www/philosophy pragmatic.html shouldbefree.html...

[Therese Godefroy]

CVSROOT:        /webcvs/www
Module name:    www
Changes by:     Therese Godefroy <th_g> 21/08/28 09:29:47

Modified files:
        philosophy     : pragmatic.html shouldbefree.html 
                         university.html why-copyleft.html why-free.html 
                         words-to-avoid.html 

Log message:
        As needed: update links; http > https; comma/period before end quote;
        use edu-note style for #fsfs.

CVSWeb URLs:
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/pragmatic.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.56&r2=1.57
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.72&r2=1.73
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/university.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.52&r2=1.53
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.50&r2=1.51
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/why-free.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.79&r2=1.80
http://web.cvs.savannah.gnu.org/viewcvs/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html?cvsroot=www&r1=1.269&r2=1.270

Patches:
Index: pragmatic.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/pragmatic.html,v
retrieving revision 1.56
retrieving revision 1.57
diff -u -b -r1.56 -r1.57
--- pragmatic.html      19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.56
+++ pragmatic.html      28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.57
@@ -10,13 +10,12 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 Stallman</a></address>
 
-<div class="article">
 <p>
 Every decision a person makes stems from the person's values and
 goals.  People can have many different goals and values; fame, profit,
@@ -158,14 +157,11 @@
 &ldquo;hard-nosed realists&rdquo; say that profit is the only
 ideal&hellip;just ignore them, and use copyleft all the same.</p>
 
-<hr class="thin" />
-<div id="fsfs" role="complementary">
-<p>This essay is published in
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
 <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
 Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -225,7 +221,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: shouldbefree.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/shouldbefree.html,v
retrieving revision 1.72
retrieving revision 1.73
diff -u -b -r1.72 -r1.73
--- shouldbefree.html   19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.72
+++ shouldbefree.html   28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.73
@@ -5,18 +5,21 @@
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Why Software Should Be Free
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
+<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
+#content h3 { margin-top: 1.6em; }
+-->
+</style>
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/shouldbefree.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Why Software Should Be Free</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 Stallman</a></address>
 
-<div class="article">
 <p  id="introduction">
 The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how
 decisions about its use should be made.  For example, suppose one
@@ -51,7 +54,7 @@
 <a href="/philosophy/free-sw.html">&ldquo;free&rdquo;
 software</a>.<a href="#f1">(1)</a></p>
 
-<h3 id="owner-justification" class="subheader">How Owners Justify Their 
Power</h3>
+<h3 id="owner-justification">How Owners Justify Their Power</h3>
 <p>
    Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property
 offer two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the
@@ -99,7 +102,7 @@
 have owners.  To formulate the choice as between proprietary software
 versus no software is begging the question.</p>
 
-<h3 id="against-having-owners" class="subheader">The Argument against Having 
Owners</h3>
+<h3 id="against-having-owners">The Argument against Having Owners</h3>
 <p>
    The question at hand is, &ldquo;Should development of software be linked
 with having owners to restrict the use of it?&rdquo;</p>
@@ -491,7 +494,7 @@
 making proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow
 terms, but it is not what is good for society.</p>
 
-<h3 id="why-develop" class="subheader">Why People Will Develop Software</h3>
+<h3 id="why-develop">Why People Will Develop Software</h3>
 <p>
    If we eliminate copyright as a means of encouraging
 people to develop software, at first less software will be developed,
@@ -637,7 +640,7 @@
 developers without coercion, just as they have learned to support public
 radio and television stations.</p>
 
-<h3 id="productivity" class="subheader">What Is Software Productivity? </h3>
+<h3 id="productivity">What Is Software Productivity? </h3>
 <p>
    If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps
 fewer of them.  Would this be bad for society?</p>
@@ -672,7 +675,7 @@
 productivity&rdquo; focus only on the second, limited, sense of the
 term, where improvement requires difficult technological advances.</p>
 
-<h3 id="competition" class="subheader">Is Competition Inevitable?</h3>
+<h3 id="competition">Is Competition Inevitable?</h3>
 <p>
    Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their
 rivals in society?  Perhaps it is.  But competition itself is not
@@ -716,7 +719,7 @@
 prohibited.  Society's resources are squandered on the economic
 equivalent of factional civil war.</p>
 
-<h3 id="communism" class="subheader">&ldquo;Why Don't You Move to 
Russia?&rdquo;</h3>
+<h3 id="communism">&ldquo;Why Don't You Move to Russia?&rdquo;</h3>
 <p>
    In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme
 form of laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation.  For
@@ -746,7 +749,7 @@
    Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian
 Communism, it is the software owners who are the Communists.</p>
 
-<h3 id="premises" class="subheader">The Question of Premises</h3>
+<h3 id="premises">The Question of Premises</h3>
 <p>
    I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no
 less important than an author, or even an author's employer.  In other
@@ -788,7 +791,7 @@
 awareness that this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a
 traditionally recognized one will weaken its appeal.</p>
 
