,” not “free
+beer.”</p>
+
+<p>These freedoms are vitally important. They are essential, not just
+for the individual users' sake, but for society as a whole because they
promote social
+solidarity—that is, sharing and cooperation. They become even
+more important as our culture and life activities are increasingly digitized.
+In a world of digital sounds, images, and words, free
+software becomes increasingly essential for freedom in general.</p>
+
+<p>Tens of millions of people around the world now use free software;
+the public schools of some regions of India and Spain now teach all students to
+use the free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux operating
+system</a>. Most of these users, however, have never heard of the ethical
+reasons for which we developed this system and built the free software
+community, because nowadays this system and community are more often
+spoken of as “open source”, attributing them to a different
+philosophy in which these freedoms are hardly mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>The free software movement has campaigned for computer users'
+freedom since 1983. In 1984 we launched the development of the free
+operating system GNU, so that we could avoid the nonfree operating systems
that deny freedom to their users. During the 1980s, we developed most
+of the essential components of the system and designed
+the <a href="/licenses/gpl.html">GNU General Public License</a> (GNU GPL) to
release them under—a
+license designed specifically to protect freedom for all users of a
+program.</p>
+
+<p>Not all of the users and developers of free software
+agreed with the goals of the free software movement. In 1998, a part
+of the free software community splintered off and began campaigning in
+the name of “open source.” The term was originally
+proposed to avoid a possible misunderstanding of the term “free
+software,” but it soon became associated with philosophical
+views quite different from those of the free software movement.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the supporters of open source considered the term a
+“marketing campaign for free software,” which would appeal
+to business executives by highlighting the software's practical benefits,
while not raising issues of right and wrong that they might not like to hear.
Other
+supporters flatly rejected the free software movement's ethical and
+social values. Whichever their views, when campaigning for
+open source, they neither cited nor advocated those values.
+The term “open source” quickly became associated with
+ideas and arguments based only on practical values, such as making or having
powerful,
+reliable software. Most of the supporters of open
+source have come to it since then, and they make the same association.</p>
+
+<p>Nearly all open source software is free software. The two terms
+describe almost the same category of software, but they stand for
+views based on fundamentally different values. Open source is a
+development methodology; free software is a social movement. For the
+free software movement, free software is an ethical imperative,
+because only free software respects the users' freedom. By contrast,
+the philosophy of open source considers issues in terms of how to make
+software “better”—in a practical sense only. It
+says that nonfree software is an inferior solution to the practical
+problem at hand. For the free software movement, however, nonfree
+software is a social problem, and the solution is to stop using it and
+move to free software.</p>
+
+<p>“Free software.” “Open source.” If it's the same
software, does it
+matter which name you use? Yes, because different words convey
+different ideas. While a free program by any other name would give
+you the same freedom today, establishing freedom in a lasting way
+depends above all on teaching people to value freedom. If you want to
+help do this, it is essential to speak of “free
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>We in the free software movement don't think of the open source
+camp as an enemy; the enemy is proprietary (nonfree) software. But
+we want people to know we stand for freedom, so we do not accept being
+mislabeled as open source supporters.</p>
+
+<h3>Common Misunderstandings of “Free Software” and
+“Open Source”</h3>
+
+<p>The term “free software” is prone to misinterpretation:
+an unintended meaning, “software you can get
+for zero price,” fits the term just as well as the intended
+meaning, “software which gives the user certain freedoms.”
+We address this problem by publishing the definition of free software,
+and by saying “Think of ‘free speech,’ not ‘free
beer.’” This
+is not a perfect solution; it cannot completely eliminate the problem.
+An unambiguous and correct term would be better, if it didn't present other
+problems.</p>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, all the alternatives in English have problems of
+their own. We've looked at many that people have
+suggested, but none is so clearly “right” that switching
+to it would be a good idea. (For instance, in some contexts the
+French and Spanish word “libre” works well, but people in India do
not
+recognize it at all.) Every proposed replacement for
+“free software” has some kind of semantic
+problem—and this includes “open source
+software.”</p>
+
+<p>The <a href="http://opensource.org/docs/osd";>official definition of
+“open source software”</a> (which is published by the Open
+Source Initiative and is too long to include here) was derived
+indirectly from our criteria for free software. It is not the same;
+it is a little looser in some respects, so the open source people have
+accepted a few licenses that we consider unacceptably restrictive.
