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www/philosophy/po shouldbefree.ru.po
From: |
Pavel Kharitonov |
Subject: |
www/philosophy/po shouldbefree.ru.po |
Date: |
Sun, 02 Jan 2011 07:09:36 +0000 |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: Pavel Kharitonov <ineiev> 11/01/02 07:09:36
Added files:
philosophy/po : shouldbefree.ru.po
Log message:
GNUNify, fix, update
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.ru.po?cvsroot=www&rev=1.1
Patches:
Index: shouldbefree.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: shouldbefree.ru.po
diff -N shouldbefree.ru.po
--- /dev/null 1 Jan 1970 00:00:00 -0000
+++ shouldbefree.ru.po 2 Jan 2011 07:09:32 -0000 1.1
@@ -0,0 +1,1774 @@
+# Russian translation for http://gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html
+# Copyright (C) 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+# This file is distributed under the same license as the original article.
+# СеÑгей ÐоÑоп <address@hidden>, 2000
+# Ineiev <address@hidden>, 2010, 2011
+# Alexander Barakin <address@hidden>, 2010
+#
+msgid ""
+msgstr ""
+"Project-Id-Version: shouldbefree.html\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2010-11-12 20:27-0500\n"
+"PO-Revision-Date: 2011-01-02 17:17+0000\n"
+"Last-Translator: Ineiev <address@hidden>\n"
+"Language-Team: Russian <address@hidden>\n"
+"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
+"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
+"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
+
+msgid ""
+"Why Software Should Be Free - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ -
пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного "
+"пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ (FSF)"
+
+msgid "Why Software Should Be Free"
+msgstr "ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"by <a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"<a href=\"http://www.stallman.org/\"><strong>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</strong></a>"
+
+msgid "Introduction"
+msgstr "Ðведение"
+
+msgid ""
+"The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how decisions "
+"about its use should be made. For example, suppose one individual who has a "
+"copy of a program meets another who would like a copy. It is possible for "
+"them to copy the program; who should decide whether this is done? The "
+"individuals involved? Or another party, called the “owner”?"
+msgstr ""
+"СÑÑеÑÑвование пÑогÑамм неизбежно
Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, как Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ "
+"пÑинимаÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ иÑ
иÑполÑзованиÑ.
ÐапÑимеÑ, пÑедÑÑавÑÑе, ÑÑо некÑо, Ñ "
+"кого еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, вÑÑÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñого,
кÑо Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ Ñебе. "
+"Ðни могÑÑ ÑкопиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, но кÑо
должен ÑеÑаÑÑ, пÑÐ¾Ð¸Ð·Ð¾Ð¹Ð´ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо? "
+"Ðвое ÑÑаÑÑников? Ðли ÑÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑоÑона,
назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ “"
+"пÑавообладаÑелем”?"
+
+msgid ""
+"Software developers typically consider these questions on the assumption "
+"that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers' profits. The "
+"political power of business has led to the government adoption of both this "
+"criterion and the answer proposed by the developers: that the program has an "
+"owner, typically a corporation associated with its development."
+msgstr ""
+"РазÑабоÑÑики пÑогÑамм обÑÑно
ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÑÑи вопÑоÑÑ Ð² пÑедположении,
ÑÑо "
+"кÑиÑеÑий пÑавилÑного оÑвеÑа —
макÑимизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
доÑ
одов. "
+"ÐолиÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ
кÑÑгов
пÑивела к ÑомÑ, ÑÑо гоÑÑдаÑÑÑво пÑизнало "
+"и ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÑиÑеÑий, и ÑеÑение, пÑедложенное
ÑазÑабоÑÑиками: ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ "
+"бÑл владелеÑ, как пÑавило, коÑпоÑаÑиÑ,
ÑвÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ñ ÐµÐµ ÑазÑабоÑкой."
+
+msgid ""
+"I would like to consider the same question using a different criterion: the "
+"prosperity and freedom of the public in general."
+msgstr ""
+"Я Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð·Ð³Ð»ÑнÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¶Ðµ вопÑоÑ,
взÑв в каÑеÑÑве кÑиÑеÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑвеÑание "
+"и ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва в Ñелом."
+
+msgid ""
+"This answer cannot be decided by current law—the law should conform to "
+"ethics, not the other way around. Nor does current practice decide this "
+"question, although it may suggest possible answers. The only way to judge "
+"is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners of software, "
+"why, and how much. In other words, we should perform a cost-benefit "
+"analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of individual "
+"freedom as well as production of material goods."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðе ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкаÑÑ Ð¾ÑвеÑа на вопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð²
ÑегоднÑÑней ÑиÑÑеме пÑава: Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ "
+"ÑооÑвеÑÑÑвоваÑÑ ÑÑике, а не наобоÑоÑ.
ТоÑно Ñак же не ÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑоÑа и "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑика, Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð° в
ÑоÑÑоÑнии подÑказаÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñе ÑеÑениÑ. "
+"СÑждение можно вÑнеÑÑи, ÑолÑко понÑв, комÑ
помогаеÑ, а ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñизнание "
+"пÑав владелÑÑев пÑогÑамм, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑо
пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ в какой меÑе. ÐÑÑгими "
+"Ñловами, нам ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоанализиÑоваÑÑ
заÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ вÑигÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº "
+"обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð² Ñелом, пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð¾ внимание
лиÑнÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð² Ñой же ÑÑепени, ÑÑо "
+"и пÑоизводÑÑво маÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
ÑенноÑÑей."
+
+msgid ""
+"In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show that "
+"the results are detrimental. My conclusion is that programmers have the "
+"duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study, and improve the "
+"software we write: in other words, to write <a href=\"/philosophy/free-sw."
+"html\">“free” software</a>.<a href=\"#f1\">(1)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑом оÑеÑке Ñ Ð¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑвиÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑев и покажÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо "
+"пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº ÑбÑÑкам. Я пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ðº
заклÑÑениÑ, ÑÑо долг пÑогÑаммиÑÑов "
+"— пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг Ñ
дÑÑгом, ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑ, изÑÑаÑÑ "
+"и ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¸Ñем;
дÑÑгим Ñловами, пиÑаÑÑ <a href=\"/"
+"philosophy/free-sw.ru.html\">“ÑвободнÑе”
пÑогÑаммÑ</a><a href="
+"\"#f1\">(1)</a>."
+
+msgid "How Owners Justify Their Power"
+msgstr "Ðак владелÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÑавдÑваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°ÑÑÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property offer "
+"two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the emotional "
+"argument and the economic argument."
+msgstr ""
+"Те, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñгодна ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, в
коÑоÑой пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ "
+"ÑобÑÑвенноÑÑÑÑ, вÑдвигаÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° аÑгÑменÑа в
поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑвоиÑ
пÑеÑензий на "
+"владение пÑогÑаммой: ÑмоÑионалÑнÑй и
ÑкономиÑеÑкий."
+
+msgid ""
+"The emotional argument goes like this: “I put my sweat, my heart, my "
+"soul into this program. It comes from <em>me</em>, it's <em>mine</em>!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐмоÑионалÑнÑй вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ñак: “Я
ÑÑÑдилÑÑ Ð² поÑе лиÑа, вложил в ÑÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð´ÑÑÑ, Ñвое ÑеÑдÑе. Ðна
поÑвилаÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ð°ÑÑ <em>мне</em>, она "
+"<em>моÑ</em>!”"
+
+msgid ""
+"This argument does not require serious refutation. The feeling of "
+"attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it is "
+"not inevitable. Consider, for example, how willingly the same programmers "
+"usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a salary; the "
+"emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes. By contrast, consider the great "
+"artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't even sign their names to "
+"their work. To them, the name of the artist was not important. What "
+"mattered was that the work was done—and the purpose it would serve. "
+"This view prevailed for hundreds of years."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ðµ ÑÑебÑÐµÑ ÑеÑÑезного
опÑовеÑжениÑ. ЧÑвÑÑво пÑивÑзанноÑÑи "
+"— одно из ÑеÑ
, коÑоÑÑе пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ
могÑÑ ÐºÑлÑÑивиÑоваÑÑ, когда им ÑÑо "
+"Ñдобно, но его можно избежаÑÑ. ÐоÑмоÑÑиÑе,
к пÑимеÑÑ, как оÑ
оÑно Ñе же ÑамÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно ÑÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ð²Ñе пÑава
кÑÑпнÑм коÑпоÑаÑиÑм в обмен на "
+"заÑабоÑнÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ; ÑмоÑионалÑнаÑ
пÑивÑзанноÑÑÑ ÑаинÑÑвеннÑм обÑазом
иÑÑезаеÑ. "
+"ÐÑпомниÑе, напÑоÑив, о великиÑ
Ñ
ÑдожникаÑ
и маÑÑеÑаÑ
ÑÑедниÑ
веков, коÑоÑÑе "
+"даже не подпиÑÑвали ÑвоиÑ
ÑабоÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ñ
Ñдожника бÑло не важно. "
+"ÐнаÑение имело Ñо, ÑÑо ÑабоÑа Ñделана, и
ÑелÑ, коÑоÑой она бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑлÑжиÑÑ. "
+"Такие взглÑÐ´Ñ Ð¿Ñеобладали ÑоÑни леÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The economic argument goes like this: “I want to get rich (usually "
+"described inaccurately as ‘making a living’), and if you don't "
+"allow me to get rich by programming, then I won't program. Everyone else is "
+"like me, so nobody will ever program. And then you'll be stuck with no "
+"programs at all!” This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice "
+"from the wise."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐкономиÑеÑкий аÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²ÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ñак:
“Я Ñ
оÑÑ ÑазбогаÑеÑÑ (обÑÑно ÑÑо "
+"неÑоÑно опиÑÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº ‘заÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°
жизнђ), а еÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ "
+"позволиÑе мне ÑазбогаÑеÑÑ Ð½Ð°
пÑогÑаммиÑовании, Ñ Ð½Ðµ бÑдÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ. "
+"ÐÑе оÑÑалÑнÑе поÑ
ожи на менÑ, поÑÑомÑ
никÑо вообÑе не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ. Ð Ñогда Ð²Ñ Ð¾ÑÑанеÑеÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð¾
вÑÑкиÑ
пÑогÑамм!” ÐÑа ÑгÑоза "
+"обÑÑно замаÑкиÑована под дÑÑжеÑкий ÑовеÑ
мÑдÑеÑа."
+
+msgid ""
+"I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff. First I want to address an "
+"implicit assumption that is more visible in another formulation of the "
+"argument."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðозднее Ñ ÑазÑÑÑнÑ, поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑа
ÑгÑоза — блеÑ. СнаÑала Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ "
+"ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвное пÑедположение,
коÑоÑое лÑÑÑе видно в дÑÑгой ÑоÑмÑлиÑовке "
+"ÑÑого аÑгÑменÑа."
+
+msgid ""
+"This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a proprietary "
+"program with that of no program, and then concludes that proprietary "
+"software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and should be "
+"encouraged. The fallacy here is in comparing only two outcomes—"
+"proprietary software versus no software—and assuming there are no "
+"other possibilities."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑа ÑоÑмÑлиÑовка наÑинаеÑÑÑ Ñо ÑÑавнениÑ
обÑеÑÑвенной полÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ "
+"неÑвободной пÑогÑаммой и оÑÑÑÑÑÑвием
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе, далее делаеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñвод, "
+"ÑÑо в Ñелом ÑазÑабоÑка неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм полезна и должна пооÑÑÑÑÑÑÑ. "
+"ÐоÑÑлка оÑибоÑна, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑавниваÑÑÑÑ
лиÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° возможнÑÑ
иÑÑ
ода "
+"— неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие
пÑогÑамм — и "
+"пÑедполагаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо дÑÑгиÑ
возможноÑÑей
неÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Given a system of software copyright, software development is usually linked "
+"with the existence of an owner who controls the software's use. As long as "
+"this linkage exists, we are often faced with the choice of proprietary "
+"software or none. However, this linkage is not inherent or inevitable; it "
+"is a consequence of the specific social/legal policy decision that we are "
+"questioning: the decision to have owners. To formulate the choice as "
+"between proprietary software versus no software is begging the question."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑловиÑÑ
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава на пÑогÑаммÑ
ÑазÑабоÑка пÑогÑамм обÑÑно ÑвÑзана "
+"Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ñием владелÑÑа, конÑÑолиÑÑÑÑего иÑ
иÑполÑзование. Ðока ÑÑа ÑвÑÐ·Ñ "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ, нам ÑаÑÑо пÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ Ð²ÑбиÑаÑÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами и "
+"оÑÑÑÑÑÑвием пÑогÑамм. Ðднако ÑÑа ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð¸ еÑÑеÑÑвенной, ни "
+"неизбежной; она ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑледÑÑвием
конкÑеÑного ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð² облаÑÑи ÑоÑиалÑно-"
+"пÑавовой полиÑики, коÑоÑое Ð¼Ñ Ð¾ÑпаÑиваем:
ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑизнаÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе "
+"пÑава. ÐÑли ÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº вÑÐ±Ð¾Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
неÑвободнÑми пÑогÑаммами и "
+"оÑÑÑÑÑÑвием пÑогÑамм, Ñо ÑеÑение
напÑаÑиваеÑÑÑ Ñамо Ñобой."
+
+msgid "The Argument against Having Owners"
+msgstr "ÐÑгÑменÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив налиÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑев"
+
+msgid ""
+"The question at hand is, “Should development of software be linked "
+"with having owners to restrict the use of it?”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐопÑоÑ, коÑоÑÑй Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑÑÐµÑ —
должна ли ÑазÑабоÑка пÑогÑамм "
+"бÑÑÑ ÑвÑзана Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ñием владелÑÑев,
огÑаниÑиваÑÑиÑ
иÑ
иÑполÑзование?"
+
+msgid ""
+"In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of each of "
+"those two activities <em>independently</em>: the effect of developing the "
+"software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect of "
+"restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed). If one of "
+"these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be better off "
+"dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑдиÑÑ
ÑоÑиалÑнÑе поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¸Ñ
видов "
+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑи <em>незавиÑимо</em>:
поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки пÑогÑамм "
+"(незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ ÑÑловий иÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанениÑ) и поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
огÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
"
+"иÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ (подÑазÑмеваеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñже ÑазÑабоÑанÑ). ÐÑли один из "
+"ÑÑиÑ
видов деÑÑелÑноÑÑи полезен, а дÑÑгой
вÑеден, Ñо нам лÑÑÑе ÑазоÑваÑÑ "
+"ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸ и занимаÑÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
полезнÑм."
+
+msgid ""
+"To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program already "
+"developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical software developer "
+"will reject the option of doing so."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐнаÑе говоÑÑ, еÑли огÑаниÑение обмена
пÑогÑаммой, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ñже ÑазÑабоÑана, "
+"наноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñед вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвÑ, Ñо
поÑÑдоÑнÑй ÑазÑабоÑÑик оÑкажеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ "
+"возможноÑÑи Ñак поÑÑÑпаÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare the value "
+"to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with that of the same "
+"program, available to everyone. This means comparing two possible worlds."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÑеделиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑений
на обмен, нам поÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ ÑÑавниÑÑ "
+"ÑенноÑÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва огÑаниÑенной
(Ñ. е. неÑвободной) пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ Ñой "
+"же пÑогÑаммÑ, доÑÑÑпной каждомÑ. ÐÑо
знаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑÑавниÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° возможнÑÑ
миÑа."
