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www gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html gnu/thegnuproject....
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From: |
GNUN |
|
Subject: |
www gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html gnu/thegnuproject.... |
|
Date: |
Tue, 26 Oct 2021 05:31:14 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/10/26 05:31:13
Modified files:
gnu : about-gnu.zh-cn.html thegnuproject.zh-cn.html
gnu/po : about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html about-gnu.zh-cn.po
thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html
thegnuproject.zh-cn.po
licenses : lgpl-3.0.fr.html
licenses/po : lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.14&r2=1.15
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.3&r2=1.4
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.4&r2=1.5
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.8&r2=1.9
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.22&r2=1.23
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/lgpl-3.0.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/licenses/po/lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
Patches:
Index: gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:08 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/about-gnu.zh-cn.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,23 +1,24 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/about-gnu.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
-<title>å
³äºGNUæä½ç³»ç» - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
+<title>ç®è¯´ GNU - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/about-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
-<h2>å
³äºGNUæä½ç³»ç»</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ç®è¯´ GNU</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
-<blockquote>
-<p>“GNU”毓GNU's Not
Unix!”çé¦åæ¯éå½ç¼©åå½¢å¼;å®çåé³æ¯<a
-href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">带gçåé³èå</a>ï¼æ®éè¯ç±»ä¼¼“å¥æ”)ã</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>[<a href="/gnu/gnu.html">å
¶ä»å
³äºGNUçåå²æ§åä¸è¬æ§æç«
ã</a>]</p>
-
-<p>GNUäº1983å¹´ç±Richard
+<p>GNU <a href="#f1">[1]</a> äº1983å¹´ç±Richard
Stallmanï¼rmsï¼åèµ·ï¼æå¨ä¸ºææ软件ç¨æ·è½å¤èªç±æ§å¶èªå·±ç计ç®èæ建ä¸æ¬¾ç±å¤§å®¶å
±ååªåå¼åèæçæä½ç³»ç»ãrmsä»å¤©ä»ç¶æ¯GNUçé¦å¸æäºè
<sup><a
href="#TransNote1">1</a></sup>ã</p>
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@
<p>ä»å¤©æ们已ç»æäºè¾¾æè¿ä¸ªç®æ ç<a
href="/distros/free-distros.html">å®å
¨èªç±çç³»ç»åå¸</a>３åè¡ç”ï¼ï¼å
¶ä¸å¾å¤ä½¿ç¨<a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/";>Linux-libreå
æ
¸</a>ï¼<a
+href="https://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/";>Linux-libreå
æ
¸</a>ï¼<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNUåLinuxå
æ ¸çå
³ç³»</a>å¦æ详述ï¼ã<a
href="/software/software.html">GNU软件å
</a>ç设计就æ¯è½å¤ä¸èµ·å·¥ä½ï¼æ以æ们æå¯è½æåè½æ£å¸¸çGNUç³»ç»ãè¿äºè½¯ä»¶å
ä¹æ为许å¤åè¡ççé稓ä¸æ¸¸”软件ï¼å
æ¤å¯¹GNU软件å
çè´¡ç®æ´ä½ä¸å¸®å©äºèªç±è½¯ä»¶ç¤¾åºãèªç¶å°ï¼GNUçå·¥ä½ä¸ç´å¨è¿è¡ï¼ä¸ºäºåé
ä¸ä¸ªç»è®¡ç®æºç¨æ·æ大èªç±çç³»ç»ãGNU软件å
å
æ¬ä»¥ç¨æ·ä¸ºå¯¼åçåºç¨ç¨åºãå®ç¨ç¨åºãå·¥å
·ãåºç¨åºãçè³æ¸¸æ—ä¸ä¸ªæä½ç³»ç»è½å¤ä¸ºå
¶ç¨æ·æä¾çææç¨åºã<a
href="/help/evaluation.html">æ们欢è¿æ°ç软件å
ã</a> </p>
@@ -36,12 +37,20 @@
<p>æ°å人çå å
¥ä½¿GNUæäºä»å¤©çæåï¼æ许å¤<a
href="/help/help.html">æ¹æ³å¯ä»¥ååºè´¡ç®</a>ï¼æææ¯æ§çï¼ä¹æéææ¯æ§çãGNUå¼åè
éè¿<a
href="/ghm/ghm.html">GNUé»å®¢èä¼</a>æ¶ä¸æ¶å°è§é¢ï¼ææ¶è¿ä¹æ¯æ´å¤§åçèªç±è½¯ä»¶ç¤¾åºèä¼<a
-href="http://libreplanet.org/";>LibrePlanet</a>ä¼è®®çä¸ä¸ªç»æé¨åã</p>
+href="https://libreplanet.org/";>LibrePlanet</a>ä¼è®®çä¸ä¸ªç»æé¨åã</p>
<p>GNUç±<a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/";>èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</a>以å¤ç§æ¹å¼æ¯æï¼è¿ä¹æ¯ç±rmså建çå¡å¯¼èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç念çéçå©ç»ç»ãFSFè¿æ¥åçæå约åå
责声æï¼å
æ¤å®å¯ä»¥ä¸ºGNUç¨åºæå®å¸ãï¼æ´ç¡®åå°è¯´ï¼ä¸ºGNUè´¡ç®ç¨åº<em>ä¸</em>è¦æ±æçæ转交ç»FSFãå¦æä½
èµäºFSFçæï¼FSFå¨æ人è¿åGPLæ¶ä¼æ§è¡çæï¼å¦æä½
ä¿ççæï¼é£ä¹ä½ èªå·±è´è´£æ§è¡çæãï¼</p>
+href="https://www.fsf.org/";>èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</a>以å¤ç§æ¹å¼æ¯æï¼è¿ä¹æ¯ç±rmså建çå¡å¯¼èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç念çéçå©ç»ç»ãFSFè¿æ¥åçæå约åå