+Also, they judge solely by the license of the source code, whereas our
+criterion also considers whether a device will let you <em>run</em>
+your modified version of the program. Nonetheless, their definition
+agrees with our definition in most cases.</p>
+
+<p>However, the obvious meaning for the expression “open source
+software”—and the one most people seem to think it
+means—is “You can look at the source code.” That
+criterion is much weaker than the free software definition, much
+weaker also than the official definition of open source. It includes
+many programs that are neither free nor open source.</p>
+
+<p>Since that obvious meaning for “open source” is not the
+meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people
+misunderstand the term. According to writer Neal Stephenson,
+“Linux is ‘open source’ software meaning, simply,
+that anyone can get copies of its source code files.” I don't
+think he deliberately sought to reject or dispute the
+“official” definition. I think he simply applied the
+conventions of the English language to come up with a meaning for the
+term. The state of Kansas published a similar definition:
+<!-- It was from http://da.state.ks.us/itec/TechArchPt6ver80.pdf, but
+that page is no longer available. --> “Make use of open-source
+software (OSS). OSS is software for which the source code is freely
+and publicly available, though the specific licensing agreements vary
+as to what one is allowed to do with that code.”</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Times</i>
+has <a
href="http://www.nytimes.com/external/gigaom/2009/02/07/07gigaom-the-brave-new-world-of-open-source-game-design-37415.html";>
+run an article that stretches the meaning of the term</a> to refer to
+user beta testing—letting a few users try an early version and
+give confidential feedback—which proprietary software developers
+have practiced for decades.</p>
+
+<p>Open source supporters try to deal with this by pointing to their
+official definition, but that corrective approach is less effective
+for them than it is for us. The term “free software” has
+two natural meanings, one of which is the intended meaning, so a
+person who has grasped the idea of “free speech, not free
+beer” will not get it wrong again. But the term “open
+source” has only one natural meaning, which is different from
+the meaning its supporters intend. So there is no succinct way to
+explain and justify its official definition. That makes for worse
confusion.</p>
+
+<p>Another misunderstanding of “open source” is the idea
+that it means “not using the GNU GPL.” This tends to
+accompany another misunderstanding that “free software”
+means “GPL-covered software.” These are both mistaken,
+since the GNU GPL qualifies as an open source license and most of
+the open source licenses qualify as free software licenses.</p>
+
+<p>The term “open source” has been further stretched by
+its application to other activities, such as government, education,
+and science, where there is no such thing as source code, and where
+criteria for software licensing are simply not pertinent. The only
+thing these activities have in common is that they somehow invite
+people to participate. They stretch the term so far that it only means
+“participatory”.</p>
+
+<h3>Different Values Can Lead to Similar Conclusions…but Not Always</h3>
+
+<p>Radical groups in the 1960s had a reputation for factionalism: some
+organizations split because of disagreements on details of strategy,
+and the two daughter groups treated each other as enemies despite
+having similar basic goals and values. The right wing made much of
+this and used it to criticize the entire left.</p>
+
+<p>Some try to disparage the free software movement by comparing our
+disagreement with open source to the disagreements of those radical
+groups. They have it backwards. We disagree with the open source
+camp on the basic goals and values, but their views and ours lead in
+many cases to the same practical behavior—such as developing
+free software.</p>
+
+<p>As a result, people from the free software movement and the open
+source camp often work together on practical projects such as software
+development. It is remarkable that such different philosophical views
+can so often motivate different people to participate in the same
+projects. Nonetheless, there are situations where these fundamentally
+different views lead to very different actions.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of open source is that allowing users to change and
+redistribute the software will make it more powerful and reliable.
+But this is not guaranteed. Developers of proprietary software are
+not necessarily incompetent. Sometimes they produce a program that
+is powerful and reliable, even though it does not respect the users'
+freedom. Free software activists and open source enthusiasts will
+react very differently to that.</p>
+
+<p>A pure open source enthusiast, one that is not at all influenced by
+the ideals of free software, will say, “I am surprised you were able
+to make the program work so well without using our development model,
+but you did. How can I get a copy?” This attitude will reward
+schemes that take away our freedom, leading to its loss.</p>
+
+<p>The free software activist will say, “Your program is very
+attractive, but I value my freedom more. So I reject your program.
+Instead I will support a project to develop a free
+replacement.” If we value our freedom, we can act to maintain and
+defend it.</p>
+
+<h3>Powerful, Reliable Software Can Be Bad</h3>
+
+<p>The idea that we want software to be powerful and reliable comes
+from the supposition that the software is designed to serve its users.
