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www/philosophy free-sw.es.html po/free-sw.es-en...
|
From: |
Yavor Doganov |
|
Subject: |
www/philosophy free-sw.es.html po/free-sw.es-en... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 13 Dec 2011 17:27:03 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Yavor Doganov <yavor> 11/12/13 17:27:03
Modified files:
philosophy : free-sw.es.html
Added files:
philosophy/po : free-sw.es-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/free-sw.es.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.34&r2=1.35
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/free-sw.es-en.html?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: free-sw.es.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/free-sw.es.html,v
retrieving revision 1.34
retrieving revision 1.35
diff -u -b -r1.34 -r1.35
--- free-sw.es.html 20 Sep 2011 17:15:19 -0000 1.34
+++ free-sw.es.html 13 Dec 2011 17:26:24 -0000 1.35
@@ -3,8 +3,7 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.es.html" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>La Definición de Software Libre - Proyecto GNU - Free Software
Foundation
-(FSF)</title>
+<title>¿Qué es el Software Libre? - Proyecto GNU - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Software Libre,
Sistema Operativo, Núcleo GNU, HURD, GNU HURD, Hurd" />
@@ -16,7 +15,9 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.es.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
-<h2>La Definición de Software Libre</h2>
+<h2>¿Qué es software libre?</h2>
+
+<h3>La Definición de Software Libre</h3>
<p>
Mantenemos esta definición de software libre para mostrar claramente qué
@@ -48,8 +49,8 @@
<li>La libertad de redistribuir copias para que pueda ayudar al prójimo
(libertad 2).
</li>
- <li>La libertad de distribuir copias de sus versiones modificadas a terceros
(la
-3ª libertad). Si lo hace, puede dar a toda la comunidad una oportunidad de
+ <li>La libertad de distribuir copias de sus versiones modificadas a terceros
+(libertad 3). Si lo hace, puede dar a toda la comunidad una oportunidad de
beneficiarse de sus cambios. El acceso al código fuente es una condición
necesaria para ello.
</li>
@@ -96,7 +97,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-Para que la 1ª y 3ª libertad, para realizar cambios y publicar versiones
+Para que la libertad 1 y 3 para realizar cambios y publicar versiones
mejoradas, tengan sentido; debe tener acceso al código fuente del
programa. Por consiguiente, el acceso al código fuente es una condición
necesaria para el software libre. El «código fuente» ofuscado no es código
@@ -104,12 +105,12 @@
</p>
<p>
-La 1ª libertad incluye la libertad de usar su versión modificada en lugar de
+La libertad 1 incluye la libertad de usar su versión modificada en lugar de
la original. Si el programa se entrega con un producto diseñado para
ejecutar versiones modificadas de terceros, pero rechaza ejecutar las suyas,
una práctica conocida como «tivoization» o «<span
style="font-style:italics;" lang="en">lockdown</span> o «arranque seguro»
-(en la terminologÃa perversa de los que la practican); la 1ª libertad se
+(en la terminologÃa perversa de los que la practican); la libertad 1 se
convierte más en una ficción teórica que en una libertad práctica. Esto no
es suficiente. En otras palabras, estos binarios no son software libre,
incluso si se compilaron desde un código fuente que es libre.