责声æï¼å
æ¤å®å¯ä»¥ä¸ºGNUç¨åºæå®å¸ãï¼æ´ç¡®åå°è¯´ï¼ä¸ºGNUè´¡ç®ç¨åº<em>ä¸</em>è¦æ±æçæ转交ç»FSFãå¦æä½
èµäºFSFçæï¼FSFå¨æ人è¿åGPLæ¶ä¼æ§è¡çæï¼å¦æä½
ä¿ççæï¼é£ä¹ä½ èªå·±è´è´£æ§è¡çæãï¼</p>
<p>æ们çç»æç®æ
æ¯ä¸ºè®¡ç®æºç¨æ·è¦å®æçææå·¥ä½æä¾èªç±è½¯ä»¶—è¿æ
·å°±ä½¿ä¸å±è½¯ä»¶æ为åå²ã</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">è注</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">“GNU”毓GNU's Not
Unix!”çé¦åæ¯éå½ç¼©åå½¢å¼;å®çåé³æ¯<a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">带<i>g</i>çåé³èå</a>ï¼æ®éè¯ç±»ä¼¼“å¥æ”)ã</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -55,7 +64,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ï¼FSFï¼&GNUçä¸è¬æ§é®é¢åéå°<a
@@ -74,11 +83,13 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
-è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯é¡»ç¥</a>ã</p>
+æ们尽æ大åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨é误åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§ç建议ï¼è¯·åéè³
<a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>ã</p><p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æ交翻è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -97,7 +108,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2014, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
@@ -113,7 +124,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:08 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html,v
retrieving revision 1.14
retrieving revision 1.15
diff -u -b -r1.14 -r1.15
--- gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html 13 Jul 2020 03:30:13 -0000 1.14
+++ gnu/thegnuproject.zh-cn.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.15
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/thegnuproject.en.html" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.zh-cn.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>å
³äºGNU - GNUå·¥ç¨ - èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼</title>
@@ -9,21 +12,12 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.zh-cn.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.zh-cn.html" -->
<h2>GNUå·¥ç¨</h2>
-<p>
-<a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a>
è</p>
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>
-æåå表äº<em>å¼æº</em>ä¸ä¹¦ãRichard Stallmanæ¬äºº<a
-href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ä»æ¥ä¸æ¯æ“å¼æº”</a>ï¼ä½ä»è¿æ¯è´¡ç®äºæ¤æãè¿æ
·åå¯ä»¥é¿å
èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨çç念å¨é£æ¬ä¹¦ä¸è¢«å®å
¨å¿½ç¥ã
-</p>
-<p>
-为ä»ä¹ç°å¨<a
-href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">åæ软件èªç±æ¯ä»¥å¾æ´å
éè¦</a>ã
-</p>
-</blockquote>
+<address class="byline"><a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>çæ¥å¾·Â·æ¯ææ¼</a> è</address>
<h3>第ä¸ä¸ªè½¯ä»¶å享社åº</h3>
<p>
@@ -37,17 +31,23 @@
计ç®æºç¼åçï¼è¯¥è®¡ç®æºæ¯å½æ¶ç大å计ç®æºä¹ä¸ãä½ä¸ºç¤¾åºä¸åï¼ä¹ä½ä¸ºäººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤çç³»ç»é»å®¢ï¼æçå·¥ä½å°±æ¯æ¹è¿è¿ä¸ªç³»ç»ã</p>
<p>
æ们没æ称æ们ç软件毓èªç±è½¯ä»¶”ï¼å
为é£æ¶è¿æ²¡æè¿ä¸ªæ¦å¿µï¼ä½é£äºè½¯ä»¶å°±æ¯èªç±çãæ
论ä½æ¶ï¼åªè¦å
¶ä»å¤§å¦æå
¬å¸æ³ç§»æ¤å使ç¨ä¸ä¸ªç¨åºï¼æ们é½å¾é«å
´æä¾è¯¥ç¨åºãå¦æä½ å¯¹å«äººçç¨åºæå
´è¶£ä½ä¸å¤ªçæï¼ä½
æ»æ¯å¯ä»¥è¦ä¸ä»½æºä»£ç ï¼å æ¤ä½ å¯ä»¥é
读æºä»£ç ãä¿®æ¹æºä»£ç
ï¼çè³æå®æå并ç¨æ¥æ建æ°çç¨åºã</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
<p>
-(1)
-使稓é»å®¢”ä¸è¯æ¥è¡¨ç¤º“å®å
¨ç ´åè
”æ¯é¨å大ä¼åªä½çä¹±ç¨ãä½ä¸ºé»å®¢ï¼æ们æç»è®¤åè¿ç§è§£éï¼æ们è¿æ¯ç¨å®æ¥è¡¨ç¤ºçç±ç¼ç¨ç人ã享åææ¯ç人ï¼æè
äºè
å
¼èæä¹ç人ã请é
读æçæç« <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>å
³äºé»å®¢</a>ã</p>
+为ä»ä¹ç°å¨<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">åæ软件èªç±æ¯ä»¥å¾æ´å
éè¦</a>ã
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<h3>社åºç解ä½</h3>
<p>
å
«å年代åï¼DigitalçPDP-10ç³»åå产ï¼å½¢å¿åçäºå§åã该系å大åæºå¨å
å年代ä¼é
èæåçæ¶ææ æ³èªç¶å»¶ä¼¸å°å
«å年代å¼å§ä½¿ç¨çæ´å¤§çå°å空é´ãè¿æå³çå
ä¹ææææITSçç¨åºé½è¿æ¶äºã</p>
<p>
èä¸ä¹
åï¼äººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤çé»å®¢ç¤¾åºå·²ç»è§£ä½äºã1981å¹´ï¼ä»å®éªå®¤åæåºæ¥çSymbolicså
¬å¸éä½£äºå ä¹å
¨é¨å®éªå®¤é»å®¢ï¼ååç社åºæ
以为ç»ãï¼Steve
-Levyçãé»å®¢ãä¸ä¹¦æè¿°äºè¿äºäºä»¶ï¼å¹¶ç»åºäºç¤¾åºé¼çæ¶æçæ¸
æ°åç
§ãï¼å½äººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤å¨1982å¹´è´ä¹°äºä¸å°æ°çPDP-10åï¼å
¶ç®¡çåå³å®ä½¿ç¨Digitalå
¬å¸çéèªç±åæ¶ç³»ç»æ¥ä»£æ¿ITSã</p>
+Levyç <cite>é»å®¢</cite>
