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Fri, 31 Dec 2021 06:36:07 -0500 (EST) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/12/31 06:36:07
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html
gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po
philosophy : open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html
philosophy/po : open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html
open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.12&r2=1.13
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.30&r2=1.31
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.18&r2=1.19
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.72&r2=1.73
Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.12
retrieving revision 1.13
diff -u -b -r1.12 -r1.13
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html 5 Sep 2021 15:33:44 -0000 1.12
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.html 31 Dec 2021 11:36:05 -0000 1.13
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.pt-br.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Perguntas frequentes (FAQ) sobre GNU/Linux - Projeto GNU - Free Software
@@ -10,15 +12,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.pt-br.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.pt-br.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>Perguntas frequentes (FAQ) sobre GNU/Linux</h2>
<address class="byline">por Richard Stallman</address>
+<div class="introduction">
<p>
Quando as pessoas percebem que usamos e recomendamos o nome GNU/Linux para
um sistema que muitas outras chamam apenas âLinuxâ, elas fazem muitas
perguntas. Aqui estão as perguntas comuns e as nossas respostas.</p>
+</div>
<div class="toc">
<hr class="no-display" />
@@ -441,8 +448,8 @@
As pessoas que dizem isso provavelmente são <i>geeks</i> pensando nos
<i>geeks</i> que eles conhecem. Os <i>geeks</i> muitas vezes sabem sobre o
GNU, mas muitos têm uma ideia completamente errada do que é o GNU. Por
-exemplo, muitos pensam que é uma coleção de <a
-href="#tools">âferramentasâ</a> ou um projeto para desenvolver
ferramentas.</p>
+exemplo, muitos pensam que é uma coleção de â<a
+href="#tools">ferramentas</a>â ou um projeto para desenvolver
ferramentas.</p>
<p>
A redação desta questão, que é tÃpica, ilustra outro equÃvoco comum.
Falar
do âpapel do GNUâ ao desenvolver algo, presume-se que o GNU seja um grupo
de
@@ -1318,7 +1325,7 @@
primeiros conterem o Linux é irrelevante para usá-los, assim como o fato de
um carro e uma bicicleta terem uma estrutura de metal é irrelevante para o
uso desses dois. Se você deseja falar sobre o uso de carros e motos, você
-não falaria de âmontar objetos de metalâ. – a menos que você esteja
+não falaria de âmontar objetos de metalâ – a menos que você esteja
fazendo jogos com o leitor. Você diria, âusando carros e motosâ. Da mesma
forma, a maneira clara de falar sobre o uso de GNU/Linux e Android é dizer
âusando o GNU/Linux e o Androidâ.</p>
@@ -1374,12 +1381,14 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<p>Ele reconheceu isso no inÃcio. As primeiras notas de lançamento do Linux
-disseram: <a
+<p>Ele reconheceu isso no inÃcio. As <a
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-âA maioria das ferramentas usadas com linux é software GNU e está sob o
+primeiras notas de lançamento do Linux</a> diziam:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+A maioria das ferramentas usadas com linux é software GNU e está sob o
copyleft do GNU. Essas ferramentas não estão na distribuição - pergunte-me
-(ou ao GNU) para mais informaçõesâ</a>.</p>
+(ou ao GNU) para mais informações.
+</p></blockquote>
</dd>
<dt id="finishhurd">Por que não finalizar o kernel GNU Hurd, lançar o
sistema GNU como um
@@ -1691,7 +1700,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/09/05 15:33:44 $
+$Date: 2021/12/31 11:36:05 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html 5 Sep 2021 15:33:44 -0000 1.8
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br-en.html 31 Dec 2021 11:36:06 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,19 +1,26 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnulinux" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
<div class="article reduced-width">
<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
+<div class="introduction">
<p>
When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
-system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
+system that many others call just “Linux,” they ask many questions.
Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+</div>
<div class="toc">
<hr class="no-display" />
@@ -110,8 +117,8 @@
<li><a href="#trademarkfee">I would have to pay a
fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
- that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it
- wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux”, to
+ that would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux.” Is it
+ wrong if I use “GNU” without “Linux,” to
save the fee?</a></li>
<li><a href="#many">Many other projects contributed to the
@@ -149,7 +156,7 @@
rather than “Linux/GNU”?</a></li>
<li><a href="#distronames0">My distro's developers call it
- “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about
+ “Foobar Linux,” but that doesn't say anything about
what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever
they like?</a></li>
@@ -261,14 +268,14 @@
<li><a href="#deserve">Since you failed to put
something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
- “GNU”, you deserve what happened; why are you
+ “GNU,” you deserve what happened; why are you
complaining now?</a></li>
<li><a href="#contradict">Wouldn't you be better off
not contradicting what so many people believe?</a></li>
<li><a href="#somanyright">Since many people call it
- “Linux”, doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
+ “Linux,” doesn't that make it right?</a></li>
<li><a href="#knownname">Isn't it better to call the
system by the name most users already know?</a></li>
@@ -357,7 +364,7 @@
the system's history was such as to fit that name. For
instance, they often believe its development was started by Linus
Torvalds in 1991. This false picture tends to reinforce the idea
-that the system should be called “Linux”.</p>
+that the system should be called “Linux.”</p>
<p>
Many of the questions in this file represent people's attempts to
justify the name they are accustomed to using.</p>
@@ -368,14 +375,14 @@
<dd>
Not always—only when you're talking about the whole system. When
you're referring specifically to the kernel, you should call it
-“Linux”, the name its developer chose.
+“Linux,” the name its developer chose.
<p>
-When people call the whole system “Linux”, as a consequence
+When people call the whole system “Linux,” as a consequence
they call the whole system by the same name as the kernel.
This causes many kinds of confusion, because only experts can tell
whether a statement is about the kernel or the whole system.
-By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux”, and calling the kernel
-“Linux”, you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
+By calling the whole system “GNU/Linux,” and calling the kernel
+“Linux,” you avoid the ambiguity.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="linuxalone">Would Linux have
@@ -405,7 +412,7 @@
community if you did not divide people with this request? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#divide">#divide</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux”, we are not dividing people.
We
+When we ask people to say “GNU/Linux,” we are not dividing people.
We
are asking them to give the GNU Project credit for the GNU operating
system. This does not criticize anyone or push anyone away.
<p>
@@ -433,7 +440,7 @@
The disagreement over values partially aligns with the amount of
attention people pay to the GNU Project's role in our community.
People who value freedom are more likely to call the system
-“GNU/Linux”, and people who learn that the system is
“GNU/Linux” are
+“GNU/Linux,” and people who learn that the system is
“GNU/Linux” are
more likely to pay attention to our philosophical arguments for
freedom and community (which is why the choice of name for the system
makes a real difference for society). However, the disagreement would
@@ -461,7 +468,7 @@
<dd>Experience shows that the system's users, and the computer-using
public in general, often know nothing about the GNU system. Most
-articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU”, or the
ideals
+articles about the system do not mention the name “GNU,” or the
ideals
that GNU stands for. <a
href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU Users Who Have Never
Heard of GNU</a> explains further.
@@ -469,7 +476,7 @@
The people who say this are probably geeks thinking of the geeks they
know. Geeks often do know about GNU, but many have a completely wrong
idea of what GNU is. For instance, many think it is a collection
-of <a href="#tools">“tools”</a>, or a project to develop tools.</p>
+of “<a href="#tools">tools</a>,” or a project to develop tools.</p>
<p>
The wording of this question, which is typical, illustrates another
common misconception. To speak of “GNU's role” in developing
@@ -485,8 +492,8 @@
<p>
If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
-“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
-it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
+“Linux,” that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
+it was intended to be “open source.” If you don't tell
them, who will?</p>
</dd>
@@ -515,10 +522,10 @@
People who think that Linux is an entire operating system, if they
hear about GNU at all, often get a wrong idea of what GNU is. They
may think that GNU is the name of a collection of programs—often they
-say “programming tools”, since some of our programming tools became
+say “programming tools,” since some of our programming tools became
popular on their own. The idea that “GNU” is the name of an
operating
system is hard to fit into a conceptual framework in which that
-operating system is labeled “Linux”.