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@
</p>
<p>
-La 3ª libertad incluye la libertad de liberar sus versiones modificadas como
+La libertad 3 incluye la libertad de liberar sus versiones modificadas como
software libre. Una licencia también puede permitir otras formas de
relicenciarlas, en otras palabras, no tiene que ser una licencia de <a
href="/copyleft/copyleft.es.html">copyleft</a>. No obstante, una licencia
@@ -331,10 +332,10 @@
<ul>
<li><a
-href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.103&r2=1.104";>Versión
-1.104</a>: reflejar, en una breve nota en la primera libertad, que, tal como
-se describió en la versión 1.80, incluye el uso real de su versión
-modificada por su ordenador.</li>
+href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Versión
+1.105</a>: reflejar, en una breve afirmación sobre la libertad 1, la
+qüestión (ya planteada en la versión 1.80) que incluye utilizar la versión
+modificada en sus sistema.</li>
<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
@@ -343,13 +344,13 @@
<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
-1.90</a>: aclarar que la 3ª libertad significa el derecho a distribuir
-copias de sus propias versiones modificadas o mejoradas. No el derecho de
+1.90</a>: aclarar que la libertad 3 significa el derecho a distribuir copias
+de sus propias versiones modificadas o mejoradas. No el derecho de
participar en el proyecto de otro.</li>
<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
-1.89</a>: La 3ª libertad incluye el derecho a liberar versiones modificadas
+1.89</a>: La libertad 3 incluye el derecho a liberar versiones modificadas
como software libre.</li>
<li><a
@@ -368,7 +369,7 @@
definidas en algunos lugares pero no reflejadas en todos:
<ul>
<li>«Mejoras» no significa que la licencia puede limitar sustancialmente qué
-tipo de versiones modificadas puede publicar. La 3ª libertad incluye la
+tipo de versiones modificadas puede publicar. La libertad 3 incluye la
distribución de versiones modificadas, no sólo de los cambios.</li>
<li>El derecho a fusionar módulos existentes se refiere a aquellos que estén
debidamente licenciados.</li>
@@ -470,6 +471,7 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
</div>
+
<p>
Para informarse de <a
href="http://gnu.org/server/standards/translations/es/#ayudar";><em>cómo
traducir al
español o enviar correcciones</em></a> de esta traducción visite el sitio web
@@ -479,7 +481,7 @@
<!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima actualización:
-$Date: 2011/09/20 17:15:19 $
+$Date: 2011/12/13 17:26:24 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
@@ -505,87 +507,127 @@
<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
<!-- -->
-<!-- <gnun>
-<ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list">
+ -->
<!-- Afrikaans -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
<!-- Arabic -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ar.html">العربية</a> [ar]</li>
-->
<!-- Azerbaijani -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Azərbaycanca</a> [az]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.az.html">Azərbaycanca</a> [az]</li>
-->
<!-- Bulgarian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bg.html">български</a> [bg]</li>
-->
<!-- Bengali -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">বাংলা</a> [bn]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.bn.html">বাংলা</a> [bn]</li>
-->
<!-- Bosnian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
<!-- Catalan -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ca.html">català</a> [ca]</li> -->
<!-- Czech -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li> -->
<!-- Danish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
<!-- German -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
<!-- Greek -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.el.html">ελληνικά</a> [el]</li>
-->
<!-- English -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
<!-- Esperanto -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.eo.html">Esperanto</a> [eo]</li> -->
<!-- Spanish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.es.html">español</a> [es]</li> -->
<!-- Farsi (Persian) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fa.html">فارسی</a> [fa]</li>
-->
<!-- French -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.fr.html">français</a> [fr]</li> -->
<!-- Galician -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a> [gl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.gl.html">galego</a> [gl]</li> -->
<!-- Hebrew -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.he.html">עברית</a> [he]</li>
-->
<!-- Croatian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hr.html">hrvatski</a> [hr]</li> -->
<!-- Hungarian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.hu.html">magyar</a> [hu]</li> -->
<!-- Indonesian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa
Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.id.html">Bahasa Indonesia</a> [id]</li> -->
<!-- Italian -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.it.html">italiano</a> [it]</li> -->
<!-- Japanese -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ja.html">日本語</a> [ja]</li>
-->
<!-- Korean -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ko.html">한국어</a> [ko]</li>
-->
<!-- Norwegian Bokmål -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk
(bokmål)</a> [nb]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nb.html">norsk (bokmål)</a> [nb]</li>
-->