+
+msgid ""
+"This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes made that "
+"“the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a program "
+"is cancelled by the harm done to the owner.” This counterargument "
+"assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in magnitude. The analysis "
+"involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows that the benefit is much "
+"greater."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð· Ñакже Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°
вÑдвигаемое иногда пÑоÑÑое возÑажение, ÑÑо
"
+"“вÑгода ваÑего ÑоÑеда, коÑоÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ñ
ÑкопиÑÑеÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"компенÑиÑÑеÑÑÑ Ð²Ñедом, наноÑимÑм
владелÑÑÑ”. ÐÑо возÑажение "
+"пÑедполагаеÑ, ÑÑо вÑгода и ÑÑеÑб ÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
велиÑине. ÐÐ°Ñ Ð°Ð½Ð°Ð»Ð¸Ð· ÑопоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ "
+"ÑÑи велиÑÐ¸Ð½Ñ Ð¸ показÑваеÑ, ÑÑо вÑгода
гоÑаздо болÑÑе."
+
+msgid ""
+"To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road "
+"construction."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑазÑÑÑниÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑгÑменÑ, давайÑе
пÑименим его к дÑÑгой оÑÑаÑли: "
+"пÑокладке доÑог."
+
+msgid ""
+"It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with tolls. This "
+"would entail having toll booths at all street corners. Such a system would "
+"provide a great incentive to improve roads. It would also have the virtue "
+"of causing the users of any given road to pay for that road. However, a "
+"toll booth is an artificial obstruction to smooth driving—artificial, "
+"because it is not a consequence of how roads or cars work."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðожно ÑинанÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÑоиÑелÑÑÑво вÑеÑ
доÑог за ÑÑÐµÑ ÑбоÑа поÑлин. ÐÑо "
+"пÑивело Ð±Ñ Ðº ÑÑÑоиÑелÑÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿ÑнкÑов ÑбоÑа
поÑлин на каждом ÑглÑ. Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ°Ñ "
+"ÑиÑÑема пÑедоÑÑавила Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑекÑаÑнÑй
ÑÑимÑл к ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ñог. Ðна Ñакже "
+"Ñ
оÑоÑа Ñем, ÑÑо полÑзоваÑели каждой
оÑделÑно взÑÑой доÑоги плаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾ за "
+"нее. Ðднако пÑÐ½ÐºÑ ÑбоÑа поÑлин — ÑÑо
иÑкÑÑÑÑвенное пÑепÑÑÑÑвие "
+"ÑазмеÑенной езде,— иÑкÑÑÑÑвенное
поÑомÑ, ÑÑо не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑледÑÑвием "
+"пÑинÑипов дейÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ доÑоги."
+
+msgid ""
+"Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that (all "
+"else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to construct, "
+"cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a> In "
+"a poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens. The "
+"roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at less cost; "
+"they are preferable for society. Therefore, society should choose to fund "
+"roads in another way, not by means of toll booths. Use of roads, once "
+"built, should be free."
+msgstr ""
+"СÑÐ°Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ñ Ð¾Ñ ÑвободнÑÑ
доÑог Ñ
полÑзой Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
, на коÑоÑÑÑ
взимаеÑÑÑ "
+"поÑлина, Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð°ÑÑживаем, ÑÑо (пÑи пÑоÑиÑ
ÑавнÑÑ
ÑÑловиÑÑ
) доÑоги без "
+"пÑнкÑов ÑбоÑа деÑевле пÑокладÑваÑÑ Ð¸
деÑевле ÑкÑплÑаÑиÑоваÑÑ, они "
+"ÑÑÑекÑивнее и безопаÑнее<a href=\"#f2\">(2)</a>. Ð
бедной ÑÑÑане поÑÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ñ "
+"могÑÑ ÑделаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñоги недоÑÑÑпнÑми длÑ
многиÑ
гÑаждан. СледоваÑелÑно, "
+"беÑпоÑлиннÑе доÑоги пÑедлагаÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвÑ
болÑÑе вÑгод пÑи менÑÑей ÑÑоимоÑÑи, "
+"они пÑедпоÑÑиÑелÑÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. ÐоÑÑомÑ
обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÑ ÑеÑение "
+"ÑинанÑиÑоваÑÑ ÑÑÑоиÑелÑÑÑво доÑог
по-дÑÑгомÑ, без помоÑи пÑнкÑов ÑбоÑа "
+"поÑлин. ÐолÑзование доÑогой, как ÑолÑко ее
поÑÑÑоÑÑ, нÑжно делаÑÑ ÑвободнÑм."
+
+msgid ""
+"When the advocates of toll booths propose them as <em>merely</em> a way of "
+"raising funds, they distort the choice that is available. Toll booths do "
+"raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they degrade the "
+"road. The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving us more or "
+"technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this means "
+"substituting toll roads for free roads."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда заÑиÑники ÑбоÑа поÑÐ»Ð¸Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑедлагаÑÑ
ее <em>иÑклÑÑиÑелÑно</em> как "
+"ÑпоÑоб полÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑедÑÑв, они иÑкажаÑÑ
оÑÐµÐ½ÐºÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑпнÑÑ
алÑÑеÑнаÑив. ÐÑнкÑÑ "
+"ÑбоÑа дейÑÑвиÑелÑно пÑиноÑÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑва, но
они ведÑÑ Ð¸ к дÑÑгомÑ: ÑакÑиÑеÑки, "
+"они ÑÑ
ÑдÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑогÑ. ÐоÑога Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñлинами не
Ñак Ñ
оÑоÑа, как ÑвободнаÑ. "
+"ÐолÑÑее колиÑеÑÑво или ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки лÑÑÑее
каÑеÑÑво доÑог Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑÑÑ "
+"ÑлÑÑÑением, еÑли ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ
ÑвободнÑÑ
доÑог доÑогами Ñо ÑбоÑом поÑлин."
+
+msgid ""
+"Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the public "
+"must somehow pay. However, this does not imply the inevitability of toll "
+"booths. We who must in either case pay will get more value for our money by "
+"buying a free road."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐезÑÑловно, денÑги Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑоиÑелÑÑÑва
Ñвободной доÑоги необÑ
одимÑ, и обÑеÑÑво "
+"должно Ñак или инаÑе заплаÑиÑÑ. Ðднако из
ÑÑого не ÑледÑеÑ, ÑÑо пÑнкÑÑ ÑбоÑа "
+"неизбежнÑ. ÐÑ, ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¾ вÑÑком ÑлÑÑае
пÑидеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ, полÑÑим болÑÑе за Ñе "
+"же денÑги, еÑли пÑиобÑеÑем ÑвободнÑÑ
доÑогÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all. That would "
+"be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the road—but "
+"this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector. However, as long as the "
+"toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is better to raise "
+"the funds in a less obstructive fashion."
+msgstr ""
+"Я не ÑÑвеÑждаÑ, ÑÑо доÑога, где взимаÑÑ
поÑлинÑ, Ñ
Ñже, Ñем оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие доÑог "
+"вообÑе. Так бÑло бÑ, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñлина бÑла
ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑока, ÑÑо поÑÑи никÑо не "
+"ÑÑал Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ñогой — но
вÑÑд ли ÑбоÑÑики поÑлин бÑдÑÑ "
+"Ñак поÑÑÑпаÑÑ. Ðднако поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑнкÑÑ
ÑбоÑа поÑлин вÑзÑваÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑнÑе "
+"неÑдобÑÑва и ÑаÑÑ
одÑ, Ñо лÑÑÑе ÑобиÑаÑÑ
ÑÑедÑÑва Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑо меÑало "
+"менÑÑе."
+
+msgid ""
+"To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show that "
+"having “toll booths” for useful software programs costs society "
+"dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more expensive to "
+"distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use. It will follow that "
+"program construction should be encouraged in some other way. Then I will go "
+"on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to the extent actually "
+"necessary) funding software development."
+msgstr ""
+"ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑимениÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð°ÑгÑÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ðº
ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑамм, ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ñ, ÑÑо "
+"“пÑнкÑÑ ÑбоÑа поÑлинє Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½ÑÑ
пÑогÑамм обÑ
одÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ "
+"недеÑево: они ÑдоÑожаÑÑ Ñоздание и
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение пÑогÑамм и ÑнижаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
"
+"ÑÑÑекÑивноÑÑÑ Ð¸ ÑдобÑÑво полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸.
ÐÑÑÑда ÑледÑеÑ, ÑÑо ÑазÑабоÑка "
+"пÑогÑамм должна ÑÑимÑлиÑоваÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº-Ñо
по-дÑÑгомÑ. ÐаÑем Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие "
+"меÑÐ¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑимÑлиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ (в пÑеделаÑ
дейÑÑвиÑелÑной необÑ
одимоÑÑи) "
+"ÑинанÑиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑазÑабоÑки пÑогÑамм. "
+
+msgid "The Harm Done by Obstructing Software"
+msgstr "ÐÑед Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑений на пÑогÑаммÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any necessary "
+"payments for its development have been made; now society must choose either "
+"to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use. Assume that the "
+"existence of the program and its availability is a desirable thing.<a href="
+"\"#f3\">(3)</a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑедÑÑавим на минÑÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑамма Ñже
ÑазÑабоÑана, вÑе необÑ
одимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÐµÐµ "
+"ÑазÑабоÑки вÑплаÑÑ Ñже ÑделанÑ, и ÑепеÑÑ
обÑеÑÑво должно ÑеÑиÑÑ, ÑделаÑÑ ÐµÐµ "
+"неÑвободной или ÑазÑеÑиÑÑ ÑвободнÑй
обмен и полÑзование. ÐÑедположим, ÑÑо "
+"налиÑие ÑÑой пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑелÑно<a
href=\"#f3\">(3)</a>."
+
+msgid ""
+"Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program cannot "
+"facilitate its use. They can only interfere. So the effect can only be "
+"negative. But how much? And what kind?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐгÑаниÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° пеÑедаÑÑ Ð¸ модиÑикаÑиÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð² ее "
+"пÑименении. Ðни могÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ.
СледоваÑелÑно, ÑÑÑÐµÐºÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑолÑко "
+"оÑÑиÑаÑелÑнÑм. Ðо наÑколÑко он велик? Ð
какого Ñода?"
+
+msgid "Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:"
+msgstr "Ðз ÑакиÑ
пÑепÑÑÑÑвий пÑоиÑÑÐµÐºÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑи
вида маÑеÑиалÑного ÑÑеÑба:"
+
+msgid "Fewer people use the program."
+msgstr "ÐенÑÑее колиÑеÑÑво лÑдей
воÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой."
+
+msgid "None of the users can adapt or fix the program."
+msgstr "ÐикÑо из полÑзоваÑелей не ÑможеÑ
иÑпÑавиÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ адапÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+msgid "Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work on it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑгие ÑазÑабоÑÑики не ÑмогÑÑ ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑой пÑогÑамме или опиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° нее "
+"в новÑÑ
ÑабоÑаÑ
."
+
+msgid ""
+"Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial harm. "
+"This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their subsequent "
+"feelings, attitudes, and predispositions. These changes in people's ways of "
+"thinking will then have a further effect on their relationships with their "
+"fellow citizens, and can have material consequences."
+msgstr ""
+"У каждого вида маÑеÑиалÑного ÑÑеÑба еÑÑÑ
ÑопÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑÐ°Ñ ÑоÑма "
+"пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкого вÑеда. Ðод ÑÑим
понимаеÑÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ¹ÑÑвие, коÑоÑое ÑеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð»Ñдей
"
+"оказÑваÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
далÑнейÑие оÑÑÑениÑ,
ÑклонноÑÑи и пÑедÑаÑположенноÑÑи. ÐаÑем "
+"ÑÑи пеÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð² ÑÑиле мÑÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð»Ð¸ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° иÑ
оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ñ Ð¾ÐºÑÑжаÑÑими и могÑÑ "
+"имеÑÑ Ð¾ÑÑзаемÑе поÑледÑÑвиÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the program "
+"could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero. If they waste nearly "
+"all the value of the program, then writing the program harms society by at "
+"most the effort that went into writing the program. Arguably a program that "
+"is profitable to sell must provide some net direct material benefit."
+msgstr ""
+"УпомÑнÑÑÑе ÑÑи вида маÑеÑиалÑного ÑÑеÑба
ÑниÑÑожаÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ "
+"могла Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑинеÑÑи пÑогÑамма, но не ÑводÑÑ
ее к нÑлÑ. ÐÑли они ÑниÑÑожаÑÑ "
+"поÑÑи вÑÑ ÑенноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо ее
напиÑание наноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð²Ñед, "
+"ÑоÑÑоÑÑий по макÑимÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¸Ð· заÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°
ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÑÑой пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðожно показаÑÑ, "
+"ÑÑо пÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñгодно пÑодаваÑÑ,
должна пÑиноÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑй ÑиÑÑÑй "
+"пÑÑмой маÑеÑиалÑнÑй доÑ
од."
+
+msgid ""
+"However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there is no "
+"limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако Ñ ÑÑеÑом ÑопÑÑÑÑвÑÑÑего пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкого ÑÑеÑба вÑед, коÑоÑÑй Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ "
+"нанеÑÑи ÑазÑабоÑка неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм,
ниÑем не огÑаниÑен."
+
+msgid "Obstructing Use of Programs"
+msgstr "ÐаÑÑÑднение полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами"
+
+msgid ""
+"The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program. A copy of a "
+"program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by doing "
+"the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero price. A "
+"license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program. If a widely "
+"useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑвÑй ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²Ñеда — заÑÑÑднение
пÑоÑÑого полÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "
+"пÑогÑаммой. ÐÑеделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¸
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð·ÐºÐ° к нÑÐ»Ñ (и Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе "
+"оплаÑиÑÑ ÑÑÑ ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ, пÑоделав ÑабоÑÑ
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно), Ñак ÑÑо в ÑÑловиÑÑ
"
+"Ñвободного ÑÑнка ее Ñена бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑи
нÑлевой. ÐиÑÐµÐ½Ð·Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñа "
+"знаÑиÑелÑно ÑдеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿Ñименение
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑли Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ð¼ пÑогÑамма "
+"неÑвободна, гоÑаздо менÑÑее ÑиÑло лÑдей
воÑполÑзÑеÑÑÑ ÐµÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to society is "
+"reduced by assigning an owner to it. Each potential user of the program, "
+"faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay, or may forego use "
+"of the program. When a user chooses to pay, this is a zero-sum transfer of "
+"wealth between two parties. But each time someone chooses to forego use of "
+"the program, this harms that person without benefiting anyone. The sum of "
+"negative numbers and zeros must be negative."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðегко показаÑÑ, ÑÑо обÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ñза оÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва ÑнижаеÑÑÑ, еÑли "
+"ей назнаÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑа. ÐаждÑй
поÑенÑиалÑнÑй полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ,
вÑÑав "
+"пеÑед необÑ
одимоÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ, ÑÑобÑ
воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÑ "
+"ÑеÑение заплаÑиÑÑ, но Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¸ оÑказаÑÑÑÑ
Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой. Ðогда "
+"полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑиÑÑ, пÑоиÑÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑÐµÐ½Ð¾Ñ ÑенноÑÑей Ð¾Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¹ ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ "
+"к дÑÑгой, ÑÑммаÑное доÑÑоÑние не менÑеÑÑÑ.
Ðо каждÑй Ñаз, когда кÑо-Ñо "
+"оÑказÑваеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой,
ÑÑо наноÑÐ¸Ñ ÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñед, не пÑиноÑÑ "
+"Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑгодÑ. СÑмма оÑÑиÑаÑелÑнÑÑ
ÑиÑел
и нÑлей вÑегда оÑÑиÑаÑелÑна."