+operating system is labeled “Linux.”
<p>
The GNU Project was named after the GNU operating system—it's the project
to develop the GNU system. (See <a
@@ -547,7 +554,7 @@
programs.</p>
<p>
To confuse matters, some people use the term “operating system” to
-mean “kernel”. Both uses of the term go back many years. The
+mean “kernel.” Both uses of the term go back many years. The
use of “operating system” to mean “kernel” is found in
a number of
textbooks on system design, going back to the 80s. At the same time,
in the 80s, the “Unix operating system” was understood to include
all
@@ -558,12 +565,12 @@
Most of the time when people speak of the “Linux operating system”
they are using “operating system” in the same sense we use: they
mean
the whole collection of programs. If that's what you are referring
-to, please call it “GNU/Linux”. If you mean just the kernel, then
+to, please call it “GNU/Linux.” If you mean just the kernel, then
“Linux” is the right name for it, but please say
“kernel” also to
avoid ambiguity about which body of software you mean.</p>
<p>
If you prefer to use some other term such as “system distribution”
for
-the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system”,
+the entire collection of programs, instead of “operating system,”
that's fine. Then you would talk about GNU/Linux system
distributions.</p>
</dd>
@@ -615,8 +622,8 @@
<dd>
The people who argue that way for calling the system
“Linux” are using a double standard. An operating system
-requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much more
-— hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
+requires compilers, editors, window systems, libraries, and much
+more—hundreds of programs, even to match what BSD systems included
in 1983. Since Torvalds didn't develop any of those, how can the
system be “Linux”?
@@ -637,7 +644,7 @@
<dd>
Many <a href="/distros/distros.html"> packaged and installable
versions of GNU</a> are available. None of them is called simply
-“GNU”, but GNU is what they basically are.
+“GNU,” but GNU is what they basically are.
<p>
We expected to release the GNU system packaged for installation, but
@@ -664,7 +671,7 @@
<p>
We never took the last step of packaging GNU under the name
-“GNU”, but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
+“GNU,” but that doesn't alter what kind of thing GNU is.
GNU is an operating system.</p>
</dd>
@@ -674,11 +681,11 @@
<dd>
That practice seems to be very rare—we can't find any examples other
-than the misuse of the name “Linux”. Normally an operating system
is
+than the misuse of the name “Linux.” Normally an operating system
is
developed as a single unified project, and the developers choose a
name for the system as a whole. The kernel usually does not have a
name of its own—instead, people say “the kernel of
such-and-such” or
-“the such-and-such kernel”.
+“the such-and-such kernel.”
<p>
Because those two constructions are used synonymously, the expression
“the Linux kernel” can easily be misunderstood as meaning
“the kernel
@@ -703,11 +710,11 @@
How about recommending a shorter name? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long">#long</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx”, which combines the words
“GNU”
-and “Linux”. The reaction was very bad. People accept
“GNU/Linux”
+For a while we tried the name “LiGNUx,” which combines the words
“GNU”
+and “Linux.” The reaction was very bad. People accept
“GNU/Linux”
much better.
<p>
-The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU”, but
+The shortest legitimate name for this system is “GNU,” but
we call it “GNU/Linux” <a href="#justgnu"> for the reasons
given below</a>.</p>
</dd>
@@ -732,7 +739,7 @@
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#long2">#long2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<p>It only takes a second to say or type “GNU/”. If you
+<p>It only takes a second to say or type “GNU/.” If you
appreciate the system that we developed, can't you take one second
to recognize our work?</p>
</dd>
@@ -783,25 +790,25 @@
honorably and openly, rather than by trying to cut him out of the
credit for his contribution to the system.</li>
<li>
-Since many people know of the system as “Linux”, if we say
“GNU” they
+Since many people know of the system as “Linux,” if we say
“GNU” they
may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
-say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
+say “GNU/Linux,” they can make a connection to what they have heard
about.</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
to pay a fee if I use “Linux” in the name of a product, and
that
- would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux”. Is it wrong if I use
“GNU”
- without “Linux”, to save the fee? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
+ would also apply if I say “GNU/Linux.” Is it wrong if I use
“GNU”
+ without “Linux,” to save the fee? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#trademarkfee">#trademarkfee</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
There's nothing wrong in calling the system “GNU”; basically,
that's
what it is. It is nice to give Linus Torvalds a share of the credit
as well, but you have no obligation to pay for the privilege of doing
so.