<!-- Dutch -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.nl.html">Nederlands</a> [nl]</li> -->
<!-- Polish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pl.html">polski</a> [pl]</li> -->
<!-- Brazilian Portuguese -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.pt-br.html">português do
Brasil</a> [pt-br]</li> -->
<!-- Romanian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.ro.html">română</a> [ro]</li>
-->
<!-- Russian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ru.html">русский</a> [ru]</li>
-->
<!-- Slovak -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sk.html">slovenčina</a> [sk]</li> -->
<!-- - Slovenian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sl.html">slovenščina</a> [sl]</li>
-->
<!-- Serbian -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.sr.html">српски</a> [sr]</li>
-->
<!-- Swedish -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.sv.html">svenska</a> [sv]</li> -->
<!-- Tamil -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.ta.html">தமிழ்</a> [ta]</li>
-->
<!-- Tagalog -->
-<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tl.html">Tagalog</a> [tl]</li> -->
<!-- Turkish -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-sw.tr.html">Türkçe</a> [tr]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese (Simplified) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-cn.html">简体中文</a> [zh-cn]</li>
-->
<!-- Chinese (Traditional) -->
-<!-- <li><a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
-<!-- </ul></gnun> -->
+<!-- <li>
+<a
href="/philosophy/free-sw.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> [zh-tw]</li>
-->
+<!-- </ul>
+ -->
<!-- </div>
-->
</div>
Index: po/free-sw.es-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: po/free-sw.es-en.html
diff -N po/free-sw.es-en.html
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ po/free-sw.es-en.html 13 Dec 2011 17:26:54 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
+
+<title>What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
(FSF)</title>
+
+<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
+<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
+<link rel="alternate" title="What's New"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/whatsnew.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+<link rel="alternate" title="New Free Software"
href="http://www.gnu.org/rss/quagga.rss"; type="application/rss+xml" />
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/free-sw.translist" -->
+
+<h2>What is free software?</h2>
+
+<h3>The Free Software Definition</h3>
+
+<p>
+We maintain this free software definition to show clearly what must be
+true about a particular software program for it to be considered free
+software. From time to time we revise this definition to clarify it.
+If you would like to review the changes we've made, please see
+the <a href="#History">History section</a> below for more information.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand
+the concept, you should think of “free” as in “free
speech,”
+not as in “free beer.”
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Free software is a matter of the users' freedom to run, copy, distribute,
+study, change and improve the software. More precisely, it means that the
+program's users have the four essential freedoms:
+</p>
+
+<ul>
+ <li>The freedom to run the program, for any purpose (freedom 0).</li>
+ <li>The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it
+ does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source
+ code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor
+ (freedom 2).
+ </li>
+ <li>The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
+ to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
+ community a chance to benefit from your changes.
+ Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
+ </li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+A program is free software if users have all of these freedoms. Thus,
+you should be free to redistribute copies, either with or without
+modifications, either gratis or charging a fee for distribution, to
+<a href="#exportcontrol">anyone anywhere</a>. Being free to do these
+things means (among other things) that you do not have to ask or pay
+for permission to do so.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+You should also have the freedom to make modifications and use them
+privately in your own work or play, without even mentioning that they
+exist. If you do publish your changes, you should not be required to
+notify anyone in particular, or in any particular way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to run the program means the freedom for any kind of person
+or organization to use it on any kind of computer system, for any kind of
+overall job and purpose, without being required to communicate about it
+with the developer or any other specific entity. In this freedom, it is
+the <em>user's</em> purpose that matters, not the <em>developer's</em>
+purpose; you as a user are free to run the program for your purposes,
+and if you distribute it to someone else, she is then free to run it
+for her purposes, but you are not entitled to impose your purposes on her.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The freedom to redistribute copies must include binary or executable
+forms of the program, as well as source code, for both modified and
+unmodified versions. (Distributing programs in runnable form is necessary
+for conveniently installable free operating systems.) It is OK if there