+ä¸ä¹¦æè¿°äºè¿äºäºä»¶ï¼å¹¶ç»åºäºç¤¾åºé¼çæ¶æçæ¸
æ°åç
§ãï¼å½äººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤å¨1982å¹´è´ä¹°äºä¸å°æ°çPDP-10åï¼å
¶ç®¡çåå³å®ä½¿ç¨Digitalå
¬å¸çéèªç±åæ¶ç³»ç»æ¥ä»£æ¿ITSã</p>
<p>
é£æ¶çæ°è®¡ç®æºï¼è±¡VAXæ68020ï¼é½æå®ä»¬èªå·±çæä½ç³»ç»ï¼ä½æ¯é½ä¸æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼å³ä½¿åªæ¯è¦ä¸ä»½å¯æ§è¡æ件çå¯æ¬ï¼ä½
é½éè¦ç¾ç½²ä¿å¯åè®®ã</p>
<p>
@@ -66,10 +66,9 @@
<p>
å¦ææ们æç»æ¥åè¿äºå设ï¼æç¨æ·æ¾å¨é¦ä½ï¼å¹¶æ
¹æ®å¸¸è¯æ§çéå¾·æ¥å¤æï¼é£ä¹æ们就å¯ä»¥å¾åºä¸åçç»è®ºã计ç®æºç¨æ·åºè¯¥è½å¤èªç±å°ä¿®æ¹è½¯ä»¶æ¥éåºèªå·±çéæ±ï¼ä¹åºè¯¥è½å¤èªç±å°å享软件ï¼å
为äºç¸å¸®å©æ¯ç¤¾ä¼çåºç¡ã</p>
<p>
-é´äºç¯å¹
éå¶ï¼æ们ä¸å¨æ¤å¯¹ç»è®ºèåçæ¨çå详ç»è®ºè¿°ï¼æ为读è
æä¾ä»¥ä¸ç½é¡µååèï¼<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a>å<a
-href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>ã
+é´äºç¯å¹
éå¶ï¼æ们ä¸å¨æ¤å¯¹ç»è®ºèåçæ¨çå详ç»è®ºè¿°ï¼æ为读è
æä¾ä»¥ä¸ç½é¡µååè３<a
+href="/philosophy/why-free.html">为ä»ä¹è½¯ä»¶ä¸åºæææè
</a>”
å “<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">èªç±è½¯ä»¶ç°å¨æ´å
éè¦</a>ã”
</p>
<h3>严é
·çéå¾·ææ©</h3>
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@
<p>
æä½ç³»ç»å¹¶ä¸æ¯ä»
ä»
æå
æ ¸ï¼èæ æ³è¿è¡å
¶ä»ç¨åºãå¨70年代ï¼æ¯ä¸ªç§°å¾ä¸å«æä½ç³»ç»ååçç³»ç»é½å
æ¬å½ä»¤è¡ãæ±ç¼å¨ãç¼è¯å¨ã解éå¨ãè°è¯å¨ãææ¬ç¼è¾å¨ãé®ä»¶æå¡ï¼è¿æå¾å¤ãITSæãMulticsæãVMSæãUnixä¹æè¿äºãGNUç³»ç»ä¹åºè¯¥æã</p>
<p>
-æåæ¥å¬å°Hillelæ¾ç»è¯´è¿ï¼1)ï¼</p>
+æåæ¥å¬å°Hillelæ¾ç»è¯´è¿ <a href="#ft2">[2]</a>ï¼</p>
<blockquote><p>
æä¸ä¸ºæï¼è°ä¼ä¸ºæï¼<br />
@@ -104,8 +103,6 @@
</p></blockquote>
<p>
å³å®å¼å§GNU项ç®æ£æ¯åºäºåæ ·çæ
æã</p>
-<p>
-ï¼1)ä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªæ ç¥è®ºè
ï¼æ并ä¸è¿½æ§ä»»ä½å®æé¢è¢ï¼ä½æ¯æææ¶ä¼é¦ä½©ä»ä»¬çä¸äºè¦å¥ã</p>
<h3>Freeæ¯freedomææçèªç±</h3>
<p>
@@ -181,13 +178,14 @@
Windowç³»ç»çæ·è´å°±åUnixä¸æ ·ä¸åæ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶äºã</p>
<p>
X
-Windowç³»ç»çå¼åè
认为è¿ä¸æ¯é®é¢—ä»ä»¬ç¥é并æ¿æè¿æ
·çäºåçãä»ä»¬çç®çä¸æ¯èªç±ï¼åªæ¯“æå”ï¼å°±æ¯“æ¥æå¾å¤ç¨æ·ã”ä»ä»¬ä¸å
³å¿è¿äºç¨æ·æ¯å¦æ¥æèªç±ï¼åªå¸æç¨æ·æ°ç®åºå¤§ã</p>
+Windowç³»ç»çå¼åè
认为è¿ä¸æ¯é®é¢——ä»ä»¬ç¥é并æ¿æè¿æ
·çäºåçãä»ä»¬çç®çä¸æ¯èªç±ï¼åªæ¯“æå”ï¼å°±æ¯“æ¥æå¾å¤ç¨æ·ã”ä»ä»¬ä¸å
³å¿è¿äºç¨æ·æ¯å¦æ¥æèªç±ï¼åªå¸æç¨æ·æ°ç®åºå¤§ã</p>
<p>
è¿å¯¼è´ä¸ä¸ªçç¾çæ
å½¢ï¼å½åç“è¿ä¸ªç¨åºæ¯å¦æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ï¼”çé®é¢æ¶ï¼ä¸¤ç§ä¸åç计ç®èªç±çæ¹æ³ä¼ç»åºä¸åççæ¡ãå¦æä½
ç¨MITçåå¸è®¸å¯è¯æ¥å¤ææ¶ï¼ä½
ä¼è¯´Xç³»ç»æ¯èªç±è½¯ä»¶ãä½æ¯ï¼å¦æä½
æµé使ç¨Xç³»ç»çç¨æ·è·å¾çèªç±å¹³åæ°æ¶ï¼ä½
ä¼è¯´å®æ¯ä¸æ软件ãå 为大å¤æ°Xç³»ç»çç¨æ·ä½¿ç¨çæ¯å
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+
+<li id="ft2">ä½ä¸ºä¸ä¸ªæ ç¥è®ºè
ï¼æ并ä¸è¿½æ§ä»»ä½å®æé¢è¢ï¼ä½æ¯æææ¶ä¼é¦ä½©ä»ä»¬çä¸äºè¦å¥ã</li>
+
+<li id="ft3">å¨å¤§çº¦1984æ1985å¹´ï¼Don Hopkinsï¼ä¸ä¸ªæå
·æ³è±¡åç家ä¼ï¼ç»æåäºå°ä¿¡ãä»å¨ <a
+href="/graphics/copyleft-sticker.html">ä¿¡å°</a>
+ä¸åäºä¸äºé趣çè¯ï¼å
¶ä¸ä¸å¥è¯´ï¼“Copyleft——ä¿çæææå©ã”æéç¨äº“copyleft”æ¥ç»æå½æ¶å¨å¼åçåå¸æ¦å¿µå½åã</li>
+
+<li id="ft4">æ们ç®å使ç¨<a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
Documentation License</a>æ¥ææææ¡£ã</li>
+
+<li id="ft5">“Bourne Again Shell”æ¯å¯¹“Bourne
+Shell”è¿ä¸å称表达æ¬æï¼åè
æ¯Unixç³»ç»ä¸å¸¸ç¨çshellã</li>
+
+<li
id="ft6">å½æ¶æ¯1998å¹´ãå¨2009å¹´æ们ä¸åç»´æ¤å¾é¿çä»»å¡å表ã社åºå¼åèªç±è½¯ä»¶çé度æ¯å¦æ¤ä¹å¿«ï¼æ们çè³æ
æ³å
¨é¨è·è¸ªãæ以ï¼æ们使ç¨äºé«ä¼å
级项ç®å表ï¼ä¸ä¸ªé常çç项ç®å表ï¼æ们ççé¼å±ç¨æ·æ¥ç¼åè¿äºè½¯ä»¶ã</li>
+
+<li id="ft7">该许å¯è¯ç°å¨å«åGNU宽éç¨å
Œ
±è®¸å¯è¯ï¼ä»¥é¿å
大家误以为å
¨é¨åºé½å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¨è¯¥è®¸å¯è¯ãåç<a
+href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">为ä»ä¹ä½
çä¸ä¸ä¸ªåºä¸åºè¯¥ä½¿ç¨LGPL许å¯è¯</a>æ¥äºè§£æ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯ã</li>
+
+<li
id="ft8">2008年注ï¼æ¤é®é¢è¿æ©å±å°BIOSç¨åºãè¿éæä¸ä¸ªèªç±çBIOS软件ï¼<a
+href="https://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a>ï¼corebootçä¸ä¸ªåè¡çï¼ï¼é®é¢å¨äºè·å¾è®¡ç®æºçè§æ
¼ä»¥ä¾¿LibreBootè½å¤ä¸ä½¿ç¨éèªç±ç“blobs”软件å
ä¹è½å¤æ¯æè¿äºè®¡ç®æºã</li>
+
+<li id="ft9">åç»æ³¨ï¼å¨2000å¹´9æï¼Qtæç
§GNU GPLåå¸ï¼è¿å°±ä»æ
¹æ¬ä¸è§£å³äºè¿ä¸ªé®é¢ã</li>
+
+<li id="ft10">å¨ 2009 å¹´ï¼GIF ä¸å©è¿æã</li>
+
+<li id="ft11">å¨ 2017 å¹´ï¼MP3
ä¸å©è¿æãççæ们为æ¤çäºå¤å°å¹´å§ã</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>
+æåå表äº<cite>å¼æº</cite>ä¸ä¹¦ãRichard Stallmanæ¬äºº<a
+href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">ä»æ¥ä¸æ¯æ“å¼æº”</a>ï¼ä½ä»è¿æ¯è´¡ç®äºæ¤æãè¿æ
