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From: |
GNUN |
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Subject: |
www gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html gnu/gnu-linux-faq... |
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Date: |
Mon, 30 Aug 2021 10:04:43 -0400 (EDT) |
CVSROOT: /web/www
Module name: www
Changes by: GNUN <gnun> 21/08/30 10:04:43
Modified files:
gnu : gnu-linux-faq.fr.html gnu-linux-faq.ru.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html
linux-and-gnu.fr.html linux-and-gnu.ru.html
why-gnu-linux.fr.html why-gnu-linux.ru.html
gnu/po : gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html gnu-linux-faq.ru.po
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html
gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po
linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html linux-and-gnu.ru.po
why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html
why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html why-gnu-linux.ru.po
server/gnun/compendia: compendium.ar.po
Log message:
Automatic update by GNUnited Nations.
CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.97&r2=1.98
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.66&r2=1.67
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.39&r2=1.40
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.97&r2=1.98
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.53&r2=1.54
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.76&r2=1.77
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.41&r2=1.42
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.63&r2=1.64
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.124&r2=1.125
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.28&r2=1.29
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.38&r2=1.39
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.51&r2=1.52
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.42&r2=1.43
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.73&r2=1.74
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.40&r2=1.41
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.33&r2=1.34
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.46&r2=1.47
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ar.po?cvsroot=www&r1=1.133&r2=1.134
Patches:
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.97
retrieving revision 1.98
diff -u -b -r1.97 -r1.98
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 4 Jul 2021 18:30:36 -0000 1.97
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.fr.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.98
@@ -1,35 +1,28 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>FAQ sur GNU/Linux - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">FAQ sur GNU/Linux</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>FAQ sur GNU/Linux</h2>
-<address class="byline c">par Richard Stallman</address>
+<address class="byline">par Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>Pour en savoir plus, voir aussi les pages suivantes : <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le projet GNU</a>, <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a> et <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">Les utilisateurs de GNU qui
-n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Quand les gens voient que nous utilisons et recommandons le nom GNU/Linux
pour un système que beaucoup d'autres appellent simplement « Linux », ils
se
posent beaucoup de questions. Voici les plus communes d'entre elles, et nos
réponses.</p>
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table des matières</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#why">Pourquoi appelez-vous le système que nous utilisons
GNU/Linux
@@ -277,7 +270,16 @@
mal. Ne pourriez-vous pas obtenir leur soutien par d'autres moyens ?</a></li>
</ul>
-<hr class="thin" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<p>Pour en savoir plus, voir aussi les pages suivantes : <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le système GNU</a>, <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a> et <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">Les utilisateurs de GNU qui
+n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<dl>
@@ -320,10 +322,13 @@
<dt id="what">Quelle est la relation exacte entre GNU et Linux ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
-<dd>Le système d'exploitation GNU et le noyau Linux sont deux projets
logiciels
+<dd>
+<p>
+Le système d'exploitation GNU et le noyau Linux sont deux projets logiciels
différents qui se complètent mutuellement. Ils sont généralement
empaquetés
dans une <a href="/distros/distros.html">distribution GNU/Linux</a> et
-utilisés ensemble.</dd>
+utilisés ensemble.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="howerror">D'où vient le fait que la plupart des gens appellent le
système « Linux » ?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -442,11 +447,12 @@
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Oui, effectivement nous croyons que vous avez le droit d'appeler le système
d'exploitation par le nom que vous voulez. Nous demandons que les gens
l'appellent GNU/Linux pour rendre justice au projet GNU, pour promouvoir les
valeurs de liberté que GNU représente et pour informer les autres que ces
-valeurs de liberté ont fait naître ce système.
+valeurs de liberté ont fait naître ce système.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="everyoneknows">Puisque tout le monde connaît le rôle de GNU dans le
développement du
@@ -481,11 +487,12 @@
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Si les mots que vous utilisez ne reflètent pas votre connaissance, vous
n'apprenez rien aux autres. La plupart des gens qui ont entendu parler du
système GNU/Linux pensent qu'il s'agit de « Linux », que son
développement a
été initié par Linus Torvalds et qu'il était destiné à être « open
-source ». Si vous ne les détrompez pas, qui le fera ?
+source ». Si vous ne les détrompez pas, qui le fera ?</p>
</dd>
<dt id="windows">L'abréviation de « GNU/Linux » en « Linux »
n'est-elle pas simplement comme
@@ -604,8 +611,9 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Un ordinateur ne ressemble pas à un corps humain et aucune de ses parties ne
-joue un rôle comparable à celui du cerveau humain.
+joue un rôle comparable à celui du cerveau humain.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="kernelmost">L'écriture du noyau n'est-elle pas le plus gros travail
dans un système
@@ -613,7 +621,8 @@
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Non, beaucoup de composants requièrent beaucoup de travail.
+<p>
+Non, beaucoup de composants requièrent beaucoup de travail.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="nokernel">Un système d'exploitation a besoin d'un noyau. Puisque le
projet GNU n'en a
@@ -702,12 +711,13 @@
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Il n'y a rien de tel que la « sensation de Linux », car Linux n'a pas
d'interface utilisateur. Comme tout noyau moderne, Linux sert de base Ã
l'exécution des programmes ; la place des interfaces utilisateur est
ailleurs dans le système. L'interaction humaine avec GNU/Linux passe
toujours par d'autres programmes, et ce sont eux qui donnent la
-« sensation ».
+« sensation ».</p>
</dd>
<dt id="long">Le problème avec « GNU/Linux » est que c'est trop long.
Pourquoi ne pas
@@ -796,7 +806,7 @@
« Linux », si nous disions « GNU » ils pourraient simplement ne pas
reconnaître que nous parlons du même système. Si nous disons « GNU/LinuxÂ
»,
ils peuvent faire la relation avec ce dont ils ont entendu parler.</li>
-</ul><p></p>
+</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="trademarkfee">Il me faudrait payer une taxe si j'utilisais « LinuxÂ
» dans le nom d'un
@@ -851,10 +861,11 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
systemd est assez important, mais pas aussi important que le noyau (Linux),
ni aussi important que la base du système dans son ensemble
(GNU). Cependant, si vous voulez mettre en avant la présence de systemd en
-appelant le système « GNU/systemd/Linux », il n'y a rien de mal à ça.
+appelant le système « GNU/systemd/Linux », il n'y a rien de mal Ã
ça.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="others">Beaucoup d'autre projets ont contribué au système tel qu'il
est
@@ -928,7 +939,7 @@
<p>
Nous ne parlons pas ici d'une version distincte, GNU, du noyau Linux. Les
distributions libres GNU/Linux ont une <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>version distincte de
+href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>version distincte de
Linux</a>, car la version « standard » contient des « blobs » de
micrologiciel <i>[firmware]</i> non libre. Si cela faisait partie du projet
GNU, on pourrait imaginer l'appeler « GNU Linux » ; mais nous ne voudrions
@@ -1243,7 +1254,7 @@
systèmes), mais au lieu de l'appeler d'un nom ennuyeux comme
<em>quelque-chose</em> TECO, il a imaginé un nom plus intelligent et plus
amusant (c'est ce que hacking signifie : <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>intelligence
+href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>intelligence
ludique</a>).</p>
<p>
D'autres hackers ont tellement aimé ce nom qu'ils ont imité cette
@@ -1305,23 +1316,25 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Pas dans le sens où nous l'entendons dans « GNU/Linux ». Les outils de GNU
ne sont qu'une partie des logiciels GNU, qui eux-mêmes sont une partie du
système GNU ; sous ces outils vous auriez aussi un autre système
d'exploitation complet, mais il n'aurait aucun code en commun avec
-GNU. C'est donc une situation très différente de GNU/Linux.
+GNU. C'est donc une situation très différente de GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="justlinux">Linux ne peut-il être utilisé sans GNU ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Linux est utilisé par lui-même, ou avec d'autres petits programmes, dans
certains appareils. Ces petits systèmes logiciels sont très différents d'un
système GNU/Linux. Par exemple, les utilisateurs ne les installent pas sur
leur PC ; ils les trouveraient plutôt décevants. Il est utile de dire que
ces appareils n'exécutent que Linux, pour montrer combien ces petites
-plateformes sont différentes de GNU/Linux.
+plateformes sont différentes de GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="howmuch">Quelle quantité du système GNU faut-il pour que le système
soit
@@ -1439,10 +1452,11 @@
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ce serait une erreur, c'est pourquoi nous ne le faisons pas. Le travail de
Torvalds est Linux, le noyau ; nous faisons attention à ne pas attribuer ce
travail au projet GNU ni lui mettre l'étiquette « GNU ». Quand nous
parlons
-du système entier, le nom « GNU/Linux » lui donne une part du crédit.
+du système entier, le nom « GNU/Linux » lui donne une part du crédit.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1452,7 +1466,7 @@
<dd>
<p>Il l'a reconnu dès le début. La première note de distribution de Linux
dit :
« <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>La
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>La
plupart des outils utilisés avec Linux sont des logiciels GNU et sont sous
le copyleft de GNU. Ces outils ne sont pas dans la distribution ;
adressez-vous à moi (ou à GNU) pour toute information supplémentaire</a>.Â
»</p>
@@ -1470,7 +1484,7 @@
un gros travail dont la nécessité n'est pas évidente. Le seul défaut
éthique
de Linux en tant que noyau est qu'il inclut des « blobs » de
micrologiciel ;
le meilleur remède à ce problème est de <a
-href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>développer des
+href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>développer des
micrologiciels libres de substitution</a>.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1479,12 +1493,13 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ceci n'est pas une bataille, c'est une campagne éducative. Comment nommer le
système n'est pas une décision unique, prise à un moment donné par la
« société » : chaque personne, chaque organisation, peut décider quel
nom
utiliser. Vous ne pouvez forcer les autres à dire « GNU/Linux », mais vous
pouvez décider d'appeler le système « GNU/Linux » vous-même, et ainsi
vous
-contribuerez à éduquer les autres.
+contribuerez à éduquer les autres.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whatgood">La société a pris sa décision et nous ne pouvons rien y
changer, quel bien
@@ -1492,6 +1507,7 @@
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ce n'est pas une situation de tout ou rien : les deux noms, le correct et
l'incorrect, sont propagés à des degrés divers par différentes personnes.
Si
vous appelez le système « GNU/Linux », vous aiderez les autres Ã
apprendre
@@ -1500,7 +1516,7 @@
pas plus que nous ne le pouvons. Mais si quelques centaines de personnes
seulement vous voient utiliser le terme correct « GNU/Linux », vous aurez
éduqué un nombre de gens considérable avec très peu de travail. Et certains
-d'entre eux propageront sûrement la rectification à d'autres.
+d'entre eux propageront sûrement la rectification à d'autres.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="explain">Ne serait-il pas mieux d'appeler le système « Linux » et
d'apprendre aux
@@ -1577,17 +1593,20 @@
href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Nous ne renommons rien ; nous avons appelé le système « GNU » depuis
notre
première annonce en 1983. Les personnes qui ont essayé de le renommer
-« Linux » n'auraient pas dû le faire.</dd>
+« Linux » n'auraient pas dû le faire.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="force">N'est-ce pas mal de forcer les gens à appeler le système «Â
GNU/Linux » ?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ce serait mal de les y forcer et nous n'essayons pas de le faire. Nous
appelons le système « GNU/Linux » et vous demandons simplement de faire de
-même.
+même.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whynotsue">Pourquoi ne pas assigner en justice les personnes qui
appellent le système
@@ -1595,10 +1614,11 @@
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Il n'y a aucune base juridique pour les assigner en justice, et de toute
manière nous ne le ferions pas, car nous croyons en la liberté de
parole. Nous demandons aux gens d'appeler le système « GNU/Linux » parce
que
-c'est juste de le faire.
+c'est juste de le faire.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="require">Ne devriez-vous pas mettre quelque chose dans la GNU GPL pour
obliger les
@@ -1606,6 +1626,7 @@
href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Le but de la GNU GPL est de protéger la liberté des utilisateurs contre les
gens qui voudraient faire des versions privatrices basées sur des logiciels
libres. Il est vrai que, souvent, ceux qui appellent le système « Linux »
@@ -1614,7 +1635,7 @@
logiciels non libres à cet usage ; cependant le simple fait d'appeler le
système « Linux » ne refuse pas aux utilisateurs leur liberté. Il ne
semble
pas correct de se servir de la GPL pour limiter le choix des noms que les
-gens peuvent donner au système.
+gens peuvent donner au système.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="BSDlicense">Puisque vous étiez contre la « clause publicitaire »
de la licence originale
@@ -1666,7 +1687,8 @@
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-Nous ne pensons pas que la popularité d'une erreur la rende juste.
+<p>
+Nous ne pensons pas que la popularité d'une erreur la rende juste.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="knownname">N'est-ce pas mieux d'appeler le système par un nom que les
utilisateurs
@@ -1674,10 +1696,11 @@
href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Les utilisateurs ne sont pas incapables d'apprendre. Puisque « GNU/Linux »
comprend « Linux », ils vont reconnaître de quoi il est question. Si de
temps en temps vous ajoutez « souvent appelé à tort âLinuxâ », ils
-comprendront tous.
+comprendront tous.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="winning">Ce qui compte pour beaucoup de gens, c'est l'aspect pratique
ou le gagnant
@@ -1698,7 +1721,6 @@
</dl>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -1760,8 +1782,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020, 2021
-Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -1779,7 +1801,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/07/04 18:30:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.73
retrieving revision 1.74
diff -u -b -r1.73 -r1.74
--- gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.73
+++ gnu/gnu-linux-faq.ru.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.74
@@ -1,36 +1,28 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux</h2>
-<address class="byline c">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</address>
+<address class="byline">РиÑаÑд СÑолмен</address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>ÐÑÑгие ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом вопÑоÑе можно
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑиÑ
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
<a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux и пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU”</a>, <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑемÑ
-‘GNU/Linux’?”</a> и <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐолÑзоваÑели
GNU,
-коÑоÑÑе никогда не ÑлÑÑали о GNU”</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Ðогда лÑди видÑÑ, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзÑем и
ÑекомендÑем название
“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¸Ðµ
дÑÑгие назÑваÑÑ Ð¿ÑоÑÑо
“Linux”, они задаÑÑ Ð¼Ð½Ð¾Ð³Ð¾ вопÑоÑов. ÐоÑ
наиболее обÑие из ниÑ
и
наÑи оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
:</p>
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">СодеÑжание</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#why">ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваеÑе ÑиÑÑемÑ,
коÑоÑой Ð¼Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзÑемÑÑ,
@@ -270,7 +262,17 @@
поддеÑжки Ñ Ð¸Ñ
ÑÑоÑÐ¾Ð½Ñ Ð¿Ñи дÑÑгом подÑ
оде?</a></li>
</ul>
-<hr class="thin" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<p>ÐÑÑгие ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð± ÑÑом вопÑоÑе можно
полÑÑиÑÑ Ð½Ð° наÑиÑ
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
<a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux и ÑиÑÑема GNU”</a>,
<a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑемÑ
+‘GNU/Linux’?”</a> и <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐолÑзоваÑели
GNU,
+коÑоÑÑе никогда не ÑлÑÑали о GNU”</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<dl>
@@ -315,10 +317,13 @@
<dt id="what">Ðакова на Ñамом деле ÑвÑÐ·Ñ Ð¼ÐµÐ¶Ð´Ñ GNU
и Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
-<dd>ÐпеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU и ÑдÑо под
названием Linux — оÑделÑнÑе
+<dd>
+<p>
+ÐпеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема GNU и ÑдÑо под
названием Linux — оÑделÑнÑе
пÑоекÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑамм, коÑоÑÑе дополнÑÑÑ Ð´ÑÑг
дÑÑга. Ðак пÑавило, они
ÑпаковÑваÑÑÑÑ Ð² <a
href="/distros/distros.html">диÑÑÑибÑÑив GNU/Linux</a> и
-пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑно.</dd>
+пÑименÑÑÑÑÑ ÑовмеÑÑно.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="howerror">Ðак полÑÑилоÑÑ, ÑÑо болÑÑинÑÑво
лÑдей назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“Linux”?<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
@@ -440,12 +445,13 @@
назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, как она Ñ
оÑеÑ? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ðа, конеÑно, Ð¼Ñ ÑбежденÑ, ÑÑо Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ ÐµÑÑÑ
Ñвобода Ñлова и пÑаво назÑваÑÑ
опеÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ñак, как вам Ñгодно.