+
+msgid ""
+"But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to <em>develop</em> the "
+"program. As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in delivered "
+"user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо ÑÑо не ÑокÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑда на
<em>ÑазÑабоÑкÑ</em> пÑогÑаммÑ. Ð "
+"ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑеÑÑа в
Ñелом, измеÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº "
+"ÑдовлеÑвоÑение нÑжд полÑзоваÑелей,
доÑÑавленное ÑаÑом ÑабоÑÑ, ÑнижаеÑÑÑ. "
+
+msgid ""
+"This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and cars, "
+"chairs, or sandwiches. There is no copying machine for material objects "
+"outside of science fiction. But programs are easy to copy; anyone can "
+"produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little effort. This isn't "
+"true for material objects because matter is conserved: each new copy has to "
+"be built from raw materials in the same way that the first copy was built."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо оÑÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑинÑипиалÑнÑÑ ÑазниÑÑ
Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñми пÑогÑамм и авÑомобилей, "
+"ÑÑÑлÑев или бÑÑеÑбÑодов. ÐаÑина длÑ
копиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
обÑекÑов "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
наÑÑно-ÑанÑаÑÑиÑеÑкиÑ
книг, а копиÑоваÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ³ÐºÐ¾; лÑбой Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоизвеÑÑи
ÑÑолÑко копий, ÑколÑко нÑжно, Ñ "
+"оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑими заÑÑаÑами. ÐлÑ
маÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
обÑекÑов ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½ "
+"ÑоÑ
ÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÐµÑеÑÑва — каждÑÑ
ÑледÑÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑ
одиÑÑÑ ÑоздаваÑÑ "
+"из ÑÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑно Ñак же, как и пеÑвÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense, because fewer "
+"objects bought means less raw material and work needed to make them. It's "
+"true that there is usually also a startup cost, a development cost, which is "
+"spread over the production run. But as long as the marginal cost of "
+"production is significant, adding a share of the development cost does not "
+"make a qualitative difference. And it does not require restrictions on the "
+"freedom of ordinary users."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑлÑÑае маÑеÑиалÑнÑÑ
обÑекÑов
ÑдеÑживаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
иÑполÑзование ÑазÑмно, "
+"поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¸Ð·Ð³Ð¾ÑÐ¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑего
колиÑеÑÑва обÑекÑов нÑжно менÑÑе ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ "
+"ÑÑÑда. СÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð¸ наÑалÑнÑе заÑÑаÑÑ, и
заÑÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑазÑабоÑкÑ, коÑоÑÑе "
+"ÑаÑпÑеделÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑей вÑпÑÑкаемой
пÑодÑкÑии. Ðо пока пÑеделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÑоимоÑÑÑ "
+"пÑоизводÑÑва знаÑиÑелÑна, добавление к
ней доли заÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð½Ðµ "
+"вноÑÐ¸Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑеÑÑвенной ÑазниÑÑ. Ð Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого
не ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
+"обÑÑнÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелей."
+
+msgid ""
+"However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free is a "
+"qualitative change. A centrally imposed fee for software distribution "
+"becomes a powerful disincentive."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако назнаÑение Ñен на Ñо, ÑÑо в
пÑоÑивном ÑлÑÑае бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð±ÐµÑплаÑно, "
+"пÑÐ¸Ð²Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ðº каÑеÑÑÐ²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑдвигÑ.
ЦенÑÑализованно ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð»Ð°Ñа за "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑановиÑÑÑ
моÑнÑм ÑдеÑживаÑÑим ÑакÑоÑом."
+
+msgid ""
+"What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even as a "
+"means of delivering copies of software. This system involves enclosing "
+"physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping large numbers of "
+"them around the world, and storing them for sale. This cost is presented as "
+"an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part of the waste caused by "
+"having owners."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðолее Ñого, ÑенÑÑализованное
пÑоизводÑÑво, пÑакÑикÑемое ÑегоднÑ, "
+"неÑÑÑекÑивно даже как ÑпоÑоб доÑÑавки
копий пÑогÑамм. ÐÑа ÑиÑÑема вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ "
+"ÑÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´ÐºÑ ÑизиÑеÑкиÑ
диÑков и Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð²
ненÑжнÑе Ñпаковки, доÑÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑ
"
+"паÑÑий по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ Ð¸ ÑкладиÑование иÑ
пеÑед пÑодажей. СÑоимоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñего "
+"ÑÑого пÑедÑÑавлÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº накладнÑе ÑаÑÑ
одÑ; на Ñамом деле ÑÑо ÑаÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑаÑ, "
+"вÑзваннÑÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвованием владелÑÑев
пÑогÑамм."
+
+msgid "Damaging Social Cohesion"
+msgstr "ÐаÑÑÑение ÑплоÑенноÑÑи обÑеÑÑва"
+
+msgid ""
+"Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a "
+"certain program. In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel that "
+"proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it. A "
+"proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while restraining the "
+"other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should find it acceptable."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑедположим, ÑÑо как вÑ, Ñак и Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑед
ÑоÑли полезнÑм иÑполÑзоваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐабоÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ его благе, Ð²Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ
оÑÑÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо пÑавилÑнÑй вÑÑ
од из "
+"Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — позволиÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ обоим
иÑполÑзоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ. ÐÑли позволиÑÑ "
+"воÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммой лиÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ
из ваÑ, запÑеÑÐ°Ñ Ð´ÑÑгомÑ, Ñо "
+"ÑÑо ÑазобÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ; ни вÑ, ни Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑоÑед не
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÑо пÑиемлемÑм."
+
+msgid ""
+"Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your neighbor: "
+"“I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I can have a "
+"copy for myself.” People who make such choices feel internal "
+"psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the importance of "
+"helping one's neighbors—thus public spirit suffers. This is "
+"psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of discouraging use of "
+"the program."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐодпиÑаÑÑ ÑипиÑное лиÑензионное
ÑоглаÑение на пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑедаÑÑ "
+"Ñвоего ÑоÑеда: “Я обеÑÐ°Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ³Ð¾
ÑоÑеда ÑÑой пÑогÑаммÑ, лиÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ñ "
+"Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ñамого бÑла копиє. ÐÑди, делаÑÑие
Ñакой вÑбоÑ, иÑпÑÑÑваÑÑ "
+"внÑÑÑеннее пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкое побÑждение
опÑавдаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¶Ð°Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ "
+"помоÑи окÑÑжаÑÑим — Ñаким обÑазом,
ÑÑÑÐ°Ð´Ð°ÐµÑ ÑоÑиалÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð°ÑмоÑÑеÑа. "
+"Таков пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкий ÑÑеÑб, ÑвÑзаннÑй Ñ
маÑеÑиалÑнÑм вÑедом, коÑоÑÑй вÑзван "
+"заÑÑÑднением иÑполÑÐ·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so they "
+"decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway. But they "
+"often feel guilty about doing so. They know that they must break the laws "
+"in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider the laws "
+"authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor (which they are) "
+"is naughty or shameful. That is also a kind of psychosocial harm, but one "
+"can escape it by deciding that these licenses and laws have no moral force."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðногие полÑзоваÑели беÑÑознаÑелÑно
пÑизнаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð½ÑавÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñказа Ð¾Ñ "
+"обмена, и поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑеÑаÑÑ Ð²Ñе Ñавно
обмениваÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами, невзиÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð° "
+"лиÑензии и законÑ. Ðо неÑедко из-за ÑÑого
они ÑÑвÑÑвÑÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð°ÑÑми. Ðни "
+"знаÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½, ÑÑобÑ
оÑÑаваÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑми ÑоÑедÑми, но пÑи "
+"ÑÑом пÑодолжаÑÑ Ð¿ÑизнаваÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑиÑеÑ
закона и делаÑÑ Ð²Ñвод, ÑÑо бÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑÑми "
+"ÑоÑедÑми (какими они ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ) гадко и
позоÑно. ÐÑо Ñоже ÑазновидноÑÑÑ "
+"пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкого ÑÑеÑба, но его можно
избежаÑÑ, ÑеÑив, ÑÑо подобнÑе лиÑензии "
+"и Ð·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð»Ð¸ÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÑавÑÑвенной ÑилÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users will not "
+"be allowed to use their work. This leads to an attitude of cynicism or "
+"denial. A programmer may describe enthusiastically the work that he finds "
+"technically exciting; then when asked, “Will I be permitted to use it?"
+"”, his face falls, and he admits the answer is no. To avoid feeling "
+"discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the time or adopts a "
+"cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ñакже неÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкий
ÑÑеÑб, понимаÑ, ÑÑо многим "
+"полÑзоваÑелÑм иÑ
ÑабоÑа бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑÑпна.
ÐÑо Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº ÑомÑ, ÑÑо они "
+"ÑклонÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð·Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ оÑÑиÑаниÑ.
ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ñ ÑнÑÑзиазмом опиÑÑваÑÑ
"
+"ÑабоÑÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑки воÑÑ
иÑиÑелÑной, но когда его ÑпÑоÑиÑÑ: "
+"“Ðожно мне бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾ÑполÑзоваÑÑÑÑ
еÑ?” он ÑÐ½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸ ÑоглаÑаеÑÑÑ Ñ "
+"Ñем, ÑÑо оÑÐ²ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑÑиÑаÑелен. ЧÑобÑ
избежаÑÑ ÑÑвÑÑва неÑвеÑенноÑÑи, он "
+"либо игноÑиÑÑÐµÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑÐ°ÐºÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ
вÑемени, либо пÑÐ¸Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑ ÑиниÑнÑÑ "
+"позиÑиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑмалиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ важноÑÑÑ. "
+
+msgid ""
+"Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States is not "
+"technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together for the "
+"public good. It makes no sense to encourage the former at the expense of "
+"the latter."
+msgstr ""
+"Со вÑемен Рейгана наиболÑÑим деÑиÑиÑом в
СоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑаÑ
бÑли не "
+"ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкие нововведениÑ, а гоÑовноÑÑÑ
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° благо обÑеÑÑва. ÐÐµÑ "
+"никакого ÑмÑÑла пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÐµÑвое за ÑÑеÑ
поÑледнего."
+
+msgid "Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs"
+msgstr "ÐаÑÑÑднение индивидÑалÑной доÑабоÑки
пÑогÑамм"
+
+msgid ""
+"The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs. The "
+"ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over older "
+"technology. But most commercially available software isn't available for "
+"modification, even after you buy it. It's available for you to take it or "
+"leave it, as a black box—that is all."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоÑой ÑÑÐ¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалÑного
вÑеда — оÑÑÑÑÑÑвие возможноÑÑи "
+"доÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ. ÐегкоÑÑÑ
модиÑикаÑии пÑогÑамм — одно из иÑ
"
+"гÑандиознÑÑ
пÑеимÑÑеÑÑв пеÑед пÑежней ÑеÑ
никой. Ðо болÑÑинÑÑво коммеÑÑеÑки "
+"доÑÑÑпнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм недоÑÑÑпно длÑ
изменений даже поÑле Ñого, как Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ñ
"
+"кÑпиÑе. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе лиÑÑ Ð²Ð·ÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, как
“ÑеÑнÑй ÑÑик”, или "
+"оÑказаÑÑÑÑ — и ÑÑо вÑе."
+
+msgid ""
+"A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose meaning is "
+"obscure. No one, not even a good programmer, can easily change the numbers "
+"to make the program do something different."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑогÑамма, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе запÑÑкаÑÑ,
ÑоÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð· поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑи ÑиÑел, "
+"знаÑение коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑдно понÑÑÑ. ÐикомÑ,
даже Ñ
оÑоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ, не легко "
+"измениÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамма делала
ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгое."
+
+msgid ""
+"Programmers normally work with the “source code” for a program, "
+"which is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C. It uses "
+"names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and it "
+"represents operations with symbols such as ‘+’ for addition and "
+"‘-’ for subtraction. It is designed to help programmers read "
+"and change programs. Here is an example; a program to calculate the "
+"distance between two points in a plane:"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑно ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ñ “иÑÑ
однÑми ÑекÑÑами” пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"коÑоÑÑе напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑакиÑ
ÑзÑкаÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, как ФоÑÑÑан или Си. "
+"РниÑ
пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð°, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑÑ
иÑполÑзÑемÑе даннÑе и ÑаÑÑи "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, а опеÑаÑии пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ
Ñакими Ñимволами, как ‘+’ "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐ»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ ‘-’ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑаниÑ.
ЯзÑки ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"помоÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑам ÑиÑаÑÑ Ð¸ пÑавиÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÑиведем в каÑеÑÑве пÑимеÑа "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÑиÑÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑаÑÑÑоÑÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ
двÑÐ¼Ñ ÑоÑками на плоÑкоÑÑи:"
+
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+" float\n"
+" distance (p0, p1)\n"
+" struct point p0, p1;\n"
+" {\n"
+" float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;\n"
+" float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;\n"
+" return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);\n"
+" }\n"
+
+msgid ""
+"Precisely what that source code means is not the point; the point is that it "
+"looks like algebra, and a person who knows this programming language will "
+"find it meaningful and clear. By contrast, here is same program in "
+"executable form, on the computer I normally used when I wrote this:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðе важно, ÑÑо ознаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ
однÑй
ÑекÑÑ; важно, ÑÑо он вÑглÑÐ´Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº "
+"маÑемаÑиÑеÑкие вÑÑажениÑ, и Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñеловека,
знаÑÑего ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑзÑк "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ, ÑÑо бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¾ÑмÑÑленнÑм и
ÑÑнÑм ÑекÑÑом. ÐапÑоÑив, Ð²Ð¾Ñ ÑÑа "
+"же пÑогÑамма в Ñом виде, в коÑоÑом она
иÑполнÑеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° компÑÑÑеÑе, каким Ñ "
+"обÑÑно полÑзовалÑÑ, когда пиÑал ÑÑи
ÑÑÑоки:"
+
+#, no-wrap
+msgid ""
+"\n"
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+msgstr ""
+"\n"
+" 1314258944 -232267772 -231844864 1634862\n"
+" 1411907592 -231844736 2159150 1420296208\n"
+" -234880989 -234879837 -234879966 -232295424\n"
+" 1644167167 -3214848 1090581031 1962942495\n"
+" 572518958 -803143692 1314803317\n"
+
+msgid ""
+"Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a program. But "
+"most users are not allowed to have copies of the source code. Usually the "
+"source code for a proprietary program is kept secret by the owner, lest "
+"anybody else learn something from it. Users receive only the files of "
+"incomprehensible numbers that the computer will execute. This means that "
+"only the program's owner can change the program."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñ (по менÑÑей меÑе,
поÑенÑиалÑно) ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðо болÑÑинÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей
не позволено имеÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ð¹ иÑÑ
однÑÑ
"
+"ÑекÑÑов. ÐбÑÑно иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ
неÑвободной пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑÑÑ
владелÑÑем "
+"в ÑекÑеÑе, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑо дÑÑгой не поÑеÑпнÑл
ÑÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð¸Ð· ниÑ
. ÐолÑзоваÑели "
+"полÑÑаÑÑ ÑолÑко ÑÐ°Ð¹Ð»Ñ Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¿Ð¾Ð½ÑÑнÑми
ÑиÑлами, коÑоÑÑе бÑдÑÑ Ð¸ÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ "
+"компÑÑÑеÑом. ÐÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо изменÑÑÑ
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ ÐµÐµ владелеÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about six "
+"months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially "
+"available. She believed that if she could have gotten source code for that "
+"commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted to their "
+"needs. The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not permitted to—"
+"the source code was a secret. So she had to do six months of make-work, "
+"work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ´Ð½Ð°Ð¶Ð´Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑказÑвала мне,
как она около ÑеÑÑи меÑÑÑев ÑабоÑала "
+"пÑогÑаммиÑÑом в банке; она пиÑала
пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑ
однÑÑ Ñ Ñем, ÑÑо бÑло "
+"коммеÑÑеÑки доÑÑÑпно. Ðна бÑла Ñбеждена,
ÑÑо еÑли Ð±Ñ ÑдалоÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑ "
+"иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ñой коммеÑÑеÑки
доÑÑÑпной пÑогÑаммÑ, ее легко можно бÑло бÑ
"
+"пÑиÑпоÑобиÑÑ Ðº иÑ
нÑждам. Ðанк бÑл гоÑов
заплаÑиÑÑ Ð·Ð° ÑÑо, но ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑого не "
+"дали — иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ð±Ñли
ÑекÑеÑнÑ. Ð ÑезÑлÑÑаÑе ей пÑиÑлоÑÑ Ð² "
+"ÑеÑение полÑгода вÑполнÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ,
коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ñла в валовой наÑионалÑнÑй "
+"пÑодÑкÑ, но в дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи бÑла
поÑÑаÑенной впÑÑÑÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The <abbr title=\"Massachusetts Institute of Technology\">MIT</abbr> "
+"Artificial Intelligence Lab (AI Lab) received a graphics printer as a gift "
+"from Xerox around 1977. It was run by free software to which we added many "
+"convenient features. For example, the software would notify a user "
+"immediately on completion of a print job. Whenever the printer had trouble, "
+"such as a paper jam or running out of paper, the software would immediately "
+"notify all users who had print jobs queued. These features facilitated "
+"smooth operation."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐабоÑаÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑвенного инÑеллекÑа
ÐаÑÑаÑÑÑеÑÑкого ÑеÑ
нологиÑеÑкого "
+"инÑÑиÑÑÑа где-Ñо в 1977 Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑила в
подаÑок Ð¾Ñ “ÐÑеÑокє гÑаÑиÑеÑкий "
+"пÑинÑеÑ. Ðн ÑпÑавлÑлÑÑ ÑвободнÑми
пÑогÑаммами, коÑоÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ многими "
+"ÑдобнÑми оÑобенноÑÑÑми. ÐапÑимеÑ,
пÑогÑамма ÑведомлÑла полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ ÑÑазÑ
же "
+"по завеÑÑении пеÑаÑи. Ð ÑлÑÑае лÑбÑÑ
заÑÑÑднений, напÑимеÑ, когда конÑалаÑÑ "
+"или заÑÑÑевала бÑмага, пÑогÑамма
немедленно оповеÑала вÑеÑ
полÑзоваÑелей, Ñ
"
+"кого в оÑеÑеди на пеÑаÑÑ Ð±Ñли заданиÑ. ÐÑи
оÑобенноÑÑи ÑпоÑобÑÑвовали "
+"ÑазмеÑенной ÑабоÑе."