·åå¯ä»¥é¿å
èªç±è½¯ä»¶è¿å¨çç念å¨é£æ¬ä¹¦ä¸è¢«å®å
¨å¿½ç¥ã
+</p>
+</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -461,7 +484,7 @@
<!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.zh-cn.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>请å°æå
³èªç±è½¯ä»¶åºéä¼ï¼FSFï¼&GNUçä¸è¬æ§é®é¢åéå°<a
@@ -480,12 +503,13 @@
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
-è¥æ¨æ³ç¿»è¯æ¬æï¼è¯·åç<a
-href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ç¿»è¯é¡»ç¥</a>è·åæå
³åè°åæ交翻è¯çç¸å
³äºé¡¹ã</p>
+æ们尽æ大åªåæ¥æä¾ç²¾ååé«è´¨éçç¿»è¯ï¼ä½é¾å
ä¼åå¨é误åä¸è¶³ãå¦ææ¨å¨è¿æ¹é¢æè¯è®ºæä¸è¬æ§ç建议ï¼è¯·åéè³
<a
+href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";><web-translators@gnu.org></a>ã</p><p>å
³äºè¿è¡åè°ä¸æ交翻è¯çæ´å¤ä¿¡æ¯åè§
+<a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">ãè¯è
æåã</a>ã</p>
</div>
<!-- Regarding copyright, in general, standalone pages (as opposed to
@@ -504,8 +528,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014, 2015,
-2017, 2018, 2020 Richard Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021
+Richard Stallman</p>
<p>æ¬é¡µé¢ä½¿ç¨<a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative Commons
@@ -516,12 +540,12 @@
<!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.-->
<b>ç¿»è¯å¢é</b>ï¼<a rel="team"
-href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2017-2020ã</div>
+href="https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/www-zh-cn/";><CTT></a>ï¼2017-2021ã</div>
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
æåæ´æ°ï¼
-$Date: 2020/07/13 03:30:13 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.3
retrieving revision 1.4
diff -u -b -r1.3 -r1.4
--- gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html 15 Dec 2018 14:46:09 -0000 1.3
+++ gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn-en.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.4
@@ -1,21 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
-<title>About the GNU Operating System
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
+<title>GNU in a Nutshell
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/about-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2>About the GNU Operating System</h2>
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>GNU in a Nutshell</h2>
+<div class="thin"></div>
-<blockquote>
-<p>The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not
-Unix!”; it is pronounced as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">
-one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p>
-</blockquote>
-
-<p>[<a href="/gnu/gnu.html">Other historical and general articles about
-GNU.</a>]</p>
-
-<p>GNU was launched by Richard Stallman (rms) in 1983, as an
+<p>GNU <a href="#f1">[1]</a> was launched by Richard Stallman (rms) in
1983, as an
operating system which would be put together by people working
together for the freedom of all software users to control their
computing. rms remains the Chief GNUisance today.</p>
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@
<p><a href="/distros/free-distros.html">Completely free system
distributions</a> (“distros”) meeting this goal are
available today, many using the <a
-href="http://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/";>Linux-libre
kernel</a> (the <a
+href="https://www.fsfla.org/svnwiki/selibre/linux-libre/";>Linux-libre
kernel</a> (the <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">relationship between GNU and the Linux
kernel</a> is described more fully elsewhere). The <a
href="/software/software.html">GNU packages</a> have been designed to
@@ -50,10 +49,10 @@
contribute</a>, both technical and non-technical. GNU developers gather
from time to time in <a href="/ghm/ghm.html">GNU Hackers Meetings</a>,
sometimes as part of the larger free software community <a
-href="http://libreplanet.org/";>LibrePlanet</a> conferences.</p>
+href="https://libreplanet.org/";>LibrePlanet</a> conferences.</p>
<p>GNU has been supported in several ways by the <a
-href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, the nonprofit
+href="https://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a>, the nonprofit
organization also founded by rms to advocate free software ideals.