ÐÑ Ð¿ÑоÑим лÑдей назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux” Ð´Ð»Ñ Ñого, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ
ÑпÑаведливÑми по оÑноÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ðº
пÑоекÑÑ GNU, попÑлÑÑизоваÑÑ ÑенноÑÑи
ÑвободÑ, коÑоÑÑе оÑÑÑÐ°Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ GNU, а
Ñакже пÑоинÑоÑмиÑоваÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
лÑдей, ÑÑо
ÑÑи ÑенноÑÑи ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð´Ð°Ð»Ð¸ жизнÑ
-ÑÑой ÑиÑÑеме.
+ÑÑой ÑиÑÑеме.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="everyoneknows">ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð²Ñе знаÑÑ Ð¾ Ñоли GNU в
ÑазÑабоÑке ÑÑой ÑиÑÑемÑ, Ñазве не ÑÑно и
@@ -480,11 +486,12 @@
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑли ваÑи Ñлова не оÑÑажаÑÑ Ð²Ð°Ñего знаниÑ,
Ñо Ð²Ñ Ð½Ðµ пеÑедаеÑе его
дÑÑгим. ÐолÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе ÑлÑÑали
о ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux, дÑмаÑÑ, ÑÑо
ÑÑо “Linux”, ÑÑо она бÑла оÑнована
ÐинÑÑом ТоÑвалÑдÑом и ÑÑо ее
ÑобиÑалиÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ “Ñ Ð¾ÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм
ÑекÑÑом”. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð¸Ð¼ не
-ÑаÑÑкажеÑе пÑавдÑ, Ñо кÑо ÑаÑÑкажеÑ?
+ÑаÑÑкажеÑе пÑавдÑ, Ñо кÑо ÑаÑÑкажеÑ?</p>
</dd>
<dt id="windows">Разве ÑокÑаÑение “GNU/Linux” до
“Linux” не Ñо же
@@ -601,8 +608,9 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑÑиÑлиÑелÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема не оÑÐµÐ½Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ñ
ожа на
ÑеловеÑеÑкий оÑганизм, и ни одна
-ее ÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ игÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñоли, ÑÑавнимой Ñ ÑолÑÑ
ÑеловеÑеÑкого мозга в оÑганизме.
+ее ÑаÑÑÑ Ð½Ðµ игÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñоли, ÑÑавнимой Ñ ÑолÑÑ
ÑеловеÑеÑкого мозга в оÑганизме.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="kernelmost">Разве напиÑание ÑдÑа не
ÑоÑÑавлÑÐµÑ Ð¾ÑновнÑÑ ÑаÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾
ÑозданиÑ
@@ -610,7 +618,8 @@
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-ÐеÑ, многие компоненÑÑ ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого
обÑема ÑабоÑ.
+<p>
+ÐеÑ, многие компоненÑÑ ÑÑебÑÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑого
обÑема ÑабоÑ.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="nokernel">ÐÐ»Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионной ÑиÑÑемÑ
ÑÑебÑеÑÑÑ ÑдÑо. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¿ÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU не
ÑазÑабоÑал
@@ -698,12 +707,13 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Такой веÑи как “оÑÑÑение Linux” не
ÑÑÑеÑÑвÑеÑ, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо Ñ
Linux Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелÑÑкиÑ
инÑеÑÑейÑов. Ðак
лÑбое ÑовÑеменное ÑдÑо,
Linux — оÑнование, на коÑоÑом
вÑполнÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ;
полÑзоваÑелÑÑкие инÑеÑÑейÑÑ Ð¾ÑноÑÑÑÑÑ Ðº
дÑÑгим ÑаÑÑÑм
ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐзаимодейÑÑвие Ñеловека Ñ GNU/Linux
вÑегда оÑÑÑеÑÑвлÑеÑÑÑ ÑеÑез
-дÑÑгие пÑогÑаммÑ, а “оÑÑÑение” пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
.
+дÑÑгие пÑогÑаммÑ, а “оÑÑÑение” пÑиÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð½Ð¸Ñ
.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="long">ÐÑоблема Ñ “GNU/Linux” — в
Ñом, ÑÑо название ÑлиÑком
@@ -794,7 +804,7 @@
ÑÑанем говоÑиÑÑ “GNU”, они могÑÑ
пÑоÑÑо не понÑÑÑ, о Ñем мÑ
говоÑим. Ðогда же Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим “GNU/Linux”,
они могÑÑ ÑвÑзаÑÑ ÑÑо
Ñ Ñем, о Ñем они Ñже ÑлÑÑали.</li>
-</ul><p></p>
+</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="trademarkfee">ÐÑли Ð±Ñ Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзовал
“Linux” в названии пÑодÑкÑа, мне
пÑиÑлоÑÑ
@@ -852,10 +862,11 @@
href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Systemd — доволÑно важнÑй компоненÑ, но
он не наÑÑолÑко важен,
как ÑдÑо (Linux), и не наÑÑолÑко важен, как
оÑнова ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð² Ñелом
(GNU). Ðднако еÑли Ð²Ñ Ñ
оÑиÑе подÑеÑкнÑÑÑ
пÑиÑÑÑÑÑвие systemd, назÑваÑ
-ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/systemd/Linux”, в ÑÑом неÑ
ниÑего дÑÑного.
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/systemd/Linux”, в ÑÑом неÑ
ниÑего дÑÑного.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="others">РнаÑÑоÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð²Ñемени ÑиÑÑемÑ
дополнили многие дÑÑгие пÑоекÑÑ, однако
они не
@@ -929,7 +940,7 @@
<p>
ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ имеем в Ð²Ð¸Ð´Ñ Ð¾ÑобÑÑ Ð²ÐµÑÑÐ¸Ñ Linux (ÑдÑа) в
пÑоекÑе GNU. Ð ÑвободнÑÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑиваÑ
GNU/Linux <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>оÑделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
Linux</a>
+href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>оÑделÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÐµÑÑиÑ
Linux</a>
еÑÑÑ, поÑколÑÐºÑ “ÑÑандаÑÑнає веÑÑиÑ
ÑодеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ñ Ð²ÐºÑаплениÑ
неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв. ÐÑли
Ð±Ñ ÑÑо бÑла ÑаÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑа GNU, ее
можно бÑло Ð±Ñ ÑаÑÑмаÑÑиваÑÑ ÐºÐ°Ðº “GNU
Linux”; но Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ Ñ
оÑели бÑ
@@ -1252,7 +1263,7 @@
ÑиÑÑем), но вмеÑÑо ÑкÑÑного названиÑ
наподобие “<em>Такой-Ñо</em>
TECO” он пÑидÑмал оÑÑÑоÑмное и забавное
название. (Ðменно ÑÑо ознаÑаеÑ
“Ñ
ак”: <a
-href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>игÑивое
оÑÑÑоÑмие</a>.)</p>
+href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>игÑивое
оÑÑÑоÑмие</a>.)</p>
<p>
ÐÑÑгим Ñ
акеÑам Ñак понÑавилоÑÑ ÑÑо
название, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñали подÑажаÑÑ
ÑÑомÑ. СÑало ÑÑадиÑией, ÑÑо, когда вÑ
пиÑали Ñ Ð½ÑÐ»Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммÑ, подобнÑÑ
@@ -1312,24 +1323,26 @@
href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Ðе в Ñом ÑмÑÑле, какой Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐºÐ»Ð°Ð´Ñваем в
“GNU/Linux”. ÐнÑÑÑÑменÑаÑий GNU — ÑÑо
ÑолÑко ÑаÑÑÑ
пÑогÑамм GNU, коÑоÑÑе ÑоÑÑавлÑÑÑ ÑолÑко
ÑаÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, а за ними Ñ Ð²Ð°Ñ
вÑе Ñавно бÑла Ð±Ñ Ð´ÑÑÐ³Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»Ð½Ð°Ñ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, Ñ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой Ð½ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑиÑ
Ñ
GNU иÑÑ
однÑÑ
ÑекÑÑов. РобÑем, ÑÑо
ÑовеÑÑенно оÑлиÑÐ½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ñ GNU/Linux
-ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ.
+ÑиÑÑаÑиÑ.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="justlinux">Разве Linux нелÑÐ·Ñ Ð¸ÑполÑзоваÑÑ
без GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
РнекоÑоÑÑÑ
ÑлÑÑаÑÑ
Linux пÑименÑеÑÑÑ
ÑамоÑÑоÑÑелÑно или Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑими
дÑÑгими пÑогÑаммами. ÐÑи неболÑÑие
пÑогÑаммнÑе ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¸ на пÑÑеÑнÑй вÑÑÑÑел
не пÑиближаÑÑÑÑ Ðº ÑиÑÑеме GNU/Linux.
ÐолÑзоваÑели, напÑимеÑ, не
ÑÑÑанавливаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
на пеÑÑоналÑнÑе
компÑÑÑеÑÑ; ÑÑи ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð¼Ð°Ð½Ñли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñе иÑ
ожиданиÑ. ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÐºÐ°Ð·Ð°ÑÑ, наÑколÑко ÑÑи
неболÑÑие плаÑÑоÑÐ¼Ñ Ð¾ÑлиÑаÑÑÑÑ Ð¾Ñ
-GNU/Linux, полезно говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо в ÑÑиÑ
пÑиложениÑÑ
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко Linux.
+GNU/Linux, полезно говоÑиÑÑ, ÑÑо в ÑÑиÑ
пÑиложениÑÑ
ÑабоÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÑолÑко Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="howmuch">Ðакое колиÑеÑÑво ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU
должна ÑодеÑжаÑÑ ÑиÑÑема, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð±ÑÑÑ GNU/Linux?
@@ -1443,11 +1456,12 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑо бÑло Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑÑно, поÑÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð¼Ñ Ñак не
поÑÑÑпаем. РабоÑа
ТоÑвалÑдÑа — Linux (ÑдÑо); Ð¼Ñ Ð°ÐºÐºÑÑаÑно
ÑÑаÑаемÑÑ Ð½Ðµ пÑипиÑÑваÑÑ
ÑÑÑ ÑабоÑÑ Ð¿ÑоекÑÑ GNU и не помеÑаÑÑ ÐµÐµ как
“GNU”. Ðогда мÑ
говоÑим о ÑиÑÑеме в Ñелом, название
“GNU/Linux” оÑмеÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ð¸ его
-заÑлÑги.
+заÑлÑги.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1475,7 +1489,7 @@
Ð±Ñ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑой ÑабоÑой, необÑ
одимоÑÑÑ ÐºÐ¾ÑоÑой
не оÑевидна. ÐдинÑÑвенное, ÑÑо
ÑÑиÑеÑки невеÑно в Linux как ÑдÑе —
вклÑÑение в него
“клÑкє Ñ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑÑÑойÑÑв;
лÑÑÑе вÑего ÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑоблемÑ
-ÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>
ÑазÑабоÑка
+ÑеÑÐ°ÐµÑ <a href="https://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";>
ÑазÑабоÑка
ÑвободнÑÑ
аналогов клÑкÑ</a>.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1484,13 +1498,14 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑо не биÑва, ÑÑо обÑазоваÑелÑнаÑ
кампаниÑ. Ðак назÑваÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ — ÑÑо не единиÑнÑй вÑбоÑ,
коÑоÑÑй “обÑеÑÑво”
должно ÑделаÑÑ Ñаз и навÑегда: каждÑй
Ñеловек, ÐºÐ°Ð¶Ð´Ð°Ñ Ð¾ÑганизаÑÐ¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑ
ÑеÑаÑÑ, какое название иÑполÑзоваÑÑ. ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ
можеÑе заÑÑавиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
назÑваÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, но Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе ÑеÑиÑÑ
назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux” Ñами — и поÑÑÑÐ¿Ð°Ñ Ñаким
обÑазом, вÑ
-поможеÑе наÑÑиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
.
+поможеÑе наÑÑиÑÑ Ð´ÑÑгиÑ
.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whatgood">ÐбÑеÑÑво Ñже пÑинÑло ÑеÑение, и
Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ можем его измениÑÑ, Ñак ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ°Ñ Ð¶Ðµ бÑдеÑ
@@ -1498,6 +1513,7 @@
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑо не ÑиÑÑаÑÐ¸Ñ “вÑе или ниÑего”: как
пÑавилÑнаÑ, Ñак и
непÑавилÑÐ½Ð°Ñ ÐºÐ°ÑÑина ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ
ÑазнÑми лÑдÑми, одна более, дÑÑгаÑ
менее акÑивно. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð±ÑдеÑе назÑваÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”, вÑ
@@ -1506,7 +1522,7 @@
невеÑное наименование повÑÑÐ´Ñ — не
более, Ñем Ð¼Ñ Ñами,— но
Ð²Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶ÐµÑе помоÑÑ. ÐÑли Ñ
оÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑколÑко
ÑоÑен Ñеловек ÑвидÑÑ, ÑÑо вÑ
ÑпоÑÑеблÑеÑе ÑеÑмин “GNU/Linux”, вÑ
обÑÑиÑе знаÑиÑелÑное ÑиÑло
-лÑдей без оÑобого ÑÑÑда. РнекоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
пеÑедадÑÑ Ð¸ÑпÑавление далÑÑе.
+лÑдей без оÑобого ÑÑÑда. РнекоÑоÑÑе из ниÑ
пеÑедадÑÑ Ð¸ÑпÑавление далÑÑе.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="explain">Ðе лÑÑÑе ли назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“Linux”, познакомив лÑдей Ñ ÐµÐµ
@@ -1582,16 +1598,19 @@
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑ Ð½Ð¸Ñего не пеÑеименовÑваем; Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем
ÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU” Ñ
ÑеÑ
поÑ, как Ð¼Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑÑвили о ней в 1983 годÑ.