+
+msgid ""
+"Later Xerox gave the AI Lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first laser "
+"printers. It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a separate "
+"dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite features. We "
+"could arrange to send a notification when a print job was sent to the "
+"dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually printed (and the delay "
+"was usually considerable). There was no way to find out when the job was "
+"actually printed; you could only guess. And no one was informed when there "
+"was a paper jam, so the printer often went for an hour without being fixed."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðозднее “ÐÑеÑокє пÑедоÑÑавила
лабоÑаÑоÑии новÑй, более бÑÑÑÑÑй пÑинÑеÑ,
один из "
+"пеÑвÑÑ
лазеÑнÑÑ
пÑинÑеÑов. Ðн ÑабоÑал под
ÑпÑавлением неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, "
+"ÑабоÑавÑиÑ
на ÑпеÑиалÑно вÑделенном
компÑÑÑеÑе, Ñак ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ могли добавиÑÑ "
+"ÑÑда ни одной из наÑиÑ
лÑбимÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑей. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ оÑганизоваÑÑ
оÑпÑÐ°Ð²ÐºÑ "
+"ÑведомлениÑ, когда задание поÑÑлалоÑÑ Ð½Ð°
маÑинÑ, ÑпÑавлÑвÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑинÑеÑом, но "
+"не Ñогда, когда оно дейÑÑвиÑелÑно
вÑполнÑлоÑÑ (и задеÑжка бÑла обÑÑно "
+"знаÑиÑелÑной). ÐпÑеделиÑÑ, когда
ÑаÑпеÑаÑÑвалоÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ, бÑло невозможно, "
+"Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ ÑолÑко гадаÑÑ. Ð Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
ÑообÑалоÑÑ, ÑÑо заÑÑÑÑла бÑмага, Ñак ÑÑо "
+"пÑинÑÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÑедко пÑоÑÑаивал по ÑаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·
обÑлÑживаниÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The system programmers at the AI Lab were capable of fixing such problems, "
+"probably as capable as the original authors of the program. Xerox was "
+"uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we were forced to "
+"accept the problems. They were never fixed."
+msgstr ""
+"СиÑÑемнÑе пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð»Ð°Ð±Ð¾ÑаÑоÑии бÑли
в ÑоÑÑоÑнии ÑеÑаÑÑ Ñакие пÑоблемÑ, "
+"Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, не Ñ
Ñже ÑамиÑ
авÑоÑов
пÑогÑаммÑ. ÐÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ “ÐÑеÑокє не бÑла
"
+"заинÑеÑеÑована в ÑÑÑÑанении ÑÑиÑ
пÑоблем;
она ÑеÑила и нам не позволÑÑÑ "
+"ÑделаÑÑ ÑÑо, Ñак ÑÑо Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑавили
ÑмиÑиÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÑÑими пÑоблемами. ÐÑо Ñак "
+"никогда и не иÑпÑавили."
+
+msgid ""
+"Most good programmers have experienced this frustration. The bank could "
+"afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from scratch, but a "
+"typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐолÑÑинÑÑво Ñ
оÑоÑиÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑÑов
иÑпÑÑÑвало Ñакое ÑазоÑаÑование. У банка "
+"бÑли ÑÑедÑÑва, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑеÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ,
ÑазÑабоÑав новÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ Ð½ÑлÑ, но "
+"обÑÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑ, как бÑ
квалиÑиÑиÑован он ни бÑл, оÑÑаеÑÑÑ ÑолÑко "
+"маÑ
нÑÑÑ ÑÑкой."
+
+msgid ""
+"Giving up causes psychosocial harm—to the spirit of self-reliance. It "
+"is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit your "
+"needs. It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can spread to "
+"affect other aspects of one's life. People who feel this way are unhappy "
+"and do not do good work."
+msgstr ""
+"Такие неÑдаÑи неÑÑÑ Ð² Ñебе пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкий вÑед — они подÑÑваÑÑ "
+"ÑвеÑенноÑÑÑ Ð² Ñебе. ÐÐ¸Ð·Ð½Ñ Ð² доме, коÑоÑÑй
Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ можеÑе обÑÑÑÑоиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´ Ñвои "
+"нÑждÑ, демоÑализÑеÑ. Ðна Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº
безÑÑаÑÑноÑÑи и неÑеÑиÑелÑноÑÑи, коÑоÑÑе "
+"могÑÑ ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаниÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ на дÑÑгие
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ð¸. ÐÑди, иÑпÑÑÑваÑÑие Ñакие "
+"ÑÑвÑÑва, неÑÑаÑÑÐ»Ð¸Ð²Ñ Ð¸ не могÑÑ Ñ
оÑоÑо
ÑабоÑаÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same fashion as "
+"software. You might say, “How do I change this recipe to take out the "
+"salt?” and the great chef would respond, “How dare you insult my "
+"recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to tamper with it? "
+"You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and make it work right!"
+"”"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑедÑÑавÑÑе Ñебе, ÑÑо бÑло бÑ, еÑли бÑ
кÑлинаÑнÑе ÑеÑепÑÑ Ð±Ñли заÑ
ваÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÐºÐµÐ¼-"
+"Ñо, подобно пÑогÑаммам. ÐÑ ÑпÑоÑили бÑ:
“Ðак мне измениÑÑ ÑÑÐ¾Ñ ÑеÑепÑ, "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð² нем не бÑло Ñоли?”, а ÑеÑ-поваÑ
оÑвеÑил бÑ: “Ðак Ð²Ñ "
+"ÑмееÑе поÑоÑиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¹ ÑеÑепÑ, диÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ñма
и вкÑÑа, пÑÑаÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÑÑÑ Ð² нем? "
+"ÐÑо Ð²Ñ Ñакой, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑавиÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¹ ÑеÑÐµÐ¿Ñ Ð¸
ÑÑÑÑанÑÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ недоÑÑаÑки?!”"
+
+msgid ""
+"“But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt! What can I do? Will "
+"you take out the salt for me?”"
+msgstr ""
+"“Ðо вÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñекомендовал мне
ÑпоÑÑеблÑÑÑ Ð² пиÑÑ ÑолÑ! ЧÑо мне делаÑÑ? "
+"Ðе могли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ?”"
+
+msgid ""
+"“I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000.” Since the "
+"owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large. “However, "
+"right now I don't have time. I am busy with a commission to design a new "
+"recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department. I might get around to "
+"you in about two years.”"
+msgstr ""
+"“Я Ñ ÑадоÑÑÑÑ ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ ÑÑо, ÑолÑко
заплаÑиÑе миллион ÑÑблей”. "
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÑ ÑаÑполагаеÑ
монополией на модиÑикаÑии, Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ Ð½ÐµÑ "
+"ÑклонноÑÑи запÑаÑиваÑÑ Ð¼Ð°Ð»Ð¾. “ÐÑавда,
пÑÑмо ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÑ Ð²Ñемени. "
+"Я занÑÑ Ð² комиÑÑии по ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ð³Ð¾
ÑеÑепÑа Ð³Ð°Ð»ÐµÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²Ð¾ÐµÐ½Ð½Ð¾-моÑÑкиÑ
Ñил. "
+"Я ÑÐ¼Ð¾Ð³Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½ÑÑÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¼Ð¸ где-Ñо ÑеÑез паÑÑ
леє."
+
+msgid "Obstructing Software Development"
+msgstr "ÐаÑÑÑднение ÑазÑабоÑки пÑогÑамм"
+
+msgid ""
+"The third level of material harm affects software development. Software "
+"development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person would take an "
+"existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new feature, and then "
+"another person would rewrite parts to add another feature; in some cases, "
+"this continued over a period of twenty years. Meanwhile, parts of the "
+"program would be “cannibalized” to form the beginnings of other "
+"programs."
+msgstr ""
+"ТÑеÑÑÑ ÑазновидноÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð°ÑеÑиалÑного
ÑÑеÑба заÑÑÐ°Ð³Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. "
+"РазÑабоÑка пÑогÑамм ÑÑадиÑионно ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ
ÑволÑÑионнÑм пÑоÑеÑÑом, когда "
+"ÑазÑабоÑÑик беÑÐµÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ
и ÑаÑÑиÑно пеÑепиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ, "
+"добавлÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð½Ð¾Ð²ÑÑ Ð¾ÑобенноÑÑÑ, а заÑем
кÑо-нибÑÐ´Ñ Ð´ÑÑгой ÑаÑÑиÑно "
+"пеÑепиÑÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ, добавлÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгÑÑ
оÑобенноÑÑÑ; в некоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
ÑÑо "
+"пÑодолжаеÑÑÑ ÑвÑÑе двадÑаÑи леÑ. Ð ÑÑо
вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑÑагменÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³ÑÑ "
+"“ÑазбиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° запÑаÑÑи”, из
коÑоÑÑÑ
ÑкладÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"новÑÑ
пÑогÑамм."
+
+msgid ""
+"The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it necessary "
+"to start from scratch when developing a program. It also prevents new "
+"practitioners from studying existing programs to learn useful techniques or "
+"even how large programs can be structured."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐалиÑие владелÑÑев пÑепÑÑÑÑвÑÐµÑ Ñакой
ÑволÑÑии, Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимÑм каждÑй Ñаз "
+"пÑиÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑке пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ñ
Ñамого наÑала. Ðно Ñакже не позволÑÐµÑ "
+"новиÑкам изÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие пÑогÑаммÑ,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑÑÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½Ñми "
+"пÑиемами или Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ñ Ñем, как можно
ÑÑÑÑкÑÑÑиÑоваÑÑ ÐºÑÑпнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Owners also obstruct education. I have met bright students in computer "
+"science who have never seen the source code of a large program. They may be "
+"good at writing small programs, but they can't begin to learn the different "
+"skills of writing large ones if they can't see how others have done it."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоме Ñого, владелÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑивоÑÑоÑÑ
обÑазованиÑ. Я вÑÑÑеÑал блеÑÑÑÑиÑ
"
+"ÑÑÑденÑов, изÑÑаÑÑиÑ
вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑнÑÑ ÑеÑ
никÑ, коÑоÑÑе никогда не видели "
+"иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов болÑÑой пÑогÑаммÑ. Ðни,
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ, Ñ
оÑоÑо пиÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑие "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, но они не могÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ
пеÑенимаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð²Ñки ÑÐ¾Ð·Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ "
+"кÑÑпнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, еÑли они не видÑÑ, как
ÑÑо делали дÑÑгие. "
+
+msgid ""
+"In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing on the "
+"shoulders of others. But that is no longer generally allowed in the "
+"software field—you can only stand on the shoulders of the other people "
+"<em>in your own company</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо вÑеÑ
облаÑÑÑÑ
инÑеллекÑÑалÑной
деÑÑелÑноÑÑи можно покоÑиÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ "
+"гÑандиознÑе вÑÑоÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ñ Ð½Ð° плеÑаÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
.
Ðо ÑÑо, вообÑе говоÑÑ, болÑÑе не "
+"ÑазÑеÑено в облаÑÑи
пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ — Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе
опиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ÑÑ "
+"на лÑдей, ÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
<em>в ваÑей
компании</em>."
+
+msgid ""
+"The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific "
+"cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate even "
+"when their countries were at war. In this spirit, Japanese oceanographers "
+"abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific carefully preserved their "
+"work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a note asking them to take good "
+"care of it."
+msgstr ""
+"СвÑзаннÑй Ñ ÑÑим пÑиÑ
ологиÑеÑкий вÑед
заÑÑÐ°Ð³Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑ
наÑÑного "
+"ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва, коÑоÑÑй ÑÑадиÑионно бÑл
ÑÑÐ¾Ð»Ñ Ñилен, ÑÑо ÑÑенÑе "
+"ÑоÑÑÑдниÑали, даже когда иÑ
ÑÑÑанÑ
воевали дÑÑг Ñ Ð´ÑÑгом. ÐейÑÑвÑÑ Ð² Ñаком "
+"дÑÑ
е, ÑпонÑкие океаногÑаÑÑ, Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ¸Ð´Ð°Ñ ÑвоÑ
лабоÑаÑоÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½Ð° оÑÑÑове в ТиÑ
ом "
+"океане, ÑÑаÑелÑно законÑеÑвиÑовали Ñвои
ÑабоÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑÑÑпавÑиÑ
ÐÐС СШРи "
+"оÑÑавили им запиÑÐºÑ Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑÑбой должнÑм
обÑазом позабоÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð¾ ниÑ
."
+
+msgid ""
+"Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared. "
+"Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers to "
+"enable others to replicate the experiment. They publish only enough to let "
+"readers marvel at how much they were able to do. This is certainly true in "
+"computer science, where the source code for the programs reported on is "
+"usually secret."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐкономиÑеÑкий конÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ ÑазÑÑÑил Ñо, ÑÑо
поÑадил конÑÐ»Ð¸ÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´ÑнаÑоднÑй. "
+"Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ ÑÑенÑе многиÑ
ÑпеÑиалÑноÑÑей не
пÑбликÑÑÑ Ð² ÑвоиÑ
ÑÑаÑÑÑÑ
доÑÑаÑоÑно "
+"инÑоÑмаÑии, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑгие могли
воÑпÑоизвеÑÑи ÑкÑпеÑименÑ. Ðни
огÑаниÑиваÑÑÑÑ "
+"обÑемом, доÑÑаÑоÑнÑм, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑиÑаÑели
подивилиÑÑ ÑомÑ, как много авÑоÑÑ "
+"Ñмогли ÑделаÑÑ. СиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð±ÐµÑÑпоÑно Ñакова
в облаÑÑи вÑÑиÑлиÑелÑной ÑеÑ
ники, "
+"где иÑÑ
однÑе ÑекÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе
опиÑÑваÑÑÑÑ, обÑÑно ÑекÑеÑнÑ."