<p>
-So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU”, to avoid
paying
-the fee for calling it “Linux”, we won't criticize you.</p>
+So if you want to refer to the system simply as “GNU,” to avoid
paying
+the fee for calling it “Linux,” we won't criticize you.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="many">Many other projects contributed to
@@ -831,7 +838,7 @@
<p>
Different threshold levels would lead to different choices of name for
the system. But one name that cannot result from concerns of fairness
-and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is
“Linux”.
+and giving credit, not for any possible threshold level, is
“Linux.”
It can't be fair to give all the credit to one secondary contribution
(Linux) while omitting the principal contribution (GNU).</p>
</dd>
@@ -845,7 +852,7 @@
systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
(GNU). However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
-by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux”, there is nothing
+by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux,” there is nothing
wrong with doing so.</p>
</dd>
@@ -870,7 +877,7 @@
In 2008, we found that GNU packages made up 15% of the
“main” repository of the gNewSense GNU/Linux distribution.
Linux made up 1.5%. So the same argument would apply even more
-strongly to calling it “Linux”.
+strongly to calling it “Linux.”
<p>
GNU is a small fraction of the system nowadays, and Linux is an
@@ -907,7 +914,7 @@
<dd>
Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU Linux” the
-word “GNU” modifies “Linux”. This can mean either
“GNU's version of
+word “GNU” modifies “Linux.” This can mean either
“GNU's version of
Linux” or “Linux, which is a GNU package.” Neither of those
meanings
fits the situation at hand.
<p>
@@ -920,20 +927,20 @@
The free GNU/Linux distros do have
a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>separate version of
Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains nonfree
-firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
+firmware “blobs.” If this were part of the GNU Project,
it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
<p>
We're talking about a version of GNU, the operating system,
distinguished by having Linux as the kernel. A slash fits the
situation because it means “combination.” (Think of
-“Input/Output”.) This system is the combination of GNU
-and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+“Input/Output.”) This system is the combination of GNU
+and Linux; hence, “GNU/Linux.”</p>
<p>
-There are other ways to express “combination”. If you
+There are other ways to express “combination.” If you
think that a plus-sign is clearer, please use that. In French, a
-hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux”. In Spanish, we sometimes
-say “GNU con Linux”.</p>
+hyphen is clear: “GNU-Linux.” In Spanish, we sometimes
+say “GNU con Linux.”</p>
</dd>
<dt id="pronounce">How is the name “GNU/Linux”
@@ -952,7 +959,7 @@
<dd>
<p>
Following the rules of English, in the construction “GNU
-Emacs” the word “GNU” modifies “Emacs”.
+Emacs” the word “GNU” modifies “Emacs.”