ÐÑди, коÑоÑÑе попÑÑалиÑÑ
-пеÑеименоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ в “Linux”, не должнÑ
бÑли ÑÑо делаÑÑ.</dd>
+пеÑеименоваÑÑ ÐµÐµ в “Linux”, не должнÑ
бÑли ÑÑо делаÑÑ.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="force">Разве ÑеÑÑно заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð»Ñдей
назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux”?
<span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÑло Ð±Ñ Ð½ÐµÑеÑÑно заÑÑавлÑÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
, и Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ðµ
пÑÑаемÑÑ Ð´ÐµÐ»Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑо. ÐÑ Ð½Ð°Ð·Ñваем
-ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux” и пÑоÑим ваÑ
поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ñак же.
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “GNU/Linux” и пÑоÑим ваÑ
поÑÑÑпаÑÑ Ñак же.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whynotsue">ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð±Ñ Ð½Ðµ пÑеÑледоваÑÑ Ð²
ÑÑдебном поÑÑдке лÑдей, коÑоÑÑе назÑваÑÑ
вÑÑ
@@ -1599,10 +1618,11 @@
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐÐµÑ Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ñ
законнÑÑ
оÑнований
пÑеÑледоваÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
в ÑÑдебном поÑÑдке; кÑоме
Ñого, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ð¼Ñ Ð²ÐµÑим в ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ñлова,
Ð¼Ñ Ð² лÑбом ÑлÑÑае не Ñ
оÑели бÑ
ÑÑого. ÐÑ Ð¿ÑоÑим лÑдей назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”, поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо
-ÑÑо пÑавилÑно.
+ÑÑо пÑавилÑно.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="require">Ðе ÑледÑÐµÑ Ð»Ð¸ вам внеÑÑи в GNU GPL
ÑÑебование назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
@@ -1610,6 +1630,7 @@
href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ЦелÑÑ Ð»Ð¸Ñензии GNU GPL ÑвлÑеÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°ÑиÑа
ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей Ð¾Ñ ÑеÑ
, кÑо мог
Ð±Ñ ÑоздаÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе веÑÑии Ñвободной
пÑогÑаммÑ. ХоÑÑ Ñе, кÑо назÑваеÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”, дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ÑаÑÑо
делаÑÑ Ñо, ÑÑо огÑаниÑиваеÑ
@@ -1617,7 +1638,7 @@
комплекÑе Ñ ÑиÑÑемой GNU/Linux или даже
ÑазÑабаÑÑваÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑвободнÑе пÑогÑаммÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑакиÑ
поÑÑавок, Ñам по Ñебе ÑакÑ
назÑÐ²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ “Linux”
не огÑаниÑÐ¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑзоваÑелей.
Ðам кажеÑÑÑ Ð½ÐµÑмеÑÑнÑм изменÑÑÑ GPL
-Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° огÑаниÑивала полÑзоваÑелей
в вÑбоÑе Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ.
+Ñак, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° огÑаниÑивала полÑзоваÑелей
в вÑбоÑе Ð½Ð°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑиÑÑемÑ.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="BSDlicense">Разве не лиÑемеÑно ÑÑебоваÑÑ
ÑÑÑлки на пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU поÑле Ñого, как вÑ
@@ -1670,7 +1691,8 @@
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаем, ÑÑо попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð»ÑждениÑ
обÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в иÑÑинÑ.
+<p>
+ÐÑ Ð½Ðµ дÑмаем, ÑÑо попÑлÑÑноÑÑÑ Ð·Ð°Ð±Ð»ÑждениÑ
обÑаÑÐ°ÐµÑ ÐµÐ³Ð¾ в иÑÑинÑ.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="knownname">Ðе лÑÑÑе ли назÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
именем, Ñже извеÑÑнÑм болÑÑинÑÑвÑ
@@ -1678,10 +1700,11 @@
href="#knownname">#knowname</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
ÐолÑзоваÑели не лиÑÐµÐ½Ñ ÑпоÑобноÑÑи
ÑÑиÑÑÑÑ. ÐоÑколÑÐºÑ Ð² ÑоÑÑав
“GNU/Linux” вÑ
Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ñ “Linux”, они
ÑаÑпознаÑÑ, о Ñем вÑ
говоÑиÑе. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð²ÑÐµÐ¼Ñ Ð¾Ñ Ð²Ñемени бÑдеÑе
добавлÑÑÑ “(ÑаÑÑо по оÑибке
-назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ “Linux”)”, Ñо вÑе они ÑÑо
поймÑÑ.
+назÑÐ²Ð°ÐµÐ¼Ð°Ñ “Linux”)”, Ñо вÑе они ÑÑо
поймÑÑ.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="winning">ÐногиÑ
лÑдей инÑеÑеÑÑеÑ, ÑÑо
Ñдобнее и кÑо побеждаеÑ, а не ÑпоÑÑ Ð¾ Ñом,
ÑÑо
@@ -1701,7 +1724,6 @@
</dl>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -1764,9 +1786,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020,
-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.<br />Copyright © 2010 Vladimir
-Smolyar (translation)</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation,
+Inc.<br />Copyright © 2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation) </p>
<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru";>лиÑензии
@@ -1782,7 +1803,7 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.66
retrieving revision 1.67
diff -u -b -r1.66 -r1.67
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html 4 Jul 2021 18:30:36 -0000
1.66
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000
1.67
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.en.html"
-->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Les utilisateurs de GNU qui n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU - Projet
GNU
@@ -9,22 +10,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Les utilisateurs de GNU qui n'ont jamais entendu parler deÂ
GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Les utilisateurs de GNU qui n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>Pour en apprendre plus sur ce problème, vous pouvez aussi lire notre <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a>, notre page sur <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a> et notre page sur <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le projet GNU</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>La plupart des gens n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU. Qui plus est, la
plupart des utilisateurs du système GNU n'en ont jamais entendu parler, dans
la mesure où de nombreuses personnes et entreprises leur apprennent Ã
@@ -63,6 +53,15 @@
approche uniquement pratique (et par conséquent non éthique). Quand nous
vous demandons d'appeler le système « GNU/Linux », nous vous demandons
d'aider à rendre le public conscient des idéaux du logiciel libre.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>Pour en apprendre plus sur ce problème, vous pouvez aussi lire notre <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a>, notre page sur <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a> et notre page sur <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le système GNU</a>.
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
</div>
@@ -123,8 +122,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2013-2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2006, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -142,11 +140,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/07/04 18:30:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.39
retrieving revision 1.40
diff -u -b -r1.39 -r1.40
--- gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000
1.39
+++ gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000
1.40
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.en.html"
-->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ÐолÑзоваÑели GNU, коÑоÑÑе никогда не
ÑлÑÑали о GNU - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
@@ -9,23 +10,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">ÐолÑзоваÑели GNU, коÑоÑÑе никогда не
ÑлÑÑали о GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ÐолÑзоваÑели GNU, коÑоÑÑе никогда не
ÑлÑÑали о GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
+<address class="byline"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе об ÑÑой пÑоблеме, вÑ
Ñакже можеÑе пÑоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ
-<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">“ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾
GNU/Linux”</a>,
-наÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑемÑ
-GNU/Linux?”</a>, а Ñакже наÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux и пÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU”</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>ÐолÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей никогда не ÑлÑÑали о
GNU. Ðаже болÑÑинÑÑво лÑдей,
иÑполÑзÑÑÑиÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU, никогда не
ÑлÑÑали о GNU, поÑколÑÐºÑ Ñак много
лÑдей и компаний пÑиÑÑаÑÑ Ð¸Ñ
назÑваÑÑ ÐµÐµ
“Linux”. ÐейÑÑвиÑелÑно,
@@ -63,6 +52,16 @@
безнÑавÑÑвеннÑй) обоÑоÑ. Ðогда Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим
Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑ ÑиÑÑемÑ
“GNU/Linux”, Ð¼Ñ Ð¿ÑоÑим Ð²Ð°Ñ Ð¿Ð¾Ð¼Ð¾ÑÑ
оÑведомлÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð±ÑеÑÑво об
идеалаÑ
ÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе об ÑÑой пÑоблеме, вÑ
Ñакже можеÑе пÑоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°ÑÑ ÑÑаÑÑÑ
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">“ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾
GNU/Linux”</a>,
+наÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑемÑ
+GNU/Linux?”</a>, а Ñакже наÑÑ ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux и ÑиÑÑема GNU”</a>.
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
</div>
@@ -123,8 +122,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011, 2013-2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2006, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru";>лиÑензии
@@ -140,11 +138,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.97
retrieving revision 1.98
diff -u -b -r1.97 -r1.98
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 4 Jul 2021 18:30:36 -0000 1.97
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.fr.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.98
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Linux et GNU - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
@@ -13,20 +14,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Linux et le système GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Linux et le système GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>Pour plus de détails, consultez aussi la <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a> et <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Beaucoup d'utilisateurs de l'informatique utilisent une version modifiée du
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">système GNU</a> tous les
@@ -37,6 +29,14 @@
essentiellement du système GNU, développé par le <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">projet GNU</a>.</p>
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>Pour plus de détails, consultez aussi la <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a> et <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Pourquoi GNU/Linux ?</a></p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Il existe bien un Linux et ces personnes l'utilisent, mais c'est juste une
partie du système qu'ils utilisent. Linux est le noyau, c'est-à -dire le
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
Heureusement, nous n'avons pas eu à attendre le Hurd, grâce à Linux. Quand
Linus Torvalds a libéré Linux en 1992, il a bouché le dernier trou du
système GNU. Les gens purent alors <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>adjoindre
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>adjoindre
Linux au système GNU</a> pour obtenir un système libre complet : une version
du système GNU qui contenait aussi Linux, autrement dit le système
GNU/Linux.</p>
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@
<p>
Le projet GNU soutient les systèmes GNU/Linux ainsi que <em>le</em> système
-GNU. La <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> a financé la réécriture des
+GNU. La <a href="https://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> a financé la réécriture des
extensions propres à Linux de la bibliothèque C de GNU de sorte qu'elles
sont maintenant bien intégrées, et les systèmes GNU/Linux les plus récents
emploient la bibliothèque actuelle sans aucune modification. La FSF a aussi
@@ -183,7 +183,7 @@
démarre, et ils sont inclus, sous forme de longues séries de nombres, dans
le « code source » de Linux. De ce fait, la maintenance de distributions
libres de GNU/Linux comporte maintenant celle d'une <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>version libre de Linux</a>.</p>
+href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>version libre de Linux</a>.</p>
<p>Que vous utilisiez GNU/Linux ou non, veuillez ne pas semer la confusion en
utilisant le nom « Linux » de manière ambiguë. Linux est le noyau, un des
@@ -193,10 +193,10 @@
<p>
Si vous voulez indiquer une référence vers « GNU/Linux », cette page et
<a
-href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a>
+href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a>
sont de bons choix. Si vous voulez indiquer une référence à Linux, le noyau,
-<a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a> est une bonne
-URL.</p>
+<a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a> est une
+bonne URL.</p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
<h3 class="footnote">Addendum</h3>
@@ -225,43 +225,35 @@
<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3>
<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting">Ces composants non passionnants mais essentiels</a>
-comprennent l'assembleur GNU (GAS) et le <i>linker</i> (GLD) qui font
-actuellement partie du paquet <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU
-Binutils</a>, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, etc.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools">Par exemple</a>, le Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
-l'interpréteur PostScript <a
+<li id="unexciting">Ces composants non passionnants mais essentiels
comprennent l'assembleur GNU
+(GAS) et le <i>linker</i> (GLD) qui font actuellement partie du paquet <a
+href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU
+tar</a>, etc.</li>
+
+<li id="nottools">Par exemple, le Bourne Again SHell (BASH), l'interpréteur
PostScript <a
href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a> et la <a
href="/software/libc/libc.html">bibliothèque C de GNU</a> ne sont pas des
outils de programmation ; GNUCash, GNOME et GNU Chess non plus.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents">Par exemple</a>, la <a
-href="/software/libc/libc.html">bibliothèque C de GNU</a>.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Depuis que ceci a été écrit, un système presque
-entièrement libre de style Windows a été développé, mais techniquement il
-n'est pas du tout comme GNU ou Unix, donc cela n'affecte pas vraiment ce
-problème. La majeure partie du noyau de Solaris a été libérée, mais si
vous
-voulez en faire un système libre, outre remplacer les parties manquantes du
-noyau, vous aurez aussi besoin de l'intégrer à GNU ou BSD.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>Toutefois, dans les années qui ont suivi l'écriture de
-cet article, la bibliothèque C de GNU a été portée sur plusieurs versions
du
-noyau BSD, ce qui permit de combiner le système GNU avec ce noyau. Tout
-comme GNU/Linux, il s'agit de variantes de GNU et elles sont par conséquent
-appelées GNU/kFreeBSD et GNU/kNetBSD, en fonction du noyau du système. Les
+<li id="somecomponents">Par exemple, la <a
href="/software/libc/libc.html">bibliothèque C de
+GNU</a>.</li>
+
+<li id="newersystems">Depuis que ceci a été écrit, un système presque
entièrement libre de style
+Windows a été développé, mais techniquement il n'est pas du tout comme GNU
+ou Unix, donc cela n'affecte pas vraiment ce problème. La majeure partie du
+noyau de Solaris a été libérée, mais si vous voulez en faire un système
+libre, outre remplacer les parties manquantes du noyau, vous aurez aussi
+besoin de l'intégrer à GNU ou BSD.</li>
+
+<li id="gnubsd">Toutefois, dans les années qui ont suivi l'écriture de cet
article, la
+bibliothèque C de GNU a été portée sur plusieurs versions du noyau BSD, ce
+qui permit de combiner le système GNU avec ce noyau. Tout comme GNU/Linux,
+il s'agit de variantes de GNU et elles sont par conséquent appelées
+GNU/kFreeBSD et GNU/kNetBSD, en fonction du noyau du système. Les
utilisateurs ordinaires des bureaux classiques peuvent difficilement faire
la différence entre GNU/Linux et GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