+
+msgid "It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted"
+msgstr "Ðе Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑениÑ, как огÑаниÑиваеÑÑÑ
обмен"
+
+msgid ""
+"I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying, "
+"changing, and building on a program. I have not specified how this "
+"obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion. "
+"Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or "
+"encryption, or <acronym title=\"Read-only Memory\">ROM</acronym> cards, or "
+"hardware serial numbers, if it <em>succeeds</em> in preventing use, it does "
+"harm."
+msgstr ""
+"Я ÑаÑÑÑждал о поÑледÑÑвиÑÑ
запÑеÑа
копиÑоваÑÑ, изменÑÑÑ Ð¸ доÑабаÑÑваÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ. Я не конкÑеÑизиÑовал, каким
обÑазом вводÑÑÑÑ ÑÑи огÑаниÑениÑ, "
+"поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑо не влиÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð° ÑделаннÑе
вÑводÑ. ÐелаеÑÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ "
+"заÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ, авÑоÑÑкого пÑава,
лиÑензий, ÑиÑÑованиÑ, ÑлекÑÑоннÑÑ
"
+"клÑÑей или ÑеÑийнÑÑ
номеÑов
аппаÑаÑÑÑÑ — еÑли Ñаким обÑазом "
+"<em>ÑдаеÑÑÑ</em> огÑаниÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ñименение, ÑÑо
наноÑÐ¸Ñ Ð²Ñед."
+
+msgid ""
+"Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others. I "
+"suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their "
+"objective."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðдни из ÑÑиÑ
меÑодов полÑзоваÑели ÑÑиÑаÑÑ
более оÑвÑаÑиÑелÑнÑми, Ñем дÑÑгие. "
+"Я полагаÑ, ÑÑо наиболее ненавиÑÑÐ½Ñ Ñе из
меÑодов, коÑоÑÑе ÑпÑавлÑÑÑÑÑ Ñо "
+"Ñвоей задаÑей."
+
+msgid "Software Should be Free"
+msgstr "ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑвободнÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"I have shown how ownership of a program—the power to restrict changing "
+"or copying it—is obstructive. Its negative effects are widespread and "
+"important. It follows that society shouldn't have owners for programs."
+msgstr ""
+"Я показал, как владение пÑогÑаммой —
влаÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑиваÑÑ ÐµÐµ "
+"изменение или копиÑование —
ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼ÐµÑ
ой. Ðго негаÑивнÑе "
+"поÑледÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑокомаÑÑÑÐ°Ð±Ð½Ñ Ð¸ важнÑ.
ÐÑÑÑда ÑледÑеÑ, ÑÑо владелÑÑев пÑогÑамм "
+"в обÑеÑÑве бÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ должно."
+
+msgid ""
+"Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free software, "
+"and proprietary software is a poor substitute. Encouraging the substitute "
+"is not a rational way to get what we need."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо-дÑÑÐ³Ð¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо можно понÑÑÑ Ñак: на Ñамом
деле обÑеÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð½ÑÐ¶Ð½Ñ ÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, а неÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ —
лиÑÑ ÑÐ»Ð°Ð±Ð°Ñ Ð¸Ñ
замена. "
+"ÐеÑазÑмно пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸ÑелÑ, еÑли нам
нÑжно неÑÑо дÑÑгое."
+
+msgid ""
+"Vaclav Havel has advised us to “Work for something because it is good, "
+"not just because it stands a chance to succeed.” A business making "
+"proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow terms, but "
+"it is not what is good for society."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑлав Ðавел ÑовеÑовал нам “занимаÑÑÑÑ
Ñвоим делом поÑомÑ, ÑÑо оно "
+"полезно, а не ÑолÑко поÑомÑ, ÑÑо оно
пÑедоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ "
+"пÑеÑÑпеÑÑ”. ÐÑедпÑиÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ вÑпÑÑкÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм пÑедлагаÑÑ "
+"возможноÑÑÑ ÑÑпеÑ
а в Ñвоем ÑобÑÑвенном
Ñзком ÑмÑÑле, но ÑÑо не Ñо, ÑÑо "
+"полезно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва. "
+
+msgid "Why People Will Develop Software"
+msgstr "ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð»Ñди бÑдÑÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging people to develop "
+"software, at first less software will be developed, but that software will "
+"be more useful. It is not clear whether the overall delivered user "
+"satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if we wish to increase it "
+"anyway, there are other ways to encourage development, just as there are "
+"ways besides toll booths to raise money for streets. Before I talk about how "
+"that can be done, first I want to question how much artificial encouragement "
+"is truly necessary."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑÑаним авÑоÑÑкое пÑаво как
ÑÑедÑÑво пооÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñо внаÑале бÑдеÑ
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÑÑе пÑогÑамм, но ÑÑи "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±ÑдÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐ·Ð½ÐµÐµ. ÐеÑÑно, ÑÑанÑÑ
ли нÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð² Ñелом "
+"ÑдовлеÑвоÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð»ÑÑÑе или Ñ
Ñже, но еÑли
положение ÑÑ
ÑдÑиÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ еÑли Ð¼Ñ "
+"пожелаем, Ñем не менее, ÑлÑÑÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾, Ñо
еÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑимÑлиÑоваÑÑ "
+"ÑазÑабоÑкÑ, подобно ÑомÑ, как еÑÑÑ
возможноÑÑÑ ÑинанÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑожнÑе ÑабоÑÑ
"
+"помимо ÑбоÑа поÑлин. ÐеÑед ÑаÑÑказом о
Ñом, как ÑÑо можно делаÑÑ, Ñ Ñ
оÑел Ð±Ñ "
+"поÑÑавиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ Ñом, наÑколÑко в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи необÑ
одимо "
+"иÑкÑÑÑÑвенное пооÑÑение."
+
+msgid "Programming is Fun"
+msgstr "ÐÑогÑаммиÑование ÑвлекаÑелÑно"
+
+msgid ""
+"There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money; road "
+"construction, for example. There are other fields of study and art in which "
+"there is little chance to become rich, which people enter for their "
+"fascination or their perceived value to society. Examples include "
+"mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and political "
+"organizing among working people. People compete, more sadly than bitterly, "
+"for the few funded positions available, none of which is funded very well. "
+"They may even pay for the chance to work in the field, if they can afford to."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ ÑÑд занÑÑий, коÑоÑÑе не пÑивлекли бÑ
пÑакÑиÑеÑки никого, еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не "
+"пÑиноÑили денег, напÑимеÑ, пÑокладка
доÑог. Ðо еÑÑÑ Ð¸ дÑÑгие облаÑÑи "
+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, в коÑоÑÑÑ
мало возможноÑÑей
ÑазбогаÑеÑÑ Ð¸ коÑоÑÑм лÑди "
+"поÑвÑÑаÑÑ ÑÐµÐ±Ñ Ð¸Ð·-за иÑ
пÑивлекаÑелÑноÑÑи
или пÑедполагаемой ÑенноÑÑи Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"обÑеÑÑва. ÐÑимеÑами могÑÑ ÑлÑжиÑÑ
маÑемаÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸ÐºÐ°, клаÑÑиÑеÑÐºÐ°Ñ "
+"мÑзÑка, аÑÑ
ÐµÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ полиÑиÑеÑкие
оÑганизаÑии ÑÑеди ÑÑÑдÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ. ÐÑди "
+"ÑопеÑниÑаÑÑ, ÑкоÑее Ñ Ð³ÑÑÑÑÑÑ, Ñем Ñ
ожеÑÑоÑением, за неболÑÑое колиÑеÑÑво "
+"оплаÑиваемÑÑ
должноÑÑей, ни одна из
коÑоÑÑÑ
не оплаÑиваеÑÑÑ Ð²ÑÑоко. Ðни "
+"иногда даже плаÑÑÑ Ð·Ð° возможноÑÑÑ
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой облаÑÑи, еÑли могÑÑ Ñебе "
+"ÑÑо позволиÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the "
+"possibility of getting rich. When one worker gets rich, others demand the "
+"same opportunity. Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing what "
+"they used to do for pleasure. When another couple of years go by, everyone "
+"connected with the field will deride the idea that work would be done in the "
+"field without large financial returns. They will advise social planners to "
+"ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing special privileges, "
+"powers, and monopolies as necessary to do so."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¢Ð°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¾ÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑеобÑазиÑÑÑÑ Ð² одно
мгновение, еÑли в ней поÑвлÑеÑÑÑ "
+"возможноÑÑÑ ÑазбогаÑеÑÑ. Ðогда один из
ÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
богаÑееÑ, дÑÑгие ÑÑебÑÑÑ "
+"Ñого же. ÐÑкоÑе вÑе наÑинаÑÑ ÑÑебоваÑÑ
кÑÑпнÑе ÑÑÐ¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ³ за Ñо, ÑÑо Ñанее "
+"делали Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑдоволÑÑÑвиÑ. СпÑÑÑÑ ÐµÑе паÑÑ
Ð»ÐµÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ, кÑо ÑвÑзан Ñ ÑÑой "
+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑÑ, бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑмеÑно даже
подÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо в данной облаÑÑи можно "
+"ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ· ÑолиднÑÑ
ÑинанÑовÑÑ
обоÑоÑов. Ðни наÑнÑÑ ÑовеÑоваÑÑ Ñем, кÑо "
+"вÑбиÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´Ð°Ð»ÑнейÑий пÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва,
обеÑпеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ ÑакиÑ
обоÑоÑов, "
+"пÑедпиÑÑÐ²Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑобÑе пÑивилегии, влаÑÑÑ Ð¸
монополии как необÑ
одимÑе Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого "
+"ÑÑловиÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"This change happened in the field of computer programming in the 1980s. In "
+"the 1970s, there were articles on “computer addiction”: users "
+"were “onlining” and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits. It was "
+"generally understood that people frequently loved programming enough to "
+"break up their marriages. Today, it is generally understood that no one "
+"would program except for a high rate of pay. People have forgotten what they "
+"knew back then."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑи пеÑÐµÐ¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿ÑоизоÑли в облаÑÑи
пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð² воÑÑмидеÑÑÑÑе Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ "
+"XX века. Ð ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
вÑÑ
одили ÑÑаÑÑи о
“компÑÑÑеÑомании”: "
+"полÑзоваÑели “завиÑали” Ñ
ÑеÑминалов, огÑаниÑиваÑÑÑ ÑоÑней "
+"доллаÑов в Ð½ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð° лиÑнÑе нÑждÑ. ÐÑем
бÑло понÑÑно, ÑÑо лÑди неÑедко "
+"наÑÑолÑко лÑбÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, ÑÑо
ÑазÑÑÑаÑÑ Ñвои ÑемÑи. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ "
+"обÑепÑинÑÑÑм ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ðµ, ÑÑо никÑо
не бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ, кÑоме как "
+"за вÑÑокÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ. ÐÑди позабÑли о Ñом, ÑÑо
знали в Ñе вÑемена."
+
+msgid ""
+"When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a certain "
+"field only for high pay, it need not remain true. The dynamic of change can "
+"run in reverse, if society provides an impetus. If we take away the "
+"possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the people have "
+"readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager to work in the "
+"field for the joy of accomplishment."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðогда Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ вÑемени веÑно, ÑÑо
болÑÑинÑÑво бÑÐ´ÐµÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² некоÑоÑой "
+"облаÑÑи лиÑÑ Ð·Ð° вÑÑокÑÑ Ð¿Ð»Ð°ÑÑ, ÑÑо не
обÑзаÑелÑно бÑÐ´ÐµÑ Ð²ÐµÑно вÑегда. "
+"Ðинамика пеÑемен Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÐµÑнÑÑÑ Ð²ÑпÑÑÑ,
еÑли обÑеÑÑво пÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¾Ð¶Ð¸Ñ ÑÑилиÑ. ÐÑли "
+"Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑÑаним возможноÑÑÑ ÑилÑно
ÑазбогаÑеÑÑ, Ñо ÑпÑÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¾Ðµ-Ñо вÑемÑ,
когда "
+"лÑди пеÑеÑмоÑÑÑÑ Ñвои позиÑии, они опÑÑÑ
бÑдÑÑ ÑÑÑемиÑÑÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² ÑÑой "
+"облаÑÑи Ñади ÑдоволÑÑÑÐ²Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñполненной
ÑабоÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The question “How can we pay programmers?” becomes an easier "
+"question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a fortune. A "
+"mere living is easier to raise."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐопÑÐ¾Ñ “как плаÑиÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑам?”
ÑÑановиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑе, когда Ð¼Ñ "
+"понимаем, ÑÑо ÑÑо не обÑзаÑелÑно должно
бÑÑÑ Ñелое ÑоÑÑоÑние. ÐÑоÑÑÑÑ Ð¶Ð¸Ð·Ð½Ñ "
+"ÑинанÑиÑоваÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ³Ñе."
+
+msgid "Funding Free Software"
+msgstr "ФинанÑиÑование ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм"
+
+msgid ""
+"Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses. Many "
+"other institutions already exist that can do this."
+msgstr ""
+"УÑÑеждениÑ, коÑоÑÑе плаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑам,
не обÑзаÑелÑно Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ ÑиÑмами "
+"по пÑоизводÑÑÐ²Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм. Уже ÑейÑÐ°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
множеÑÑво дÑÑгиÑ
оÑганизаÑий, "
+"коÑоÑÑе могÑÑ ÑÑо делаÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software development "
+"even if they cannot control the use of the software. In 1970, much of their "
+"software was free because they did not consider restricting it. Today, their "
+"increasing willingness to join consortiums shows their realization that "
+"owning the software is not what is really important for them."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑоизводиÑели обоÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ
одÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимÑм поддеÑживаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ "
+"пÑогÑамм, даже еÑли не могÑÑ
конÑÑолиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
иÑполÑзование. Ð 1970 "
+"Ð³Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
пÑогÑамм бÑла
Ñвободной, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ не "
+"задÑмÑвалиÑÑ Ð¾Ð± огÑаниÑениÑÑ
. СегоднÑ
ÑаÑÑÑÑÐ°Ñ Ð³Ð¾ÑовноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелей "
+"обоÑÑÐ´Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑединÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² конÑоÑÑиÑмÑ
показÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¸Ñ
понимание, ÑÑо на деле "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
важно не владение пÑогÑаммами."
+
+msgid ""
+"Universities conduct many programming projects. Today they often sell the "
+"results, but in the 1970s they did not. Is there any doubt that "
+"universities would develop free software if they were not allowed to sell "
+"software? These projects could be supported by the same government contracts "
+"and grants that now support proprietary software development."
+msgstr ""
+"УнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð¿ÑоводÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑÑво ÑÐ°Ð±Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑаÑÑо "
+"ÑоÑгÑÑÑ Ñвоими ÑезÑлÑÑаÑами, но в
ÑемидеÑÑÑÑÑ
годаÑ
XX века Ñакого не "
+"бÑло. Ðожно ли ÑомневаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑ Ð±ÑдÑÑ ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ
ÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, еÑли им не позволÑÑ ÑоÑговаÑÑ
пÑогÑаммами? ÐÑи пÑоекÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð¸ Ð±Ñ "
+"поддеÑживаÑÑÑÑ Ñеми же
пÑавиÑелÑÑÑвеннÑми конÑÑакÑами и
доÑаÑиÑми, коÑоÑÑе "
+"ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаÑÑ ÑазÑабоÑкÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм."