+is no way to produce a binary or executable form for a certain program
+(since some languages don't support that feature), but you must have the
+freedom to redistribute such forms should you find or develop a way to
+make them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for freedoms 1 and 3 (the freedom to make changes and the
+freedom to publish improved versions) to be meaningful, you must have
+access to the source code of the program. Therefore, accessibility of
+source code is a necessary condition for free software. Obfuscated
+“source code” is not real source code and does not count
+as source code.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 1 includes the freedom to use your changed version in place of
+the original. If the program is delivered in a product designed to
+run someone else's modified versions but refuse to run yours — a
+practice known as “tivoization” or “lockdown”,
+or (in its practitioners' perverse terminology) as “secure
+boot” — freedom 1 becomes a theoretical fiction rather
+than a practical freedom. This is not sufficient. In other words,
+these binaries are not free software even if the source code they are
+compiled from is free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One important way to modify a program is by merging in available free
+subroutines and modules. If the program's license says that you
+cannot merge in a suitably licensed existing module — for instance, if it
+requires you to be the copyright holder of any code you add — then the
+license is too restrictive to qualify as free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Freedom 3 includes the freedom to release your modified versions
+as free software. A free license may also permit other ways of
+releasing them; in other words, it does not have to be
+a <a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a> license. However, a
+license that requires modified versions to be nonfree does not qualify
+as a free license.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In order for these freedoms to be real, they must be permanent and
+irrevocable as long as you do nothing wrong; if the developer of the
+software has the power to revoke the license, or retroactively change
+its terms, without your doing anything wrong to give cause, the
+software is not free.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, certain kinds of rules about the manner of distributing free
+software are acceptable, when they don't conflict with the central
+freedoms. For example, copyleft (very simply stated) is the rule that
+when redistributing the program, you cannot add restrictions to deny
+other people the central freedoms. This rule does not conflict with
+the central freedoms; rather it protects them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+“Free software” does not mean “noncommercial.” A free
+program must be available for commercial use, commercial development,
+and commercial distribution. Commercial development of free software
+is no longer unusual; such free commercial software is very important.
+You may have paid money to get copies of free software, or you may have
+obtained copies at no charge. But regardless of how you got your copies,
+you always have the freedom to copy and change the software, even to
+<a href="/philosophy/selling.html">sell copies</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether a change constitutes an improvement is a subjective matter.
+If your modifications are limited, in substance, to changes that
+someone else considers an improvement, that is not freedom.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, rules about how to package a modified version are acceptable,
+if they don't substantively limit your freedom to release modified
+versions, or your freedom to make and use modified versions privately.
+Thus, it is acceptable for the license to require that you change the
+name of the modified version, remove a logo, or identify your
+modifications as yours. As long as these requirements are not so
+burdensome that they effectively hamper you from releasing your
+changes, they are acceptable; you're already making other changes to
+the program, so you won't have trouble making a few more.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rules that “if you make your version available in this way, you
+must make it available in that way also” can be acceptable too,
+on the same condition. An example of such an acceptable rule is one
+saying that if you have distributed a
+modified version and a previous developer asks for a copy of it, you
+must send one. (Note that such a rule still leaves you the choice of
+whether to distribute your version at all.) Rules that require release
+of source code to the users for versions that you put into public use
+are also acceptable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the GNU project, we use
+<a href="/copyleft/copyleft.html">copyleft</a>
+to protect these freedoms legally for everyone. But
+<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#Non-CopyleftedFreeSoftware">noncopylefted
+free software</a> also exists. We believe there are important reasons why
+<a href="/philosophy/pragmatic.html">it is better to use copyleft</a>,
+but if your program is noncopylefted free software, it is still basically
+ethical. (See <a href="/philosophy/categories.html">Categories of Free
Software</a> for a description of how “free software,”
“copylefted software” and other categories of software relate to
each other.)