</ol>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -320,7 +312,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard M. Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -338,11 +330,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/07/04 18:30:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.53
retrieving revision 1.54
diff -u -b -r1.53 -r1.54
--- gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.53
+++ gnu/linux-and-gnu.ru.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.54
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Linux и GNU - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд Ñвободного
пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
@@ -13,20 +14,11 @@
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Linux и ÑиÑÑема GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Linux и ÑиÑÑема GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
+<address class="byline"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>ÐополниÑелÑнÑе ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ найÑи на
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
<a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">“ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux”</a>
и <a
-href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux?”</a></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Ðногие полÑзоваÑели компÑÑÑеÑов каждÑй
Ð´ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð·Ð°Ð¿ÑÑкаÑÑ Ð¼Ð¾Ð´Ð¸ÑиÑиÑованнÑÑ
веÑÑÐ¸Ñ <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">ÑиÑÑемÑ
GNU</a>,
@@ -36,6 +28,14 @@
извеÑÑно</a>, ÑÑо в оÑновном ÑÑо ÑиÑÑема GNU,
ÑазÑабоÑÐ°Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ <a
href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">пÑоекÑом GNU</a>.</p>
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>ÐополниÑелÑнÑе ÑÐ²ÐµÐ´ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ð¾ найÑи на
ÑÑÑаниÑаÑ
<a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">“ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux”</a>
и <a
+href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">“ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux?”</a></p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Там дейÑÑвиÑелÑно еÑÑÑ Linux, и ÑÑи лÑди
иÑполÑзÑÑÑ ÐµÐµ, но ÑÑо ÑолÑко ÑаÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, коÑоÑой они полÑзÑÑÑÑÑ. Linux —
ÑÑо ÑдÑо —
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@
<p>
ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU поддеÑÐ¶Ð¸Ð²Ð°ÐµÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux Ñак же
Ñ
оÑоÑо, как <em>ÑамÑ</em>
-ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. <a href="http://fsf.org/";>ФСÐÐ</a>
ÑинанÑиÑовал доÑабоÑкÑ
+ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU. <a href="https://fsf.org/";>ФСÐÐ</a>
ÑинанÑиÑовал доÑабоÑкÑ
ÑаÑÑиÑений библиоÑеки C GNU, ÑвÑзаннÑÑ
Ñ Linux,
Ñак ÑÑо ÑепеÑÑ Ð¾Ð½Ð¸ Ñ
оÑоÑо
пÑÐ¸Ð³Ð½Ð°Ð½Ñ Ð´ÑÑг к дÑÑгÑ, и ÑамÑе новÑе
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux иÑполÑзÑÑÑ ÑекÑÑий
вÑпÑÑк библиоÑеки без изменений. ФСÐÐ
ÑинанÑиÑовал Ñакже на Ñанней ÑÑадии
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@
длиннÑÑ
поÑледоваÑелÑноÑÑей ÑиÑел в
“иÑÑ
однÑй ÑекÑÑ”
Linux. Таким обÑазом, поддеÑжка ÑвободнÑÑ
диÑÑÑибÑÑивов GNU/Linux ÑейÑаÑ
вклÑÑÐ°ÐµÑ Ñакже и поддеÑÐ¶ÐºÑ <a
-href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>Ñвободной веÑÑии
Linux</a>.</p>
+href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>Ñвободной веÑÑии
Linux</a>.</p>
<p>ÐолÑзÑеÑеÑÑ Ð²Ñ GNU/Linux или неÑ, пожалÑйÑÑа,
не вводиÑе обÑеÑÑвенноÑÑÑ Ð²
заблÑждение двÑÑмÑÑленнÑм ÑпоÑÑеблением
названиÑ
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
ÑÑÑаниÑа и <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> — Ñ
оÑоÑие
пÑимеÑÑ. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ ÑпоминаеÑе Linux (ÑдÑо) и Ñ
оÑиÑе добавиÑÑ ÑÑÑÐ»ÐºÑ Ð´Ð»Ñ
-ÑпÑавок, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>
+ÑпÑавок, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>
http://foldoc.org/foldoc/linux</a> — Ñ
оÑоÑий адÑеÑ
Ð´Ð»Ñ ÑÑого.</p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
@@ -219,44 +219,33 @@
<h3 class="footnote">ÐÑимеÑаниÑ</h3>
<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>ÐÑи не впеÑаÑлÑÑÑие, но
ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе компоненÑÑ
-вклÑÑаÑÑ Ð°ÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ (GAS) и ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ ÑвÑзей
(GLD), коÑоÑÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð° вÑ
одÑÑ
-в Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>, <a
-href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, и дÑÑгие.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>ÐапÑимеÑ, Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑоÑ
-ÑзÑка PostScript <a
+<li id="unexciting">ÐÑи не впеÑаÑлÑÑÑие, но
ÑÑÑеÑÑвеннÑе компоненÑÑ Ð²ÐºÐ»ÑÑаÑÑ
аÑÑÐµÐ¼Ð±Ð»ÐµÑ (GAS) и
+ÑедакÑÐ¾Ñ ÑвÑзей (GLD), коÑоÑÑе ÑейÑÐ°Ñ Ð¾Ð±Ð° вÑ
одÑÑ Ð² Ð¿Ð°ÐºÐµÑ <a
+href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU
+tar</a>, и дÑÑгие.</li>
+
+<li id="nottools">ÐапÑимеÑ, Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
инÑеÑпÑеÑаÑÐ¾Ñ ÑзÑка PostScript <a
href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a> и <a
href="/software/libc/libc.html">библиоÑека C GNU</a> не
ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ ÑÑедÑÑвами
пÑогÑаммиÑованиÑ. Так же, как и GNUCash, GNOME и GNU
Chess.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>ÐапÑимеÑ, <a
-href="/software/libc/libc.html">библиоÑека C GNU</a>.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>С ÑеÑ
поÑ, как бÑли напиÑанÑ
ÑÑи ÑÑÑоки, бÑла
-ÑазÑабоÑана поÑÑи полноÑÑÑÑ ÑвободнаÑ
опеÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, подобнаÑ
-Windows, но Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой ÑоÑки зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð°
ÑовÑем не ÑÑ
одна Ñ GNU или Unix,
-Ñак ÑÑо на Ñамом деле ÑÑо к Ð´ÐµÐ»Ñ Ð½Ðµ
оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ЯдÑо Solaris по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
-Ñделали ÑвободнÑм, но еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ Ð·Ð°Ñ
оÑели
ÑделаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑого ÑвободнÑÑ
-ÑиÑÑемÑ, кÑоме Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑаÑÑей
ÑдÑа, вам поÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ñакже
-обÑаÑиÑÑ ÐµÐµ в GNU или BSD.</li>
-
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, за годÑ,
пÑоÑедÑие Ñо вÑемени напиÑаниÑ
-ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи, библиоÑека C GNU бÑла
пеÑенеÑена на неÑколÑко веÑÑий ÑдÑа BSD,
-ÑÑо позволило пÑÑмо ÑоединÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ
ÑÑим ÑдÑом. ТоÑно Ñак же, как в
-ÑлÑÑае Ñ GNU/Linux, ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ваÑианÑÑ
GNU и поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑÑÑ
-GNU/kFreeBSD и GNU/kNetBSD, в завиÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑа
ÑиÑÑемÑ. ÐбÑÑнÑе
-полÑзоваÑели ÑипиÑнÑÑ
наÑÑолÑнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов Ñ ÑÑÑдом могÑÑ Ð¾ÑлиÑиÑÑ
-GNU/Linux Ð¾Ñ GNU/*BSD.</li>
+<li id="somecomponents">ÐапÑимеÑ, <a
href="/software/libc/libc.html">библиоÑека C GNU</a>.</li>
+<li id="newersystems">С ÑеÑ
поÑ, как бÑли напиÑанÑ
ÑÑи ÑÑÑоки, бÑла ÑазÑабоÑана поÑÑи
полноÑÑÑÑ
+ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑÐ¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð°Ñ ÑиÑÑема, подобнаÑ
Windows, но Ñ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкой ÑоÑки
+зÑÐµÐ½Ð¸Ñ Ð¾Ð½Ð° ÑовÑем не ÑÑ
одна Ñ GNU или Unix, Ñак
ÑÑо на Ñамом деле ÑÑо к делÑ
+не оÑноÑиÑÑÑ. ЯдÑо Solaris по болÑÑей ÑаÑÑи
Ñделали ÑвободнÑм, но еÑли Ð±Ñ Ð²Ñ
+заÑ
оÑели ÑделаÑÑ Ð¸Ð· ÑÑого ÑвободнÑÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, кÑоме Ð·Ð°Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ Ð½ÐµÐ´Ð¾ÑÑаÑÑиÑ
ÑаÑÑей
+ÑдÑа, вам поÑÑебовалоÑÑ Ð±Ñ Ñакже обÑаÑиÑÑ
ее в GNU или BSD.</li>
+
+<li id="gnubsd">С дÑÑгой ÑÑоÑонÑ, за годÑ,
пÑоÑедÑие Ñо вÑемени напиÑÐ°Ð½Ð¸Ñ ÑÑой ÑÑаÑÑи,
+библиоÑека C GNU бÑла пеÑенеÑена на
неÑколÑко веÑÑий ÑдÑа BSD, ÑÑо позволило
+пÑÑмо ÑоединÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ ÑÑим ÑдÑом.
ТоÑно Ñак же, как в ÑлÑÑае Ñ
+GNU/Linux, ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ваÑианÑÑ GNU и
поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваÑÑÑÑ GNU/kFreeBSD и
+GNU/kNetBSD, в завиÑимоÑÑи Ð¾Ñ ÑдÑа ÑиÑÑемÑ.
ÐбÑÑнÑе полÑзоваÑели ÑипиÑнÑÑ
+наÑÑолÑнÑÑ
компÑÑÑеÑов Ñ ÑÑÑдом могÑÑ
оÑлиÑиÑÑ GNU/Linux Ð¾Ñ GNU/*BSD.</li>
</ol>
</div>
-</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -266,7 +255,7 @@
ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами GNU и
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ²Ñ GNU. ÐÑи
инÑÑÑÑменÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑ
одÑÑ Ð²
диÑÑÑибÑÑив — подÑобноÑÑи
запÑаÑивайÑе Ñ
Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ (или в GNU)”. (<a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>Most
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>Most
of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the GNU
copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more
info</a>).</li></ol></div>
@@ -323,10 +312,9 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard
-M. Stallman<br />Copyright © 1999 СеÑгей ÐоÑоп (translation)<br
-/>Copyright © 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman<br
+/>Copyright © 1999 СеÑгей ÐоÑоп (translation)<br />Copyright
©
+2010, 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.ru";>лиÑензии
@@ -342,11 +330,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html,v
retrieving revision 1.76
retrieving revision 1.77
diff -u -b -r1.76 -r1.77
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html 4 Jul 2021 18:30:36 -0000 1.76
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.fr.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.77
@@ -1,35 +1,19 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.fr.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.fr.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>Pourquoi GNU/Linux ? - Projet GNU - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.fr.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Qu'y a-t-il dans un nom ?</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Qu'y a-t-il dans un nom ?</h2>
-<address class="byline c">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
+<address class="byline">par <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur ce sujet, vous pouvez aussi consulter
-notre <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a>, notre page <a
-href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le projet GNU</a>, qui donne une
-histoire du système GNU/Linux s'intéressant à la question du nom, et notre
-page sur <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">les utilisateurs
-de GNU qui n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="fsfs">Cet essai est publié dans <a
-href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
-Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Les noms véhiculent des significations ; le choix des noms détermine la
signification de ce que nous disons. Un nom mal choisi donne aux gens une
@@ -41,6 +25,18 @@
système, de son histoire et de sa finalité. Si vous l'appelez <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, cela véhicule (mais sans la
détailler) une idée juste.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>Si vous souhaitez en savoir plus sur ce sujet, vous pouvez aussi consulter
+notre <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">FAQ GNU/Linux</a>, notre page <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux et le système GNU</a>, qui donne une
+histoire du système GNU/Linux s'intéressant à la question du nom, et notre
+page sur <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">les utilisateurs
+de GNU qui n'ont jamais entendu parler de GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Mais est-ce important pour notre communauté ? Est-ce important que les gens
connaissent l'origine, l'histoire et la finalité du système? Oui â parce
que
@@ -100,7 +96,7 @@
mouvement vers le logiciel open source devrait être soutenu par des
décisions techniques, plutôt que politiques ». Et le PDG de Caldera a
demandé ouvertement aux utilisateurs de <a
-href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>laisser
+href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>laisser
tomber l'objectif de la liberté pour travailler à la place en faveur de «Â
la
popularité de Linux »</a>.</p>
@@ -205,7 +201,12 @@
faire le travail qui doit être fait, nous avons besoin d'être reconnus pour
ce que nous avons déjà fait. S'il vous plaît, aidez-nous en appelant le
système d'exploitation <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
-</div>
+
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">Cet essai est publié dans <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -265,7 +266,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021 Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>Cette page peut être utilisée suivant les conditions de la licence <a
rel="license"
@@ -283,11 +284,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Dernière mise à jour :
-$Date: 2021/07/04 18:30:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html,v
retrieving revision 1.41
retrieving revision 1.42
diff -u -b -r1.41 -r1.42
--- gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.41
+++ gnu/why-gnu-linux.ru.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.42
@@ -1,36 +1,19 @@
<!--#set var="ENGLISH_PAGE" value="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.en.html" -->
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.ru.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.ru.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<!-- This file is automatically generated by GNUnited Nations! -->
<title>ÐоÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux? - ÐÑÐ¾ÐµÐºÑ GNU - Фонд
Ñвободного пÑогÑаммного обеÑпеÑениÑ</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.ru.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">ЧÑо в имени?</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>ЧÑо в имени?</h2>
-<address class="byline c"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
+<address class="byline"><a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>РиÑаÑд
СÑолмен</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе об ÑÑом вопÑоÑе, вÑ
можеÑе пÑоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">“ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux”</a>,
-ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“Linux и пÑоекÑ
-GNU”</a>, на коÑоÑой пÑиведена иÑÑоÑиÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux в оÑноÑении к
-ÑÑой пÑоблеме наименованиÑ, а Ñакже <a
-href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">“ÐолÑзоваÑели
GNU,
-коÑоÑÑе никогда не ÑлÑÑали о GNU”</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="fsfs">ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
-href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>СвободнÑе
-пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвободное обÑеÑÑво: избÑаннÑе
оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда
-Ð. СÑолмена</cite></a>.</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
ÐÐ°Ð·Ð²Ð°Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð¿ÐµÑедаÑÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°ÑениÑ; Ð½Ð°Ñ Ð²ÑбоÑ
названий опÑеделÑÐµÑ Ð·Ð½Ð°Ñение Ñого, ÑÑо
Ð¼Ñ Ð³Ð¾Ð²Ð¾Ñим. ÐеподÑ
одÑÑее название даÑÑ
лÑдÑм невеÑное пÑедÑÑавление. Ðак
@@ -42,6 +25,18 @@
иÑÑоÑии и назнаÑении. ÐÑли Ð²Ñ Ð½Ð°Ð·ÑваеÑе еÑ
<a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“GNU/Linux”</a>, ÑÑо
пеÑедаÑÑ
(Ñ
оÑÑ Ð¸ не во вÑеÑ
подÑобноÑÑÑÑ
) пÑавилÑное
пÑедÑÑавление.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>ЧÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ ÑзнаÑÑ Ð±Ð¾Ð»ÑÑе об ÑÑом вопÑоÑе, вÑ
можеÑе пÑоÑиÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ñи <a
+href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">ÐопÑоÑÑ Ð¾ GNU/Linux</a>,
ÑÑÑаниÑÑ <a
+href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux и ÑиÑÑема GNU</a>, на
коÑоÑой пÑиведена
+иÑÑоÑÐ¸Ñ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU/Linux в оÑноÑении к ÑÑой
пÑоблеме наименованиÑ, а Ñакже
+<a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">ÐолÑзоваÑели GNU,
коÑоÑÑе
+никогда не ÑлÑÑали о GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Так ли ÑÑо важно Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð½Ð°Ñего ÑообÑеÑÑва? Ð
азве важно, знаÑÑ Ð»Ð¸ лÑди об
иÑÑокаÑ
ÑиÑÑемÑ, ÐµÑ Ð¸ÑÑоÑии и назнаÑении?