+
+msgid ""
+"It is common today for university researchers to get grants to develop a "
+"system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call that “"
+"finished”, and then start companies where they really finish the "
+"project and make it usable. Sometimes they declare the unfinished version "
+"“free”; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an "
+"exclusive license from the university. This is not a secret; it is openly "
+"admitted by everyone concerned. Yet if the researchers were not exposed to "
+"the temptation to do these things, they would still do their research."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑна ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ, когда
ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑÑкие иÑÑледоваÑели, ÑÑобÑ
полÑÑиÑÑ "
+"ÑÑедÑÑва на ÑазÑабоÑÐºÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ, доводÑÑ
ее пÑакÑиÑеÑки до завеÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸ "
+"назÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ “завеÑÑеннÑм”, а
заÑем оÑновÑваÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¸, "
+"коÑоÑÑе дейÑÑвиÑелÑно заканÑиваÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ
над ним и делаÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ полезнÑм. "
+"Ðногда они обÑÑвлÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²ÐµÑÑеннÑÑ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ “Ñвободной”; еÑли же "
+"они оконÑаÑелÑно иÑпоÑÑенÑ, Ñо вмеÑÑо
ÑÑого полÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑелÑнÑе пÑава Ð¾Ñ "
+"ÑнивеÑÑиÑеÑа. ÐÑо не ÑекÑеÑ; ÑÑо оÑкÑÑÑо
пÑизнаÑÑ Ð²Ñе, кÑо ÑÑим занимаеÑÑÑ. "
+"Ðо еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¸ÑÑледоваÑели не подвеÑгалиÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑовеÑÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð¾Ð±Ð½Ð¾Ðµ, они "
+"вÑе Ñавно пÑодолжали Ð±Ñ Ñвои
иÑÑледованиÑ. "
+
+msgid ""
+"Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling services "
+"related to the software. I have been hired to port the <a href=\"/software/"
+"gcc/\">GNU C compiler</a> to new hardware, and to make user-interface "
+"extensions to <a href=\"/software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (I offer these "
+"improvements to the public once they are done.) I also teach classes for "
+"which I am paid."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ-ÑазÑабоÑÑики ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм могÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð° жизнÑ, "
+"пÑÐ¾Ð´Ð°Ð²Ð°Ñ ÑÑлÑги, ÑвÑзаннÑе Ñ ÑÑими
пÑогÑаммами. Ðне пÑиÑ
одилоÑÑ ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ "
+"Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ пеÑеноÑом <a
href=\"/software/gcc/\">компилÑÑоÑа Си GNU</a> на "
+"новое обоÑÑдование и ÑаÑÑиÑениÑми
инÑеÑÑейÑа полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ <a href=\"/"
+"software/emacs/\">GNU Emacs</a>. (Я пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ ÑÑи
ÑлÑÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑвÑ, когда "
+"они бÑваÑÑ Ð³Ð¾ÑовÑ.) ÐÑоме Ñого, Ñ Ð¿ÑовожÑ
обÑÑение, и за ÑÑо мне плаÑÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful, growing "
+"corporation which does no other kind of work. Several other companies also "
+"provide commercial support for the free software of the GNU system. This is "
+"the beginning of the independent software support industry—an industry "
+"that could become quite large if free software becomes prevalent. It "
+"provides users with an option generally unavailable for proprietary "
+"software, except to the very wealthy."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðе Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð½ ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ Ñак; в наÑÑоÑÑее вÑемÑ
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÐµÑ ÑÑпеÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑаÑÑÑÑÐ°Ñ "
+"коÑпоÑаÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°ÐµÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
Ñакой ÑабоÑой. ÐеÑколÑко дÑÑгиÑ
"
+"компаний Ñакже пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°ÐµÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼ÐµÑÑеÑкÑÑ
поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"GNU. ÐаÑождаеÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð½Ð´ÑÑÑÑÐ¸Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°Ð²Ð¸Ñимой
поддеÑжки пÑогÑамм — "
+"индÑÑÑÑиÑ, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑÑаÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑма
обÑиÑной, еÑли ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ "
+"ÑÑанÑÑ Ð¿ÑеобладаÑÑ. Ðна пÑедоÑÑавлÑеÑ
возможноÑÑи, обÑÑно недоÑÑÑпнÑе "
+"полÑзоваÑелÑм неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, за
иÑклÑÑением оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑÑ
."
+
+msgid ""
+"New institutions such as the <a href=\"/fsf/fsf.html\">Free Software "
+"Foundation</a> can also fund programmers. Most of the Foundation's funds "
+"come from users buying tapes through the mail. The software on the tapes is "
+"free, which means that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, "
+"but many nonetheless pay to get copies. (Recall that “free "
+"software” refers to freedom, not to price.) Some users who already "
+"have a copy order tapes as a way of making a contribution they feel we "
+"deserve. The Foundation also receives sizable donations from computer "
+"manufacturers."
+msgstr ""
+"Такие новÑе ÑÑÑеждениÑ, как <a
href=\"http://www.fsf.org\">Фонд Ñвободного "
+"пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</a>, Ñакже могÑÑ
ÑодеÑжаÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов. ÐÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ð½Ð°Ñ "
+"ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑÑплений Ñонда вноÑиÑÑÑ
полÑзоваÑелÑми, коÑоÑÑе заказÑваÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ½ÑÑ
по "
+"поÑÑе. ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑÑиÑ
ленÑаÑ
ÑвободнÑ,
а ÑÑо знаÑиÑ, ÑÑо каждÑй "
+"полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ñвободно копиÑоваÑÑ Ð¸
изменÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, но многие вÑе Ñавно "
+"плаÑÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑÑиÑÑ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ. (ÐÑпомниÑе:
вÑÑажение “ÑвободнÑе "
+"пÑогÑаммє оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº Ñвободе, а не к
Ñене.) ÐекоÑоÑÑе полÑзоваÑели "
+"заказÑваÑÑ Ð»ÐµÐ½ÑÑ, Ñже ÑаÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÐµÐ¹
нÑжной пÑогÑаммÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñем ÑамÑм "
+"оказаÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑжкÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ñ, по иÑ
мнениÑ, заÑлÑжили. Фонд Ñакже полÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ "
+"знаÑиÑелÑнÑе пожеÑÑÐ²Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ
пÑоизводиÑелей компÑÑÑеÑов."
+
+msgid ""
+"The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on hiring "
+"as many programmers as possible. If it had been set up as a business, "
+"distributing the same free software to the public for the same fee, it would "
+"now provide a very good living for its founder."
+msgstr ""
+"Фонд Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного
обеÑпеÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ — благоÑвоÑиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ "
+"оÑганизаÑиÑ, и его ÑÑедÑÑва иÑполÑзÑÑÑÑÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ð° возможно болÑÑего "
+"колиÑеÑÑва пÑогÑаммиÑÑов. ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½ бÑл
оÑнован как коммеÑÑеÑкое "
+"пÑедпÑиÑÑие по ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑеÑ
же
ÑамÑÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм в обÑеÑÑве за "
+"ÑÑ Ð¶Ðµ плаÑÑ, ÑÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ð½ обеÑпеÑил Ð±Ñ Ð¾ÑенÑ
Ñ
оÑоÑий доÑÑаÑок ÑÐ²Ð¾ÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"оÑноваÑелÑ. "
+
+msgid ""
+"Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the "
+"Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere. They do this because "
+"we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction in knowing "
+"that their work will not be obstructed from use. Most of all, they do it "
+"because programming is fun. In addition, volunteers have written many "
+"useful programs for us. (Even technical writers have begun to volunteer.)"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ñонд — благоÑвоÑиÑелÑнаÑ
оÑганизаÑиÑ, пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ "
+"неÑедко ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ³Ð¾ за половинÑ
Ñого, ÑÑо они могли Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð² "
+"дÑÑгом меÑÑе. Ðни делаÑÑ ÑÑо поÑомÑ, ÑÑо мÑ
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð±ÑÑокÑаÑии, и "
+"поÑомÑ, ÑÑо оÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑдовлеÑвоÑение оÑ
ÑознаниÑ, ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑабоÑÑ Ð½Ðµ "
+"бÑдÑÑ Ð¼ÐµÑаÑÑ. Ðо пÑежде вÑего они
поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ñак поÑомÑ, ÑÑо пÑогÑаммиÑование
"
+"ÑвлекаÑелÑно. Рдополнение к ÑÑомÑ, многие
полезнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли напиÑÐ°Ð½Ñ "
+"Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð½Ð¾. (Ðезвозмездно
наÑали ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð°Ð¶Ðµ ÑоÑÑавиÑели "
+"докÑменÑаÑии.)"
+
+msgid ""
+"This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all fields, "
+"along with music and art. We don't have to fear that no one will want to "
+"program."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑим подÑвеÑждаеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо
пÑогÑаммиÑование ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð¸Ð¼ из
наиболее "
+"заÑ
ваÑÑваÑÑиÑ
видов деÑÑелÑноÑÑи наÑÑдÑ
Ñ Ð¼ÑзÑкой и живопиÑÑÑ. Ðе ÑÑÐ¾Ð¸Ñ "
+"опаÑаÑÑÑÑ, ÑÑо никÑо не заÑ
оÑеÑ
пÑогÑаммиÑоваÑÑ."
+
+msgid "What Do Users Owe to Developers?"
+msgstr "Чем полÑзоваÑели обÑзанÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑикам?"
+
+msgid ""
+"There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral obligation to "
+"contribute to its support. Developers of free software are contributing to "
+"the users' activities, and it is both fair and in the long-term interest of "
+"the users to give them funds to continue."
+msgstr ""
+"У полÑзоваÑелей пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ
ÑазÑÐ¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑина оÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾ÑалÑное "
+"обÑзаÑелÑÑÑво помоÑÑ Ð² ее поддеÑжке. Ð
азÑабоÑÑики ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм "
+"оказÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑм в иÑ
деÑÑелÑноÑÑи, Ñак ÑÑо Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ "
+"полÑзоваÑелей не ÑолÑко ÑпÑаведливо, но и
далÑновидно пÑедоÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼ "
+"ÑÑедÑÑва Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑÐ¾Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ ÑабоÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers, since "
+"obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðднако ÑÑо не оÑноÑиÑÑÑ Ðº ÑазÑабоÑÑикам
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑоÑ, "
+"кÑо меÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð´ÑÑгим, заÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð½Ð°ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ,
а не нагÑадÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled to the "
+"support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral obligation into a "
+"requirement destroys the basis for the obligation. A developer can either "
+"deserve a reward or demand it, but not both."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑак, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑли к паÑадокÑÑ: ÑазÑабоÑÑик
полезнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¿Ñаво на "
+"поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ Ñо ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей, но
лÑбÑе попÑÑки пÑевÑаÑиÑÑ ÑÑо "
+"моÑалÑное обÑзаÑелÑÑÑво в ÑÑебование
ÑазÑÑÑаÑÑ Ð¾Ñнование Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого "
+"обÑзаÑелÑÑÑва. РазÑабоÑÑик Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸Ð±Ð¾
заÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑадÑ, либо ÑÑебоваÑÑ "
+"ее, но не одновÑеменно."
+
+msgid ""
+"I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act so as "
+"to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for voluntary "
+"donations. Eventually the users will learn to support developers without "
+"coercion, just as they have learned to support public radio and television "
+"stations."
+msgstr ""
+"Я Ñбежден, ÑÑо поÑÑдоÑнÑй ÑазÑабоÑÑик,
оказавÑиÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñом к лиÑÑ Ñ ÑÑим "
+"паÑадокÑом, должен поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ñак, ÑÑобÑ
заÑлÑживаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð³ÑадÑ, но ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑледÑÐµÑ "
+"Ñакже пÑизÑваÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей к
добÑоволÑнÑм пожеÑÑвованиÑм. РконÑе
конÑов "
+"полÑзоваÑели наÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ð´ÐµÑживаÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑÑиков без пÑинÑждениÑ, подобно "
+"ÑомÑ, как они Ñже пÑивÑкли делаÑÑ ÑÑо длÑ
обÑеÑÑвенного Ñадио и ÑелевидениÑ."
+
+msgid "What Is Software Productivity?"
+msgstr "ЧÑо Ñакое пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ
пÑогÑаммÑ?"
+
+msgid ""
+"If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps fewer "
+"of them. Would this be bad for society?"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð±Ñли ÑвободнÑ,
пÑогÑаммиÑÑÑ Ð²Ñе Ñавно наÑлиÑÑ Ð±Ñ, но "
+"возможно, в менÑÑем колиÑеÑÑве. ÐÑло Ð±Ñ Ð»Ð¸
ÑÑо плоÑ
о Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва?"
+
+msgid ""
+"Not necessarily. Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than in "
+"1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few deliver "
+"more food to the consumers than the many used to do. We call this improved "
+"productivity. Free software would require far fewer programmers to satisfy "
+"the demand, because of increased software productivity at all levels:"
+msgstr ""
+"Ðе обÑзаÑелÑно. Ð¡ÐµÐ³Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð² ÑазвиÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
менÑÑе ÑеÑмеÑов, Ñем в 1900 "
+"годÑ, но Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаем, ÑÑо ÑÑо плоÑ
о длÑ
обÑеÑÑва, поÑколÑÐºÑ ÑÑи немногие "
+"доÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе пÑодÑкÑов
поÑÑебиÑелÑм, Ñем многие в пÑоÑлом. ÐÑ
назÑваем "
+"ÑÑо повÑÑением пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑÑда.
СвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебовали Ð±Ñ "
+"гоÑаздо менÑÑе пÑогÑаммиÑÑов, ÑÑобÑ
ÑдовлеÑвоÑиÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÑебноÑÑи, благодаÑÑ "
+"повÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммной
пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи на вÑеÑ
ÑÑовнÑÑ
:"
+
+msgid "Wider use of each program that is developed."
+msgstr "Ðолее ÑиÑокое пÑименение каждой
ÑазÑабоÑанной пÑогÑаммÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead of starting "
+"from scratch."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐозможноÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑиÑпоÑобиÑÑ Ðº Ñвоим нÑждам
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑие пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¼ÐµÑÑо Ñого, "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¸ÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð¾Ð²Ñе Ñ Ñамого наÑала."
+
+msgid "Better education of programmers."
+msgstr "УлÑÑÑение обÑÐ°Ð·Ð¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÑов."
+
+msgid "The elimination of duplicate development effort."
+msgstr "ÐÑклÑÑение дÑблиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑилий по
ÑазÑабоÑке."
+
+msgid ""
+"Those who object to cooperation claiming it would result in the employment "
+"of fewer programmers are actually objecting to increased productivity. Yet "
+"these people usually accept the widely held belief that the software "
+"industry needs increased productivity. How is this?"
+msgstr ""
+"Те, кÑо возÑÐ°Ð¶Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑва,
ÑÑвеÑждаÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо пÑÐ¸Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÑ Ðº Ð½Ð°Ð¹Ð¼Ñ "
+"менÑÑего колиÑеÑÑва пÑогÑаммиÑÑов, в
дейÑÑвиÑелÑноÑÑи возÑажаÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑив "
+"повÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи ÑÑÑда. РвÑе
же ÑÑи лÑди обÑÑно ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ñ "
+"ÑиÑоко ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑаненнÑм Ñбеждением, ÑÑо
оÑÑаÑÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½ÑждаеÑÑÑ Ð² "
+"повÑÑении пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи. Ðак ÑÑо
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ?"
+
+msgid ""
+"“Software productivity” can mean two different things: the "
+"overall productivity of all software development, or the productivity of "
+"individual projects. Overall productivity is what society would like to "
+"improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the "
+"artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it. But researchers who "
+"study the field of “software productivity” focus only on the "
+"second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult "
+"technological advances."