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes government <a id="exportcontrol">export control regulations</a>
+and trade sanctions can constrain your freedom to distribute copies of
+programs internationally. Software developers do not have the power to
+eliminate or override these restrictions, but what they can and must do
+is refuse to impose them as conditions of use of the program. In this
+way, the restrictions will not affect activities and people outside the
+jurisdictions of these governments. Thus, free software licenses
+must not require obedience to any export regulations as a condition of
+any of the essential freedoms.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Most free software licenses are based on copyright, and there are limits
+on what kinds of requirements can be imposed through copyright. If a
+copyright-based license respects freedom in the ways described above, it
+is unlikely to have some other sort of problem that we never anticipated
+(though this does happen occasionally). However, some free software
+licenses are based on contracts, and contracts can impose a much larger
+range of possible restrictions. That means there are many possible ways
+such a license could be unacceptably restrictive and nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We can't possibly list all the ways that might happen. If a
+contract-based license restricts the user in an unusual way that
+copyright-based licenses cannot, and which isn't mentioned here as
+legitimate, we will have to think about it, and we will probably conclude
+it is nonfree.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When talking about free software, it is best to avoid using terms
+like “give away” or “for free,” because those terms
imply that
+the issue is about price, not freedom. Some common terms such
+as “piracy” embody opinions we hope you won't endorse. See
+<a href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html">Confusing Words and Phrases that
+are Worth Avoiding</a> for a discussion of these terms. We also have
+a list of proper <a href="/philosophy/fs-translations.html">translations of
+“free software”</a> into various languages.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, note that criteria such as those stated in this free software
+definition require careful thought for their interpretation. To decide
+whether a specific software license qualifies as a free software license,
+we judge it based on these criteria to determine whether it fits their
+spirit as well as the precise words. If a license includes unconscionable
+restrictions, we reject it, even if we did not anticipate the issue
+in these criteria. Sometimes a license requirement raises an issue
+that calls for extensive thought, including discussions with a lawyer,
+before we can decide if the requirement is acceptable. When we reach
+a conclusion about a new issue, we often update these criteria to make
+it easier to see why certain licenses do or don't qualify.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are interested in whether a specific license qualifies as a free
+software license, see our <a href="/licenses/license-list.html">list
+of licenses</a>. If the license you are concerned with is not
+listed there, you can ask us about it by sending us email at
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If you are contemplating writing a new license, please contact the
+Free Software Foundation first by writing to that address. The
+proliferation of different free software licenses means increased work
+for users in understanding the licenses; we may be able to help you
+find an existing free software license that meets your needs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+If that isn't possible, if you really need a new license, with our
+help you can ensure that the license really is a free software license
+and avoid various practical problems.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="beyond-software">Beyond Software</h2>
+
+<p>
+<a href="/philosophy/free-doc.html">Software manuals must be free</a>,
+for the same reasons that software must be free, and because the
+manuals are in effect part of the software.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same arguments also make sense for other kinds of works of
+practical use — that is to say, works that embody useful knowledge,
+such as educational works and reference
+works. <a href="http://wikipedia.org";>Wikipedia</a> is the best-known
+example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Any kind of work <em>can</em> be free, and the definition of free software
+has been extended to a definition of <a href="http://freedomdefined.org/";>
+free cultural works</a> applicable to any kind of works.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="open-source">Open Source?</h2>
+
+<p>
+Another group has started using the term “open source” to mean
+something close (but not identical) to “free software.” We
+prefer the term “free software” because, once you have heard that
+it refers to freedom rather than price, it calls to mind freedom. The
+word “open” <a
href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never refers to freedom</a>.
+</p>
+
+<h2 id="History">History</h2>
+
+<p>From time to time we revise this Free Software Definition to
+clarify it. Here we provide a list of those modifications, along with
+links to illustrate exactly what changed, so that others can review
+them if they like.</p>
+
+<ul>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.104&r2=1.105";>Version
+1.105</a>: Reflect, in the brief statement of freedom 1, the point
+(already stated in version 1.80) that it includes really using your modified
+version for your computing.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.91&r2=1.92";>Version
+1.92</a>: Clarify that obfuscated code does not qualify as source code.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.89&r2=1.90";>Version
+1.90</a>: Clarify that freedom 3 means the right to distribute copies
+of your own modified or improved version, not a right to participate
+in someone else's development project.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.88&r2=1.89";>Version
+1.89</a>: Freedom 3 includes the right to release modified versions as
+free software.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80";>Version
+1.80</a>: Freedom 1 must be practical, not just theoretical;
+i.e., no tivoization.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77";>Version
+1.77</a>: Clarify that all retroactive changes to the license are
+unacceptable, even if it's not described as a complete
+replacement.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74";>Version
+1.74</a>: Four clarifications of points not explicit enough, or stated
+in some places but not reflected everywhere:
+<ul>
+<li>"Improvements" does not mean the license can
+substantively limit what kinds of modified versions you can release.