Ðа — поÑÐ¾Ð¼Ñ ÑÑо лÑди,
@@ -99,9 +94,9 @@
оÑкÑÑÑÑм иÑÑ
однÑм ÑекÑÑом должно
подпиÑÑваÑÑÑÑ ÑеÑ
ниÑеÑкими, а не
полиÑиÑеÑкими ÑеÑениÑми”. Ð
генеÑалÑнÑй диÑекÑÐ¾Ñ Caldera оÑкÑÑÑо
побÑждал полÑзоваÑелей <a
-href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>оÑказаÑÑÑÑ
оÑ
-ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñели, а вмеÑÑо ÑÑого ÑабоÑаÑÑ
над повÑÑением “попÑлÑÑноÑÑи
-Linux”</a>.</p>
+href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>оÑказаÑÑÑÑ
+Ð¾Ñ ÑÐ²Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð´Ñ ÐºÐ°Ðº Ñели, а вмеÑÑо ÑÑого
ÑабоÑаÑÑ Ð½Ð°Ð´ повÑÑением
+“попÑлÑÑноÑÑи Linux”</a>.</p>
<p>
Ðобавление неÑвободнÑÑ
пÑогÑамм в ÑиÑÑемÑ
<a
@@ -195,7 +190,12 @@
пÑоделаÑÑ, нам необÑ
одимо, ÑÑÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð·Ð° нами
пÑизнавали Ñо, ÑÑо Ð¼Ñ Ñже
Ñделали. ÐожалÑйÑÑа, помогиÑе нам, назÑваÑ
ÑÑÑ Ð¾Ð¿ÐµÑаÑионнÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ <a
href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">“GNU/Linux”</a>.</p>
-</div>
+
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">ÐÑÐ¾Ñ Ð¾ÑеÑк
пÑбликÑеÑÑÑ Ð² ÑбоÑнике <a
+href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>СвободнÑе
+пÑогÑаммÑ, Ñвободное обÑеÑÑво: избÑаннÑе
оÑеÑки РиÑаÑда
+Ð. СÑолмена</cite></a>.</p></div>
</div>
<div class="translators-notes">
@@ -255,9 +255,8 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021 Richard
-Stallman <br />Copyright © 2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation)<br
-/>Copyright © 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021 Free
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman <br />Copyright ©
+2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation)<br />Copyright © 2010, 2021 Free
Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)</p>
<p>ÐÑо пÑоизведение доÑÑÑпно по <a rel="license"
@@ -274,11 +273,12 @@
<p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start -->
Ðбновлено:
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
</div>
+<!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.63
retrieving revision 1.64
diff -u -b -r1.63 -r1.64
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html 7 Apr 2021 18:31:12 -0000 1.63
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.fr-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.64
@@ -1,30 +1,23 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by Richard Stallman</address>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
-our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>,
our
- page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
-Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
@@ -285,7 +278,16 @@
get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
</ul>
-<hr class="thin" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, our
+ page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<dl>
@@ -326,10 +328,13 @@
<dt id="what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
-<dd>The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
+<dd>
+<p>
+The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
software projects that do complementary jobs. Typically they are
packaged in a <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distribution</a>, and
used
-together.</dd>
+together.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -442,11 +447,12 @@
support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
any name that individual chooses? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it
GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
-those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows the role
@@ -476,11 +482,12 @@
why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
-them, who will?
+them, who will?</p>
</dd>
<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux”
@@ -587,16 +594,18 @@
<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
A computer system is not much like a human body,
and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
-the brain in a human.
+the brain in a human.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-No, many components take a lot of work.
+<p>
+No, many components take a lot of work.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="nokernel">An operating system requires a kernel.
@@ -682,11 +691,12 @@
feel of Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
There is no such thing as the “feel of Linux” because
Linux has no user interfaces. Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base
for running programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system.
Human interaction with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs,
-and the “feel” comes from them.
+and the “feel” comes from them.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
@@ -777,7 +787,7 @@
may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
about.</li>
-</ul><p></p>
+</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
@@ -831,11 +841,12 @@
GNU/systemd/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
(GNU). However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux”, there is nothing
-wrong with doing so.
+wrong with doing so.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
@@ -907,8 +918,8 @@
<p>
We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
The free GNU/Linux distros do have
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>separate version of
-Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free
+a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>separate version of
+Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains nonfree
firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
@@ -1028,13 +1039,13 @@
free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux
system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
-that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
-help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
-the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree
applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
the cost of freedom.
<p>
@@ -1052,7 +1063,7 @@
versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
-that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of
GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
Linux”.</p>
<p>
@@ -1205,7 +1216,7 @@
(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
-means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
+means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
@@ -1231,7 +1242,7 @@
We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems,
because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
<p>
-The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as nonfree software in
the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system
that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
@@ -1262,22 +1273,24 @@
on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
-that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the
GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these
appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
-are from GNU/Linux.
+are from GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="howmuch">How much of the GNU system is needed for the system
@@ -1367,10 +1380,10 @@
“Linux” with that principle.
<p>
Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
-movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many
+movement's ideals. He developed nonfree software in his job for many
years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
-non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
+nonfree software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
@@ -1389,11 +1402,12 @@
work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
-credit.
+credit.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1403,7 +1417,7 @@
<dd>
<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
said, <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
for more info”</a>.</p>
@@ -1421,7 +1435,7 @@
a big job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically
wrong with Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware
“blobs”; the best fix for that problem
-is <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";> developing
+is <a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";> developing
free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1430,12 +1444,13 @@
it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
-yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
@@ -1443,6 +1458,7 @@
“GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
@@ -1450,7 +1466,7 @@
everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
-And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
@@ -1521,39 +1537,44 @@
is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system
“GNU”
ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename
-it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd>
+it to “Linux” should not have done so.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
-“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.
+“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people
-to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.
+to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is
true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that
limit
-the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
-GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the users' freedom, such as bundling nonfree software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing nonfree software for such use,
the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself,
deny
users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
-name people can use for the system.
+name people can use for the system.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
@@ -1601,17 +1622,19 @@
it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+<p>
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the
system by the name most users already know? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux”
includes “Linux”, they will recognize what you're talking
about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as
-‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.
+‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
@@ -1621,7 +1644,7 @@
<dd>
To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
-approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach to life. Nonfree software is an example of that amoral
approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be
self-defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue
talking in terms of right and wrong.
@@ -1631,7 +1654,6 @@
</dl>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -1680,7 +1702,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020, 2021
+<p>Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -1691,7 +1713,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/07 18:31:12 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.56
retrieving revision 1.57
diff -u -b -r1.56 -r1.57
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.56
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.57
@@ -1,30 +1,23 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>GNU/Linux FAQ
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>GNU/Linux FAQ</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by Richard Stallman</address>
+<address class="byline">by Richard Stallman</address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
-our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>,
our
- page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
-Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
When people see that we use and recommend the name GNU/Linux for a
system that many others call just “Linux”, they ask many questions.
Here are common questions, and our answers.</p>
+<div class="toc">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<h3 class="no-display">Table of Contents</h3>
<ul>
<li><a href="#why">Why do you call the system we use GNU/Linux and not
Linux?</a></li>
@@ -285,7 +278,16 @@
get more of their support by a different road?</a></li>
</ul>
-<hr class="thin" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, our
+ page on <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
<dl>
@@ -326,10 +328,13 @@
<dt id="what">What is the real relationship between GNU and Linux? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#what">#what</a>)</span></dt>
-<dd>The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
+<dd>
+<p>
+The GNU operating system and the Linux kernel are separate
software projects that do complementary jobs. Typically they are
packaged in a <a href="/distros/distros.html">GNU/Linux distribution</a>, and
used
-together.</dd>
+together.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="howerror">How did it come about that most
people call the system “Linux”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#howerror">#howerror</a>)</span></dt>
@@ -442,11 +447,12 @@
support an individual's free speech rights to call the system by
any name that individual chooses? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#freespeech">#freespeech</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Yes, indeed, we believe you have a free speech right to call the
operating system by any name you wish. We ask that people call it
GNU/Linux as a matter of doing justice to the GNU project, to promote
the values of freedom that GNU stands for, and to inform others that
-those values of freedom brought the system into existence.
+those values of freedom brought the system into existence.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="everyoneknows">Since everyone knows the role
@@ -476,11 +482,12 @@
why does it matter what name I use? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#everyoneknows2">#everyoneknows2</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
If your words don't reflect your knowledge, you don't teach others.
Most people who have heard of the GNU/Linux system think it is
“Linux”, that it was started by Linus Torvalds, and that
it was intended to be “open source”. If you don't tell
-them, who will?
+them, who will?</p>
</dd>
<dt id="windows">Isn't shortening “GNU/Linux”
@@ -587,16 +594,18 @@
<dt id="brain">Isn't the kernel the brain of the system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#brain">#brain</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
A computer system is not much like a human body,
and no part of it plays a role comparable to that of
-the brain in a human.
+the brain in a human.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="kernelmost">Isn't writing the kernel most of the work in an
operating system? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#kernelmost">#kernelmost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-No, many components take a lot of work.
+<p>
+No, many components take a lot of work.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="nokernel">An operating system requires a kernel.
@@ -682,11 +691,12 @@
feel of Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#feel">#feel</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
There is no such thing as the “feel of Linux” because
Linux has no user interfaces. Like any modern kernel, Linux is a base
for running programs; user interfaces belong elsewhere in the system.
Human interaction with GNU/Linux always goes through other programs,
-and the “feel” comes from them.
+and the “feel” comes from them.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="long">The problem with “GNU/Linux” is that it is too long.
@@ -777,7 +787,7 @@
may simply not recognize we're talking about the same system. If we
say “GNU/Linux”, they can make a connection to what they have heard
about.</li>
-</ul><p></p>
+</ul>
</dd>
<dt id="trademarkfee">I would have
@@ -831,11 +841,12 @@
GNU/systemd/Linux? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#others">#others</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
systemd is a fairly important component, but not as important as the
kernel (Linux), nor as important as the basis of the system as a whole
(GNU). However, if you want to emphasize the presence of systemd
by calling the system “GNU/systemd/Linux”, there is nothing
-wrong with doing so.
+wrong with doing so.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="others">Many other projects contributed to
@@ -907,8 +918,8 @@
<p>
We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel.
The free GNU/Linux distros do have
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";>separate version of
-Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains non-free
+a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre";>separate version of
+Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains nonfree
firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU Project,
it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not want
to call it that, because it would be too confusing.</p>
@@ -1028,13 +1039,13 @@
free software? After all, that is the ideal of GNU. <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#reserve">#reserve</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux
+The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux
system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users
-that non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
+that nonfree software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit
of “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
their mission to
-help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
+help users use nonfree add-ons, and may even invite salesmen to come
and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such as “helping
-the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use non-free
+the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them use nonfree
applications and drivers), or making the system more popular even at
the cost of freedom.
<p>
@@ -1052,7 +1063,7 @@
versions <em>are</em> versions of GNU, that they all are based on a
system that exists specifically for the sake of the users' freedom.
With this understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions
-that include non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of
+that include nonfree software as perverted, adulterated versions of
GNU, instead of thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of
Linux”.</p>
<p>
@@ -1205,7 +1216,7 @@
(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of
calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he
thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking
-means: <a href="http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
+means: <a href="https://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html";>playful
cleverness</a>.)</p>
<p>
Other hackers enjoyed that name so much that we imitated the approach.
@@ -1231,7 +1242,7 @@
We don't call the BSD systems (FreeBSD, etc.) “GNU/BSD” systems,
because that term does not fit the history of the BSD systems.
<p>
-The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in
+The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as nonfree software in
the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system
that exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU
system, or a kind of BSD system.</p>
@@ -1262,22 +1273,24 @@
on Windows, does that mean I am running a GNU/Windows system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#othersys">#othersys</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Not in the same sense that we mean by “GNU/Linux”. The tools of
GNU
are just a part of the GNU software, which is just a part of the GNU
system, and underneath them you would still have another complete
operating system which has no code in common with GNU. All in all,
-that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.
+that's a very different situation from GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="justlinux">Can't Linux be used without GNU? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#justlinux">#justlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Linux is used by itself, or with small other programs, in some
appliances. These small software systems are a far cry from the
GNU/Linux system. Users do not install them on PCs, for instance, and
would find them rather disappointing. It is useful to say that these
appliances run just Linux, to show how different those small platforms
-are from GNU/Linux.
+are from GNU/Linux.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="howmuch">How much of the GNU system is needed for the system
@@ -1367,10 +1380,10 @@
“Linux” with that principle.
<p>
Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software
-movement's ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many
+movement's ideals. He developed nonfree software in his job for many
years (and said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
-non-free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
+nonfree software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should
consider social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the
lessons society learned from the development of the atom bomb.</p>
@@ -1389,11 +1402,12 @@
work as GNU? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#claimlinux">#claimlinux</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
It would be wrong, so we don't do that. Torvalds' work is Linux, the
kernel; we are careful not to attribute that work to the GNU Project
or label it as “GNU”. When we talk about the whole
system, the name “GNU/Linux” gives him a share of the
-credit.
+credit.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1403,7 +1417,7 @@
<dd>
<p>He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
said, <a
-href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
“Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under the
GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
for more info”</a>.</p>
@@ -1421,7 +1435,7 @@
a big job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically
wrong with Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware
“blobs”; the best fix for that problem
-is <a href="http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";> developing
+is <a href="https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects";> developing
free replacement for the blobs</a>.</p>
</dd>
@@ -1430,12 +1444,13 @@
it? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#lost">#lost</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
This isn't a battle, it is a campaign of education. What to call the
system is not a single decision, to be made at one moment by
“society”: each person, each organization, can decide what
name to use. You can't make others say “GNU/Linux”, but
you can decide to call the system “GNU/Linux”
-yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.
+yourself—and by doing so, you will help educate others.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whatgood">Society has made its
@@ -1443,6 +1458,7 @@
“GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whatgood">#whatgood</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
This is not an all-or-nothing situation: correct and incorrect
pictures are being spread more or less by various people. If you call
the system “GNU/Linux”, you will help others learn the system's
true
@@ -1450,7 +1466,7 @@
everywhere on your own, any more than we can, but you can help. If
only a few hundred people see you use the term “GNU/Linux”, you
will
have educated a substantial number of people with very little work.
-And some of them will spread the correction to others.
+And some of them will spread the correction to others.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="explain">Wouldn't it be better to call
@@ -1521,39 +1537,44 @@
is it legitimate to rename the operating system? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#rename">#rename</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
We are not renaming anything; we have been calling this system
“GNU”
ever since we announced it in 1983. The people who tried to rename
-it to “Linux” should not have done so.</dd>
+it to “Linux” should not have done so.</p>
+</dd>
<dt id="force">Isn't it wrong to force people to call
the system “GNU/Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#force">#force</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
It would be wrong to force them, and we don't try. We call the system
-“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.