That is the right way to describe a program called Emacs which is a
GNU package.</p>
<p>
@@ -973,13 +980,13 @@
In addition, “GNU/Linux” fits the fact that Linux is the
lowest level of the system and GNU fills technically higher levels.</p>
<p>
-However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU”, that is a
lot
+However, if you prefer to call the system “Linux/GNU,” that is a
lot
better than what people usually do, which is to omit GNU entirely and
make it seem that the whole system is Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="distronames0">My distro's developers call it
- “Foobar Linux”, but that doesn't say anything about
+ “Foobar Linux,” but that doesn't say anything about
what the system consists of. Why shouldn't they call it whatever
they like? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames0">#distronames0</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -1008,9 +1015,9 @@
anything but “Foobar Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#distronames1">#distronames1</a>)</span></dt>
<dd><p>When they spread misinformation by changing “GNU”
-to “Linux”, and call their version of it “Foobar
-Linux”, it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
-calling it “Foobar GNU/Linux”.</p></dd>
+to “Linux,” and call their version of it “Foobar
+Linux,” it's proper for you to correct the misinformation by
+calling it “Foobar GNU/Linux.”</p></dd>
<dt id="companies">Wouldn't it be more
effective to ask companies such as Mandrake, Red Hat and IBM to
@@ -1031,7 +1038,7 @@
just because the road isn't easy. You may not have as much influence
at your disposal as IBM or Red Hat, but you can still help. Together
we can change the situation to the point where companies will make
-more profit calling it “GNU/Linux”.</p>
+more profit calling it “GNU/Linux.”</p>
</dd>
<dt id="reserve">Wouldn't it be better to
@@ -1042,7 +1049,7 @@
The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux
system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
-of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
+of “Linux.” Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree
@@ -1065,7 +1072,7 @@
With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of
GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
-Linux”.</p>
+Linux.”</p>
<p>
It is very useful to start GNU/Linux User Groups, which call the
system GNU/Linux and adopt the ideals of the GNU Project as a basis
@@ -1105,8 +1112,8 @@
GNU Hurd to work, we might have done that. (Alas, that is hindsight.)
<p>
If we were to take an existing version of GNU/Linux and relabel it as
-“GNU”, that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU
system
-and labeling it “Linux”. That wasn't right, and we don't
+“GNU,” that would be somewhat like making a version of the GNU
system
+and labeling it “Linux.” That wasn't right, and we don't
want to act like that.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1125,7 +1132,7 @@
<p>
The people who had made the changes showed little interest in
cooperating with us. One of them actually told us that he didn't care
-about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user”.
+about working with the GNU Project because he was a “Linux user.”
That came as a shock, because the people who ported GNU packages to
other systems had generally wanted to work with us to get their
changes installed. Yet these people, developing a system that was
@@ -1133,7 +1140,7 @@
only) group that was unwilling to work with us.</p>
<p>
It was this experience that first showed us that people were calling a
-version of the GNU system “Linux”, and that this confusion was
+version of the GNU system “Linux,” and that this confusion was
obstructing our work. Asking you to call the system “GNU/Linux” is
our response to that problem, and to the other problems caused by the
“Linux” misnomer.</p>
@@ -1152,8 +1159,8 @@
convention be applied to all programs that are GPL'ed? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#allgpled">#allgpled</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>”. When
a program
-is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>”.
+We never refer to individual programs as “GNU/<i>name</i>.” When
a program
+is a GNU package, we may call it “GNU <i>name</i>.”
<p>
GNU, the operating system, is made up of many different programs.
Some of the programs in GNU were written as part of the GNU Project or
@@ -1206,15 +1213,15 @@
<p>
No code in GNU comes from Unix, but GNU is a Unix-compatible system;
therefore, many of the ideas and specifications of GNU do come from
-Unix. The name “GNU”, which stands for “GNU's Not
-Unix”, is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
+Unix. The name “GNU,” which stands for “GNU's Not
+Unix,” is a humorous way of giving credit to Unix for this,
following a hacker tradition of recursive acronyms that started in the
70s.</p>
<p>
The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not
-TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
+TECO.” The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO
(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
-calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
+calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO,” he
thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
@@ -1224,7 +1231,7 @@
program that was similar to some existing program (let's imagine its
name was “Klever”), you could give it a recursive acronym name,
such
as “MINK” for “MINK Is Not Klever.” In this same
spirit we called our
-replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix”.</p>
+replacement for Unix “GNU's Not Unix.”</p>
<p>
Historically, AT&T which developed Unix did not want anyone to
give it credit by using “Unix” in the name of a similar
@@ -1232,7 +1239,7 @@
threatened to sue anyone giving AT&T credit in that way. This is
why each of the various modified versions of Unix (all proprietary,
like Unix) had a completely different name that didn't include
-“Unix”.</p>
+“Unix.”</p>
</dd>
<dt id="bsd">Should we say “GNU/BSD”
@@ -1263,7 +1270,7 @@
why the name “GNU/Linux” is appropriate for it.</p>
<p>
There is a version of GNU which uses the kernel from NetBSD. Its
-developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD”, but
“GNU/kernelofNetBSD”
+developers call it “Debian GNU/NetBSD,” but
“GNU/kernelofNetBSD”
would be more accurate, since NetBSD is an entire system, not just
the kernel. This is not a BSD system, since most of the system
is the same as the GNU/Linux system.</p>
@@ -1274,7 +1281,7 @@
<dd>
<p>
-Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
+Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux.” The tools of
GNU
are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
@@ -1325,7 +1332,7 @@
the two have very little code in common. In fact, the only thing they
have in common is Linux.</p>
<p>
-If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux”,
+If you call the whole GNU/Linux system “Linux,”
you will find it necessary to say things like, “Android contains
Linux, but it isn't Linux, because it doesn't have the usual Linux
[sic] libraries and utilities [meaning the GNU system].”</p>
@@ -1344,22 +1351,22 @@
people will not understand the intended meaning.