+msgstr ""
+"”ÐÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ”
Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑаÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° ÑазлиÑнÑÑ
"
+"понÑÑиÑ: ÑовокÑпнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ
ÑазÑабоÑки пÑогÑамм вообÑе и "
+"пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ Ð¾ÑделÑно взÑÑÑÑ
пÑоекÑов. ÐбÑеÑÑво желало Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð²ÑÑиÑÑ "
+"ÑовокÑпнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ, и ÑамÑй
пÑÑмой пÑÑÑ Ðº ÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ — "
+"ÑÑÑÑаниÑÑ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÑÑвеннÑе помеÑ
и
ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑвÑ, коÑоÑÑе ÑÑÑ "
+"пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ ÑнижаÑÑ. Ðо
иÑÑледоваÑели, коÑоÑÑе изÑÑаÑÑ “"
+"пÑогÑаммнÑÑ Ð¿ÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑÑ”,
ÑоÑÑедоÑоÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¸ÑклÑÑиÑелÑно на "
+"вÑоÑом, огÑаниÑенном, Ñолковании
пÑоизводиÑелÑноÑÑи, ÑлÑÑÑение коÑоÑой "
+"ÑÑебÑÐµÑ ÑложнÑÑ
ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкиÑ
ÑÑовеÑÑенÑÑвований."
+
+msgid "Is Competition Inevitable?"
+msgstr "Ðеизбежна ли конкÑÑенÑиÑ?"
+
+msgid ""
+"Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their rivals in "
+"society? Perhaps it is. But competition itself is not harmful; the harmful "
+"thing is <em>combat</em>."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðеизбежно ли лÑди бÑдÑÑ ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ
ÑопеÑниÑаÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑевзойÑи конкÑÑенÑов? "
+"Ðозможно. Ðо ÑопеÑниÑеÑÑво Ñамо по Ñебе не
вÑедно, вÑедна <em>дÑака</em>."
+
+msgid ""
+"There are many ways to compete. Competition can consist of trying to "
+"achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done. For example, in the old "
+"days, there was competition among programming wizards—competition for "
+"who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who could make "
+"the shortest or fastest program for a given task. This kind of competition "
+"can benefit everyone, <em>as long as</em> the spirit of good sportsmanship "
+"is maintained."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ видов конкÑÑенÑии. Ðна можеÑ
заклÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð² попÑÑкаÑ
доÑÑиÑÑ "
+"болÑÑего, пÑевзойÑи Ñделанное дÑÑгими.
ÐапÑимеÑ, в ÑÑаÑÑе добÑÑе вÑемена "
+"кÑдеÑники пÑогÑаммиÑÐ¾Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑоÑÑÑзалиÑÑ Ð²
Ñом, кÑо заÑÑÐ°Ð²Ð¸Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¿ÑÑÑÐµÑ ÑделаÑÑ "
+"Ñамое ÑдивиÑелÑное или кÑо напиÑÐµÑ ÑамÑÑ
коÑоÑкÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ бÑÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ "
+"некоÑоÑой задаÑи. Такое ÑоÑÑÑзание можеÑ
пÑинеÑÑи полÑÐ·Ñ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð¼Ñ, <em>до ÑеÑ
"
+"поÑ, пока</em> ÑоÑ
ÑанÑеÑÑÑ ÑпоÑÑивнÑй дÑÑ
."
+
+msgid ""
+"Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to great "
+"efforts. A number of people are competing to be the first to have visited "
+"all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to do this. But "
+"they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on desert islands. "
+"They are content to let the best person win."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐонÑÑÑÑкÑивного ÑопеÑниÑеÑÑва
доÑÑаÑоÑно, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑÑимÑлиÑоваÑÑ
гÑандиознÑе "
+"доÑÑижениÑ. Ðногие ÑоÑевнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² Ñом,
ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑвÑми поÑеÑиÑÑ Ð²Ñе ÑÑÑÐ°Ð½Ñ "
+"миÑа, некоÑоÑÑе даже ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑÑо ÑелÑе
ÑоÑÑоÑниÑ. Ðо они не подкÑпаÑÑ "
+"капиÑанов, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ñе вÑÑаживали ÑопеÑников
на необиÑаемÑÑ
оÑÑÑоваÑ
. Ðни "
+"ÑоглаÑÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° Ñо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð» лÑÑÑий."
+
+msgid ""
+"Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to impede each "
+"other instead of advancing themselves—when “Let the best person "
+"win” gives way to “Let me win, best or not.” Proprietary "
+"software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but because it "
+"is a form of combat among the citizens of our society."
+msgstr ""
+"СоÑевнование пеÑеÑаÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð² ÑÑ
ваÑкÑ, когда
ÑÑаÑÑники наÑинаÑÑ ÑÑаÑаÑÑÑÑ "
+"помеÑаÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгим вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
ÑовеÑÑенÑÑвоваÑÑÑÑ Ñамим — "
+"когда девиз “ÐÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð±ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ñ Ð»ÑÑÑий”
ÑÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°ÐµÑ Ð¼ÐµÑÑо Ð´ÐµÐ²Ð¸Ð·Ñ “"
+"ÐÑÑÑий или неÑ, Ñ Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶ÐµÐ½ победиÑÑ”.
ÐеÑвободнÑе пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ´Ð½Ñ "
+"— не поÑомÑ, ÑÑо ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑазновидноÑÑÑÑ ÑоÑÑÑзаниÑ, а поÑомÑ, ÑÑо "
+"пÑедÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ñобой ÑÑ
ваÑÐºÑ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ñленами
наÑего обÑеÑÑва. "
+
+msgid ""
+"Competition in business is not necessarily combat. For example, when two "
+"grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own "
+"operations, not to sabotage the rival. But this does not demonstrate a "
+"special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for "
+"combat in this line of business short of physical violence. Not all areas "
+"of business share this characteristic. Withholding information that could "
+"help everyone advance is a form of combat."
+msgstr ""
+"СоÑÑÑзание пÑедпÑиÑÑий не обÑзаÑелÑно
должно бÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¸Ñвой. ÐапÑимеÑ, когда "
+"конкÑÑиÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð²Ð° бакалейнÑÑ
магазина, вÑе
иÑ
ÑÑÐ¸Ð»Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð¿ÑÐ°Ð²Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½Ð° ÑлÑÑÑение "
+"ÑобÑÑвенной ÑабоÑÑ, а не на ÑабоÑаж
ÑопеÑника. Ðо ÑÑо не показаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ñобой "
+"пÑивеÑженноÑÑи к деловой ÑÑике; пÑоÑÑо в
данной облаÑÑи пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва "
+"найдеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ много возможноÑÑей ÑÑажаÑÑÑÑ,
не пÑÐ¸Ð±ÐµÐ³Ð°Ñ Ðº ÑизиÑеÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑилиÑ. "
+"ÐÑо Ñ
аÑакÑеÑно не Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð²ÑеÑ
облаÑÑей
пÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва. УÑаивание "
+"инÑоÑмаÑии, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð»Ð° бÑ
ÑодейÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð¾Ð³Ð¾, ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ "
+"ÑоÑмой ÑÑ
ваÑки."
+
+msgid ""
+"Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to combat "
+"the competition. Some forms of combat have been banned with antitrust laws, "
+"truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than generalizing this to a "
+"principled rejection of combat in general, executives invent other forms of "
+"combat which are not specifically prohibited. Society's resources are "
+"squandered on the economic equivalent of factional civil war."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÐ´ÐµÐ¾Ð»Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑедпÑинимаÑелÑÑÑва не
подгоÑÐ°Ð²Ð»Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ Ð»Ñдей к ÑомÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"пÑоÑивиÑÑÑÑ Ð¸ÑкÑÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑейÑи оÑ
ÑоÑÑÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ðº дÑаке. РнекоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑоÑмаÑ
"
+"дÑака запÑеÑена анÑимонополÑнÑм
законодаÑелÑÑÑвом, законами о
добÑоÑовеÑÑной "
+"Ñекламе и Ñак далее, но вмеÑÑо Ñого, ÑÑобÑ
обобÑиÑÑ ÑÑи запÑеÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ "
+"пÑинÑипиалÑного оÑказа Ð¾Ñ Ð´Ñак вообÑе,
ÑÑководиÑели компаний изобÑеÑаÑÑ "
+"новÑе ÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð´Ñаки, коÑоÑÑе не запÑеÑенÑ
оÑобÑм законом. РеÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва "
+"ÑазбазаÑиваÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° ÑкономиÑеÑкий
ÑÐºÐ²Ð¸Ð²Ð°Ð»ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð³ÑажданÑкой войнÑ."
+
+msgid "“Why Don't You Move to Russia?”"
+msgstr "“ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð²Ð°Ð¼ не ÑеÑ
аÑÑ Ð² Ð
оÑÑиÑ?”"
+
+msgid ""
+"In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme form of "
+"laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation. For example, it "
+"is leveled against the supporters of a national health care system, such as "
+"is found in all the other industrialized nations of the free world. It is "
+"leveled against the advocates of public support for the arts, also universal "
+"in advanced nations. The idea that citizens have any obligation to the "
+"public good is identified in America with Communism. But how similar are "
+"these ideas?"
+msgstr ""
+"РСоединеннÑÑ
ШÑаÑаÑ
каждÑй заÑиÑник
взглÑдов, оÑлиÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÑайниÑ
ÑоÑм "
+"ÑгоиÑÑиÑной вÑедозволенноÑÑи, не Ñаз
ÑлÑÑал ÑÑи Ñлова. ÐапÑимеÑ, иÑ
бÑоÑали "
+"ÑÑоÑонникам наÑионалÑной ÑиÑÑемÑ
здÑавооÑ
ÑанениÑ, подобной Ñем, ÑÑо "
+"ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð²Ð¾ вÑеÑ
дÑÑгиÑ
вÑÑокоÑазвиÑÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
Ñвободного миÑа. ÐÑ
"
+"напÑавлÑли в адÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑников
обÑеÑÑвенной поддеÑжки иÑкÑÑÑÑв, Ñакже "
+"повÑемеÑÑной в пÑогÑеÑÑивнÑÑ
ÑÑÑанаÑ
.
ÐдеÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð³Ñаждан еÑÑÑ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ðµ Ð±Ñ Ñо "
+"ни бÑло обÑзанноÑÑи пеÑед обÑеÑÑвом, в
ÐмеÑике аÑÑоÑииÑÑеÑÑÑ Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ð¼Ñнизмом. "
+"Ðо в какой меÑе ÑÑи идеи ÑÑ
ожи?"
+
+msgid ""
+"Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of central "
+"control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the common good, "
+"but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist party. And where "
+"copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐоммÑнизм в Ñом виде, в каком он
пÑакÑиковалÑÑ Ð² СовеÑÑком СоÑзе, бÑл "
+"ÑиÑÑемой ÑенÑÑализованного конÑÑолÑ, в
коÑоÑой ÑегламенÑиÑовалаÑÑ Ð²ÑÑÐºÐ°Ñ "
+"деÑÑелÑноÑÑÑ, ÑÐºÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ñего блага, но
на Ñамом деле в инÑеÑеÑаÑ
Ñленов "
+"ÐоммÑниÑÑиÑеÑкой паÑÑии. Рв коÑоÑой
копиÑовалÑное обоÑÑдование ÑÑаÑелÑно "
+"оÑ
ÑанÑлоÑÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ
незаконное копиÑование."
+
+# note the repetition "central control.. guard..
+# to prevent illegal copying" -- ineiev
+msgid ""
+"The American system of software copyright exercises central control over "
+"distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment with automatic "
+"copying-protection schemes to prevent illegal copying."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐмеÑиканÑÐºÐ°Ñ ÑиÑÑема авÑоÑÑкого пÑава на
пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑакÑикÑÐµÑ "
+"ÑенÑÑализованнÑй конÑÑолÑ
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм и оÑ
ÑанÑеÑ
копиÑовалÑнÑÑ "
+"ÑеÑ
Ð½Ð¸ÐºÑ Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð°Ð²ÑомаÑиÑеÑкиÑ
ÑÑ
ем
заÑиÑÑ Ð¾Ñ ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸ÑованиÑ, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ "
+"пÑедоÑвÑаÑиÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ·Ð°ÐºÐ¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ðµ копиÑование."
+
+msgid ""
+"By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to decide "
+"their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors, and free to "
+"alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily lives. A system "
+"based on voluntary cooperation and on decentralization."
+msgstr ""
+"Я, напÑоÑив, ÑабоÑÐ°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ Ñозданием
ÑиÑÑемÑ, в коÑоÑой лÑди ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ñ Ð² "
+"ÑеÑении о ÑвоиÑ
ÑобÑÑвеннÑÑ
дейÑÑвиÑÑ
; в
ÑаÑÑноÑÑи, могÑÑ Ñвободно помогаÑÑ "
+"Ñвоим ÑоÑедÑм, Ñвободно изменÑÑÑ Ð¸
ÑлÑÑÑаÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑва, коÑоÑÑми они "
+"полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ Ð² повÑедневной жизни. СиÑÑемÑ,
оÑнованной на добÑоволÑном "
+"ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑве и деÑенÑÑализаÑии."
+
+msgid ""
+"Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian Communism, it "
+"is the software owners who are the Communists."
+msgstr ""
+"Таким обÑазом, еÑли Ð¼Ñ ÑобиÑаемÑÑ ÑÑдиÑÑ Ð¾
взглÑдаÑ
на оÑновании иÑ
ÑÑ
одÑÑва "
+"Ñ ÑÑÑÑким коммÑнизмом, Ñо коммÑниÑÑами
ÑкоÑее ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ Ð²Ð»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÑÑев "
+"пÑогÑамм."
+
+msgid "The Question of Premises"
+msgstr "ÐопÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ пÑедпоÑÑлкаÑ
"
+
+msgid ""
+"I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no less "
+"important than an author, or even an author's employer. In other words, "
+"their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide which course of "
+"action is best."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð ÑÑой ÑабоÑе Ñ Ð¿ÑедполагаÑ, ÑÑо
полÑзоваÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ менее важен, Ñем "
+"авÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¸ даже нанимаÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð°Ð²ÑоÑа. ÐÑÑгими
Ñловами, иÑ
инÑеÑеÑÑ Ð¸ нÑÐ¶Ð´Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÑÑ "
+"ÑавнÑй веÑ, когда Ð¼Ñ ÑеÑаем, в каком
напÑавлении лÑÑÑе вÑего дейÑÑвоваÑÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"This premise is not universally accepted. Many maintain that an author's "
+"employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else. They say, for "
+"example, that the purpose of having owners of software is to give the "
+"author's employer the advantage he deserves—regardless of how this may "
+"affect the public."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо пÑедположение пÑизнаеÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑеми.
Ðногие ÑÑвеÑждаÑÑ, ÑÑо нанимаÑÐµÐ»Ñ "
+"авÑоÑа пÑинÑипиалÑно важнее вÑеÑ
пÑоÑиÑ
.
Ðни говоÑÑÑ, к пÑимеÑÑ, ÑÑо "
+"имÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе пÑава на пÑогÑаммÑ
пÑедназнаÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿ÑедоÑÑавлениÑ
нанимаÑÐµÐ»Ñ "
+"авÑоÑа пÑивилегий, коÑоÑÑÑ
он
заÑлÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ — незавиÑимо Ð¾Ñ Ñого, "
+"как ÑÑо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ ÑказаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° обÑеÑÑве. "
+
+msgid ""
+"It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises. Proof requires "
+"shared premises. So most of what I have to say is addressed only to those "
+"who share the premises I use, or at least are interested in what their "
+"consequences are. For those who believe that the owners are more important "
+"than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑполезно пÑÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸
опÑовеÑгнÑÑÑ ÑÑи положениÑ.
ÐоказаÑелÑÑÑво "
+"ÑÑебÑÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑепÑизнаннÑÑ
положений.
ÐоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ñо, о Ñем Ñ Ñ
оÑÑ ÑаÑÑказаÑÑ, по "
+"болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи адÑеÑовано Ñем, кÑо
ÑазделÑÐµÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¸ иÑÑ
однÑе Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð»Ð¸ Ñ
оÑÑ "
+"Ð±Ñ Ð¸Ð½ÑеÑеÑÑеÑÑÑ, какие из ниÑ
можно
ÑделаÑÑ Ð²ÑводÑ. ÐÐ»Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо Ñбежден, "
+"ÑÑо владелÑÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐµ вÑеÑ
пÑоÑиÑ
, ÑÑа
ÑÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо не пÑедназнаÑена."