+“GNU/Linux”, and we ask you to do it too.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="whynotsue">Why not sue people who call
the whole system “Linux”? <span class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#whynotsue">#whynotsue</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
There are no legal grounds to sue them, but since we believe in
freedom of speech, we wouldn't want to do that anyway. We ask people
-to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.
+to call the system “GNU/Linux” because that is the right thing to
do.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="require">Shouldn't you put something in
the GNU GPL to require people to call the system “GNU”? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#require">#require</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those
who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is
true that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that
limit
-the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the
-GNU/Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use,
+the users' freedom, such as bundling nonfree software with the
+GNU/Linux system or even developing nonfree software for such use,
the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself,
deny
users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what
-name people can use for the system.
+name people can use for the system.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="BSDlicense">Since you objected to the original BSD license's
@@ -1601,17 +1622,19 @@
it “Linux”, doesn't that make it right? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a
href="#somanyright">#somanyright</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
-We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.
+<p>
+We don't think that the popularity of an error makes it the truth.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="knownname">Isn't it better to call the
system by the name most users already know? <span
class="anchor-reference-id">(<a href="#knownname">#knownname</a>)</span></dt>
<dd>
+<p>
Users are not incapable of learning. Since “GNU/Linux”
includes “Linux”, they will recognize what you're talking
about. If you add “(often erroneously referred to as
-‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.
+‘Linux’)” once in a while, they will all understand.</p>
</dd>
<dt id="winning">Many people care about what's
@@ -1621,7 +1644,7 @@
<dd>
To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
-approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral
+approach to life. Nonfree software is an example of that amoral
approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be
self-defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue
talking in terms of right and wrong.
@@ -1631,7 +1654,6 @@
</dl>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -1680,7 +1702,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2001, 2006-2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014-2018, 2020, 2021
+<p>Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021
Free Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -1691,7 +1713,7 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.124
retrieving revision 1.125
diff -u -b -r1.124 -r1.125
--- gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 13:51:54 -0000 1.124
+++ gnu/po/gnu-linux-faq.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.125
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-08-30 13:26+0000\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -48,8 +47,6 @@
"оÑвеÑÑ Ð½Ð° ниÑ
:"
#. type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#| msgid "Table of Contents"
msgid "Table of Contents"
msgstr "СодеÑжание"
@@ -658,18 +655,6 @@
# type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# | To learn more about this issue, you can also read our page on <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU [-Project</a>,-]
-# | {+System</a>,+} our page on <a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why
-# | GNU/Linux?</a> and our page on <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">GNU Users Who Have Never
-# | Heard of GNU</a>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "To learn more about this issue, you can also read our page on <a href=\"/"
-#| "gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, our page on <a "
-#| "href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a> and our page on <a "
-#| "href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\">GNU Users Who Have Never "
-#| "Heard of GNU</a>."
msgid ""
"To learn more about this issue, you can also read our page on <a href=\"/gnu/"
"linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU System</a>, our page on <a href=\"/"
@@ -2113,22 +2098,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel. The
-# | free GNU/Linux distros do have a <a
-# | [-href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\";>separate-]
-# | {+href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Linux-libre\";>separate+} version
-# | of Linux</a>, since the “standard” version contains
-# | non[---]free firmware “blobs”. If this were part of the GNU
-# | Project, it could be considered “GNU Linux”; but we would not
-# | want to call it that, because it would be too confusing.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel. The "
-#| "free GNU/Linux distros do have a <a href=\"http://directory.fsf.org/";
-#| "project/linux\">separate version of Linux</a>, since the “"
-#| "standard” version contains non-free firmware “blobs”. "
-#| "If this were part of the GNU Project, it could be considered “GNU "
-#| "Linux”; but we would not want to call it that, because it would be "
-#| "too confusing."
msgid ""
"We're not talking about a distinct GNU version of Linux, the kernel. The "
"free GNU/Linux distros do have a <a href=\"https://directory.fsf.org/wiki/";
@@ -2412,25 +2381,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
-# | The widespread practice of adding non[---]free software to the GNU/Linux
-# | system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users that
-# | non[---]free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit of
-# | “Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part of
-# | their mission to help users use non[---]free add-ons, and may even invite
-# | salesmen to come and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such
-# | as “helping the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them
-# | use non[---]free applications and drivers), or making the system more
-# | popular even at the cost of freedom.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The widespread practice of adding non-free software to the GNU/Linux "
-#| "system is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users that "
-#| "non-free software is ok, and that using it is part of the spirit of "
-#| "“Linux”. Many “Linux” User Groups make it part "
-#| "of their mission to help users use non-free add-ons, and may even invite "
-#| "salesmen to come and make sales pitches for them. They adopt goals such "
-#| "as “helping the users” of GNU/Linux (including helping them "
-#| "use non-free applications and drivers), or making the system more popular "
-#| "even at the cost of freedom."
msgid ""
"The widespread practice of adding nonfree software to the GNU/Linux system "
"is a major problem for our community. It teaches the users that nonfree "
@@ -2476,21 +2426,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is exactly
-# | the opposite: to inform them that all these system versions <em>are</em>
-# | versions of GNU, that they all are based on a system that exists
-# | specifically for the sake of the users' freedom. With this understanding,
-# | they can start to recognize the distributions that include non[---]free
-# | software as perverted, adulterated versions of GNU, instead of thinking
-# | they are proper and appropriate “versions of Linux”.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is exactly "
-#| "the opposite: to inform them that all these system versions <em>are</em> "
-#| "versions of GNU, that they all are based on a system that exists "
-#| "specifically for the sake of the users' freedom. With this "
-#| "understanding, they can start to recognize the distributions that include "
-#| "non-free software as perverted, adulterated versions of GNU, instead of "
-#| "thinking they are proper and appropriate “versions of Linux”."
msgid ""
"The way to lead these users to see a connection with freedom is exactly the "
"opposite: to inform them that all these system versions <em>are</em> "
@@ -2860,21 +2795,6 @@
"ÑекÑÑÑивнÑе ÑокÑаÑениÑ, поÑвивÑейÑÑ Ð²
ÑемидеÑÑÑÑе годÑ."
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not TECO”.
-# | The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were
-# | already many of them, for various systems), but instead of calling it by a
-# | dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> TECO”, he thought of
-# | a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking means: <a
-# | href=\"http{+s+}://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\">playful
-# | cleverness</a>.)
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not "
-#| "TECO”. The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO "
-#| "(there were already many of them, for various systems), but instead of "
-#| "calling it by a dull name like “<em>somethingorother</em> "
-#| "TECO”, he thought of a clever amusing name. (That's what hacking "
-#| "means: <a href=\"http://stallman.org/articles/on-hacking.html\";>playful "
-#| "cleverness</a>.)"
msgid ""
"The first such recursive acronym was TINT, “TINT Is Not TECO”. "
"The author of TINT wrote another implementation of TECO (there were already "
@@ -2946,15 +2866,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non[---]free software in
-# | the 80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that
-# | exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a
-# | kind of BSD system.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as non-free software in the "
-#| "80s, and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that "
-#| "exists today is almost certainly either a variant of the GNU system, or a "
-#| "kind of BSD system."
msgid ""
"The BSD system was developed by UC Berkeley as nonfree software in the 80s, "
"and became free in the early 90s. A free operating system that exists today "
@@ -3264,23 +3175,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software movement's
-# | ideals. He developed non[---]free software in his job for many years (and
-# | said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and
-# | publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use
-# | non[---]free software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and
-# | rebukes people who suggest that engineers and scientists should consider
-# | social consequences of our technical work—rejecting the lessons
-# | society learned from the development of the atom bomb.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software movement's "
-#| "ideals. He developed non-free software in his job for many years (and "
-#| "said so to a large audience at a “Linux”World show), and "
-#| "publicly invited fellow developers of Linux, the kernel, to use non-free "
-#| "software to work on it with him. He goes even further, and rebukes "
-#| "people who suggest that engineers and scientists should consider social "
-#| "consequences of our technical work—rejecting the lessons society "
-#| "learned from the development of the atom bomb."
msgid ""
"Linus publicly states his disagreement with the free software movement's "
"ideals. He developed nonfree software in his job for many years (and said "
@@ -3353,18 +3247,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes
-# | said, <a
-# |
href=\"http{+s+}://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\">
-# | “Most of the tools used with linux are GNU software and are under
-# | the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the distribution - ask me (or GNU)
-# | for more info”</a>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes "
-#| "said, <a href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-";
-#| "versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> “Most of the tools used with linux are "
-#| "GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the "
-#| "distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info”</a>."
msgid ""
"He recognized this at the beginning. The earliest Linux release notes said, "
"<a href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/";
@@ -3398,19 +3280,6 @@
"Ð¾Ñ Ñого, Ñ ÐºÐ°ÐºÐ¸Ð¼ ÑдÑом она пÑименÑеÑÑÑ."
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be a big
-# | job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically wrong with
-# | Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware “blobs”; the
-# | best fix for that problem is <a
-# | [-href=\"http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects\";>-]
-# | {+href=\"https://www.fsf.org/campaigns/priority-projects\";>+} developing
-# | free replacement for the blobs</a>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be a big "
-#| "job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically wrong with "
-#| "Linux as a kernel is its inclusion of firmware “blobs”; the "
-#| "best fix for that problem is <a href=\"http://fsf.org/campaigns/priority-";
-#| "projects\"> developing free replacement for the blobs</a>."
msgid ""
"Making the GNU Hurd work well enough to compete with Linux would be a big "
"job, and it's not clearly necessary. The only thing ethically wrong with "
@@ -3711,23 +3580,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd><p>
-# | The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those who
-# | would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is true that
-# | those who call the system “Linux” often do things that limit
-# | the users' freedom, such as bundling non[---]free software with the
-# | GNU/Linux system or even developing non[---]free software for such use,
-# | the mere act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in
-# | itself, deny users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL
-# | restrict what name people can use for the system.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those "
-#| "who would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is true "
-#| "that those who call the system “Linux” often do things that "
-#| "limit the users' freedom, such as bundling non-free software with the GNU/"
-#| "Linux system or even developing non-free software for such use, the mere "
-#| "act of calling the system “Linux” does not, in itself, deny "
-#| "users their freedom. It seems improper to make the GPL restrict what "
-#| "name people can use for the system."
msgid ""
"The purpose of the GNU GPL is to protect the users' freedom from those who "
"would make proprietary versions of free software. While it is true that "
@@ -3898,17 +3750,6 @@
# type: Content of: <dl><dd>
#. type: Content of: <div><dl><dd>
-# | To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral
-# | approach to life. Non[---]free software is an example of that amoral
-# | approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be
-# | self-defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue talking in
-# | terms of right and wrong.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral "
-#| "approach to life. Non-free software is an example of that amoral "
-#| "approach and thrives on it. Thus, in the long run it would be self-"
-#| "defeating for us to adopt that approach. We will continue talking in "
-#| "terms of right and wrong."
msgid ""
"To care only about what's convenient or who's winning is an amoral approach "
"to life. Nonfree software is an example of that amoral approach and thrives "
@@ -3978,18 +3819,12 @@
# type: Content of: <div><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © [-2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019-] {+2001-2011,
-# | 2013-2018, 2020, 2021+} Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Free Software "
-#| "Foundation, Inc."
msgid ""
"Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, "
"Inc."
msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software "
-"Foundation, Inc.<br />"
-"Copyright © 2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation) "
+"Copyright © 2001-2011, 2013-2018, 2020, 2021 Free Software Foundation, "
+"Inc.<br />Copyright © 2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation) "
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
Index: gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html,v
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retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html 7 Apr 2021 18:31:13
-0000 1.38
+++ gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.fr-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42
-0000 1.39
@@ -1,32 +1,22 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
-our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
-<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU
Project</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who
use the GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and
-companies teach them to call it “Linux”. Indeed, GNU
-users often say they are “running Linux”, which is like
+companies teach them to call it “Linux.” Indeed, GNU
+users often say they are “running Linux,” which is like
saying you are “driving your carburetor” or
-“driving your transmission”.</p>
+“driving your transmission.”</p>
<p>Nonetheless, those who know about GNU associate it with the ideals
of freedom of the free software movement. That association is no
@@ -57,9 +47,18 @@
system. It is also useful as a reminder for people in our community
who know about these ideals, in a world where much of discussion of
free software takes a totally practical (and thus amoral) approach.
-When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux”, we are
+When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux,” we are
asking you to help in making the public aware of the free software
ideals.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
+<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>.
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
</div>
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2013-2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free Software
+<p>Copyright © 2006, 2015, 2021 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -121,10 +120,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/07 18:31:13 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.28
retrieving revision 1.29
diff -u -b -r1.28 -r1.29
--- gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36
-0000 1.28
+++ gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42
-0000 1.29
@@ -1,32 +1,22 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>GNU Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
-our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
-<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU
Project</a>.
-</p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who
use the GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and
-companies teach them to call it “Linux”. Indeed, GNU
-users often say they are “running Linux”, which is like
+companies teach them to call it “Linux.” Indeed, GNU
+users often say they are “running Linux,” which is like
saying you are “driving your carburetor” or
-“driving your transmission”.</p>
+“driving your transmission.”</p>
<p>Nonetheless, those who know about GNU associate it with the ideals
of freedom of the free software movement. That association is no
@@ -57,9 +47,18 @@
system. It is also useful as a reminder for people in our community
who know about these ideals, in a world where much of discussion of
free software takes a totally practical (and thus amoral) approach.
-When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux”, we are
+When we ask you to call the system “GNU/Linux,” we are
asking you to help in making the public aware of the free software
ideals.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can also read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
+<a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a>
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>.
+</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
</div>
</div>
@@ -110,7 +109,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2006, 2007, 2013-2015, 2017, 2019, 2021 Free Software
+<p>Copyright © 2006, 2015, 2021 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
@@ -121,10 +120,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.38
retrieving revision 1.39
diff -u -b -r1.38 -r1.39
--- gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 13:51:54 -0000
1.38
+++ gnu/po/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000
1.39
@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-08-30 13:26+0000\n"
"X-Poedit-Language: Russian\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
@@ -38,19 +37,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who use the
-# | GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and companies
-# | teach them to call it [-“Linux”.-] {+“Linux.”+}
-# | Indeed, GNU users often say they are “running [-Linux”,-]
-# | {+Linux,”+} which is like saying you are “driving your
-# | carburetor” or “driving your [-transmission”.-]
-# | {+transmission.”+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who use the "
-#| "GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and companies "
-#| "teach them to call it “Linux”. Indeed, GNU users often say "
-#| "they are “running Linux”, which is like saying you are “"
-#| "driving your carburetor” or “driving your transmission”."
msgid ""
"Most people have never heard of GNU. Even most of the people who use the "
"GNU system have never heard of GNU, since so many people and companies teach "
@@ -119,21 +105,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Over time, calling the system “GNU/Linux” spreads awareness of
-# | the ideals of freedom for which we developed the GNU system. It is also
-# | useful as a reminder for people in our community who know about these
-# | ideals, in a world where much of discussion of free software takes a
-# | totally practical (and thus amoral) approach. When we ask you to call the
-# | system [-“GNU/Linux”,-] {+“GNU/Linux,”+} we are
-# | asking you to help in making the public aware of the free software ideals.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Over time, calling the system “GNU/Linux” spreads awareness "
-#| "of the ideals of freedom for which we developed the GNU system. It is "
-#| "also useful as a reminder for people in our community who know about "
-#| "these ideals, in a world where much of discussion of free software takes "
-#| "a totally practical (and thus amoral) approach. When we ask you to call "
-#| "the system “GNU/Linux”, we are asking you to help in making "
-#| "the public aware of the free software ideals."
msgid ""
"Over time, calling the system “GNU/Linux” spreads awareness of "
"the ideals of freedom for which we developed the GNU system. It is also "
@@ -154,16 +125,6 @@
# type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# | To learn more about this issue, you can also read our <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a> and our page on <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU [-Project</a>.-]
-# | {+System</a>.+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "To learn more about this issue, you can also read our <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-"
-#| "linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-"
-#| "linux.html\">Why GNU/Linux?</a> and our page on <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-"
-#| "gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU Project</a>."
msgid ""
"To learn more about this issue, you can also read our <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-"
"linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a href=\"/gnu/why-gnu-linux."