+If it is powerful and reliable, that means it serves them better.</p>
+
+<p>But software can be said to serve its users only if it respects
+their freedom. What if the software is designed to put chains on its
+users? Then powerfulness means the chains are more constricting,
+and reliability that they are harder to remove. Malicious features,
+such as spying on the users, restricting the users, back doors, and
+imposed upgrades are common in proprietary software, and some open
+source supporters want to implement them in open source programs.</p>
+
+<p>Under pressure from the movie and record companies, software for
+individuals to use is increasingly designed specifically to restrict
+them. This malicious feature is known as Digital Restrictions
+Management (DRM) (see <a
+href="http://defectivebydesign.org/";>DefectiveByDesign.org</a>) and is
+the antithesis in spirit of the freedom that free software aims
+to provide. And not just in spirit: since the goal of DRM is to
+trample your freedom, DRM developers try to make it hard, impossible,
+or even illegal for you to change the software that implements the DRM.</p>
+
+<p>Yet some open source supporters have proposed “open source
+DRM” software. Their idea is that, by publishing the source code
+of programs designed to restrict your access to encrypted media and by
+allowing others to change it, they will produce more powerful and
+reliable software for restricting users like you. The software would then be
+delivered to you in devices that do not allow you to change it.</p>
+
+<p>This software might be open source and use the open
+source development model, but it won't be free software since it
+won't respect the freedom of the users that actually run it. If the
+open source development model succeeds in making this software more
+powerful and reliable for restricting you, that will make it even
+worse.</p>
+
+<h3>Fear of Freedom</h3>
+
+<p>The main initial motivation of those who split off the open source
+camp from the free software movement was that the ethical ideas of
+“free software” made some people uneasy. That's true: raising
ethical issues such as freedom, talking about responsibilities as well as
+convenience, is asking people to think about things they might prefer
+to ignore, such as whether their conduct is ethical. This can trigger
+discomfort, and some people may simply close their minds to it. It
+does not follow that we ought to stop talking about these issues.</p>
+
+<p>That is, however, what the leaders of open source
+decided to do. They figured that by keeping quiet about ethics and
+freedom, and talking only about the immediate practical benefits of
+certain free software, they might be able to “sell” the
+software more effectively to certain users, especially business.</p>
+
+<p>This approach has proved effective, in its own terms. The rhetoric
+of open source has convinced many businesses and individuals to use,
+and even develop, free software, which has extended our
+community—but only at the superficial, practical level. The
+philosophy of open source, with its purely practical values, impedes
+understanding of the deeper ideas of free software; it brings many
+people into our community, but does not teach them to defend it. That
+is good, as far as it goes, but it is not enough to make freedom
+secure. Attracting users to free software takes them just part of the
+way to becoming defenders of their own freedom.</p>
+
+<p>Sooner or later these users will be invited to switch back to
+proprietary software for some practical advantage. Countless
+companies seek to offer such temptation, some even offering copies
+gratis. Why would users decline? Only if they have learned to value
+the freedom free software gives them, to value freedom in and of itself rather
+than the technical and practical convenience of specific free
+software. To spread this idea, we have to talk about freedom. A
+certain amount of the “keep quiet” approach to business can be
+useful for the community, but it is dangerous if it becomes so common
+that the love of freedom comes to seem like an eccentricity.</p>
+
+<p>That dangerous situation is exactly what we have. Most people
+involved with free software, especially its distributors, say little about
freedom—usually
+because they seek to be “more acceptable to business.”
+Nearly all
+GNU/Linux operating system distributions add proprietary packages to
+the basic free system, and they invite users to consider this an
+advantage rather than a flaw.</p>
+
+<p>Proprietary add-on software and partially nonfree GNU/Linux
+distributions find fertile ground because most of our community does
+not insist on freedom with its software. This is no coincidence.
+Most GNU/Linux users were introduced to the system through “open
+source” discussion, which doesn't say that freedom is a goal.
+The practices that don't uphold freedom and the words that don't talk
+about freedom go hand in hand, each promoting the other. To overcome
+this tendency, we need more, not less, talk about freedom.</p>
+
+<h3>Conclusion</h3>
+
+<p>As the advocates of open source draw new users into our community,
+we free software activists must shoulder the task of bringing the issue
+of freedom to their attention. We have to say, “It's
+free software and it gives you freedom!”—more and louder
+than ever. Every time you say “free software” rather than
+“open source,” you help our campaign.</p>
+
+<h4>Notes</h4>
+
+<p>
+Joe Barr's article,
+<a href="http://www.itworld.com/LWD010523vcontrol4";>“Live and
+let license,”</a> gives his perspective on this issue.</p>
+
+<p>
+Lakhani and Wolf's
+<a
href="http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/sloan-school-of-management/15-352-managing-innovation-emerging-trends-spring-2005/readings/lakhaniwolf.pdf";>paper
on the
+motivation of free software developers</a> says that a considerable
+fraction are motivated by the view that software should be free. This
+is despite the fact that they surveyed the developers on SourceForge,
+a site that does not support the view that this is an ethical issue.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>Copyright © 2007, 2010 Richard Stallman
+<br />
+This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2012/01/20 01:26:47 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
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