Among other things, the FSF accepts copyright assignments and
disclaimers, so it can act in court on behalf of GNU programs. (To be
@@ -65,10 +64,18 @@
<p>The ultimate goal is to provide free software to do all of the
jobs computer users want to do—and thus make proprietary software
a thing of the past.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="f1">“GNU” is pronounced as <a
+href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard <i>g</i></a>.</li>
+</ol>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -86,13 +93,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -113,7 +120,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2014, 2017, 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2011, 2017, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -123,7 +130,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2018/12/15 14:46:09 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.4
retrieving revision 1.5
diff -u -b -r1.4 -r1.5
--- gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn.po 26 Oct 2021 09:19:25 -0000 1.4
+++ gnu/po/about-gnu.zh-cn.po 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.5
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-10-24 06:55+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "GNU in a Nutshell - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.8
retrieving revision 1.9
diff -u -b -r1.8 -r1.9
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html 13 Jul 2020 03:30:13 -0000 1.8
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn-en.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.9
@@ -1,29 +1,20 @@
<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
-<!-- Parent-Version: 1.86 -->
+<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
+<!--#set var="TAGS" value="gnu-history" -->
+<!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
<title>About the GNU Project
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, GNU Project, FSF, Free Software,
Free Software Foundation, History" />
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/thegnuproject.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/gnu/gnu-breadcrumb.html" -->
+<!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
<h2>The GNU Project</h2>
-<p>
-by <a href="http://www.stallman.org/";><strong>Richard Stallman</strong></a></p>
-
-<blockquote>
-<p>
-Originally published in the book <em>Open Sources</em>. Richard
-Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
-never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed
-this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
-be entirely absent from that book.
-</p>
-<p>
-Why it is even more important than ever
-<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist
-that the software we use be free</a>.
-</p>
-</blockquote>
+<address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
+Stallman</a></address>
<h3>The first software-sharing community</h3>
<p>
@@ -37,27 +28,29 @@
<p>
The AI Lab used a timesharing operating system called
<abbr title="Incompatible Timesharing System">ITS</abbr> (the
-Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers (1) had
+Incompatible Timesharing System) that the lab's staff hackers <a
href="#ft1">[1]</a> had
designed and written in assembler language for the Digital
<abbr title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</abbr>-10, one of
the large computers of the era. As a member of this community, an AI
Lab staff system hacker, my job was to improve this system.</p>
<p>
-We did not call our software “free software”, because that
+We did not call our software “free software,” because that
term did not yet exist; but that is what it was. Whenever people from
another university or a company wanted to port and use a program, we
gladly let them. If you saw someone using an unfamiliar and
interesting program, you could always ask to see the source code, so
that you could read it, change it, or cannibalize parts of it to make
a new program.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
<p>
-(1) The use of “hacker” to mean “security
-breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We
-hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
-to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
-cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
-article, <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
-Hacking</a>.</p>
+Why it is even more important than ever
+<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">to insist
+that the software we use be free</a>.
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<h3>The collapse of the community</h3>
<p>
@@ -70,7 +63,7 @@
The AI Lab hacker community had already collapsed, not long before.
In 1981, the spin-off company Symbolics had hired away nearly all of
the hackers from the AI Lab, and the depopulated community was unable
-to maintain itself. (The book Hackers, by Steve Levy, describes these
+to maintain itself. (The book <cite>Hackers</cite>, by Steve Levy, describes
these
events, as well as giving a clear picture of this community in its
prime.) When the AI Lab bought a new PDP-10 in 1982, its
administrators decided to use Digital's nonfree timesharing system
@@ -98,7 +91,8 @@
issue.</p>
<p>
When software publishers talk about “enforcing” their
-“rights” or “stopping <a
href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>”, what they
+“rights” or “stopping <a
+href="/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Piracy">piracy</a>,” what they
actually <em>say</em> is secondary. The real message of these statements is
in the unstated assumptions they take for granted, which the public is
asked to accept without examination. Let's therefore examine them.</p>
@@ -129,11 +123,11 @@
software, because helping other people is the basis of society.</p>
<p>
There is no room here for an extensive statement of the reasoning
-behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to the web pages
-<a href="/philosophy/why-free.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/why-free.html</a> and
-<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html</a>.
+behind this conclusion, so I refer the reader to “<a
+href="/philosophy/why-free.html">Why Software Should Not Have
+Owners</a>,” and “<a
+href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">Free
+Software Is Even More Important Now</a>.”