<p>
The public will find it very strange to speak of using Android as
-“using Linux”. It's like having a conversation, then
+“using Linux.” It's like having a conversation, then
saying you were conversing with the person's intestines or the
person's circulatory system.</p>
<p>
The public <em>will</em> understand the idea of “using
Linux” when it's really GNU/Linux, by way of the usual
misunderstanding: thinking of the whole system as
-“Linux”.</p>
+“Linux.”</p>
<p>
Use of Android and use of GNU/Linux are totally different, as
different as driving a car and riding a bicycle. The fact that the
first two both contain Linux is irrelevant to using them, just as the
fact that a car and a bicycle both have a structure of metal is
irrelevant to using those two. If you wish to talk about using cars
-and bikes, you wouldn't speak of “riding metal objects”
-— not unless you're playing games with the reader. You would
+and bikes, you wouldn't speak of “riding metal objects”—not
+unless you're playing games with the reader. You would
say, “using cars and bikes.” Likewise, the clear way to
talk about using GNU/Linux and Android is to say “using
GNU/Linux and Android.”</p>
@@ -1405,7 +1412,7 @@
<p>
It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
-or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
+or label it as “GNU.” When we talk about the whole
system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
credit.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1415,12 +1422,14 @@
agree that Linux is just the kernel? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#linusagreed">#linusagreed</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
-said, <a
+<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The <a
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
-“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
+earliest Linux release notes</a> said:</p>
+<blockquote><p>
+Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
-for more info”</a>.</p>
+for more info.
+</p></blockquote>
</dd>
<dt id="finishhurd">Why not finish the GNU Hurd kernel, release the GNU system
@@ -1448,7 +1457,7 @@
This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
-name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
+name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux,” but
you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1461,10 +1470,10 @@
<p>
This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
-the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
+the system “GNU/Linux,” you will help others learn the system's
true
history, origin, and reason for being. You can't correct the misnomer
everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
-only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
+only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux,” you
will
have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1476,14 +1485,14 @@
<dd>
If you help us by explaining to others in that way, we appreciate your
effort, but that is not the best method. It is not as effective as
-calling the system “GNU/Linux”, and uses your time inefficiently.
+calling the system “GNU/Linux,” and uses your time inefficiently.