+
+msgid ""
+"But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise that elevates "
+"certain people in importance above everyone else? Partly because of the "
+"belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions of American "
+"society. Some people feel that doubting the premise means challenging the "
+"basis of society."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðо поÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑое колиÑеÑÑво амеÑиканÑев
могло Ð±Ñ Ð¿ÑинÑÑÑ Ð¿Ñедположение, "
+"коÑоÑое возвÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð½ÐµÐºÐ¾ÑоÑÑÑ
лÑдей по
знаÑимоÑÑи над вÑеми оÑÑалÑнÑми? "
+"ЧаÑÑиÑно благодаÑÑ ÑбеждениÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑо
пÑедположение ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑавовÑÑ
"
+"ÑÑадиÑий амеÑиканÑкого обÑеÑÑва.
ÐекоÑоÑÑе ÑÑиÑаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑомневаÑÑÑÑ Ð² нем "
+"знаÑÐ¸Ñ ÑаÑÑаÑÑваÑÑ Ð¾ÑÐ½Ð¾Ð²Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑва."
+
+msgid ""
+"It is important for these people to know that this premise is not part of "
+"our legal tradition. It never has been."
+msgstr ""
+"Таким лÑдÑм важно оÑознаÑÑ, ÑÑо ÑÑа
пÑедпоÑÑлка не ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑиÑ
"
+"пÑавовÑÑ
ÑÑадиÑий. Ðна никогда ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ бÑла."
+
+msgid ""
+"Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to “"
+"promote the Progress of Science and the useful Arts.” The Supreme "
+"Court has elaborated on this, stating in <em>Fox Film v. Doyal</em>; that "
+"“The sole interest of the United States and the primary object in "
+"conferring the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by "
+"the public from the labors of authors.”"
+msgstr ""
+"Так, в ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑии Ñказано, ÑÑо назнаÑение
авÑоÑÑкого пÑава — в "
+"Ñом, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ “ÑпоÑобÑÑвоваÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑеÑÑÑ
наÑки и полезнÑÑ
иÑкÑÑÑÑв”. "
+"ÐеÑÑ
овнÑй ÑÑд поÑÑнил ÑÑо, поÑÑановив в
пÑоÑеÑÑе <em>“Ð¤Ð¾ÐºÑ "
+"ÑилÑм” пÑоÑив Ðойела</em>, ÑÑо
“единÑÑвеннÑй инÑеÑÐµÑ Ð¡Ð¾ÐµÐ´Ð¸Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð½ÑÑ
"
+"ШÑаÑов и пеÑвиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ
[авÑоÑÑко-пÑавовой] монополией Ð»ÐµÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ð¾ "
+"вÑевозможнÑÑ
вÑгодаÑ
, извлекаемÑÑ
обÑеÑÑвом из ÑÑÑда авÑоÑов”."
+
+msgid ""
+"We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme Court. "
+"(At one time, they both condoned slavery.) So their positions do not "
+"disprove the owner supremacy premise. But I hope that the awareness that "
+"this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a traditionally "
+"recognized one will weaken its appeal."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ обÑÐ·Ð°Ð½Ñ ÑоглаÑаÑÑÑÑ Ñ ÐонÑÑиÑÑÑией
или ÐеÑÑ
овнÑм ÑÑдом (в Ñвое вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ "
+"они ÑмоÑÑели ÑÐºÐ²Ð¾Ð·Ñ Ð¿Ð°Ð»ÑÑÑ Ð½Ð°
ÑÑÑеÑÑвование ÑабÑÑва). ÐоÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¸Ñ
позиÑии
не "
+"опÑовеÑгаÑÑ Ð¿ÑÐµÐ´Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾ пÑевоÑÑ
одÑÑве владелÑÑев. Ðо Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð´ÐµÑÑÑ, "
+"понимание Ñого, ÑÑо ÑÑа поÑÑлка —
кÑайне пÑавое, а не ÑÑадиÑионно "
+"пÑизнанное пÑедположение, оÑÐ»Ð°Ð±Ð¸Ñ ÐµÐµ
пÑивлекаÑелÑноÑÑÑ."
+
+msgid "Conclusion"
+msgstr "ÐаклÑÑение"
+
+msgid ""
+"We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor; but each "
+"time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for the wealth "
+"they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite message."
+msgstr ""
+"Ðам пÑиÑÑно дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо наÑе обÑеÑÑво
пооÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð¸Ð¶Ð½ÐµÐ¼Ñ ÑвоемÑ, но "
+"вÑÑкий Ñаз, когда Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð³Ñаждаем кого-либо
за Ñоздание помеÑ
или воÑÑ
иÑаемÑÑ "
+"его богаÑÑÑвом, нажиÑÑм Ñаким обÑазом, мÑ
ÑÑвеÑждаем обÑаÑное."
+
+msgid ""
+"Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard the "
+"welfare of society for personal gain. We can trace this disregard from "
+"Ronald Reagan to Dick Cheney, from Exxon to Enron, from failing banks to "
+"failing schools. We can measure it with the size of the homeless population "
+"and the prison population. The antisocial spirit feeds on itself, because "
+"the more we see that other people will not help us, the more it seems futile "
+"to help them. Thus society decays into a jungle."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐаÑ
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑамм — одна из ÑоÑм наÑей
вÑеоÑ
ваÑÑваÑÑей гоÑовноÑÑи "
+"пÑенебÑеÑÑ Ð±Ð»Ð°Ð³Ð¾Ð¼ обÑеÑÑва во Ð¸Ð¼Ñ Ð»Ð¸Ñной
вÑгодÑ. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ пÑоÑледиÑÑ ÑÑо "
+"оÑноÑение Ð¾Ñ Ð Ð¾Ð½Ð°Ð»Ñда Рейгана до Ðика
Чейни, Ð¾Ñ “ÐккÑон” до "
+"“ÐнÑон”, Ð¾Ñ Ð»Ð¾Ð¿Ð°ÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ð±Ð°Ð½ÐºÐ¾Ð² до
закÑÑваÑÑиÑ
ÑÑ Ñкол. ÐÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ¼ "
+"измеÑиÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ колиÑеÑÑвом бездомнÑÑ
и
заклÑÑеннÑÑ
. ÐнÑиÑоÑиалÑнÑй дÑÑ
пиÑÐ°ÐµÑ "
+"Ñам ÑебÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñем болÑÑе Ð¼Ñ Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ð¸Ð¼,
ÑÑо дÑÑгие нам не помогÑÑ, Ñем "
+"более беÑполезнÑм кажеÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð³Ð°ÑÑ Ð¸Ð¼.
Такое обÑеÑÑво каÑиÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑÑмиком в "
+"дÑемÑÑий леÑ."
+
+msgid ""
+"If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes. We must "
+"start sending the message that a good citizen is one who cooperates when "
+"appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from others. I hope that "
+"the free software movement will contribute to this: at least in one area, we "
+"will replace the jungle with a more efficient system which encourages and "
+"runs on voluntary cooperation."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑим жиÑÑ Ð² Ñаком леÑÑ, мÑ
Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ ÑмениÑÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð·Ð¸ÑиÑ. ÐÑ "
+"Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð¿ÑиÑÑÑпиÑÑ Ðº ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑÐ°Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð´ÐµÐ¸,
ÑÑо Ñ
оÑоÑий гÑажданин — "
+"ÑоÑ, кÑо ÑоÑÑÑдниÑаеÑ, когда ÑÑо ÑмеÑÑно, а
не ÑоÑ, кÑо ÑÑпеÑно обиÑÐ°ÐµÑ "
+"дÑÑгиÑ
. Я надеÑÑÑ, ÑÑо движение за
Ñвободное пÑогÑаммное обеÑпеÑение поможеÑ
"
+"ÑÑомÑ: по кÑайней меÑе в одной облаÑÑи
ÑеловеÑеÑкой деÑÑелÑноÑÑи Ð¼Ñ Ñможем "
+"замениÑÑ Ð´Ð¸ÐºÐ¸Ð¹ Ð»ÐµÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ ÑÑÑекÑивной
ÑиÑÑемой, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¾ÑÑÑÐµÑ Ð´Ð¾Ð±ÑоволÑное "
+"ÑоÑÑÑдниÑеÑÑво и зиждеÑÑÑ Ð½Ð° нем."
+
+msgid "Footnotes"
+msgstr "ÐÑимеÑаниÑ"
+
+msgid ""
+"The word “free” in “free software” refers to "
+"freedom, not to price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be "
+"zero, or small, or (rarely) quite large."
+msgstr ""
+"Слово “ÑвободнÑй” в вÑÑажении
“ÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммє "
+"подÑазÑÐ¼ÐµÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑвободÑ, а не ÑенÑ. СÑмма,
вÑплаÑÐµÐ½Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð·Ð° ÐºÐ¾Ð¿Ð¸Ñ Ñвободной "
+"пÑогÑаммÑ, Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð½Ñлевой, неболÑÑой
или (в ÑедкиÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
) доволÑно "
+"кÑÑпной."
+
+msgid ""
+"The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter this "
+"conclusion. If we wish to make driving more expensive to discourage driving "
+"in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using toll booths, which "
+"contribute to both pollution and congestion. A tax on gasoline is much "
+"better. Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by limiting maximum speed is "
+"not relevant; a free-access road enhances the average speed by avoiding "
+"stops and delays, for any given speed limit."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑли ÑаÑÑмоÑÑеÑÑ Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð³ÑÑзнениÑ
и Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ½Ð¾Ð²ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñобок, Ñо ÑÑо не "
+"Ð¸Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð²Ñводов. ÐÑли Ð¼Ñ Ñ
оÑим ÑделаÑÑ
вождение авÑÐ¾Ð¼Ð¾Ð±Ð¸Ð»Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÐµÐµ доÑогим, "
+"ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð°ÑÑÑдниÑÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ вообÑе,
неÑаÑионалÑно делаÑÑ ÑÑо Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑнкÑов
"
+"ÑбоÑа поÑлин, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ ÑвелиÑиваÑÑ
как загÑÑзнение, Ñак и заÑоÑÑ. "
+"ÐоÑаздо лÑÑÑе ввеÑÑи налог на бензин.
ÐналогиÑно, желание ÑвелиÑиÑÑ "
+"безопаÑноÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð³ÑаниÑением ÑкоÑоÑÑи Ñоже
не Ð¸Ð¼ÐµÐµÑ Ð¾ÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº делÑ: доÑога Ñо "
+"ÑвободнÑм доÑÑÑпом повÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑÑеднÑÑ
ÑкоÑоÑÑÑ, ÑÑÑÑанÑÑ Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ
одимоÑÑÑ "
+"оÑÑановок и задеÑжек незавиÑимо оÑ
заданной пÑеделÑной ÑкоÑоÑÑи."
+
+msgid ""
+"One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful thing that "
+"should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace database of "
+"personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to public "
+"disapproval. Most of what I say does not apply to this case, but it makes "
+"little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds that the owner will "
+"make the program less available. The owner will not make it <em>completely</"
+"em> unavailable, as one would wish in the case of a program whose use is "
+"considered destructive."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑо-Ñо Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑаÑиÑÑ Ð²Ð½Ð¸Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ðµ, ÑÑо
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑÑÑ Ð²ÑедоноÑнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ, "
+"коÑоÑÑе не Ð´Ð¾Ð»Ð¶Ð½Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ Ð´Ð¾ÑÑÑÐ¿Ð½Ñ Ð²Ð¾Ð¾Ð±Ñе,
подобно базе лиÑной инÑоÑмаÑии Lotus "
+"Marketplace, коÑоÑÐ°Ñ Ð±Ñла изÑÑÑа из пÑодажи
вÑледÑÑвие неодобÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ñблики. "
+"Сказанное мной по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
непÑименимо в ÑÑом ÑлÑÑае, но едва ли еÑÑÑ "
+"ÑмÑÑл заÑиÑаÑÑ ÑÑÑеÑÑвование владелÑÑа
на Ñом оÑновании, ÑÑо он ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ "
+"пÑогÑÐ°Ð¼Ð¼Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ½ÐµÐµ доÑÑÑпной. ÐÐ»Ð°Ð´ÐµÐ»ÐµÑ Ð½Ðµ
ÑÐ´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÐµÑ ÐµÐµ <em>полноÑÑÑÑ</em> "
+"недоÑÑÑпной, как можно бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð¶ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ Ð²
ÑлÑÑае пÑогÑаммÑ, иÑполÑзование "
+"коÑоÑой ÑÑиÑаеÑÑÑ ÑазÑÑÑиÑелÑнÑм."
+
+msgid ""
+"This essay is published in <a href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-"
+"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
+"Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк бÑл опÑбликован в ÑбоÑнике <a
href=\"http://shop.fsf.org/product/"
+"free-software-free-society/\">“СвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ,
Ñвободное "
+"обÑеÑÑво: ÐзбÑаннÑе оÑеÑки Ð
иÑаÑда Ð. СÑолмена”</a>"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S NOTES*"
+msgstr " "
+
+msgid ""
+"Please send FSF & GNU inquiries to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>. There are also <a href=\"/contact/\">other ways to "
+"contact</a> the FSF. <br /> Please send broken links and other corrections "
+"or suggestions to <a href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden"
+"org></a>."
+msgstr ""
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе запÑоÑÑ ÑÐ¾Ð½Ð´Ñ Ð¸ GNU
по адÑеÑÑ <a href=\"mailto:"
+"address@hidden"><address@hidden></a>. ÐÑÑÑ Ñакже <a
href=\"/contact/"
+"\">дÑÑгие ÑпоÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑвÑзаÑÑÑÑ</a> Ñ Ñондом. <br />
"
+"ÐожалÑйÑÑа, пÑиÑÑлайÑе оÑÑеÑÑ Ð¾
неÑабоÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑÑÑлкаÑ
и дÑÑгие попÑавки "
+"или пÑÐµÐ´Ð»Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ адÑеÑÑ <a
href=\"mailto:address@hidden"><"
+"address@hidden></a>."
+
+msgid ""
+"Please see the <a href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html"
+"\">Translations README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting "
+"translations of this article."
+msgstr ""
+"Ð¡Ð²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ кооÑдинаÑии и пÑедложениÑм
пеÑеводов ÑÑой \n"
+"ÑÑаÑÑи Ñм. в <a
href=\"/server/standards/README.translations.html\">“"
+"Ð ÑководÑÑве по пеÑеводам”</a>."
+
+msgid ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc."
+msgstr ""
+"Copyright © 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010 Free "
+"Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+msgid ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved."
+msgstr ""
+"Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are permitted "
+"worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this notice, and the "
+"copyright notice, are preserved. <br /> (ÐÑквалÑное
копиÑование и "
+"ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанение вÑей ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи
ÑазÑеÑено по вÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¼Ð¸ÑÑ Ð±ÐµÐ·Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼ÐµÐ·Ð´Ð½Ð¾ на "
+"лÑбом ноÑиÑеле пÑи ÑÑловии, ÑÑо ÑÑо
замеÑание и замеÑание об авÑоÑÑкиÑ
"
+"пÑаваÑ
ÑоÑ
ÑанÑÑÑÑÑ.)"
+
+#. TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.
+msgid "*GNUN-SLOT: TRANSLATOR'S CREDITS*"
+msgstr ""
+"ÐеÑевод на ÑÑÑÑкий ÑзÑк: <br /> Copyright © 2000
СеÑгей ÐоÑоп <a href="
+"\"mailto:address@hidden"><address@hidden></a> <br /> "
+"Copyright © 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
+
+#. timestamp start
+msgid "Updated:"
+msgstr "Ðбновлено:"
+
+msgid "Translations of this page"
+msgstr "ÐеÑÐµÐ²Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÑÑой ÑÑÑаниÑÑ"
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