</p>
<h3>A stark moral choice</h3>
@@ -184,7 +178,7 @@
Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily
switch to it. The name GNU was chosen, following a hacker tradition, as
a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.” It is pronounced
-as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a hard g</a>.</p>
+as <a href="/gnu/pronunciation.html">one syllable with a
hard <i>g</i></a>.</p>
<p>
An operating system does not mean just a kernel, barely enough to run
other programs. In the 1970s, every operating system worthy of the
@@ -193,7 +187,7 @@
Multics had them, VMS had them, and Unix had them. The GNU operating
system would include them too.</p>
<p>
-Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel (1):</p>
+Later I heard these words, attributed to Hillel <a
href="#ft2">[2]</a>:</p>
<blockquote><p>
If I am not for myself, who will be for me?<br />
@@ -202,9 +196,6 @@
</p></blockquote>
<p>
The decision to start the GNU Project was based on a similar spirit.</p>
-<p>
-(1) As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
-sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</p>
<h3>Free as in freedom</h3>
<p>
@@ -237,13 +228,13 @@
Therefore, a program which people are not free to include on these
collections is not free software.</p>
<p>
-Because of the ambiguity of “free”, people have long
+Because of the ambiguity of “free,” people have long
looked for alternatives, but no one has found a better term.
The English language has more words and nuances than any other, but it
-lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free”, as in
+lacks a simple, unambiguous, word that means “free,” as in
freedom—“unfettered” being the word that comes closest in
-meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated”,
-“freedom”, and “open” have either the wrong
+meaning. Such alternatives as “liberated,”
+“freedom,” and “open” have either the wrong
meaning or some other disadvantage.</p>
<h3>GNU software and the GNU system</h3>
@@ -280,7 +271,7 @@
<p>
Shortly before beginning the GNU Project, I heard about the Free
University Compiler Kit, also known as VUCK. (The Dutch word for
-“free” is written with a <em>v</em>.) This was a compiler
+“free” is written with a <i>v</i>.) This was a compiler
designed to handle multiple languages, including C and Pascal, and to
support multiple target machines. I wrote to its author asking if GNU
could use it.</p>
@@ -300,7 +291,7 @@
<p>
I then realized that the Pastel compiler functioned by parsing the
entire input file into a syntax tree, converting the whole syntax tree
-into a chain of “instructions”, and then generating the
+into a chain of “instructions,” and then generating the
whole output file, without ever freeing any storage. At this point, I
concluded I would have to write a new compiler from scratch. That new
compiler is now known as <abbr title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</abbr>;
@@ -355,7 +346,7 @@
<p>
The developers of the X Window System did not consider this a
problem—they expected and intended this to happen. Their goal was
-not freedom, just “success”, defined as “having many
+not freedom, just “success,” defined as “having many
users.” They did not care whether these users had freedom, only
that they should be numerous.</p>
<p>
@@ -373,7 +364,7 @@
The goal of GNU was to give users freedom, not just to be popular. So
we needed to use distribution terms that would prevent GNU software
from being turned into proprietary software. The method we use is
-called “copyleft”.(1)</p>
+called “copyleft” <a href="#ft3">[3]</a>.</p>
<p>
Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite
of its usual purpose: instead of a means for restricting a program, it
@@ -416,26 +407,16 @@
have other kinds of copyleft that are used in specific circumstances.
GNU manuals are copylefted also, but use a much simpler kind of
copyleft, because the complexity of the GNU GPL is not necessary
-for manuals.(2)</p>
-<p>
-(1) In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
-a letter. On the envelope he had written several amusing sayings,
-including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
-used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
-I was developing at the time.</p>
-
-<p>
-(2) We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
-Documentation License</a> for documentation.</p>
+for manuals. <a href="#ft4">[4]</a></p>
<h3>The Free Software Foundation</h3>
<p>As interest in using Emacs was growing, other people became
involved in the GNU project, and we decided that it was time to seek
funding once again. So in 1985 we created
-the <a href="http://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
+the <a href="https://www.fsf.org/";>Free Software Foundation</a> (FSF),
a tax-exempt charity for free software development. The
-<abbr title="Free Software Foundation">FSF</abbr> also took over
+FSF also took over
the Emacs tape distribution business; later it extended this by adding
other free software (both GNU and non-GNU) to the tape, and by selling
free manuals as well.</p>
@@ -446,9 +427,9 @@
redistribute and modify), and Deluxe Distributions (distributions for
which we built the whole collection of software for the customer's
choice of platform). Today the FSF
-still <a href="http://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
+still <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/";> sells manuals and other
gear</a>, but it gets the bulk of its funding from members' dues. You
-can join the FSF at <a href="http://fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
+can join the FSF at <a href="https://my.fsf.org/join";>fsf.org</a>.</p>
<p>Free Software Foundation employees have written and maintained a
number of GNU software packages. Two notable ones are the C library
@@ -456,17 +437,14 @@
GNU/Linux system uses to communicate with Linux. It was developed by
a member of the Free Software Foundation staff, Roland McGrath. The
shell used on most GNU/Linux systems is
-<abbr title="Bourne Again Shell">BASH</abbr>, the Bourne Again
-Shell(1), which was developed by FSF employee Brian Fox.</p>
+BASH, the Bourne Again
+SHell <a href="#ft5">[5]</a>, which was developed by FSF employee Brian
Fox.</p>
<p>We funded development of these programs because the GNU Project was
not just about tools or a development environment. Our goal was a
complete operating system, and these programs were needed for that
goal.</p>
-<p>(1) “Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name
-“Bourne Shell”, which was the usual shell on Unix.</p>
-
<h3>Free software support</h3>
<p>The free software philosophy rejects a specific widespread business
@@ -492,7 +470,7 @@
on nonfree software that works with free software. These are not
free software companies, they are proprietary software companies whose
products tempt users away from freedom. They call these programs
-“value-added packages”, which shows the values they
+“value-added packages,” which shows the values they
would like us to adopt: convenience above freedom. If we value freedom
more, we should call them “freedom-subtracted” packages.</p>
@@ -550,10 +528,10 @@
other useful software and documentation projects that, we thought, a
truly complete system ought to have.</p>
-<p>Today (1), hardly any Unix components are left in the GNU Task
+<p>Today <a href="#ft6">[6]</a>, hardly any Unix components are left in
the GNU Task
List—those jobs had been done, aside from a few inessential
ones. But the list is full of projects that some might call
-“applications”. Any program that appeals to more than a