<p>
It is ineffective because it may not sink in, and surely will not
propagate. Some of the people who hear your explanation will pay
attention, and they may learn a correct picture of the system's
origin. But they are unlikely to repeat the explanation to others
whenever they talk about the system. They will probably just call it
-“Linux”. Without particularly intending to, they will help spread
the
+“Linux.” Without particularly intending to, they will help spread
the
incorrect picture.</p>
<p>
It is inefficient because it takes a lot more time. Saying and
@@ -1549,7 +1558,7 @@
<dd>
<p>
It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
-“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.</p>
+“GNU/Linux,” and we ask you to do it too.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
@@ -1593,7 +1602,7 @@
</dd>
<dt id="deserve">Since you failed to put
- something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU”,
+ something in the GNU GPL to require people to call the system
“GNU,”
you deserve what happened; why are you complaining now? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#deserve">#deserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
@@ -1619,7 +1628,7 @@
</dd>
<dt id="somanyright">Since many people call
-it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
+it “Linux,” doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
@@ -1632,7 +1641,7 @@
<dd>
<p>
Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux”
-includes “Linux”, they will recognize what you're talking
+includes “Linux,” they will recognize what you're talking
about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as
‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1713,7 +1722,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/09/05 15:33:44 $
+$Date: 2021/12/31 11:36:06 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po 31 Dec 2021 11:23:09 -0000 1.28
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.pt-br.po 31 Dec 2021 11:36:07 -0000 1.29
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-11-02 14:27+0000\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.0.1\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -729,8 +728,8 @@
"What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux? <span class=\"anchor-"
"reference-id\">(<a href=\"#what\">#what</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Qual a real relação entre GNU e Linux? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#what\">#what</a>)</span>"
+"Qual a real relação entre GNU e Linux? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#what\">#what</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1012,8 +1011,8 @@
"reference-id\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Já que todo mundo sabe o papel do GNU no desenvolvimento do sistema, o "
-"âGNU/â no nome não estaria implÃcito? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
+"âGNU/â no nome não estaria implÃcito? <span
class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -1316,8 +1315,8 @@
"span>"
msgstr ""
"Escrever o kernel não é a maioria do trabalho em um sistema operacional? "
-"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#kernelmost\">#kernelmost</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#kernelmost\">#kernelmost</a>)"
+"</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid "No, many components take a lot of work."
@@ -1441,8 +1440,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"We're calling the whole system after the kernel, Linux. Isn't it normal to "
-"name an operating system after a kernel? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#afterkernel\">#afterkernel</a>)</span>"
+"name an operating system after a kernel? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#afterkernel\">#afterkernel</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Estamos chamando todo o sistema pelo kernel, Linux. Não é normal nomear um "
"sistema operacional pelo kernel? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
@@ -1724,8 +1723,8 @@
"Many other projects contributed to the system as it is today; it includes "
"TeX, X11, Apache, Perl, and many more programs. Don't your arguments imply "
"we have to give them credit too? (But that would lead to a name so long it "
-"is absurd.) <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#many\">#many</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"is absurd.) <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#many\">#many</a>)"
+"</span>"
msgstr ""
"Muitos outros projetos contribuÃram para o sistema como é hoje; isso inclui
"
"TeX, X11, Apache, Perl e muitos mais programas. Os seus argumentos não "
@@ -1882,8 +1881,8 @@
msgstr ""
"Muitas empresas contribuÃram para o sistema como está hoje; isso não "
"significa que nós devemos chamá-lo de GNU/Red Hat/Novell/Linux? <span "
-"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#manycompanies\">#manycompanies</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#manycompanies\">#manycompanies</a>)"
+"</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -1989,8 +1988,8 @@
"How is the name “GNU/Linux” pronounced? <span class=\"anchor-"
"reference-id\">(<a href=\"#pronounce\">#pronounce</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"Como o nome âGNU/Linuxâ é pronunciado? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#pronounce\">#pronounce</a>)</span>"
+"Como o nome âGNU/Linuxâ é pronunciado? <span
class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#pronounce\">#pronounce</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -2191,8 +2190,8 @@
msgid ""
"Wouldn't it be better to reserve the name “GNU/Linux” for "
"distributions that are purely free software? After all, that is the ideal of "
-"GNU. <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#reserve\">#reserve</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"GNU. <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#reserve\">#reserve</a>)"