-<h3 id="conclusion" class="subheader">Conclusion</h3>
+<h3 id="conclusion">Conclusion</h3>
 <p>
    We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor;
 but each time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for
@@ -811,7 +814,6 @@
 this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more
 efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation.</p>
 <div class="column-limit"></div>
-</div>
 
 <h3 id="footnotes" class="footnote">Footnotes</h3>
 
@@ -840,13 +842,11 @@
 destructive.</li>
 </ol>
 
-<hr class="thin" />
-<div id="fsfs" role="complementary">
-<p>This essay is published in
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
 <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
 Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-</div>
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -878,8 +878,8 @@
 information on coordinating and contributing translations of this article.</p>
 </div>
 
-<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2021 Free
-Software Foundation, Inc.</p>
+<p>Copyright &copy; 1991, 1992, 1998, 2006, 2010, 2021 Free Software
+Foundation, Inc.</p>
 
 <p>This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
 href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/";>Creative
@@ -889,7 +889,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: university.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/university.html,v
retrieving revision 1.52
retrieving revision 1.53
diff -u -b -r1.52 -r1.53
--- university.html     19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.52
+++ university.html     28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.53
@@ -10,11 +10,10 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Releasing Free Software If You Work at a University</h2>
 <div class="thin"></div>
 
-<div class="article">
 <p>
 In the free software movement, we believe computer users should have
 the freedom to change and redistribute the software that they use.
@@ -133,14 +132,11 @@
 Nothing strengthens your resolve like knowing that the community's
 freedom depends, in one instance, on you.</p>
 
-<hr class="thin" />
-<div id="fsfs" role="complementary">
-<p>This essay is published in
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
 <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
 Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-</div>
-</div>
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -182,7 +178,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: why-copyleft.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/why-copyleft.html,v
retrieving revision 1.50
retrieving revision 1.51
diff -u -b -r1.50 -r1.51
--- why-copyleft.html   19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.50
+++ why-copyleft.html   28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.51
@@ -5,19 +5,14 @@
 <!--#set var="DISABLE_TOP_ADDENDUM" value="yes" -->
 <title>Why Copyleft?
 - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation</title>
-<style type="text/css" media="print,screen"><!--
-.epigraph { text-align: right; color: #404040; }
-.epigraph p { display: inline-block; text-align: left; width: 80%; }
---></style>
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/po/why-copyleft.translist" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/banner.html" -->
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Why Copyleft?</h2>
 
-<div class="article">
 <div  class="important">
 <p><em>When it comes to defending everyone's freedom, to lie
 down and do nothing is an act of weakness, not humility.</em></p>
@@ -38,7 +33,7 @@
 licenses was an &ldquo;act of humility&rdquo;: &ldquo;I ask nothing of
 those who use my code, except to credit me.&rdquo; It is rather a
 stretch to describe a legal demand for credit as
-&ldquo;humility&rdquo;, but there is a deeper point to be considered
+&ldquo;humility,&rdquo; but there is a deeper point to be considered
 here.
 </p>
 
@@ -80,7 +75,6 @@
 processors.</li>
 </ul>
 </div>
-</div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/footer.html" -->
@@ -139,7 +133,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: why-free.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/why-free.html,v
retrieving revision 1.79
retrieving revision 1.80
diff -u -b -r1.79 -r1.80
--- why-free.html       19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.79
+++ why-free.html       28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.80
@@ -13,13 +13,12 @@
 <!--#include virtual="/philosophy/ph-breadcrumb.html" -->
 <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE-->
 <!--#include virtual="/server/top-addendum.html" -->
-<div class="reduced-width">
+<div class="article reduced-width">
 <h2>Why Software Should Not Have Owners</h2>
 
 <address class="byline">by <a href="https://www.stallman.org/";>Richard
 Stallman</a></address>
 
-<div class="article">
 <p>
 Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
 easier to copy and modify information.  Computers promise to make this
@@ -27,7 +26,7 @@
 
 <p>
 Not everyone wants it to be easier.  The system of copyright gives
-software programs &ldquo;owners&rdquo;, most of whom aim to withhold
+software programs &ldquo;owners,&rdquo; most of whom aim to withhold
 software's potential benefit from the rest of the public.  They would
 like to be the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we
 use.</p>
@@ -86,8 +85,8 @@
 
 <p>
 Owners use smear words such as &ldquo;piracy&rdquo; and
-&ldquo;theft&rdquo;, as well as expert terminology such as
-&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; and &ldquo;damage&rdquo;, to
+&ldquo;theft,&rdquo; as well as expert terminology such as
+&ldquo;intellectual property&rdquo; and &ldquo;damage,&rdquo; to
 suggest a certain line of thinking to the public&mdash;a simplistic
 analogy between programs and physical objects.</p>
 