+“applications.” Any program that appeals to more than a
narrow class of users would be a useful thing to add to an operating
system.</p>
@@ -563,16 +541,10 @@
list of games that Unix had. Instead, we listed a spectrum of
different kinds of games that users might like.</p>
-<p>(1) That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
-task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't
-even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
-Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
-people to write.</p>
-
-<h3>The GNU Library GPL</h3>
+<h3>The GNU Lesser GPL</h3>
<p>The GNU C library uses a special kind of copyleft called the GNU
-Library General Public License(1), which gives permission to link
+Lesser General Public License <a href="#ft7">[7]</a>, which gives
permission to link
proprietary software with the library. Why make this exception?</p>
<p>It is not a matter of principle; there is no principle that says
@@ -593,7 +565,7 @@
is no ethical reason to allow proprietary applications on the GNU
system, but strategically it seems that disallowing them would do more
to discourage use of the GNU system than to encourage development of
-free applications. That is why using the Library GPL is a good
+free applications. That is why using the Lesser GPL is a good
strategy for the C library.</p>
<p>For other libraries, the strategic decision needs to be
@@ -605,7 +577,7 @@
<p>Consider GNU Readline, a library that was developed to provide
command-line editing for BASH. Readline is released under the
-ordinary GNU GPL, not the Library GPL. This probably does reduce the
+ordinary GNU GPL, not the Lesser GPL. This probably does reduce the
amount Readline is used, but that is no loss for us. Meanwhile, at
least one useful application has been made free software specifically
so it could use Readline, and that is a real gain for the
@@ -618,11 +590,6 @@
useful modules to serve as building blocks in new free software, and
adding up to a major advantage for further free software development.</p>
-<p>(1) This license is now called the GNU Lesser General Public License,
-to avoid giving the idea that all libraries ought to use it.
-See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
-Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</p>
-
<h3>Scratching an itch?</h3>
<p>
Eric Raymond says that “Every good work of software starts by
@@ -736,7 +703,7 @@
We call this system version <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">
GNU/Linux</a>, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU
system with Linux as the kernel. Please don't fall into the practice
-of calling the whole system “Linux”, since that means
+of calling the whole system “Linux,” since that means
attributing our work to someone else.
Please <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html"> give us equal
mention</a>.</p>
@@ -772,11 +739,8 @@
strong feeling that free software is a matter of principle, and
nonfree drivers are intolerable. And will large numbers of us spend
extra money, or even a little extra time, so we can use free drivers?
-Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread.</p>
-<p>
-(2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a free
-BIOS, <a href="http://www.libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of
coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that
-LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs”.)</p>
+Yes, if the determination to have freedom is widespread. <a
href="#ft8">[8]</a></p>
+
<h3>Nonfree libraries</h3>
<p>
@@ -832,10 +796,7 @@
way to be sure, but I think that this was partly due to the
community's firm response to the problem that Qt posed when it was
nonfree. (The new license is inconvenient and inequitable, so it
-remains desirable to avoid using Qt.)</p>
-<p>
-[Subsequent note: in September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
-which essentially solved this problem.]</p>
+remains desirable to avoid using Qt. <a href="#ft9">[9]</a>)</p>
<p>
How will we respond to the next tempting nonfree library? Will the
whole community understand the need to stay out of the trap? Or will
@@ -848,11 +809,10 @@
algorithms and features off limits to free software for up to twenty
years. The LZW compression algorithm patents were applied for in
1983, and we still cannot release free software to produce proper
-compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>s.
-[As of 2009 they have expired.] In 1998, a free program to produce
+compressed <abbr title="Graphics Interchange Format">GIF</abbr>s. <a
href="#ft10">[10]</a>
+In 1998, a free program to produce
<abbr title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3">MP3</abbr> compressed audio
-was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit. [As of
-2017, these patents have expired. Look how long we had to wait.]
+was removed from distribution under threat of a patent suit. <a
href="#ft11">[11]</a>
</p>
<p>
There are ways to cope with patents: we can search for evidence that a
@@ -924,7 +884,7 @@
<h3>We must talk about freedom</h3>
<p>
Estimates today are that there are ten million users of GNU/Linux
-systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux”.
+systems such as Debian GNU/Linux and Red Hat “Linux.”
Free software has developed such practical advantages that users are
flocking to it for purely practical reasons.</p>
<p>
@@ -977,7 +937,7 @@
“Free software” and “open source” describe the
same category of software, more or less, but say different things
about the software, and about values. The GNU Project continues to
-use the term “free software”, to express the idea that
+use the term “free software,” to express the idea that
freedom, not just technology, is important.</p>
<h3>Try!</h3>
@@ -1001,10 +961,74 @@
can't take the future of freedom for granted. Don't take it for
granted! If you want to keep your freedom, you must be prepared to
defend it.</p>
+<div class="column-limit"></div>
+
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
+<ol>
+<li id="ft1">The use of “hacker” to mean “security
+breaker” is a confusion on the part of the mass media. We
+hackers refuse to recognize that meaning, and continue using the word
+to mean someone who loves to program, someone who enjoys playful
+cleverness, or the combination of the two. See my
+article, “<a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>On
+Hacking</a>.”</li>
+
+<li id="ft2">As an Atheist, I don't follow any religious leaders, but I
+sometimes find I admire something one of them has said.</li>
+
+<li id="ft3">In 1984 or 1985, Don Hopkins (a very imaginative fellow) mailed me
+a letter. <a href="/graphics/copyleft-sticker.html">On the envelope</a> he
+had written several amusing sayings,
+including this one: “Copyleft—all rights reversed.” I
+used the word “copyleft” to name the distribution concept
+I was developing at the time.</li>
+
+<li id="ft4">We now use the <a href="/licenses/fdl.html">GNU Free
+Documentation License</a> for documentation.</li>
+
+<li id="ft5">“Bourne Again Shell” is a play on the name
+“Bourne Shell,” which was the usual shell on Unix.</li>
+
+<li id="ft6">That was written in 1998. In 2009 we no longer maintain a long
+task list. The community develops free software so fast that we can't
+even keep track of it all. Instead, we have a list of High Priority
+Projects, a much shorter list of projects we really want to encourage
+people to write.</li>
+
+<li id="ft7">This license was initially called the GNU Library General
+Public License, we renamed it to avoid giving the idea that all
+libraries ought to use it.