+"</span>"
msgstr ""
"Não seria melhor reservar o nome âGNU/Linuxâ para distribuições que
são "
"puramente software livre? Afinal das contas, esse é o ideal do GNU. <span "
@@ -2530,8 +2529,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"Since much of GNU comes from Unix, shouldn't GNU give credit to Unix by "
-"using “Unix” in its name? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#unix\">#unix</a>)</span>"
+"using “Unix” in its name? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#unix\">#unix</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Já que muito do GNU vem do Unix, a GNU não deveria dar crédito ao Unix "
"usando âUnixâ em seu nome? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href="
@@ -2619,8 +2618,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
-"Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#bsd\">#bsd</a>)</span>"
+"Should we say “GNU/BSD” too? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#bsd\">#bsd</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"Eu devo dizer âGNU/BSDâ também? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a
href="
"\"#bsd\">#bsd</a>)</span>"
@@ -2724,8 +2723,8 @@
"Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a "
"href=\"#justlinux\">#justlinux</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
-"O Linux não pode ser usado sem o GNU? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#justlinux\">#justlinux</a>)</span>"
+"O Linux não pode ser usado sem o GNU? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#justlinux\">#justlinux</a>)</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
msgid ""
@@ -3053,8 +3052,8 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"The battle is already lost—society has made its decision and we can't "
-"change it, so why even think about it? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-"\">(<a href=\"#lost\">#lost</a>)</span>"
+"change it, so why even think about it? <span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+"(<a href=\"#lost\">#lost</a>)</span>"
msgstr ""
"A batalha já está perdida – a sociedade já tomou sua decisão e não
"
"podemos alterá-la, então por que pensar nisso? <span class=\"anchor-"
@@ -3384,12 +3383,12 @@
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dt>
msgid ""
"Wouldn't you be better off not contradicting what so many people believe? "
-"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#contradict\">#contradict</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#contradict\">#contradict</a>)"
+"</span>"
msgstr ""
"Não seria melhor vocês não contradizerem o que tantas pessoas acreditam? "
-"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#contradict\">#contradict</"
-"a>)</span>"
+"<span class=\"anchor-reference-id\">(<a href=\"#contradict\">#contradict</a>)"
+"</span>"
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
msgid ""
@@ -3581,5 +3580,5 @@
#~ "reference-id\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
#~ msgstr ""
#~ "Já que todo mundo sabe o papel do GNU no desenvolvimento do sistema, o "
-#~ "âGNU/â no nome não estaria implÃcito? <span
class=\"anchor-reference-id"
-#~ "\">(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
+#~ "âGNU/â no nome não estaria implÃcito? <span
class=\"anchor-reference-id\">"
+#~ "(<a href=\"#everyoneknows\">#everyoneknows</a>)</span>"
Index: philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html,v
retrieving revision 1.30
retrieving revision 1.31
diff -u -b -r1.30 -r1.31
--- philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html 23 Dec 2021 19:00:05
-0000 1.30
+++ philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.html 31 Dec 2021 11:36:07
-0000 1.31
@@ -195,8 +195,7 @@
<p>Por que as pessoas entendem mal dessa forma? Porque esse é o significado
natural das palavras âcódigo abertoâ. Mas o conceito para o qual os
-defensores do código aberto buscaram outro significado era o de software
-livre.</p>
+defensores do código aberto buscaram outro nome era o de software livre.</p>
<p>Visto que o sentido óbvio para âcódigo abertoâ não é o mesmo que
seus
defensores intencionam, o resultado é que muitas pessoas interpretam mau o
@@ -532,7 +531,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ãltima atualização:
-$Date: 2021/12/23 19:00:05 $
+$Date: 2021/12/31 11:36:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file:
/web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.18
retrieving revision 1.19
diff -u -b -r1.18 -r1.19
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html 23 Dec 2021
19:00:05 -0000 1.18
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br-en.html 31 Dec 2021
11:36:07 -0000 1.19
@@ -194,8 +194,8 @@
<p>Why do people misunderstand it that way? Because that is the
natural meaning of the words “open source.” But the
-concept for which the open source advocates sought another meaning was
-that of free software.</p>
+concept for which the open source advocates sought another name was
+a variant of that of free software.</p>
<p>Since the obvious meaning for “open source” is not the
meaning that its advocates intend, the result is that most people
@@ -518,7 +518,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/12/23 19:00:05 $
+$Date: 2021/12/31 11:36:07 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po,v
retrieving revision 1.72
retrieving revision 1.73
diff -u -b -r1.72 -r1.73
--- philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po 31 Dec 2021 10:58:55
-0000 1.72
+++ philosophy/po/open-source-misses-the-point.pt-br.po 31 Dec 2021 11:36:07
-0000 1.73
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-12-30 15:25+0000\n"
"X-Generator: Poedit 3.0.1\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
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