@@ -221,9 +182,6 @@
"translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве по
пеÑеводам”</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © [-2014,-] {+2006,+} 2015, [-2016-] {+2021+} Free Software
-# | Foundation, Inc.
-#| msgid "Copyright © 2014, 2015, 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgid "Copyright © 2006, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
msgstr "Copyright © 2006, 2010, 2015, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.51
retrieving revision 1.52
diff -u -b -r1.51 -r1.52
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html 7 Apr 2021 18:31:13 -0000 1.51
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.fr-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.52
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Linux and GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Linux and the GNU System</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Many computer users run a modified version of
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
+“Linux,” and many of its users
are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>For more information see also
+the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
+and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
<p>
Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+“Linux.” The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
<p>
If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+distribution,” <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
total source code, and this included some of the essential major
components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
+choice would be “GNU.”</p>
<p>
But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+then <a
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
<p>
The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
+system. The <a href="https://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
+a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
Linux</a> too.</p>
<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
@@ -179,14 +179,14 @@
kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+“GNU/Linux.”</p>
<p>
If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
+reference, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a>
is a good URL to use.</p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
@@ -213,35 +213,30 @@
href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
+<li id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components
include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+<li id="nottools">For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
the PostScript interpreter
<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
+<li id="somecomponents">For instance, the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+<li id="newersystems">Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
+<li id="gnubsd">On the other hand, in the years since this article
was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
@@ -249,10 +244,8 @@
GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
</ol>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -301,7 +294,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -311,10 +304,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/07 18:31:13 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.42
retrieving revision 1.43
diff -u -b -r1.42 -r1.43
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.42
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.43
@@ -1,36 +1,36 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Linux and GNU
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<meta http-equiv="Keywords" content="GNU, FSF, Free Software Foundation,
Linux, Emacs, GCC, Unix, Free Software, Operating System, GNU Kernel, HURD, GNU
HURD, Hurd" />
<meta http-equiv="Description" content="Since 1983, developing the free Unix
style operating system GNU, so that computer users can have the freedom to
share and improve the software they use." />
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">Linux and the GNU System</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>Linux and the GNU System</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>For more information see also
-the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
-and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
-</div>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Many computer users run a modified version of
<a href="/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem">the GNU system</a>
every day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events,
the version of GNU which is widely used today is often called
-“Linux”, and many of its users
+“Linux,” and many of its users
are <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html"> not aware</a>
that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the
<a href="/gnu/gnu-history.html">GNU Project</a>.</p>
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>For more information see also
+the <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>,
+and <a href="/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html">Why GNU/Linux?</a></p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
There really is a Linux, and these people are using it, but it is just
a part of the system they use. Linux is the kernel: the program in
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
<p>
Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which
is Linux, and the whole system, which they also call
-“Linux”. The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
+“Linux.” The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help
people understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds
developed the whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.</p>
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
<p>
If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way,
what would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-distribution”, <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
+distribution,” <a href="/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware">GNU
software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the
total source code, and this included some of the essential major
components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are 15%.)
So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on
who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single
-choice would be “GNU”.</p>
+choice would be “GNU.”</p>
<p>
But that is not the deepest way to consider the question. The GNU
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@
Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux.
Once Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in
the GNU system. People could
-then <a
href="http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
+then <a
href="https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01";>
combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
— a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
GNU/Linux system, in other words.</p>
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@
<p>
The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-system. The <a href="http://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
+system. The <a href="https://fsf.org/";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of
the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they
are well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current
library release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@
be loaded into I/O devices when the system starts, and they are
included, as long series of numbers, in the "source code" of Linux.
Thus, maintaining free GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining
-a <a href="http://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
+a <a href="https://directory.fsf.org/project/linux";> free version of
Linux</a> too.</p>
<p>Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public
@@ -179,14 +179,14 @@
kernel, one of the essential major components of the system. The
system as a whole is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When
you're talking about this combination, please call it
-“GNU/Linux”.</p>
+“GNU/Linux.”</p>
<p>
If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
reference, this page and <a href="/gnu/the-gnu-project.html">
-http://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
+https://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-reference, <a href="http://foldoc.org/linux";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>
+reference, <a href="https://foldoc.org/linux";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a>
is a good URL to use.</p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
@@ -213,35 +213,30 @@
href="#gnubsd">(5)</a></p>
<div class="column-limit"></div>
-<h3 class="footnote">Notes</h3>
+<h3 class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
<ol>
-<li>
-<a id="unexciting"></a>These unexciting but essential components
+<li id="unexciting">These unexciting but essential components
include the GNU assembler (GAS) and the linker (GLD), both
are now part of the <a href="/software/binutils/">GNU Binutils</a>
package, <a href="/software/tar/">GNU tar</a>, and many more.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="nottools"></a>For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
+<li id="nottools">For instance, The Bourne Again SHell (BASH),
the PostScript interpreter
<a href="/software/ghostscript/ghostscript.html">Ghostscript</a>, and the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a> are not
programming tools. Neither are GNUCash, GNOME, and GNU Chess.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="somecomponents"></a>For instance, the
+<li id="somecomponents">For instance, the
<a href="/software/libc/libc.html">GNU C library</a>.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="newersystems"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
+<li id="newersystems">Since that was written, a nearly-all-free
Windows-like system has been developed, but technically it is not at
all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't really affect this issue. Most of
the kernel of Solaris has been made free, but if you wanted to make a
free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of the
kernel, you would also need to put it into GNU or BSD.</li>
-<li>
-<a id="gnubsd"></a>On the other hand, in the years since this article
+<li id="gnubsd">On the other hand, in the years since this article
was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of
the BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system
with that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of
@@ -249,10 +244,8 @@
GNU/kNetBSD depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on
typical desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and
GNU/*BSD.</li>
-
</ol>
</div>
-</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -301,7 +294,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M.
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -311,10 +304,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.73
retrieving revision 1.74
diff -u -b -r1.73 -r1.74
--- gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 13:51:54 -0000 1.73
+++ gnu/po/linux-and-gnu.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.74
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
-"X-Outdated-Since: 2021-08-30 13:26+0000\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
#. type: Content of: <title>
@@ -56,22 +55,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Many computer users run a modified version of <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every
-# | day, without realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version
-# | of GNU which is widely used today is often called [-“Linux”,-]
-# | {+“Linux,”+} and many of its users are <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> not aware</a> that it is
-# | basically the GNU system, developed by the <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many computer users run a modified version of <a href=\"/philosophy/"
-#| "categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every day, without "
-#| "realizing it. Through a peculiar turn of events, the version of GNU "
-#| "which is widely used today is often called “Linux”, and many "
-#| "of its users are <a href=\"/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html\"> not "
-#| "aware</a> that it is basically the GNU system, developed by the <a href="
-#| "\"/gnu/gnu-history.html\">GNU Project</a>."
msgid ""
"Many computer users run a modified version of <a href=\"/philosophy/"
"categories.html#TheGNUsystem\">the GNU system</a> every day, without "
@@ -124,17 +107,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is
-# | Linux, and the whole system, which they also call [-“Linux”.-]
-# | {+“Linux.”+} The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people
-# | understand. These users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the
-# | whole operating system in 1991, with a bit of help.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is "
-#| "Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux”. "
-#| "The ambiguous use of the name doesn't help people understand. These "
-#| "users often think that Linus Torvalds developed the whole operating "
-#| "system in 1991, with a bit of help."
msgid ""
"Many users do not understand the difference between the kernel, which is "
"Linux, and the whole system, which they also call “Linux.” The "
@@ -209,29 +181,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what
-# | would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux
-# | [-distribution”,-] {+distribution,”+} <a
-# | href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware\">GNU software</a> was the
-# | largest single contingent, around 28% of the total source code, and this
-# | included some of the essential major components without which there could
-# | be no system. Linux itself was about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are
-# | similar: in the “main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5%
-# | and GNU packages are 15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the
-# | system based on who wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate
-# | single choice would be [-“GNU”.-] {+“GNU.”+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what "
-#| "would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux "
-#| "distribution”, <a href=\"/philosophy/categories.html#GNUsoftware"
-#| "\">GNU software</a> was the largest single contingent, around 28% of the "
-#| "total source code, and this included some of the essential major "
-#| "components without which there could be no system. Linux itself was "
-#| "about 3%. (The proportions in 2008 are similar: in the “"
-#| "main” repository of gNewSense, Linux is 1.5% and GNU packages are "
-#| "15%.) So if you were going to pick a name for the system based on who "
-#| "wrote the programs in the system, the most appropriate single choice "
-#| "would be “GNU”."
msgid ""
"If we tried to measure the GNU Project's contribution in this way, what "
"would we conclude? One CD-ROM vendor found that in their “Linux "
@@ -321,21 +270,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once
-# | Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU
-# | system. People could then <a
-# |
href=\"http{+s+}://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\">
-# | combine Linux with the GNU system</a> to make a complete free system
-# | — a version of the GNU system which also contained Linux. The
-# | GNU/Linux system, in other words.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
-#| "Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU "
-#| "system. People could then <a href=\"http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/";
-#| "historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\"> combine Linux with the "
-#| "GNU system</a> to make a complete free system — a version of the "
-#| "GNU system which also contained Linux. The GNU/Linux system, in other "
-#| "words."
msgid ""
"Fortunately, we didn't have to wait for the Hurd, because of Linux. Once "
"Torvalds freed Linux in 1992, it fit into the last major gap in the GNU "
@@ -376,19 +310,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU
-# | system. The <a href=\"http{+s+}://fsf.org/\">FSF</a> funded the rewriting
-# | of the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are
-# | well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library
-# | release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the
-# | development of Debian GNU/Linux.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU "
-#| "system. The <a href=\"http://fsf.org/\";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of "
-#| "the Linux-related extensions to the GNU C library, so that now they are "
-#| "well integrated, and the newest GNU/Linux systems use the current library "
-#| "release with no changes. The FSF also funded an early stage of the "
-#| "development of Debian GNU/Linux."
msgid ""
"The GNU Project supports GNU/Linux systems as well as <em>the</em> GNU "
"system. The <a href=\"https://fsf.org/\";>FSF</a> funded the rewriting of "
@@ -428,22 +349,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating
-# | various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains
-# | nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O
-# | devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of
-# | numbers, in the \"source code\" of Linux. Thus, maintaining free
-# | GNU/Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a
-# | href=\"http{+s+}://directory.fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of
-# | Linux</a> too.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating "
-#| "various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains "
-#| "nonfree programs too. These programs are intended to be loaded into I/O "
-#| "devices when the system starts, and they are included, as long series of "
-#| "numbers, in the \"source code\" of Linux. Thus, maintaining free GNU/"
-#| "Linux distributions now entails maintaining a <a href=\"http://directory.";
-#| "fsf.org/project/linux\"> free version of Linux</a> too."
msgid ""
"Making a free GNU/Linux distribution is not just a matter of eliminating "
"various nonfree programs. Nowadays, the usual version of Linux contains "
@@ -464,18 +369,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using
-# | the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the
-# | essential major components of the system. The system as a whole is
-# | basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about
-# | this combination, please call it [-“GNU/Linux”.-]
-# | {+“GNU/Linux.”+}
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by "
-#| "using the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one "
-#| "of the essential major components of the system. The system as a whole "
-#| "is basically the GNU system, with Linux added. When you're talking about "
-#| "this combination, please call it “GNU/Linux”."
msgid ""
"Whether you use GNU/Linux or not, please don't confuse the public by using "
"the name “Linux” ambiguously. Linux is the kernel, one of the "
@@ -492,21 +385,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further
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-# | http{+s+}://www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If
-# | you mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further
-# | reference, <a
-# | [-href=\"http://foldoc.org/linux\";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a>-]
-# | {+href=\"https://foldoc.org/linux\";>https://foldoc.org/linux</a>+} is a
-# | good URL to use.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further "
-#| "reference, this page and <a href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\"> http://";
-#| "www.gnu.org/gnu/the-gnu-project.html</a> are good choices. If you "
-#| "mention Linux, the kernel, and want to add a link for further reference, "
-#| "<a href=\"http://foldoc.org/linux\";>http://foldoc.org/linux</a> is a good "
-#| "URL to use."
msgid ""
"If you want to make a link on “GNU/Linux” for further reference, "
"this page and <a href=\"/gnu/the-gnu-project.html\"> https://www.gnu.org/gnu/";
@@ -573,79 +451,38 @@
# type: Content of: <ol><li>
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msgid ""
"These unexciting but essential components include the GNU assembler (GAS) "
"and the linker (GLD), both are now part of the <a href=\"/software/binutils/"
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# type: Content of: <ol><li>
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-# | [-<a id=\"newersystems\"></a>Since-]{+Since+} that was written, a
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-# | make a free system out of that, aside from replacing the missing parts of
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-#| msgid ""
-#| "<a id=\"newersystems\"></a>Since that was written, a nearly-all-free "
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msgid ""
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"developed, but technically it is not at all like GNU or Unix, so it doesn't "
@@ -654,31 +491,15 @@
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-#| msgid ""
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-#| "was written, the GNU C Library has been ported to several versions of the "
-#| "BSD kernel, which made it straightforward to combine the GNU system with "
-#| "that kernel. Just as with GNU/Linux, these are indeed variants of GNU, "
-#| "and are therefore called, for instance, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/kNetBSD "
-#| "depending on the kernel of the system. Ordinary users on typical "
-#| "desktops can hardly distinguish between GNU/Linux and GNU/*BSD."
msgid ""
"On the other hand, in the years since this article was written, the GNU C "
"Library has been ported to several versions of the BSD kernel, which made it "
@@ -688,13 +509,12 @@
"system. Ordinary users on typical desktops can hardly distinguish between "
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пеÑенеÑена на неÑколÑко веÑÑий "
-"ÑдÑа BSD, ÑÑо позволило пÑÑмо ÑоединÑÑÑ
ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ ÑÑим ÑдÑом. ТоÑно Ñак "
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-"GNU/Linux Ð¾Ñ GNU/*BSD."