+See <a href="/philosophy/why-not-lgpl.html">Why you shouldn't use the
+Lesser GPL for your next library</a> for more information.</li>
+
+<li id="ft8">2008 note: this issue extends to the BIOS as well. There is a
free
+BIOS, <a href="https://libreboot.org/";>LibreBoot</a> (a distribution of
+coreboot); the problem is getting specs for machines so that
+LibreBoot can support them without nonfree “blobs.”</li>
+
+<li id="ft9">In September 2000, Qt was rereleased under the GNU GPL,
+which essentially solved this problem.</li>
+
+<li id="ft10">As of 2009, the GIF patents have expired.</li>
+
+<li id="ft11">As of 2017, the MP3 patents have expired. Look how
+long we had to wait.</li>
+</ol>
+
+<div class="infobox extra" role="complementary">
+<hr />
+<p>
+Originally published in the book <cite>Open Sources</cite>. Richard
+Stallman was <a href="/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.html">
+never a supporter of “open source”</a>, but contributed
+this article so that the ideas of the free software movement would not
+be entirely absent from that book.
+</p>
+</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
-<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
<div class="unprintable">
<p>Please send general FSF & GNU inquiries to
@@ -1022,13 +1046,13 @@
to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org";>
<web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p>
- <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of
+ <p>For information on coordinating and contributing translations of
our web pages, see <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
README</a>. -->
Please see the <a
href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations
-README</a> for information on coordinating and submitting translations
+README</a> for information on coordinating and contributing translations
of this article.</p>
</div>
@@ -1049,7 +1073,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1998, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2014,
2015, 2017, 2018, 2020
+<p>Copyright © 1998, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2021
Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -1060,7 +1084,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2020/07/13 03:30:13 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn.po,v
retrieving revision 1.22
retrieving revision 1.23
diff -u -b -r1.22 -r1.23
--- gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn.po 26 Oct 2021 09:10:57 -0000 1.22
+++ gnu/po/thegnuproject.zh-cn.po 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.23
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-10-24 07:25+0000\n"
#. type: Content of: <title>
msgid "About the GNU Project - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation"
@@ -61,11 +60,11 @@
"the era. As a member of this community, an AI Lab staff system hacker, my "
"job was to improve this system."
msgstr ""
-"人工æºè½å®éªå®¤å½æ¶ä½¿ç¨ä¸ç§ç§°ä¸º <abbr title=\"Incompatible
Timesharing "
-"Systemï¼ä¸å
¼å®¹åæ¶ç³»ç»ï¼\">ITS</abbr>
çåæ¶æä½ç³»ç»ã该系ç»æ¯å®éªå®¤çé»å®¢"
-"ï¼1ï¼è®¾è®¡å¹¶ç¨æ±ç¼è¯è¨ä¸º Digital å
¬å¸ç <abbr title=\"Programmed
Data "
-"Processor\">PDP</abbr>-10
计ç®æºç¼åçï¼è¯¥è®¡ç®æºæ¯å½æ¶ç大å计ç®æºä¹ä¸ãä½ä¸º"
-"社åºä¸åï¼ä¹ä½ä¸ºäººå·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤çç³»ç»é»å®¢ï¼æçå·¥ä½å°±æ¯æ¹è¿è¿ä¸ªç³»ç»ã"
+"人工æºè½å®éªå®¤å½æ¶ä½¿ç¨ä¸ç§ç§°ä¸º <abbr title=\"Incompatible
Timesharing System"
+"ï¼ä¸å
¼å®¹åæ¶ç³»ç»ï¼\">ITS</abbr>
çåæ¶æä½ç³»ç»ã该系ç»æ¯å®éªå®¤çé»å®¢ï¼1ï¼è®¾è®¡"
+"并ç¨æ±ç¼è¯è¨ä¸º Digital å
¬å¸ç <abbr title=\"Programmed Data
Processor\">PDP</"
+"abbr>-10
计ç®æºç¼åçï¼è¯¥è®¡ç®æºæ¯å½æ¶ç大å计ç®æºä¹ä¸ãä½ä¸ºç¤¾åºä¸åï¼ä¹ä½ä¸ºäºº"
+"å·¥æºè½å®éªå®¤çç³»ç»é»å®¢ï¼æçå·¥ä½å°±æ¯æ¹è¿è¿ä¸ªç³»ç»ã"
#. type: Content of: <p>
msgid ""
Index: licenses/lgpl-3.0.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/lgpl-3.0.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- licenses/lgpl-3.0.fr.html 28 Jul 2021 18:31:21 -0000 1.33
+++ licenses/lgpl-3.0.fr.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.34
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.md">Markdown</a>, <a
href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.odt">ODF</a>, <a
href="/licenses//lgpl-3.0.rtf">RTF</a>, <a
-href="/licenses/lgpl+gpl.txt">LGPL+GPL</a></li>
+href="/licenses/lgpl+gpl-3.0.txt">LGPL+GPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.html">Logos de la LGPLv3</a> Ã utiliser
avec votre projet</li>
<li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#LGPL">Anciennes
versions
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/07/28 18:31:21 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: licenses/po/lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/licenses/po/lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- licenses/po/lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html 28 Jul 2021 18:31:33 -0000 1.28
+++ licenses/po/lgpl-3.0.fr-en.html 26 Oct 2021 09:31:13 -0000 1.29
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
<a href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.md">Markdown</a>,
<a href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.odt">ODF</a>,
<a href="/licenses/lgpl-3.0.rtf">RTF</a>,
- <a href="/licenses/lgpl+gpl.txt">LGPL+GPL</a></li>
+ <a href="/licenses/lgpl+gpl-3.0.txt">LGPL+GPL</a></li>
<li><a href="/graphics/license-logos.html">LGPLv3 logos</a> to use
with your project</li>
<li><a href="/licenses/old-licenses/old-licenses.html#LGPL">Old
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/07/28 18:31:33 $
+$Date: 2021/10/26 09:31:13 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
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