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@
 <p>
 And, above all, society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
 cooperation in its citizens.  When software owners tell us that
-helping our neighbors in a natural way is &ldquo;piracy&rdquo;, they
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is &ldquo;piracy,&rdquo; they
 pollute our society's civic spirit.</p>
 
 <p>
@@ -305,20 +304,17 @@
 <p>
 You deserve free software.</p>
 <div class="column-limit"></div>
-</div>
 
 <h3 class="footnote">Footnote</h3>
 <ol>
 <li id="footnote1">The charges were subsequently dismissed.</li>
 </ol>
 
-<hr class="thin" />
-<div id="fsfs" role="complementary">
-<p>This essay is published in
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
 <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
 Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
-</div>
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -378,7 +374,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>

Index: words-to-avoid.html
===================================================================
RCS file: /webcvs/www/www/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html,v
retrieving revision 1.269
retrieving revision 1.270
diff -u -b -r1.269 -r1.270
--- words-to-avoid.html 19 Aug 2021 07:36:45 -0000      1.269
+++ words-to-avoid.html 28 Aug 2021 13:29:46 -0000      1.270
@@ -240,8 +240,8 @@
 <h3 id="Assets">&ldquo;Assets&rdquo;</h3>
 <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
 <p>
-To refer to published works as &ldquo;assets&rdquo;, or &ldquo;digital
-assets&rdquo;, is even worse than calling
+To refer to published works as &ldquo;assets,&rdquo; or &ldquo;digital
+assets,&rdquo; is even worse than calling
 them <a href="#Content">&ldquo;content&rdquo;</a> &mdash; it presumes
 they have no value to society except commercial value.</p>
 
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
 <!-- GNUN-SORT-END-KEY -->
 <p id="Cloud">
 The term &ldquo;cloud computing&rdquo; (or
-just &ldquo;cloud&rdquo;, in the context of
+just &ldquo;cloud,&rdquo; in the context of
 computing) is a marketing buzzword with no coherent meaning.  It is
 used for a range of different activities whose only common
 characteristic is that they use the Internet for something beyond
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
 NIST definition of "cloud computing"</a> mentions three scenarios that
 raise different ethical issues: Software as a Service, Platform as a
 Service, and Infrastructure as a Service.  However, that definition
-does not match the common use of &ldquo;cloud computing&rdquo;, since
+does not match the common use of &ldquo;cloud computing,&rdquo; since
 it does not include storing data in online services.  Software as a
 Service as defined by NIST overlaps considerably with Service as a
 Software Substitute, which mistreats the user, but the two concepts
@@ -819,7 +819,7 @@
 search for something on the internet. &ldquo;Google&rdquo; is just the
 name of one particular search engine among others. We suggest to use
 the term &ldquo;search the web&rdquo; or (in some contexts) just
-&ldquo;search&rdquo;. Try to use a search engine that respects your
+&ldquo;search.&rdquo; Try to use a search engine that respects your
 privacy; for instance, <a href="https://duckduckgo.com/";>DuckDuckGo</a>
 claims not to track its users.  (There is no way for outsiders to
 verify claims of that kind.)</p>
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@
 monetized gold, silver, copper, printed paper, special kinds of
 seashells, and large rocks.  However, we now see a tendency to use the
 word in another way, meaning &ldquo;to use something as a basis for
-profit&rdquo;.</p>
+profit.&rdquo;</p>
 <p>
 That usage casts the profit as primary, and the thing used to get the
 profit as secondary.  That attitude applied to a software project is
@@ -1300,7 +1300,7 @@
 methodology.  It distinguishes &ldquo;open source&rdquo; and
 &rdquo;shared source&rdquo; as answers, but they overlap &mdash;
 Microsoft uses the latter as a marketing term to cover a range of
-practices, some of which are &ldquo;open source&rdquo;.  Thus, this
+practices, some of which are &ldquo;open source.&rdquo;  Thus, this
 term really conveys no coherent information, but it provides an
 opportunity to say &ldquo;open source&rdquo; in pages describing free
 software programs.</p>
@@ -1384,11 +1384,11 @@
 </p>
 <!-- GNUN-SORT-STOP -->
 
-<hr class="thin" />
-<p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
+<hr class="no-display" />
+<div class="edu-note c"><p id="fsfs">This essay is published in
 <a href="https://shop.fsf.org/product/free-software-free-society/";><cite>Free
 Software, Free Society: The Selected Essays of Richard
-M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p>
+M. Stallman</cite></a>.</p></div>
 </div>
 
 </div><!-- for id="content", starts in the include above -->
@@ -1448,7 +1448,7 @@
 
 <p class="unprintable">Updated:
 <!-- timestamp start -->
-$Date: 2021/08/19 07:36:45 $
+$Date: 2021/08/28 13:29:46 $
 <!-- timestamp end -->
 </p>
 </div>