+Freedom 3 includes distributing modified versions, not just changes.</li>
+<li>The right to merge in existing modules
+refers to those that are suitably licensed.</li>
+<li>Explicitly state the conclusion of the point about export controls.</li>
+<li>Imposing a license change constitutes revoking the old license.</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57";>Version
+1.57</a>: Add "Beyond Software" section.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.45&r2=1.46";>Version
+1.46</a>: Clarify whose purpose is significant in the freedom to run
+the program for any purpose.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41";>Version
+1.41</a>: Clarify wording about contract-based licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40";>Version
+1.40</a>: Explain that a free license must allow to you use other
+available free software to create your modifications.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39";>Version
+1.39</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+provide source for versions of the software you put into public
+use.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31";>Version
+1.31</a>: Note that it is acceptable for a license to require you to
+identify yourself as the author of modifications. Other minor
+clarifications throughout the text.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23";>Version
+1.23</a>: Address potential problems related to contract-based
+licenses.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.15&r2=1.16";>Version
+1.16</a>: Explain why distribution of binaries is important.</li>
+
+<li><a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&r1=1.10&r2=1.11";>Version
+1.11</a>: Note that a free license may require you to send a copy of
+versions you distribute to the author.</li>
+
+</ul>
+
+<p>There are gaps in the version numbers because there are many other
+changes that do not affect the substance of the definition at all.
+Instead, they fix links, add translations, and so on. If you would
+like to review the complete list of changes, you can do so on
+our <a
href="http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewvc/www/philosophy/free-sw.html?root=www&view=log";>cvsweb
+interface</a>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
+
+<div id="footer">
+
+<p>
+Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+There are also <a href="/contact/">other ways to contact</a>
+the FSF.
+<br />
+Please send broken links and other corrections or suggestions to
+<a href="mailto:address@hidden";><address@hidden></a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Please see the
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting
+translations of this article.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Copyright © 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004,
+2005, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+</p>
+<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
+href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/";>Creative
+Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Updated:
+<!-- timestamp start -->
+$Date: 2011/12/13 17:26:54 $
+<!-- timestamp end -->
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- <div id="translations"> -->
+<!-- <h4>Translations of this page</h4> -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- Please keep this list alphabetical by language code. -->
+<!-- Comment what the language is for each type, i.e. de is German. -->
+<!-- Write the language name in its own language (Deutsch) in the text.
-->
+<!-- If you add a new language here, please -->
+<!-- advise address@hidden and add it to -->
+<!-- - /home/www/html/server/standards/README.translations.html -->
+<!-- - one of the lists under the section "Translations Underway" -->
+<!-- - if there is a translation team, you also have to add an alias -->
+<!-- to mail.gnu.org:/com/mailer/aliases -->
+<!-- Please also check you have the language code right; see: -->
+<!-- http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/code_list.php -->
+<!-- If the 2-letter ISO 639-1 code is not available, -->
+<!-- use the 3-letter ISO 639-2. -->
+<!-- Please use W3C normative character entities. -->
+<!-- -->
+<!-- <ul class="translations-list"> -->
+<!-- Afrikaans -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.af.html">Afrikaans</a> [af]</li> -->
+<!-- Arabic -->
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+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.bs.html">bosanski</a> [bs]</li> -->
+<!-- Catalan -->
+<!-- <li><a
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+<!-- Czech -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.cs.html">Česky</a> [cs]</li>
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+<!-- Danish -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.da.html">dansk</a> [da]</li> -->
+<!-- German -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.de.html">Deutsch</a> [de]</li> -->
+<!-- Greek -->
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+<!-- English -->
+<!-- <li><a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">English</a> [en]</li> -->
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