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+"библиоÑека C GNU бÑла пеÑенеÑена на
неÑколÑко веÑÑий ÑдÑа BSD, ÑÑо позволило "
+"пÑÑмо ÑоединÑÑÑ ÑиÑÑÐµÐ¼Ñ GNU Ñ ÑÑим ÑдÑом.
ТоÑно Ñак же, как в ÑлÑÑае Ñ GNU/"
+"Linux, ÑÑо дейÑÑвиÑелÑно ваÑианÑÑ GNU и поÑомÑ
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# type: Content of: <div>
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@@ -705,10 +525,10 @@
"Linux 0.01 Ñказано: “ÐолÑÑинÑÑво из
инÑÑÑÑменÑов, пÑименÑемÑÑ
Ñ linux, "
"ÑвлÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿ÑогÑаммами GNU и
ÑаÑпÑоÑÑÑанÑÑÑÑÑ Ð¿Ð¾ авÑоÑÑÐºÐ¾Ð¼Ñ Ð»ÐµÐ²Ñ GNU. ÐÑи
"
"инÑÑÑÑменÑÑ Ð½Ðµ вÑ
одÑÑ Ð²
диÑÑÑибÑÑив — подÑобноÑÑи
запÑаÑивайÑе Ñ "
-"Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ (или в GNU)”. (<a
href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/historical/";
-"kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\">Most of the tools used with linux are "
-"GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in the "
-"distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info</a>).</li></ol>"
+"Ð¼ÐµÐ½Ñ (или в GNU)”. (<a href=\"https://ftp.funet.fi/pub/linux/";
+"historical/kernel/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.01\">Most of the tools used with "
+"linux are GNU software and are under the GNU copyleft. These tools aren't in "
+"the distribution - ask me (or GNU) for more info</a>).</li></ol>"
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
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"translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве по
пеÑеводам”</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © 1997-2002, [-2007, 2014-2017,-] {+2005, 2008,+} 2019,
-# | 2021 Richard [-M.-] Stallman
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2007, 2014-2017, 2019, 2021 Richard M. "
-#| "Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard "
-"Stallman<br />Copyright © 1999 СеÑгей ÐоÑоп (translation)<br
/"
-">Copyright © 2010, 2019, 2021 Free "
-"Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
+"Copyright © 1997-2002, 2005, 2008, 2019, 2021 Richard Stallman<br /"
+">Copyright © 1999 СеÑгей ÐоÑоп (translation)<br />Copyright
© "
+"2010, 2019, 2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
msgid ""
Index: gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.40
retrieving revision 1.41
diff -u -b -r1.40 -r1.41
--- gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html 7 Apr 2021 18:31:13 -0000 1.40
+++ gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.fr-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.41
@@ -1,42 +1,38 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Why GNU/Linux?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">What's in a Name?</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>What's in a Name?</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read
-our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
-<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming,
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
-Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
-<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";>
-<cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of
what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A
rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen,
people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it.
-And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what
+And if you call pens “roses,” people may not realize what
they are good for. If you call our operating system
Linux, that conveys a mistaken idea of the system's
origin, history, and purpose. If you call
it <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, that conveys
(though not in detail) an accurate idea.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, which gives a
history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming,
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Does this really matter for our community? Is it important whether people
know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people
@@ -86,7 +82,7 @@
Most of them do not clearly identify the nonfree
packages in their distributions. Many even develop nonfree software
and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise
-“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat”,
+“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat,”
which give the user as much freedom as Microsoft Windows.</p>
<p>
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@
technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's
<abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> openly urged
users
-to <a href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>drop
+to <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>drop
the goal of freedom and work instead for the “popularity of
Linux”</a>.</p>
@@ -176,16 +172,16 @@
Project can see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU.
They won't automatically agree with our philosophy, but at least they
will see a reason to think seriously about it. In contrast, people
-who consider themselves “Linux users”, and believe that
+who consider themselves “Linux users,” and believe that
the GNU Project “developed tools which proved to be useful in
-Linux”, typically perceive only an indirect relationship between
+Linux,” typically perceive only an indirect relationship between
GNU and themselves. They may just ignore the GNU philosophy when they
come across it.</p>
<p>
The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today
faces a great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to
-dismiss idealism as “impractical”. Our idealism has been
+dismiss idealism as “impractical.” Our idealism has been
extremely practical: it is the reason we have a
free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating system.
People who love this system ought to know that it is our idealism made
@@ -198,7 +194,12 @@
that needs to be done, we need to be recognized for what we have
already done. Please help us, by calling the operating
system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
-</div>
+
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
+<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021 Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -258,10 +259,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/07 18:31:13 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html,v
retrieving revision 1.33
retrieving revision 1.34
diff -u -b -r1.33 -r1.34
--- gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html 8 Apr 2021 11:34:36 -0000 1.33
+++ gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru-en.html 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.34
@@ -1,42 +1,38 @@
-<!--#include virtual="/server/html5-header.html" -->
+<!--#include virtual="/server/header.html" -->
<!-- Parent-Version: 1.96 -->
+<!-- This page is derived from /server/standards/boilerplate.html -->
<title>Why GNU/Linux?
- GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
<!--#include virtual="/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.translist" -->
<!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
-<h2 class="c">What's in a Name?</h2>
+<div class="article reduced-width">
+<h2>What's in a Name?</h2>
-<address class="byline c">by <a
+<address class="byline">by <a
href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard Stallman</a></address>
-<div class="reduced-width">
-<hr class="no-display" />
-<div class="announcement">
-<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read
-our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
-<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU Project</a>, which gives a
history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming,
-and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
-Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
-</div>
-
-<p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
-<a href="http://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";>
-<cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-<hr class="thin" />
-
-<div class="article">
<p>
Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of
what we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A
rose by any other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen,
people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it.
-And if you call pens “roses”, people may not realize what
+And if you call pens “roses,” people may not realize what
they are good for. If you call our operating system
Linux, that conveys a mistaken idea of the system's
origin, history, and purpose. If you call
it <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>, that conveys
(though not in detail) an accurate idea.</p>
+
+<div class="announcement comment" role="complementary">
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<p>To learn more about this issue, you can read
+our <a href="/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on
+<a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">Linux and the GNU System</a>, which gives a
history of the GNU/Linux system as it relates to this issue of naming,
+and our page on <a href="/gnu/gnu-users-never-heard-of-gnu.html">GNU
+Users Who Have Never Heard of GNU</a>.</p>
+<hr class="no-display" />
+</div>
+
<p>
Does this really matter for our community? Is it important whether people
know the system's origin, history, and purpose? Yes—because people
@@ -86,7 +82,7 @@
Most of them do not clearly identify the nonfree
packages in their distributions. Many even develop nonfree software
and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise
-“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat”,
+“Linux” systems that are “licensed per seat,”
which give the user as much freedom as Microsoft Windows.</p>
<p>
@@ -98,7 +94,7 @@
technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's
<abbr title="Chief Executive Officer">CEO</abbr> openly urged
users
-to <a href="http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>drop
+to <a href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/";>drop
the goal of freedom and work instead for the “popularity of
Linux”</a>.</p>
@@ -176,16 +172,16 @@
Project can see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU.
They won't automatically agree with our philosophy, but at least they
will see a reason to think seriously about it. In contrast, people
-who consider themselves “Linux users”, and believe that
+who consider themselves “Linux users,” and believe that
the GNU Project “developed tools which proved to be useful in
-Linux”, typically perceive only an indirect relationship between
+Linux,” typically perceive only an indirect relationship between
GNU and themselves. They may just ignore the GNU philosophy when they
come across it.</p>
<p>
The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today
faces a great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to
-dismiss idealism as “impractical”. Our idealism has been
+dismiss idealism as “impractical.” Our idealism has been
extremely practical: it is the reason we have a
free <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a> operating system.
People who love this system ought to know that it is our idealism made
@@ -198,7 +194,12 @@
that needs to be done, we need to be recognized for what we have
already done. Please help us, by calling the operating
system <a href="/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html">GNU/Linux</a>.</p>
-</div>
+
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
+<a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
+Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
</div>
</div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@
There is more detail about copyright years in the GNU Maintainers
Information document, www.gnu.org/prep/maintain. -->
-<p>Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021 Richard
Stallman</p>
+<p>Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman</p>
<p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -258,10 +259,10 @@
<p class="unprintable">Updated:
<!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/04/08 11:34:36 $
+$Date: 2021/08/30 14:04:42 $
<!-- timestamp end -->
</p>
</div>
-</div>
+</div><!-- for class="inner", starts in the banner include -->
</body>
</html>
Index: gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru.po,v
retrieving revision 1.46
retrieving revision 1.47
diff -u -b -r1.46 -r1.47
--- gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 13:51:54 -0000 1.46
+++ gnu/po/why-gnu-linux.ru.po 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000 1.47
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@
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"X-Poedit-Language: Russian\n"
# type: Content of: <title>
@@ -37,25 +36,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what
-# | we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by any
-# | other name would smell as sweet—but if you call it a pen, people
-# | will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. And if you
-# | call pens [-“roses”,-] {+“roses,”+} people may not
-# | realize what they are good for. If you call our operating system Linux,
-# | that conveys a mistaken idea of the system's origin, history, and purpose.
-# | If you call it <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a>, that
-# | conveys (though not in detail) an accurate idea.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Names convey meanings; our choice of names determines the meaning of what "
-#| "we say. An inappropriate name gives people the wrong idea. A rose by "
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-#| "people will be rather disappointed when they try to write with it. And "
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-#| "are good for. If you call our operating system Linux, that conveys a "
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msgid ""
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@@ -80,20 +60,6 @@
# type: Content of: <div><blockquote><p>
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# | To learn more about this issue, you can read our <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/gnu-linux-faq.html\">GNU/Linux FAQ</a>, our page on <a
-# | href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">Linux and the GNU [-Project</a>,-]
-# | {+System</a>,+} which gives a history of the GNU/Linux system as it
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@@ -184,25 +150,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | A great challenge to the future of free software comes from the tendency
-# | of the “Linux” distribution companies to add nonfree software
-# | to <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> in the name of
-# | convenience and power. All the major commercial distribution developers
-# | do this; none limits itself to free software. Most of them do not clearly
-# | identify the nonfree packages in their distributions. Many even develop
-# | nonfree software and add it to the system. Some outrageously advertise
-# | “Linux” systems that are “licensed per [-seat”,-]
-# | {+seat,”+} which give the user as much freedom as Microsoft Windows.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "A great challenge to the future of free software comes from the tendency "
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# type: Content of: <p>
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-#| "Magazine said that Robert McMillan, editor of Linux Magazine, “"
-#| "feels that the move toward open source software should be fueled by "
-#| "technical, rather than political, decisions.” And Caldera's <abbr "
-#| "title=\"Chief Executive Officer\">CEO</abbr> openly urged users to <a "
-#| "href=\"http://www.zdnet.com/article/stallman-love-is-not-free/\";>drop the "
-#| "goal of freedom and work instead for the “popularity of Linux”"
-#| "</a>."
msgid ""
"People try to justify adding nonfree software in the name of the “"
"popularity of Linux”—in effect, valuing popularity above "
@@ -409,25 +335,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | People who know they are using a system that came out of the GNU Project
-# | can see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU. They won't
-# | automatically agree with our philosophy, but at least they will see a
-# | reason to think seriously about it. In contrast, people who consider
-# | themselves “Linux [-users”,-] {+users,”+} and believe
-# | that the GNU Project “developed tools which proved to be useful in
-# | [-Linux”,-] {+Linux,”+} typically perceive only an indirect
-# | relationship between GNU and themselves. They may just ignore the GNU
-# | philosophy when they come across it.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "People who know they are using a system that came out of the GNU Project "
-#| "can see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU. They won't "
-#| "automatically agree with our philosophy, but at least they will see a "
-#| "reason to think seriously about it. In contrast, people who consider "
-#| "themselves “Linux users”, and believe that the GNU Project "
-#| "“developed tools which proved to be useful in Linux”, "
-#| "typically perceive only an indirect relationship between GNU and "
-#| "themselves. They may just ignore the GNU philosophy when they come "
-#| "across it."
msgid ""
"People who know they are using a system that came out of the GNU Project can "
"see a direct relationship between themselves and GNU. They won't "
@@ -449,20 +356,6 @@
# type: Content of: <p>
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today faces
-# | a great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to dismiss
-# | idealism as [-“impractical”.-] {+“impractical.”+}
-# | Our idealism has been extremely practical: it is the reason we have a free
-# | <a href=\"/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system.
-# | People who love this system ought to know that it is our idealism made
-# | real.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today "
-#| "faces a great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to "
-#| "dismiss idealism as “impractical”. Our idealism has been "
-#| "extremely practical: it is the reason we have a free <a href=\"/gnu/linux-"
-#| "and-gnu.html\">GNU/Linux</a> operating system. People who love this "
-#| "system ought to know that it is our idealism made real."
msgid ""
"The GNU Project is idealistic, and anyone encouraging idealism today faces a "
"great obstacle: the prevailing ideology encourages people to dismiss "
@@ -497,11 +390,6 @@
"linux-and-gnu.html\">“GNU/Linux”</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><div><p>
-# || No change detected. The change might only be in amounts of spaces.
-#| msgid ""
-#| "This essay is published in <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
-#| "software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
-#| "Essays of Richard M. Stallman</cite></a>."
msgid ""
"This essay is published in <a href=\"https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-";
"software-free-society/\"><cite>Free Software, Free Society: The Selected "
@@ -556,15 +444,10 @@
"translations.html\">“Ð ÑководÑÑве по
пеÑеводам”</a>."
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
-# | Copyright © 2000, [-2006,-] 2007, [-2014-2016, 2020,-] 2021 Richard
-# | Stallman
-#| msgid ""
-#| "Copyright © 2000, 2006, 2007, 2014-2016, 2020, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgid "Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman"
msgstr ""
-"Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard "
-"Stallman <br />Copyright © 2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation)<br /"
-">Copyright © 2010, 2021 Free "
+"Copyright © 2000, 2007, 2021 Richard Stallman <br />Copyright © "
+"2010 Vladimir Smolyar (translation)<br />Copyright © 2010, 2021 Free "
"Software Foundation, Inc. (translation)"
#. type: Content of: <div><p>
Index: server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ar.po
===================================================================
RCS file: /web/www/www/server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ar.po,v
retrieving revision 1.133
retrieving revision 1.134
diff -u -b -r1.133 -r1.134
--- server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ar.po 30 Aug 2021 13:34:55 -0000
1.133
+++ server/gnun/compendia/compendium.ar.po 30 Aug 2021 14:04:42 -0000
1.134
@@ -131,9 +131,12 @@
"ØÙÙ٠اÙÙشر:<br />\n"
"Copyright © 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc. (Ù
ؤسسة اÙبرÙ
جÙات اÙØرة)"
+# | [-Education-]{+Table of+} Contents
#. type: Content of: <div><div><h3>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid "Education Contents"
msgid "Table of Contents"
-msgstr ""
+msgstr "اÙÙ
ØÙÙ٠اÙتعÙÙÙ
Ù"
#. type: Content of: <div><a>
msgid "<a id=\"side-menu-button\" class=\"switch\" href=\"#navlinks\">"
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